Package structure and method of manufacturing the same

Semiconductor devices and integrated circuits are typically manufactured on a single semiconductor wafer. The dies of the wafer may be processed and packaged with other semiconductor devices (e.g. antenna) or dies at the wafer level, and various technologies have been developed for the wafer level packaging.

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1A to FIG. 1K are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a package structure according to a first embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2A to FIG. 2G are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a package structure according to a second embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 to FIG. 9 respectively illustrates a package structure according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 to FIG. 12 respectively illustrates a top view of a package structure according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a singulating process for forming a package structure according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating an encapsulant of a sub-package structure and an encapsulant of a package structure including the sub-package structure according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a top view of a large scale package formed by one InFO process according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along B-B line of FIG. 15 .

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components, values, operations, materials, arrangements, or the like, are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Other components, values, operations, materials, arrangements, or the like, are contemplated. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

In addition, terms, such as “first”, “second”, “third” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe similar or different element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures, and may be used interchangeably depending on the order of the presence or the contexts of the description.

Other features and processes may also be included. For example, testing structures may be included to aid in the verification testing of the 3D packaging or 3DIC devices. The testing structures may include, for example, test pads formed in a redistribution layer or on a substrate that allows the testing of the 3D packaging or 3DIC, the use of probes and/or probe cards, and the like. The verification testing may be performed on intermediate structures as well as the final structure. Additionally, the structures and methods disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with testing methodologies that incorporate intermediate verification of known good dies to increase the yield and decrease costs.

FIG. 1A to FIG. 1K are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a package structure (having antenna) according to a first embodiment of the disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 1A , a carrier 10 is provided. The carrier 10 may be a glass carrier, a ceramic carrier, or the like. A de-bonding layer 11 is formed on the carrier 10 by, for example, a spin coating method. In some embodiments, the de-bonding layer 11 may be formed of an adhesive such as an Ultra-Violet (UV) glue, a Light-to-Heat Conversion (LTHC) glue, or the like, or other types of adhesives. The de-bonding layer 11 is decomposable under the heat of light to thereby release the carrier 10 from the overlying structures that will be formed in subsequent steps.

Referring to FIG. 1B , a redistribution layer (RDL) structure 12 is formed over the carrier 10 . The RDL structure 12 includes a plurality of redistribution layers formed in polymer layers, and the redistribution layers are electrically interconnected to each other. In some embodiments, the RDL structure 12 includes the polymer layers PM 1 , PM 2 and the redistribution layers RDL 1 , RDL 2 , RDL 3 stacked alternately. The number of the polymer layers or the redistribution layers is not limited by the disclosure. The number of the polymer layers may be the same as or different from the number of the redistribution layers.

In some embodiments, the redistribution layer RDL 1 is embedded in and penetrates through the polymer layer PM 1 , and the bottom surface of the redistribution layer RDL 1 is exposed and substantially level with the bottom surface of the polymer layer PM 1 , and are in contact with the de-bonding layer 11 . The redistribution layer RDL 2 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 1 and is electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 1 . The redistribution layer RDL 3 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 2 and is electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 2 .

In some embodiments, the top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 3 may be substantially level with the top surface of the polymer layer PM 2 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the redistribution layer RDL 3 protrudes from the top surface of the polymer layer PM 2 , that is, the top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 3 is higher than the top surface of the polymer layer PM 2 .

In some embodiments, the RDL structure 12 includes a plurality of vias V 1 and a plurality of traces T 1 connected to each other. The vias V 1 penetrates through the polymer layers to connect the traces T 1 , and the traces T 1 are respectively embedded in or located on the polymer layers, and are respectively extending in or on the top surface of the polymer layers. The sidewalls of the vias V 1 and the traces T 1 may be straight or inclined. The cross-sectional shape of the via V 1 may be square, rectangle, trapezoid, or the like, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the via V 1 has inclined sidewall and is tapered toward the top surface of the carrier 10 .

In some embodiments, the redistribution layer RDL 1 has traces T 1 , the redistribution layer RDL 2 has vias V 1 and traces T 1 , the redistribution layer RDL 3 has vias V 1 . In some other embodiments, each of the redistribution layers has vias V 1 and traces T 1 , respectively. It is understood that, the structure of RDL structure 12 shown in FIG. 1B is merely for illustration, and the disclosure is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the polymer layers PM 1 , PM 2 respectively includes a photo-sensitive material such as polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyimide (PI), benzocyclobutene (BCB), a combination thereof or the like. The forming methods of the polymer layers PM 1 , PM 2 include suitable fabrication techniques such as spin coating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), lamination or the like. In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 1 , RDL 2 , RDL 3 respectively includes conductive materials. The conductive material includes metal such as copper, nickel, titanium, a combination thereof or the like, and is formed by an electroplating process. In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 1 , RDL 2 , RDL 3 respectively includes a seed layer (not shown) and a metal layer formed thereon (not shown). The seed layer may be a metal seed layer such as a copper seed layer. In some embodiments, the seed layer includes a first metal layer such as a titanium layer and a second metal layer such as a copper layer over the first metal layer. The metal layer may be copper or other suitable metals.

Still referring to FIG. 1B , a plurality of through integrated fan-out vias (TIVs) 14 are formed on the RDL structure 12 . The TIVs 14 are formed on and electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 3 . In some embodiments, the TIVs 14 include copper, nickel, solder, alloys thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, the TIV 14 includes a seed layer and a conductive layer formed thereon (not shown). The seed layer is, for example, a titanium or/and copper composited layer. The conductive layer is, for example, a copper layer. An exemplary forming method of the TIVs 14 includes the following processes: forming a seed layer on the RDL structure 12 by a sputtering process, forming a patterned photoresist layer such as a dry film resist on the seed layer over the carrier 10 . Thereafter, openings are formed in the photoresist layer, the openings exposes a portion of seed layer on the top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 3 and on the polymer layer PM 2 , and the conductive layers are then formed in the openings by electroplating. The patterned photoresist layer is stripped, and the seed layer not covered by the conductive layers is removed. As such, the conductive layer and the underlying seed layer form the TIVs 14 . In some other embodiments, the TIVs 14 further include a barrier layer (not shown) under the seed layer to prevent metal diffusion. The material of the barrier layer includes, for instance, metal nitride such as titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, or a combination thereof.

Referring to FIG. 1C , a die 20 is mounted to the RDL structure 12 over the carrier 10 . In some embodiments, the die 20 is attached to the RDL structure 12 through an adhesive layer 9 such as a die attach film (DAF), silver paste, or the like. In some embodiments, the die 20 is one of a plurality of dies cut apart from a wafer, for example. The die 20 may be an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, an analog chip, a sensor chip, a wireless and radio frequency chip, a voltage regulator chip or a memory chips. The number of the die 20 shown in FIG. 1C is merely for illustration, and the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, two or more dies 20 may be mounted over the carrier 10 , and the two or more dies 20 may be the same types of dies or the different types of dies.

Still referring to FIG. 1C , the die 20 is disposed between the TIVs 14 , that is, the TIVs 14 are aside or around the die 20 . In some embodiments, the die 20 includes a substrate 15 , a plurality of devices DE, a dielectric structure DI, an interconnection structure InC, a plurality of pads 16 , a passivation layer 17 , a plurality of connectors 18 and a passivation layer 19 . In some embodiments, the substrate 15 is made of silicon or other semiconductor materials. Alternatively or additionally, the substrate 15 includes other elementary semiconductor materials such as germanium, gallium arsenic, or other suitable semiconductor materials. In some embodiments, the substrate 15 may further include other features such as various doped regions, a buried layer, and/or an epitaxy layer. Moreover, in some embodiments, the substrate 15 is made of an alloy semiconductor such as silicon germanium, silicon germanium carbide, gallium arsenic phosphide, or gallium indium phosphide. Furthermore, the substrate 15 may be a semiconductor on insulator such as silicon on insulator (SOI) or silicon on sapphire.

In some embodiments, a plurality of devices DE are formed in or on the substrate 15 . In some embodiments, the devices DE may be active devices, passive devices, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the devices DE are integrated circuit devices. The devices DE are, for example, transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, photodiodes, fuse devices, or the like.

In some embodiments, the interconnection structure InC and the dielectric structure DI are formed over the devices DE on the substrate 15 . The interconnection structure InC is formed in the dielectric structure DI and connected to different devices DE to form a functional circuit. In some embodiments, the dielectric structure DI includes an inter-layer dielectric layer (ILD) and one or more inter-metal dielectric layers (IMD). In some embodiments, the interconnection structure InC includes multiple layers of metal lines and plugs (not shown). The metal lines and plugs include conductive materials, such as metal, metal alloy or a combination thereof. For example, the conductive material may include tungsten (W), copper (Cu), copper alloys, aluminum (Al), aluminum alloys, or combinations thereof. The plugs include contact plugs and via plugs. The contact plugs are located in the ILD to be connected to the metal lines and the devices DE. The via plugs are located in the IMD to be connected to the metal lines in different layers.

The pads 16 may be or electrically connected to a top conductive feature of the interconnection structure InC, and further electrically connected to the devices DE formed on the substrate 15 through the interconnection structure InC. The material of the pads 16 may include metal or metal alloy, such as aluminum, copper, nickel, or alloys thereof.

The passivation layer 17 is formed over the substrate 15 and covers a portion of the pads 16 . A portion of the pads 16 is exposed by the passivation layer 17 and serves as an external connection of the die 20 . The connectors 18 are formed on and electrically connected to the pads 16 not covered by the passivation layer 17 . The connector 18 includes solder bumps, gold bumps, copper bumps, copper posts, copper pillars, or the like. The passivation layer 19 is formed over the passivation layer 17 and laterally aside the connectors 18 to cover the sidewalls of the connectors 18 . The passivation layers 17 and 19 respectively include an insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, polymer, or a combination thereof. The materials of the passivation 17 and the passivation layer 19 may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the top surface of the passivation layer 19 is substantially level with the top surface of the connectors 18 .

Still referring to FIG. 1C , an encapsulant 13 is then formed over the carrier 10 to encapsulate the sidewalls of the die 20 and the sidewalls of the TIVs 14 . In some embodiments, the encapsulant 13 includes a molding compound, a molding underfill, a resin such as epoxy, a combination thereof, or the like. In some other embodiments, the encapsulant 13 includes a photo-sensitive material such as polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyimide (PI), benzocyclobutene (BCB), a combination thereof, or the like, which may be easily patterned by exposure and development processes or laser drilling process. In alternative embodiments, the encapsulant 13 includes nitride such as silicon nitride, oxide such as silicon oxide, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borosilicate glass (BSG), boron-doped phosphosilicate glass (BPSG), a combination thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, the encapsulant 13 includes a composite material including a base material (such as polymer) and a plurality of fillers in the base material. The filler may be a single element, a compound such as nitride, oxide, or a combination thereof. The fillers may include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride, alumina, silica, or the like, for example. The cross-section shape of the filler may be circle, oval, or any other shape.

The encapsulant 13 is formed by forming an encapsulant material layer over the carrier 10 by a suitable fabrication technique such as spin-coating, lamination, deposition, or similar processes. The encapsulant material layer encapsulates the top surfaces and sidewalls of the die 20 and the TIVs 14 . Thereafter, a planarization process such as a grinding or polishing process (such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process) is performed to remove a portion of the encapsulant material layer, such that the top surfaces of the connectors 18 of the die 20 and the TIVs 14 are exposed. In some embodiments, the top surfaces of the die 20 , the TIVs 14 and the encapsulant 13 are substantially coplanar with each other. It is noted that, for the sake of brevity, the devices DE, the dielectric structure DI and the interconnection structure InC of the die 20 are not specifically shown in the following figures.

Referring to FIG. 1D , a redistribution layer (RDL) structure 22 is formed on the die 20 , the TIVs 14 , and the encapsulant 13 . The RDL structure 22 is electrically connected to the die 20 and the TIVs 14 , and further electrically connected to the RDL structure 12 through the TIVs 14 . In some embodiments, the RDL structure 12 is referred to as a “back-side redistribution layer structure” and the RDL structure 22 is referred to as a “front-side redistribution layer structure”. Through the specification, wherein the “front-side” refers to a side close to the connectors 18 of the die 20 , and the “back-side” refers to a side opposite to the front-side and is father from the connectors 18 than the front-side.

In some embodiments, the RDL structure 22 includes a plurality of polymer layers PM 4 , and PM 5 and a plurality of redistribution layers RDL 4 and RDL 5 stacked alternately. The number of the polymer layers or the redistribution layers is not limited by the disclosure.

The redistribution layer RDL 4 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 4 and is electrically connected to the connectors 18 of the die 20 and the TIVs 14 . The redistribution layer RDL 5 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 5 and is electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 4 . The materials and the forming method of the polymer layers PM 4 , PM 5 and the redistribution layers RDL 4 , RDL 5 of the RDL structure 22 are similar to and may be the same as or different from those of the polymers layer and redistribution layers of the RDL structure 12 , respectively.

In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 4 and RDL 5 respectively includes vias V 2 and traces T 2 connected to each other. The vias V 2 of the redistribution layer RDL 4 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 4 to connect the traces T 2 to the TIVs 14 or the connectors 18 of the die 20 . The vias V 2 of the redistribution layer RDL 5 penetrates through the polymer layer PM 5 , to connect the traces T 2 of the redistribution layers RDL 5 and RDL 4 . The traces T 2 are respectively located on the polymer layers PM 4 or PM 5 , and are respectively extending on the top surface of the polymer layers PM 4 or PM 5 . The sidewalls of the vias V 2 and the traces T 2 may be straight or inclined. The cross-sectional shape of the via V 2 may be square, rectangle, trapezoid, or the like, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the via V 2 has inclined sidewall and is tapered toward the top surface of the die 20 .

In some embodiments, the redistribution layer RDL 5 is the topmost redistribution layer of the RDL structure 22 , the top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 5 may be coplanar with or protruding from the top surface of the polymer layer PM 5 .

Still referring to FIG. 1D , a plurality of TIVs 24 are formed on and electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 5 of the RDL structure 22 . The material and forming method of the TIVs 24 may selected from the same candidate materials and forming methods of the TIVs 14 . The material and forming method of the TIV 24 may be the same as or different from those of the TIV 14 .

Referring to FIG. 1E , an encapsulant 23 is formed on the RDL structure 22 to encapsulates sidewalls of the TIVs 24 . The material of the encapsulant 23 may be selected from the same candidate materials of the encapsulant 13 , and the materials of the encapsulant 13 and the encapsulant 23 may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the encapsulant 13 may be formed by forming an encapsulant material layer on the RDL structure 22 and the TIVs 24 , the encapsulant material layer covers the sidewalls and top surfaces of the TIVs 24 . Thereafter, a planarization process such as a grinding process or a polishing process (such as CMP) is performed to remove a portion of the encapsulant material layer over the top surface of the TIVs 24 . In some embodiments, the top surface of the encapsulant 23 and the top surfaces of the TIVs 24 are substantially coplanar with each other.

Referring to FIG. 1F , a RDL structure 32 is formed on the TIVs 24 and on the encapsulant 23 . In some embodiments, the RDL structure 32 includes a redistribution layer RDL 6 and a polymer layer PM 6 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the RDL structure 32 may be formed by the following process: the redistribution layer RDL 6 is formed on and electrically connected to the TIVs 24 , and the polymer layer PM 6 is then formed on the encapsulant 23 and the redistribution layer RDL 6 to cover sidewalls and top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 6 . A planarization process is optionally performed to planarize the top surface of the polymer layer PM 6 . After the planarization process, the top surface of the redistribution layer RDL 6 is still covered by the polymer layer PM 6 . The materials and forming methods of the redistribution layer RDL 6 and the polymer layer PM 6 are similar to, and may be the same as or different from those of the redistribution layer and polymer layer described above, respectively, and are not described here again.

In some embodiments, the RDL structure 22 , the TIVs 24 , the encapsulant 23 , and the RDL structure 32 together constitute an antenna element 36 . The antenna element 36 is electrically connected to the die 20 , and is electrically connected to the back-side RDL structure 12 through the TIVs 14 .

In some embodiments, a package structure 50 a is thus formed over the carrier 10 . The package structure 50 a includes the die 20 , the back side RDL structure 12 , the TIVs 14 , the encapsulant 13 , and the antenna element 36 . The package structure 50 a has a first surface FS and a second surface BS. In some embodiments, the first surface FS is the surface at front-side of the die 20 , and the second surface BS is the surface at back-side of the die 20 . In some embodiments, the forming of the package structure 50 a is referred as a first integrated fan-out (InFO) process. During the first InFO process, the second surface BS of the package structure 50 a is attached to the carrier 10 .

Referring to FIG. 1F to FIG. 1G , the de-bonding layer 11 is decomposed under the heat of light, and the carrier 10 is then released from the package structure 50 a . The redistribution layer RDL 1 of the RDL structure 12 is thus exposed for electrical connection in the subsequent process.

Referring to FIG. 13 , in some embodiments in which a plurality of dies 20 are mounted to the carrier 10 , after the carrier 10 is released, a singulating process such as a die-saw process is performed along the scribe line SL on the resulted structure to form a plurality of package structures 50 a . In other words, the structure previously formed on the carrier 10 is sawed apart along scribe lines SL into a plurality of single package structures 50 a , wherein one of package structures 50 a is shown in FIG. 1F . In some embodiments, the package structure 50 a includes one die 20 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In alternative embodiments, two or more dies 20 may be included in the package structure 50 a , and the number of the dies included in the package structure 50 a may be adjusted depending on product design.

Referring to FIG. 1G to FIG. 1J , thereafter, a second InFO process is performed to integrate a plurality of package structures 50 a into a larger scale package structure.

Referring to FIG. 1G , a carrier 60 is provided. The material of the carrier 60 may be selected from the same candidate material of the carrier 10 ( FIG. 1A ), and may be the same as or different from the material of the carrier 10 . In some embodiments, the carrier 60 has a larger size (such as width, length, and area) than the carrier 10 . The carrier 60 has a de-bonding layer 61 formed thereon. The de-bonding layer 61 is decomposable under the heat of light to thereby release the carrier 60 from the overlying structures that will be formed in subsequent steps.

A plurality of the package structures 50 a are attached to the carrier 60 through adhesive layers 62 such as a die attach film (DAF), silver paste, or the like. In some embodiments, the package structure 50 a is inverted, and the first surface FS of the package structure 50 a is attached to carrier 60 . The redistribution layer RDL 1 at the second surface BS of the package structure 50 a is exposed.

Referring to FIG. 1G and FIG. 1H , an encapsulant 63 is formed on the carrier 60 and surrounding the package structures 50 a to encapsulate sidewalls of the package structures 50 a . The material of the encapsulant 63 may be the same as or different from those of the encapsulant 13 or 23 . In some embodiments, the encapsulant 63 includes a molding compound, a molding underfill, a resin such as epoxy, a combination thereof, or the like. In some other embodiments, the encapsulant includes a photo-sensitive material such as polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyimide, benzocyclobutene (BCB), a combination thereof, or the like, which may be easily patterned by exposure and development processes or laser drilling process. In alternative embodiments, the encapsulant 63 includes nitride such as silicon nitride, oxide such as silicon oxide, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borosilicate glass (BSG), boron-doped phosphosilicate glass (BPSG), a combination thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, the encapsulant 63 includes a composite material including a base material (such as polymer) and a plurality of fillers in the base material. The filler may be a single element, a compound such as nitride, oxide, or a combination thereof. The fillers may include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride, alumina, silica, or the like, for example. The cross-section shape of the filler may be circle, oval, or any other shape.

The encapsulant 63 is formed by forming an encapsulant material layer over the carrier 60 by a suitable fabrication technique such as spin-coating, lamination, deposition, or similar processes. The encapsulant material layer encapsulates the second surfaces BS and sidewalls of the package structures 50 a . Thereafter, a planarization process such as a grinding or a polishing process (such as CMP) is performed to remove a portion of the encapsulant material layer over the second surfaces BS of the package structures 50 a , such that the top surfaces of the redistribution layers RDL 1 are exposed. In some embodiments, the top surface of the encapsulant 63 is substantially coplanar with the second surfaces BS of the package structures 50 a . The bottom surface of the encapsulant 63 is substantially coplanar with the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 a.

Referring to FIG. 11 , a RDL structure 64 is formed on the package structures 50 a and the encapsulant 63 . The RDL structure 64 is in physical contact with the RDL structures 12 of the package structures 50 a and the encapsulant 63 , and is electrically connected to the RDL structure 12 , and further electrically connected to the die 20 and the antenna elements 36 . In some embodiments, the package structures 50 a are electrically connected to each other through the RDL structure 64 .

In some embodiments, the RDL structure 64 includes polymer layers PM 7 a , PM 7 b and redistribution layers RDL 7 a , RDL 7 b , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The numbers of the redistribution layers and the polymer layers are not limited.

The redistribution layer RDL 7 b penetrates through the polymer layer PM 7 b to electrically connect to the redistribution layer RDL 7 a . The redistribution layer RDL 7 a penetrates through the polymer layer PM 7 a and is electrically connected to the redistribution layers RDL 1 of the package structures 50 a . In some embodiments, the polymer layer PM 7 a /PM 7 b includes a photo-sensitive material such as polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyimide (PI), benzocyclobutene (BCB), a combination thereof or the like. In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 7 a , RDL 7 b include conductive materials. The conductive materials includes metal such as copper, nickel, titanium, a combination thereof or the like, and is formed by an electroplating process. In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 7 a , RDL 7 b respectively includes a seed layer (not shown) and a metal layer formed thereon (not shown). The seed layer may be a metal seed layer such as a copper seed layer. In some embodiments, the seed layer includes a first metal layer such as a titanium layer and a second metal layer such as a copper layer over the first metal layer. The metal layer may be copper or other suitable metals.

In some embodiments, the redistribution layers RDL 7 a , RDL 7 b include a plurality of vias V 7 and a plurality of traces T 7 connected to each other. The vias V 7 penetrates through the polymer layers PM 7 a , PM 7 b to connect the traces T 7 , and the traces T 7 are located on the polymer layers PM 7 a , PM 7 b , and extending on the top surface of the polymer layers PM 7 a , PM 7 b . The sidewalls of the vias V 7 and T 7 may be straight or inclined, respectively. The cross-sectional shape of the via V 7 may be square, rectangle, trapezoid, or the like, for example, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the via V 7 have inclined sidewalls and is tapered toward the second surface BS of the package structure 50 a.

Referring to FIG. 1J , thereafter, a plurality of connectors 66 are formed on and electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 7 b of the RDL structure 64 . In some embodiments, the connectors 66 are referred as conductive terminals. In some embodiments, the connectors 66 may be ball grid array (BGA) connectors, solder balls, controlled collapse chip connection (C 4 ) bumps, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the material of the connector 66 includes copper, aluminum, lead-free alloys (e.g., gold, tin, silver, aluminum, or copper alloys) or lead alloys (e.g., lead-tin alloys). The connector 66 may be formed by a suitable process such as evaporation, plating, ball dropping, screen printing and reflow process, a ball mounting process or a C 4 process. In some embodiments, metal posts or metal pillars may further be formed between the redistribution layer RDL 7 b and the connectors 66 (not shown). The connectors 66 are electrically connected to the package structures 50 a through the RDL structure 64 .

Referring to FIG. 1J and FIG. 1K , the de-bonding layer 61 is decomposed under the heat of light, and the carrier 60 is then released. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer 62 may be removed by a cleaning process, for example.

Referring to FIG. 1K , in some embodiments, a package structure 100 a is thus completed. FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of the package structure 100 a , and FIG. 1K is taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 10 . For the sake of brevity, some components of the package structure 100 a are not shown in the top view FIG. 10 .

Referring to FIG. 1K and FIG. 10 , the package structure 100 a includes a plurality of package structures 50 a , the encapsulant 63 , the RDL structure 64 and the connectors 66 . In some embodiments, the package structure 100 a is a large scale package, and the package structures 50 a included therein may also be referred to as sub-package structures. In some embodiments, the area of the package structure 50 a ranges from 10 mm×10 mm to 20 mm×20 mm, and the area of the package structure 100 a may range from 50 mm×50 mm to 60 mm×60 mm, such as 5 cm×5 cm, for example. The ratio of the area of the sub-package structure 50 a to the package structure 100 a ranges from ⅕ to ⅓, for example. The package structures 50 a may be arranged in an array, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the package structures 50 a are electrically connected to each other through the RDL structure 64 , and the sidewalls of the package structures 50 a are encapsulated by the encapsulant 63 . In some embodiments, the top surface of the encapsulant 63 is substantially coplanar with the first surface FS of the package structures 50 a . The connectors 66 are electrically connected to the package structures 50 a through the RDL structure 64 .

In some embodiments, the sub-package structure 50 a includes the die 20 , the RDL structure 12 , the TIVs 14 , the encapsulant 13 , and the antenna element 36 . The antenna element 36 includes the RDL structure 22 , the TIVs 24 , the encapsulant 23 and the RDL structure 32 . In some embodiments, the RDL structure 12 is at back side of the die 20 . TIVs 14 are formed on the RDL structure 12 and laterally aside the die 20 . The encapsulant 13 encapsulates sidewalls of the TIVs 14 and the die 20 . The antenna element 36 is disposed at front side of the die 20 . The encapsulant 23 of the antenna element 36 is located over the encapsulant 13 , and is separated from the encapsulant 13 by the RDL structure 22 therebetween. In some embodiments, sidewalls of the encapsulant 13 are aligned with the sidewalls of the encapsulant 23 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto.

Still referring to FIG. 1K , the sidewalls of the package structures 50 a are encapsulated by the encapsulant 63 . Specifically, the sidewalls of the RDL structure 12 , the encapsulant 13 , the RDL structure 22 , the encapsulant 23 , and the RDL structure 32 are encapsulated by the encapsulant 63 . In some embodiments, a first surface (top surface) of the encapsulant 63 is substantially coplanar with the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 a . A second surface (bottom surface) of the encapsulant 63 is in contact with the RDL structure 64 , and is substantially coplanar with the second surfaces BS of the package structures 50 a . The materials of the encapsulant 13 , 23 and 63 may be the same as or different from each other. The material or structure of the RDL structure 12 , 22 , 32 and 64 may be the same or different.

Interfaces IF are existed between the encapsulant 63 and the package structure 50 a . In some embodiments in which the encapsulants 13 , 23 and 63 respectively includes a base material and fillers, a portion of the interface IF between the encapsulant 13 and the encapsulant 63 or between the encapsulant 23 and the encapsulant 63 is illustrated in the enlarged view FIG. 14 .

Referring to FIG. 1K and FIG. 14 . In some embodiments, the encapsulant 13 or 23 includes a base material 67 and fillers 68 in the base material 67 . The encapsulant 63 includes a base material 69 and fillers 70 in the base material 69 . In some embodiments, the fillers 68 and the fillers 70 are spherical particles. In some embodiments, since the encapsulant 13 and the encapsulant 23 were subjected to a singulation process to form the package structure 50 a ( FIG. 13 ), some of the fillers 68 at the sidewalls of the encapsulant 13 or 23 may be cut and partially removed. Also, the filler 68 at top surface of the encapsulant 13 or 23 may also be cut and partially removed because of the planarization process. As a result, the fillers 68 includes fillers 68 a and 68 b distributed in the base material 67 . The fillers 68 a are farther from the sidewalls and top surface of the base material 67 . The fillers 68 b are distributed at top surface or sidewalls of the base material 67 .

In some embodiments, the surface of the filler 68 a is rounded or curved, while a portion of the surface of the filler 68 b is rounded, and another portion of the surface of the filler 68 b is flat. In some embodiments, the portion of the fillers 68 b contacting with the encapsulant 63 has a flat surface. In other words, the portions of encapsulant 13 or 23 in contact with the encapsulant 63 have been cut and planarized in the step shown in FIG. 13 . Accordingly, the spherical particles 68 b in contact with encapsulant 63 are partially cut during the singulating process, and hence will have substantially planar surfaces (rather than rounded surfaces) in contact with encapsulant 63 . As a comparison, since no planarization or singulating process is performed on the surface of the encapsulant 63 in contact with the encapsulant 13 or 23 , the fillers 70 of the encapsulant 63 have rounded surface in contact with the encapsulant 13 or 23 .

Still referring to FIG. 1K , in some embodiments, the package structure 100 a includes multiple RDL structures, such as the RDL structure 12 , the RDL structure 22 , the RDL structure 32 and the RDL structure 64 . The RDL structures 12 , 22 , and 32 are formed during the first InFO process and included in the sub-package structures 50 a , while the RDL structure 64 is formed during the second InFO process to connect the sub-package structures 50 a . The area of the RDL structure 64 is larger than the area of the RDL structures 12 , 22 , 32 (or the area of the sub-package structure 50 a ) when projected to a surface parallel with the top surface of the die 20 , respectively.

As illustrated in FIG. 1K , the RDL structures 12 , 22 , 32 are located over the second surface BS of the sub-package structure 50 a , and the RDL structure 64 is located below the second surface BS of the sub-package structure 50 a . In other words, the RDL structures 12 , 22 , 32 and the RDL structure 64 are located at opposite sides of the second surface BS of the sub-package structure 50 a . In some embodiments, the vias V 1 , V 2 of the RDL structures 12 , 22 and the vias V 7 of the RDL structure 64 are located at opposite sides of the second surface BS of the sub-package structure 50 a , and are tapered toward the second surface BS of the sub-package structures 50 a . In other words, the via V 1 and V 2 are tapered toward the connector 66 , while the via V 7 is tapered away from the connector 66 . That is to say, the via V 1 and the via V 2 are tapered toward a same direction, the via V 1 and the via V 7 are tapered toward different directions.

Referring to FIG. 10 , in some embodiments, the antenna elements 36 of the die 20 are included in the sub-package structures 50 a and arranged in an array in the package structure 100 a . In some embodiments, the package structures 50 a are arranged in a high density array. In the embodiments of the disclosure, a large antenna array is achieved by packing multiple sub-package structures into a large scale package structure.

FIG. 2A to FIG. 2G are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a package structure according to a second embodiment of the disclosure. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the sub-package structure further includes connectors 54 formed on the RDL structure 12 .

Referring to FIG. 1F ( FIG. 13 ) and FIG. 2A , in some embodiments, after the package structure 50 a is formed. A carrier 51 is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier 51 has a de-bonding layer 52 formed thereon. The first surface FS of the package structure 50 a is attached to the carrier 51 through an adhesive layer 53 or placed on the carrier 51 . The redistribution layer RDL 1 of the RDL structure 12 at the second surface BS of the package structure 50 a is thus exposed.

Referring to FIG. 2A to FIG. 2B , in some embodiments, a plurality of connectors 54 are formed on and electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 1 of the RDL structure 12 . The connectors 54 may be referred to as the connective terminals of the package structure 50 b . The material and forming method of the connector 54 is similar to, and may be the same as or different from those of the connector 66 ( FIG. 1J ), and are not described again.

Referring to FIG. 2B , as such, a package structure 50 b is formed on the carrier 51 . The package structure 50 b is similar to the package structure 50 a , except the package structure 50 b further includes the connectors 54 . Thereafter, the carrier 51 is released from the package structure 50 b through the decomposition of the de-bonding layer 52 , the adhesive layer 53 may be removed by a cleaning process.

In some embodiments, the singulating process shown in FIG. 13 is performed after the connectors 54 are formed. For example, the structure ( FIG. 2A ) attached to the carrier 51 includes a plurality of package structures 50 a connected to each other, and the connectors 54 are formed on the RDL structures 12 of the plurality of package structures 50 a , to form a plurality of package structures 50 b connected to each other. Thereafter, the carrier 51 is released, and the plurality of package structures 50 b are sawed apart along scribe lines therebetween, such that the package structures 50 b are singulated, and one of the package structures 50 b is shown in FIG. 2B .

As such, the first InFO process is completed and the sub-package structure 50 b is formed. Thereafter, a plurality of singulated package structures 50 b are packed into a large scale package structure through a second InFO process.

Referring to FIG. 2C , a carrier 60 having a de-bonding layer 161 thereon is provided, and a RDL structure 164 is formed on the carrier 60 . In some embodiments, the RDL structure 164 includes the polymer layers PM 8 , PM 9 and the redistribution layers RDL 8 , RDL 9 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The materials and forming methods of the polymer layers PM 8 , PM 9 and the redistribution layers RDL 8 , RDL 9 are similar to, and may be the same as or different those of the polymer layers and redistribution layers described above.

In some embodiments, the RDL structure 164 includes vias V 8 and traces T 8 connected to each other. The sidewalls of the vias V 8 and the traces T 8 may be straight or inclined. The cross-sectional shape of the via V 8 may be square, rectangle, trapezoid, or the like, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the via V 8 has inclined sidewall and is tapered toward the top surface of the carrier 60 .

Referring to FIG. 2B to FIG. 2D , after the carrier 51 is released from the package structure 50 , a plurality of the package structures 50 b are connected or bonded to the RDL structure 164 through the connectors 54 . In some embodiments, the package structures 50 b are inverted, and the connectors 54 are aligned with and placed on the redistribution layer RDL 9 of the RDL structure 164 . Thereafter, a reflow process may be performed on the connectors 54 , such that the package structures 50 b are bonded to the redistribution layer RDL 9 through the connectors 54 . The RDL structure 164 and the RDL structure 12 of the package structure 50 b are spaced from each other by the connectors 54 .

Referring to FIG. 2E , an encapsulant 163 is formed on the RDL structure 164 to encapsulate the package structures 50 b . The material of the encapsulant 163 is similar to, and may be the same as or different from that of the encapsulant 63 ( FIG. 1H ). In some embodiments, the encapsulant 163 may be formed by the following processes: an encapsulant material layer is formed on the RDL structure 164 by a suitable fabrication technique such as spin-coating, lamination, deposition, molding process or similar processes. Thereafter, a planarization process such as a grinding or a polishing process (such as CMP) may be performed to planarize the top surface of the encapsulant 163 . In some embodiments, the planarization process is omitted.

Still referring to FIG. 2E , the encapsulant 163 surrounds and encapsulates the sidewalls of the package structures 50 a , and fills into the space between the RDL structures 12 of the package structures 50 a and the RDL structure 164 , and surrounds the connectors 54 . The top surface of the encapsulant 163 may be level with or higher than the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 a . The bottom surface of the encapsulant 163 is in contact with the RDL structure 164 , and is lower than the second surfaces BS of the package structures 50 a . In other words, the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 a may be encapsulated by the encapsulant 163 or exposed, the second surfaces BS of the package structures are encapsulated by the encapsulant 163 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 2E to FIG. 2F , the de-bonding layer 61 is decomposed, and the carrier 60 is released from the overlying structure. The structure on the carrier 60 shown in FIG. 2E is inverted and placed or attached to a carrier 71 . In some embodiments, the carrier 71 may be referred to as a holder. The carrier 71 may also have a de-bonding layer formed thereon, and structure may be attached to the carrier 71 through an adhesive layer, but the disclosure is not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 2F , the redistribution layer RDL 8 of the RDL structure 164 is exposed, and a plurality of connectors 66 are formed on and electrically connected to the redistribution layer RDL 8 . The material and forming method of the connectors 66 are similar to, and may be the same as or different from those described in FIG. 1J of the first embodiment. The connectors 66 and the connectors 54 may be the same types of connectors or different types of connectors. As such, a package structure 100 b is thus formed.

Referring to FIG. 2F to FIG. 2G , the carrier 71 is then released from the package structure 100 b . Referring to FIG. 2G , in some embodiments, the package structure 100 b includes a plurality of sub-package structure 50 b , the encapsulant 163 , the RDL structure 164 and the connectors 66 . In some embodiments, the encapsulant 163 encapsulates the sidewalls, the second surfaces BS, or/and the first surfaces FS of the sub-package structures 50 b . A portion of the encapsulant 163 is disposed between the sub-package structures 50 b and the RDL structure 164 . However, the disclosure is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the sub-package structure 50 b includes the die 20 , the RDL structure 12 , the TIVs 14 , the encapsulant 13 , and the antenna element 36 . The antenna element 36 is formed on front side of the die 20 , and the RDL structure 12 is formed on back side of the die 20 . The RDL structure 12 is adjacent to the RDL structure 164 and spaced from the RDL structure 164 by the connectors 54 and the encapsulant 163 therebetween. The RDL structure 164 has a larger area than the RDL structure 12 or the antenna element 36 or the sub-package structures 50 a . In some embodiments, the via V 1 of the RDL structure 12 and the via V 8 of the RDL structure 164 are located at opposite sides of the second surface BS of the package structures 50 a , and are tapered toward a same direction. In some embodiments, both the via V 1 and the via V 8 are tapered toward the connector 66 . The other features of the package structure 100 b are similar to those of the package structure 100 a , which are not described again.

FIG. 3 to FIG. 9 respectively illustrates a package structure according to some other embodiments of the disclosure. These package structures are similar to the package structure 100 a or 100 b and further include some modification. The following description will focus on the difference between theses package structures and the package structure 100 a or 100 b.

Referring to FIG. 3 , a package structure 100 c including the sub-package structures 50 c , the encapsulant 63 , the RDL structure 64 and the connectors 66 is illustrated. The package structure 100 c is similar to the package structure 100 a except that the sub-package structures 50 c are free of the back-side RDL structure 12 and includes a dielectric layer 80 at the position of the back-side RDL structure 12 , and the TIVs 14 of the package structures 50 c are electrically connected to the RDL structure 64 through connectors 81 .

Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 3 , in some embodiments, the step of forming the RDL structure 12 is replaced by forming the dielectric layer 80 . The dielectric layer 80 may include a polymer, such as PBO, PI, BCB, or the like or combinations thereof. Thereafter, before forming the RDL structure 64 ( FIG. 1I ), a patterning process such as a laser drilling process may be performed on the dielectric layer 80 , so as to form openings in the dielectric layer 80 exposing the TIVs 14 . Connectors 81 are formed in the openings to electrically connect to the TIVs 14 . The connectors 81 may include solder bumps, gold bumps, copper bumps, copper posts, copper pillars, or the like. Thereafter, the RDL structure 64 is formed on the package structures 50 c and the connectors 81 , and connectors 66 are formed. In some embodiments, the polymer layer PM 7 a covers a portion of sidewalls of the connectors 81 . The redistribution layer RDL 7 a of the RDL structure 64 is electrically connected to the connectors 81 .

Referring to FIG. 4 , a package structure 100 d including sub-package structures 50 d , the encapsulant 163 , the RDL structure 164 and the connectors 66 is illustrated. The package structure 100 d is similar to the package structure 100 b , except that the sub-package structures 50 d are free of the RDL structures 12 and include the dielectric layer 80 at the position of the RDL structure 12 comparing to the sub-package structures 50 b . In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 80 includes openings exposing the TIVs 14 , and the connectors 54 fill into the openings of the dielectric layer 80 to electrically connect the TIVs 14 of the package structure 50 d to the RDL structure 164 . The encapsulant 163 encapsulates sidewalls, the second surfaces BS or/and the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 d , and fill into the space between dielectric layer 80 (that is, the second surface BS of the package structure 50 d ) and the RDL structure 164 to cover bottom surfaces of the dielectric layer 80 and top surface of the RDL structure 164 and surround the connectors 54 .

Referring to FIG. 5 , a package structure 100 e including package structures 50 b , the encapsulant 163 , the substrate 264 , and the connectors 66 is illustrated. The package structure 100 d is similar to the package structure 100 b , except that the RDL structure 164 is replaced by the substrate 264 . Referring to FIG. 2C and FIG. 5 , in some embodiments, the substrate 264 may be pre-formed before attached to the carrier 60 . The substrate 264 includes dielectric layer 264 a and the multi-layers of conductive lines 264 b formed in the dielectric layer 264 a . The number of the layers of conductive lines 264 b is not limited to that is shown in FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the materials of the dielectric layer 264 a and the conductive lines 264 b are similar to, the same as or different from those of the polymer layer and redistribution layer of the RDL structure 164 , respectively. The package structures 50 b are electrically connected to each other through the conductive lines 264 b of the substrate 264 . The connectors 66 are electrically connected to the package structures 50 b through the substrate 264 . It is noted that, the RDL structure 164 of package structure 100 d may also be replaced by the substrate 264 .

Referring to FIG. 6 , a package structure 100 f including the sub-package structures 50 b , the encapsulant 163 , underfill layers 84 , the RDL structure 164 and the connectors 66 is illustrated. The package structure 100 f is similar to the package structure 100 b except that the package structure 100 f further includes the underfill layers 84 .

Referring to FIG. 2D and FIG. 6 , in some embodiments, after the sub-package structures 50 b are bonded to the RDL structure 164 and before the encapsulant 163 is formed, underfill layers 84 are formed to fill the space between the sub-package structures 50 b and the RDL structure 164 . The underfill layer 84 covers the second surface BS of the package structure 50 b and a portion of the top surface of the RDL structure 164 and surrounds the connectors 54 . The sidewalls of the underfill layer 84 may be straight or inclined. In some embodiments, the sidewalls of the underfill layer 84 may be aligned with the sidewalls of the package structure 50 b , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The encapsulant 163 is formed after the underfill layers 84 are formed. The encapsulant 163 is located on the RDL structure 164 , and encapsulates sidewalls or/and first surfaces FS of the sub-package structures 50 b and sidewalls of the underfill layers 84 . The connectors 54 are separated from the encapsulant 163 by the underfill layer 84 therebetween.

Referring to FIG. 7 , a package structure 100 g including the package structure 100 a and a lens 85 is illustrated. FIG. 11 is a top view of the package structure 100 g , and FIG. 7 is taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 11 . In some embodiments, after the package structure 100 a is formed, a lens 85 is disposed on the package structure 100 a . The lens 85 are disposed on the first surfaces FS of the package structures 50 a and adjacent to the antenna elements 36 of the package structure 100 a . In some embodiments, the lens 85 is attached to the package structure 100 a through an adhesive layer (not shown), but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The lens 85 may be transparent or opaque. The material of the lens 85 may include, silicon, glass, or the like, or other suitable material, or combinations thereof, and the disclosure is not limited thereto. The material of the lens 85 may be selected depending on the power or signal radiated or transmitted by the antenna elements 36 . The lens 85 direct and focus the radiation from the antenna elements 36 toward specific radiation-sensing regions. In some embodiments, the power or signal radiated or transmitted by the antenna elements 36 may become more concentrated through the lens 85 , and thus the performance of antenna elements 36 is improved.

Referring to FIG. 7 and FIG. 11 , in some embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of the lens 85 maybe arced or the like, and the shape of the lens 85 in top view is circular, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments, in the top view, the shape of the package structure 100 a is square, rectangle, or the like, and the shape of the lens 85 is circular, the lens 85 is located within a region directly over the package structure 100 a . As such, the lens 85 covers a portion of the top surface of the package structure 100 a , and portions of the sub-package structures 50 a at corners of the package structure 100 a may be not covered by the lens 85 . The lens 85 may be positioned in various arrangements and have various shapes depending on a refractive index of a material used for the lens 85 .

Referring to FIG. 8 , a package structure 100 h including the package structures 50 a , the encapsulant 63 , the RDL structure 64 , the connectors 66 and the heat sinks 86 is illustrated. The package structure 100 h is similar to the package structure 100 a except that the package structure 100 h further includes the heat sinks 86 for heat dissipation.

The heat sink 86 may be formed before or after forming the connectors 66 . The heat sink 86 is formed on the RDL structure 64 over the sub-package structures 50 a . In some embodiments, the heat sink 86 is in physical contact with the RDL structure 64 . The heat sink 86 may be in contact with the redistribution layer of the RDL structure 64 , the polymer layer of the RDL structure 64 , or combinations thereof. The heat sink 86 is made of a material with a high coefficient of thermal conductivity, and is used to dissipate the heat generated from the package structure 100 a (the dies 20 ). In some embodiments, the material of the heat sink 86 may include copper, silver, gold, tungsten, aluminum, steel, combinations thereof or the like, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The heat sink 86 may be formed by any suitable material as long as the heat sink 86 effectively conducts heat away from the package structure 100 a.

In some embodiments, the heat sink 86 may be bonded to the redistribution layer of the RDL structure 64 through a metal-to-metal bonding process, and is electrically connected to the RDL structure 64 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the heat sink 86 may be attached to the RDL structure 64 and is floating, that is, the heat sink 86 may be not electrically connected to other components of the package structure 100 a.

In some embodiments, the cross sectional shape of the heat sink 86 may be comb-shaped, as shown in FIG. 9 , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the heat sink 86 may be plate or sheet shaped or any other shaped, and the cross-sectional shape of the heat sink 86 may be square, rectangle, trapezoid or other suitable shape. In some embodiments, the number of the heat sink 86 is equal to the number of the sub-package structure 50 a included in the package structure 100 h , but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the number of the heat sink 86 may be larger than or less than the number of the sub-package structures 50 a , as long as the heat of the package structure 100 a is effectively dissipated.

Referring to FIG. 9 , a package structure 100 i including the package structures 50 a , the encapsulant 63 , the RDL structure 64 , the connectors 66 , the heat sinks 86 and the TIVs 87 is illustrated. The package structure 100 i is similar to the package structure 100 h except that the package structure 100 i further includes TIVs 87 . The TIVs 87 may be formed before forming the encapsulant 63 . The material of the TIV 87 may be similar to, the same as or different from those of the TIV described above.

FIG. 12 is a top view of the package structure 100 i . Referring to FIG. 9 and FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, the TIVs 87 form a plurality of rings surrounding the sub-package structures 50 a . The sidewalls of the TIVs 87 are encapsulated by the encapsulant 63 . In some embodiments, the TIVs 87 are grounded TIVs. The RDL structure 64 may further include redistribution layers RDL 7 ′ formed on and electrically connected to the TIVs 87 . The TIVs 87 may help to isolate the sub-package structures 50 a from each other to avoid the interference between the antenna elements 36 of different sub-package structures 50 a . In other word, the sub-package structures 50 a are surrounded by the TIVs 87 , and are isolated from each other by the TIVs 87 .

It is noted that, the lens 85 ( FIG. 7 ), the heat sink 86 ( FIG. 8 ), or the TIV 87 ( FIG. 9 ) or combinations thereof may be applied to any of the package structures ( 100 a - 100 i ) described in the foregoing embodiments.

In the foregoing embodiments, two InFO processes are performed to achieve the large scale package. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In alternative embodiments, merely one InFO process is needed to achieve the large scale package. For example, in the first InFO process described above, a plurality of dies are electrically connected to each other through the RDL structure, so as to form a large scale package structure. In some embodiments, multiple dies are mounted over the carrier 10 ( FIG. 1C ) in the first InFO process, and the multiple dies may be divided into several regions (such as 4 regions), each region includes a plurality of dies, and the plurality of dies are electrically connected to each other through the RDL structure. After the first InFO process is completed and conductive terminals 54 are formed ( FIG. 2B ), a singulating process similar to that described in FIG. 13 is performed to singulate the several regions, and each singulated region is a large scale package includes a plurality of dies connected to each other. In some embodiments, all the dies mounted over the carrier are connected to each other to form a large scale package.

FIG. 15 is a top view of a large scale package formed by one InFO process according to some embodiments of the disclosure. FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view along B-B line of FIG. 15 . It is noted that, for the sake of brevity, the antenna elements over the dies are not specifically shown in the top view FIG. 15 .

Referring to FIG. 15 and FIG. 16 , a package structure 150 is illustrated. The package structure 150 is similar to the package structure 50 b ( FIG. 2B ), except that the package structure 150 is a large scale package including much more dies 20 than the package structure 50 b . For example, the package structure 150 includes a lot of dies 20 , a back side RDL structure 112 , the TIVs 14 , the encapsulant 13 , the antenna element 36 and the connectors 54 . The dies 20 may be arranged in an array, for example. Each die 20 include antenna elements 36 , such that the package structure 150 includes a large antenna array. In other words, the package structure 150 includes a plurality of sub-package unit 150 a , each sub-package unit 150 a includes one die 20 , and the plurality of sub-package units 150 a are interconnected to each other through the RDL structure 112 .

In some embodiments, the dies 20 are electrically connected to each other through the RDL structure 22 , the TIVs 14 and the RDL structure 112 . For example, the RDL structure 112 may include the polymer layers PM 10 , PM 20 , PM 30 and the redistribution layers RDL 10 , RDL 20 , RDL 30 and RDL′ stacked alternately. The redistribution layers of the RDL structure 112 are interconnected to each other, so as to electrically connect the dies 20 to each other. In some embodiments, the number of the dies 20 included in the package structure 150 ranges from 50 to 60, for example. The area of the package structure 150 may be in the same range as the package structure 100 a ( FIG. 1K ) described above. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto.

In the disclosure of the embodiments, in some embodiments, multi sub-package structures each including antennas are packed into a single package structure. The single package structure has a very large scale and includes a high density package array. In alternative embodiments, a package structure includes a lot of dies connected to each other, and each die includes antennas. As such, a very large antenna array is achieved, and narrow beamwidth may be achieved by the vary large antenna array. Steering beams of the very large antenna array enables an ultra-narrow, steerable beam across wide degree. In some embodiments, the large antenna array maybe applied to a sensing system, and the sensing system with the large antenna array can have narrow beamwidth to achieve finer spatial resolution, and thus generating high definition image. In addition, comparing to realizing a large antenna array in a single die or chip which is high cost, the present disclosure is a cost effective way to realize the large antenna array.

In accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure, a package structure includes a plurality of sub-package structures, a second encapsulant, a second RDL structure and a second conductive terminal. The sub-package structure includes a die, first TIVs, a first encapsulant and an antenna element. The die has a first side and a second side. The first TIVs are laterally aside the die. The first encapsulant encapsulates sidewalls of the die and sidewalls of the TIVs. The antenna element is on the first side of the die, and on the TIVs and the first encapsulant. The second encapsulant encapsulates sidewalls of the sub-package structures. The second RDL structure is electrically connected to the plurality of sub-package structures. The second conductive terminal is electrically connected to the sub-package structures through the second RDL structure.

In accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure, a package structure includes a plurality of sub-package structures having antenna elements, an encapsulant, a RDL structure and a conductive terminal. The encapsulant encapsulates sidewalls of the sub-package structures. The RDL structure is on the sub-package structures and on the encapsulant, and is electrically connected to the plurality of sub-package structures. The conductive terminal is electrically connected to the sub-package structures through the RDL structure.

In accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure, a method of forming a package structure includes the following steps. A first integrated fan-out (InFO) process is performed to form a plurality of sub-package structures. A second InFO process is performed to pack the sub-package structures into the package structure. The first InFO process includes the following steps. A first TIV is formed aside a die on a first RDL structure. A first encapsulant is formed to encapsulate sidewalls of the TIV and sidewalls of the die. An antenna element is formed on the die, the first TIV and the first encapsulant. The second InFO process includes the following steps. A second encapsulant is formed to encapsulate sidewalls of the sub-package structures. A second RDL structure is formed. Electrically connect the second RDL structure to the sub-package structures. A conductive terminal is formed and is electrically connect to the sub-package structures through the second RDL structure.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.