Access assurance for remote memory access over network

The present application relates to the subject matter of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/705,451, filed by Hirohide Sugahara, et al. on Nov. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,281.

The present invention relates generally to computer networking, and particularly to direct memory access over a computer network.

As high-speed networks make it easier to use distributed resources, it becomes increasingly important to allow a device at one node of a computer network to directly access remote memories at other nodes of the computer network. By using Remote Direct Memory Access (“RDMA”) for data transfer, processors in a computer network may exchange data directly between their respective user memories with a minimum of intervention from the operating system. This leads to a significant reduction in the startup latency, and higher throughput.

An RDMA operation is a direct exchange of data between the memory contents of two devices over a network. RDMA means that once a node (e.g., a server) allocates, pins down (making it non swappable) a bulk of memory and sends the memory description to another node (e.g., a client) the other node can read and write to that memory directly. Directly means that the central processing unit (“CPU”) on the server or the client is not involved in the RDMA operation. With RDMA a client can manage the memory surrendered by a server as an alternative page file.

Accesses through a network always has possibilities of error. In order to make sure that a write access using RDMA is done properly, the device which performs the write access may have to perform a read access to read the written data. Also, in order to make sure that a read access using RDMA is done properly, the device which performs the read access may have to perform the read access again and compare the read data from the two read access. These methods for RDMA assurance are time consuming and waste network resources.

Therefore, there is a need for a system and a method that allows an initiator of an RDMA to obtain access assurance that the RDMA is done properly, and/or to obtain error information if an erroneous situation occurred during the RDMA process, without going through the aforementioned procedures.

The present invention comprises a method and system that provide access assurance regarding an RDMA transaction over a computer network.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a first device and a second device are coupled to first and second peripheral component interconnect (“PCI”) buses, respectively. The first and the second PCI buses are coupled to the computer network through first and second PCI network adaptors, respectively. The first and second PCI network adaptors include functional units to facilitate a memory-mapped read or write on the first PCI bus to be bridged to the second PCI bus through the computer network. An RDMA space and an associated access assurance space are assigned to the second device in the memory space of the first PCI bus, to which the first device is coupled. The first device may RDMA the second device by directly reading from or writing into the RDMA space assigned to the second device. The first and second PCI network adaptors process the RDMA transaction. For each RDMA transaction initiated by the first device and targeted at the second device, the second PCI network adaptor also prepares access assurance information corresponding to the RDMA transaction and sends it to the first PCI network adaptor in a response packet. The access assurance information is stored in the first PCI network adaptor until it is checked by the first device. To obtain this access assurance information regarding the RDMA transaction, the first device performs a PCI read from the assurance space associated with the RDMA space assigned to the second device in the PCI memory space of the first PCI bus.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an overview of a computer network in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a PCI memory space according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a 64-bit PCI read/write address associated with a PCI read/write transaction at a sending node according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of part of the functional units included in PCI network adaptors for processing an RDMA transaction according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The system 100 is a computer network (“network”) comprising a network router 103 and three nodes, nodes A-C, coupled to the network router 103 . Node A includes one or more devices, e.g., 111 A, 112 A and 113 A, which are coupled to a bus 120 A. The bus 120 A is coupled to the network router 103 through a network adaptor 130 A. Node B includes one or more devices, e.g., 111 B and 112 B, which are coupled to a bus 120 B. The bus 120 B is coupled to the network router 103 through a network adaptor 130 B. Node C includes one or more devices, e.g., 111 C, 112 C and 113 C, which are coupled to a bus 120 C. The bus 120 C is coupled to the network router 103 through a network adaptor 130 C.

Each device, e.g., 111 A, 112 A, 113 A, 111 B, 112 B, 111 C, 112 C and 113 C, in the system 100 is generally referred to as a device 110 . The device 110 can be a conventional PCI device such as a display, a disk drive, a sound card or a small computer standard interface (“SCSI”) adapter. The device 110 can also represent a conventional workstation or personal computer on a network, or it can represent an entire network. Alternatively, the device 110 can represent a specialized node. For example, the device 110 can be a data vault comprising a Direct Memory Access (“DMA”) device or disk controller card coupled to one or more storage devices. Furthermore, the device 110 can represent an unintelligent node, such as an input/output (“IO”) device. On the other hand, the device 110 can also represent an intelligent node that has a resident CPU or microcontroller unit of some kind. In short, the device 110 can be any one of a number of devices or node configurations. It is noted that each device 110 may alternatively be referred to as a peripheral or peripheral device.

Although two or three peripherals are shown to be coupled to each of the buses 120 A-C, either fewer or more peripherals can be connected to any one bus depending on the desired application and system performance.

Each of the buses 120 A-C can be any bus that supports read retry, such as a PCI bus, Accelerated Graphics Port (“AGP”), PCI-X, or the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, each of the buses 120 A-C is a PCI bus, and each of the network adaptors 130 A-C is a PCI network adaptor that provides a PCI interface for implementing conventional PCI protocols and ordering rule, so that the peripheral devices 110 can communicate with each other using PCI protocols. The PCI network adaptors 130 A-C also allow a memory-mapped PCI read or write on one PCI bus to be bridged to another PCI bus in the network 100 . In an alternative embodiment, two PCI buses may be coupled to one network adaptor and the network adaptor serves as both a bridge between the two PCI buses and part of a bridge between any of the two PCI buses and a third PCI bus across the network 103 .

If a device 110 at any node of the system 100 is a PCI master device, such as a processor, it possesses the ability to address the address spaces of the PCI bus to which the device 110 is directly coupled. There are two distinct PCI address spaces, an input/output (“IO”) space and a memory space, associated with each of the PCI buses in the network 100 . The memory space associated with a PCI bus may be either x-bytes or 2 x locations in size, (where x indicates x-bit addressing). For example, memory space may be either 4 GB or 2 64 locations in size (if 64-bit addressing is utilized). When the network 100 is configured by a conventional configuration program, all of the devices in the network 100 are assigned mutually exclusive address spaces in the address spaces of each of the PCI buses 120 A-C. The computer network 100 can be configured by a processor in one master node, such as node A, or it can be configured independently by more than one processors in different nodes. The configuration program run by any of the nodes automatically detects the presence, type and address space requirements of the devices and allocates space to them by programming their address decoders to recognize the address range it assigns to them.

To the PCI bus 120 A, the devices 111 B, 112 B, 111 C, 112 C, and 113 C are a community of devices that reside behind the PCI network adaptor 130 A. These devices may be memory, IO, or a combination of memory and IO devices. Furthermore, some of the IO devices may be mapped into memory space while others are mapped into IO space. In the memory space of a PCI bus 120 A, all memory devices or memory mapped IO devices that reside behind the PCI network adaptor 130 A are assigned mutually-exclusive memory address spaces within a common overall range of memory locations associated with the PCI network adaptor 130 A. As an example, FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a memory space 200 of the PCI bus 120 A. The memory space 200 includes an overall address range 220 associated with the PCI network adaptor 130 A. The address range 220 includes an address space 250 for remote IO operations, and address spaces 290 for RDMA transactions, and a memory mapped register space 230 assigned to internal registers of the PCI network adaptor 130 A. The memory space 200 may also include an address space 260 used to access local memory devices or memory sub units at node A, a reserved address range 210 , and one or more other address spaces 270 .

Still referring to FIG. 2, the RDMA space 290 includes an access space 240 for a device at node A to directly access memory devices over the network router 103 , and an assurance space 280 for assurance check operations. The PCI network adaptor 130 A is programmed to process any memory transactions detected on the PCI bus 120 A as an RDMA transaction if the target address is within the access space 240 . The access space 240 includes an address space 240 B and an address space 240 C corresponding to node B and node C respectively. The address space 240 B includes sub spaces that are mapped to the memory devices or memory sub units associated with node B, and the address space 240 C includes sub spaces that are mapped to the memory devices or memory sub units associated with node C. The assurance space 280 includes address spaces 280 B and 280 C. The address space 280 B includes sub spaces, each of the sub spaces for obtaining access assurance information regarding an RDMA transaction targeted to a memory device or memory sub units at node B. The address space 280 C also includes sub spaces, each of the sub spaces for obtaining access assurance information regarding an RDMA transaction targeted to a memory device or memory sub units at node C. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the address space 240 B includes a sub space 241 B which is mapped to device 111 B if device 111 B is a memory device or to the memory sub units in device 111 B if device 111 B contains such units. The address space 280 B includes a sub space 281 B associated with the sub space 241 B. An initiator at node A of an RDMA transaction targeted towards device 111 B may obtain access assurance information regarding this RDMA transaction by PCI reading from the sub space 281 B.

Each of the PCI network adaptors 130 A-C in the network 100 , such as the PCI network adaptor 130 A, includes registers that are used to define the address spaces allocated to devices at other nodes (such as node B and node C) of the network 100 . An address space is defined by a base address and an address offset. The base address of an address space serves as a reference point for other addresses in the address space. Any other address within the address space may then be specified by adding an offset to the base address. The largest offset within an address space represents the address offset of the address space. The PCI network adaptor 130 A, 130 B or 130 C typically include registers for the base addresses and address offsets of the following address spaces:

a) memory mapped register spaces (such as address space 230 in FIG. 2 );

b) remote IO spaces associated with other nodes of the network 100 (such as address space 250 in FIG. 2 );

c) remote direct memory access (RDMA) spaces associated with other nodes of the network 100 (such as the RDMA space 290 ).

Any access to space b) or c) from a node, such as node A, is processed by a local PCI network adaptor, such as the PCI network adaptor 130 A, and transferred to a remote PCI network adaptor, such as the PCI network adaptor 130 B or 130 C. An access to space c) typically appears at a remote PCI bus as an access to a location in the memory space of the remote PCI bus.

A PCI master device at any node of the computer network 100 , such as device 111 A at node A, may initiate an RDMA transaction by posting a read/write command with a read/write address on the PCI bus 120 A. The read/write address may be x-bits, e.g., 64 bits or 32 bits, depending on specific implementation. For example, FIG. 3 illustrates a 64-bit read/write address 300 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The 64-bit read/write address 300 may be segmented into several fields, including a base address (“BA”) field 310 , a write or read assurance field (“WA”) 320 , a node ID field 340 and an address offset field 350 . The bit assignments for these fields are implementation dependent and are configurable. In one embodiment of the present invention, the BA field 310 includes bits [63:58] and these bits will be compared with the base address of the RDMA space 290 , RDMA_BA (as shown in FIG. 2 ), by the PCI network adaptor 130 A. If they match, the PCI network adaptor 130 A will recognize that this is an RDMA transaction and asserts a value, DEVSEL#, as per PCI specification. The WA field 320 includes an assurance bit, which in this case is bit 57. This bit is 0 for normal RDMA transactions, and is 1 (“set”) for write or read assurance check. The node ID field 340 includes bits [55:48] and are used by the PCI_IF network adaptor to calculate a destination node ID, and a PCI bus number if more than one PCI bus is in the destination node. The bits in the offset field 350 will be used by the remote node to identify the specific device at the remote node as the target of the RDMA transaction.

A write transaction on a local PCI bus, such as PCI bus 120 A, is transferred over the network 103 to a remote node, such as node B, as a write request packet including a write address and write data. In response to receiving the write packet, the PCI network adaptor 130 B at node B issues a write command, and post the write command on the PCI bus 120 B. A read transaction on a local PCI bus, such as PCI bus 120 A, is transferred over the network 103 to the remote node (where the desired data resides), such as node B, as a read request packet. In response to receiving the read request packet, the PCI network adaptor 130 B at node B issues a read command and returns the requested read data to the PCI network adaptor 130 A at node A. While the read transaction is in process, a retry signal is generated at node A to starve off further read requests. Once the requested read data is received at node A, the PCI network adaptor 130 A completes the read transaction by returning the read data to the initiator of the read transaction.

When the assurance bit is set on a PCI read command with the PCI network adaptor 130 A as the target, it signifies a read access to the assurance space 280 or an assurance check. An initiator of a PCI read/write transaction can perform an access assurance check by posting a PCI read command on the PCI bus 120 A with the same address used by the PCI read/write transaction except that the assurance bit is 1 instead of 0. The PCI network adaptor 130 A will recognize this read transaction as an assurance check. Once the original PCI read/write transaction completes on the remote node, the PCI network adaptor 130 A will process the assurance check to return a value indicating a completion status of the original read/write transaction. In one embodiment of the present invention, the completion status of an RDMA transaction is sent in a response packet during the RDMA transaction and is kept in the PCI network adaptor of the initiating node. If an RDMA completes erroneously before an error check is completed, the error status is kept in the PCI network adaptor indefinitely until an access assurance check comes to clear it.

The PCI network adaptor 130 A, 130 B or 130 C includes functional units for exchanging PCI transactions, e.g. a PCI read/write transaction, from a device coupled to one PCI bus to a device coupled to another PCI bus in the computer network 100 . The PCI network adaptor 130 A, 130 B or 130 C also includes functional units for recognizing certain PCI read transactions as assurance check transactions and for processing such a transactions in order to provide PCI read/write assurance information.

FIG. 4 illustrates part of the functional units included in the PCI network adaptors 130 A and 130 B for processing a read/write transaction initiated by a PCI master device at node A, such as device 111 , and targeted to a device at node B. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the PCI network adaptor 130 A includes a PCI interface (“PCI_IF”) target unit 410 coupled to the PCI bus 120 A, a target control (TCTR) unit 430 coupled to the PCI_IF unit 410 , at least one target write buffer (“TWB”) 440 and at least one target fetch buffer (“TFB”) 445 coupled to the PCI_IF unit 410 . The PCI network adaptor 130 A also includes a mesh interface chip (“MIC”) unit 470 A which on one side is coupled to the TWB 440 and to the TFB 445 through a MIC interface (“MIC_IF”) unit 460 A, and on the other side is coupled to the network router 103 .

As also shown in FIG. 4, the PCI network adaptor 130 B includes a PCI_IF master unit 420 coupled to the PCI bus 120 B, and a master access buffer (“MAB”) unit 450 coupled to the PCI_IF master unit 420 . The PCI network adaptor 130 B also includes a MIC unit 470 B which on one side is coupled to the MAB unit 450 through a MIC interface (“MIC_IF”) unit 460 A, and on the other side is coupled to the network router 103 .

The (“PCI_IF”) target unit 410 provides an interface between the PCI bus 120 A and the core functions of the PCI network adaptor 130 A. It recognizes and receives any PCI transaction posted on the PCI bus 120 A and targeted to an address space within the overall address range 220 assigned to the PCI network adaptor 130 A. The PCI_IF target unit 410 also calculates a destination node ID based on the target address of the PCI transaction.

When there are more than one TWBs or TFBs, each TWB or TFB is assigned a buffer number. Each of the TWB 440 and TFB 445 includes multiple memory pages. The TCTR unit 430 forms read or write block queues in the memory pages of the TFB(s) or TWB(s), respectively, according to the destination node ID and the address offset in the read/write address. The TCTR includes a tag random access memory (tag RAM) for keeping a record of the read/write block queues, such as the page address of the memory page(s) that queued a particular read/write transaction along with the node ID and address offset associated with the read/write transaction.

The MIC unit 470 A provides devices directly coupled to the PCI bus 120 A access to the network router 103 by providing an interface between the functional units within the PCI network adaptor 130 A and the network router 103 .

The MIC interface unit 460 A forms a write packet and transfers read/write data packets between the TFB/TWB units 440 / 445 and the MIC unit 470 A. A read or write packet includes a header and a payload. The header includes information such as a source node ID, the destination node ID, type of command, packet length, etc. For a write packet, the payload is the data to be written. For a read packet, the payload is the read data fetched from a remote node.

The MIC unit 470 A receives read packets from the network router 103 and sends write packets to the network router 103 with routing information which comes from the destination node ID and a sequence number to keep ordering. For each read packet received from the network router 103 , the MIC unit 470 A performs a sanity check and error correction, and then sends the read packet to the MIC_IF unit 460 A. Examples of the sanity check include a packet corruption check, a packet ordering check, and a detection of duplicated packets.

The network router transmits read/write packets among different nodes of the network 100 based on routing information in each of the read/write packets which identifies a PCI network adaptor as the recipients of that read or write packet.

The MIC unit 470 B provides an interface between the functional units within the PCI network adaptor 130 B and the network router 103 . It receives write packets directed to the PCI network adaptor 130 B from the network router 103 and delivers read packets including read data from node B to the network router 103 with routing information indicating the recipient of the read packets. For each write packet received from the network router 103 , the MIC unit 470 B performs sanity check and error correction, and then sends the write packet to the MIC_IF unit 460 B.

The MIC_IF unit 460 B forms read packets including read data from node B and transfers read/write data packets between the MIC unit and the MAB unit 450 . In response to receiving a write packet, the MIC_IF unit 460 B sends a write request including the header of the write packet to the MAB unit 450 and buffers the payload of the write packet into a data buffer in the MAB unit.

The MAB unit 450 processes read/write transactions coming from other nodes (node A and node C) of the network 100 . The MAB unit 450 includes a master access data buffer (MAB) with multiple memory pages and processes delivered write requests in the order of arrival. For a write operation, the MAB decodes the header of the write packet and retrieves information such as the source node ID, the destination node ID, the address offset and the type of command, etc. The destination node ID, the address offset and the write data are sent to the PCI_IF master unit 420 . For a read operation, the MAB 450 receives read request from the MIC_IF unit 460 B and decodes packet information as in the case of write operation. Then the read request is sent to the PCI_IF master unit 420 , which obtains the read data by posting the read request on the PCI bus 120 B. The read data is sent back to the PCI network adaptor 130 A and buffered in the TFB 445 .

The PCI_IF master unit 420 translates the address information in a write packet into a PCI address in the PCI memory space of the PCI bus 120 B. It also checks for errors that may have happened during the transmission of the write packet. If all is well, the PCI_IF master unit 420 will post the write data with the translated address on the PCI bus 120 B, and sends an acknowledgement (“ACK”) back in a response packet to the PCI network adaptor 130 A, which is where the write packet came from. If errors are found, the error status will be sent back in a response packet to the PCI network adaptor 130 A, and the write data will be thrown away. At the PCI network adaptor 130 A, the received ACK or completion/error status of an RDMA transaction is kept in the format of error logs, and stored in a random access memory for error logs (error RAM) in the TCTR unit 430 . The write completion/error status is kept as TWB_LOG and the read completion/error status is kept as TFB_LOG. The error log in the error ram is indexed by the buffer number of the TFB/TWB that queued the original read/write transaction, respectively.

The PCI master device 111 may initiate an assurance check by posting a read command on the PCI bus 120 A. The PCI_IF target unit 410 checks to see if the assurance bit in the read address is set. If it is set, an assurance check is signified, the PCI_IF target unit 410 informs the TCTR unit 430 to look up the tag RAM for the page address of the memory page in the TFB/TWB that queued the original read/write transaction. A buffer number can be derived from the page address and is used to find the assurance information stored in the error RAM. If the page address belongs to a page in the TWB 440 , all posted write data in the TWB 440 will be flushed to the remote PCI bus before the read associated with the access assurance check completes on the local PCI bus 120 A.

In one embodiment of the present invention, for each assurance check transaction, the PCI network adaptor 130 A returns a value indicating the completion status of the RDMA transaction corresponding to the assurance check transaction. The returned value is a 32-bit number that describes whether or not the RDMA has completed with error and/or the error status. The format of the access assurance check status word is shown below,

where bits[31:16] are reserved, bits[15:8] are error codes corresponding to a read transaction, and bits[7:0] are error codes corresponding to a write transaction. This number is read from the error RAM in the TCTR unit 430 .

The embodiments of the present invention as described above enable a processor in a computer network to remotely access memory addresses of another device of the computer network, and to obtain access assurance information about the remote access. The access assurance information is recorded at a node local to the initiating device and can be obtained by PCI reading from a certain address range in a local PCI memory space. There is no need to access the remote memory addresses over the network again in order to make sure that the first access was done properly, and therefore, the embodiments of the present invention makes more efficient use of the network bandwidth.