Method and apparatus for solution processed doping of carbon nanotube

This application claims priority from Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/549,185 filed Mar. 2, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference.

The present invention relates to nanostrutures and particularly to solution processing methods for doping a carbon nanotube (CN).

In the field of molecular nanoelectronics, few materials show as much promise as nanotubes, and in particular carbon nanotubes, which comprise hollow cylinders of graphite. Nanotubes are made into tiny electronic devices such as diodes and transistors, depending on the electrical characteristics of the nanotube. Nanotubes are unique for their size, shape, and physical properties. Structurally a carbon nanotube resembles a hexagonal lattice of carbon rolled into a cylinder.

Besides exhibiting intriguing quantum behaviors at low temperature, carbon nanotubes exhibit at least two important characteristics: a nanotube can be either metallic or semiconductor depending on its chirality (i.e., conformational geometry). Metallic nanotubes can carry extremely large current densities with constant resistivity. Semiconducting nanotubes can be electrically switched on and off as field-effect transistors (FETs). The two types may be covalently joined by sharing electrons. These characteristics make nanotubes excellent materials for making nanometer-sized semiconductor circuits.

Current methods for preparing nanotubes rely on the random formation of both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. Under current methods, carbon nanotube FETs are fabricated from as-grown carbon nanotubes in ambient conditions. These nanotubes show p channel conduction due to oxygen interaction at the metal-carbon nanotube interface (V. Derycke et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2773 (2002)). The oxygen content at the metal-carbon nanotube interface can be easily changed by standard fabrication processes (e.g., any post processing involving vacuum pumping such as thin film deposition). In fact, a p-carbon-nanotube FET can be easily converted to an ambipolar or n-carbon nanotube FET via vacuum pumping.

Current methods for p-doping of carbon nanotube using gaseous NO 2 require the device to be kept under a controlled environment to prevent dopant desorption. Current methods for n channel conduction of carbon nanotube FET require annealing/out-gassing oxygen at the contacts or by doping with electron-donating alkali metals (V. Derycke et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2773 (2002)) or gases (NH 3 ). Both require a controlled environment and the devices degrade quickly and stop functioning upon exposure to air (J. Kong et al., Science, 287, 622 (2000)).

Carbon nanotube FETs are known to be Schottky barrier (SB) FETs, whose switching is dominated by the SBs formed at the metal/nanotube interface (J. Appenzeller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89,126801 (2002)) and operate as p-type FETs in air (V. Derycke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2773 (2002)). As gate dielectric thickness scaled down, due to the quasi one dimensional-channel of the nanotube and the ultrathin carbon nanotube body thickness, the SB can be thinned sufficiently to allow thermally-assisted tunneling of electrons or holes, and carbon nanotube FETs operate as ambipolar FETs in air. The simultaneous injection of electrons and holes into carbon nanotube channel and the exponentially deteriorating OFF current (defined as the leakage current through transistor when the conduction is switched off) with an increasing drain field (M. Radosavljevic et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2435 (2003)) is unacceptable in a scaled FET (where the OFF current can be as high as the ON current and the transistor cannot be switched off) for potential logic gates applications. In addition, the lack of control of current carbon nanotube FET fabrication methods has resulted in carbon nanotube FETs which exhibit a large variation in the device drive current, and a device threshold voltage being too high for ultimate device scaling.

There are no known methods for reliably preparing a carbon nanotube having particular characteristics. Nor are there known methods of nanotube separation such as selective synthesis (a procedure for the selective synthesis of a metallic or a semiconducting nanotube), or post-synthesis (a procedure for the isolation of metallic tubes from semiconducting tubes or to convert metallic tubes to semiconducting tubes). Particularly, there are no known methods for p-doping of carbon nanotube FETs. Therefore, there exists a need for a system and method which provide stable and consistent doping methods for the manufacture of carbon nanotube FETs wherein such nanotubes exhibit an improved drive current, a reduced/tunable threshold voltage and a suppression of minority carrier injection in off state (i.e., transformation from an ambipolar to a unipolar transistor) and are stable in ambient conditions.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to nanostructures, and more particularly to a system and method for solution processed p-doping of carbon nanotube FETs. The present invention also relates to the formation of a carbon nanotube FET device. In one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for doping a carbon nanotube comprising the step of exposing the nanotube to a one-electron oxidant in a solution phase. In one embodiment, the concentration of the one-electron oxidant is from about 0.01 mM to about 20 mM and a temperature from about 10° C. to about 100° C. In one embodiment, the one-electron oxidant is selected from the group comprising of organic one electron oxidants, metal organic complexes pi-electron acceptors and silver salts. The organic one-electron oxidants are selected from the group consisting of trialkyloxonium hexachlroantimonate, antimony pentachloride, nitrosonium salts, tris-(pentafluorophenyl) borane and nitrosonium cation. The metal organic complexes comprise tris-(2,2′-bipyridyl) cobalt (III) and tris-(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II), and the pi electron acceptors are selected from the group consisting of tetracyanoquinodimethane, benzoquinone, tetrachlorobenzoquinone, tetraflurobenzoquinone, tetracynaoethylene, tetrafluoro-tertracyanoquinodimethane, chloranil, bromanil and dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone.

In another aspect of the invention, a carbon nanotube FET device is provided. The device comprises a gate, a gate dielectric deposited on the gate, a channel comprising a p-doped region of a carbon nanotube on the gate dielectric, wherein the p-doped region is formed by solution processed doping with a one-electron oxidant, a source formed over a first end of the carbon nanotube, and a drain formed over a second end of the carbon nanotube. In another aspect, the device comprises a source formed over a first end of the gate dielectric, a drain formed over a second end of the gate dielectric, and a carbon nanotube is disposed over the gate dielectric and the source and the drain. In yet another aspect, the device comprises a second dielectric layer deposited on the carbon nanotube; and a top gate is formed on the second dielectric layer. In yet another aspect, the device comprises a source formed over a first doped end of a carbon nanotube, and a drain formed over a second doped end of the carbon nanotube.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of forming a carbon nanotube FET device is provided. The method comprises providing a gate, depositing a gate dielectric on the gate, forming a channel comprising a p-doped region of a carbon nanotube on the gate dielectric, wherein the p-doped region is formed by solution processed doping with a one-electron oxidant, forming a source over a first end of the carbon nanotube, and forming a drain over a second end of the carbon nanotube. In another aspect of the method, a source is formed over a first end of the gate dielectric, a drain is formed over a second end of the gate dielectric, and a carbon nanotube is disposed over the gate dielectric and the source and the drain. In yet another aspect of the method, a second dielectric layer is deposited on the carbon nanotube, and a top gate is formed on the second dielectric layer. In yet another aspect of the method, a channel is formed on the gate dielectric, a source is formed over a first doped end of the carbon nanotube, and a drain is formed over a second doped end of the carbon nanotube.

So that the manner in which the above recited embodiments of the invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be obtained by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

FIGS. 1A , 1 B, 1 C and 1 D illustrate a schematic representation of the FET formation process;

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic view of another embodiment of a carbon nanotube FET;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of a dual-gate carbon nanotube FET;

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate another embodiment of a FET;

FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic view of a doped carbon nanotube FET with SbCl 6 − counterion;

FIG. 6 illustrates transfer characteristics (Id vs. Vgs) at Vds=−0.5V of a carbon nanotube FET before and after doping by (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − ;

FIG. 7 illustrates the Id-Vgs characteristics for a device after doping by (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − at various Vds (−0.1 to −0.5 at −0.1V step); and

FIG. 8 illustrates the output characteristics (Id vs. Vds) of a p-doped device.

To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for forming a carbon nanotube which has been doped by solution processing. The carbon nanotubes of the invention are air-stable and exhibit improved device performance in both on- and off-states. Characteristics of the carbon nanotube of the invention include without limitation, tunability of the threshold voltage Vth, an improved I on by about 1 to about 3 orders of magnitude, a suppressed minority carrier injection and immunity from drain induced I off degradation from regular SB carbon nanotube FET which in the case of carbon nanotube FET, transforms carbon nanotube FET from ambipolar to unipolar, a ratio of I on /I off ratio of about 10 2 to about 10 7 and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) like behavior. I on is defined as the current when the transistor is switched on (Vg>Vth). One usually compares I on at a constant overdrive (i.e., Vg-Vth=constant, e.g., around 0.5V.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for the fabrication of a carbon nanotube FET device with carbon nanotube pinned down by a source and drain on top and at each end of a gate dielectric (for example silicon dioxide) and doped back gate (for example silicon). In one embodiment, a palladium source and drain electrodes can be used and are separated by about 10 nm to about 5 μm on top of about 2 nm to about 100 nm SiO 2 and Si backgate. The nanotube can be introduced in a solution comprising a one-electron oxidant which can oxidize aromatic compounds. P-doping may be accomplished by the reaction of the one-electron oxidant and aromatic compound on the carbon nanotube resulting in the formation of a charge transfer complex. The interaction of the carbon nanotube with the charge transfer complex results in the formation of a charged (radical cation) moiety on the carbon nanotube.

Solution processed doping with the one-electron oxidant is carried out in an organic solvent including without limitation, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, chloroform and mixtures thereof. Examples of one-electron oxidants useful in the solution processed doping of the invention include without limitation, organic one electron oxidants, metal organic complexes pi-electron acceptors and silver salts. Examples of organic one-electron oxidants include antimony compounds such as trialkyloxonium hexachlroantimonate, antimony pentachloride, nitrosonium salts (for example triethyl oxonium tetrafluoroborate), tris-(pentafluorophenyl) borane and nitrosonium cation. Examples of metal organic complexes include tris-(2,2′-bipyridyl) cobalt (III) and tris-(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II). Examples of pi electron acceptors include tetracyanoquinodimethane, benzoquinone, tetrachlorobenzoquinone, tetraflurobenzoquinone, tetracynaoethylene, tetrafluoro-tertracyanoquinodimethane, chloranil, tromanil and dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone. Examples of silver salts include silver fluoride, and silver trifluoroacetate. For organometallic dopants, common organic solvents like acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents like dichloromethane and chloroform are suitable. For inorganic salts like silver fluoride either alcohols or mixture of alcohols and water can be employed.

In one embodiment, triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − can be used, e.g., with concentration range of about 1-10 mM, and temperature range of about 10-100° C., and one exemplary solvent is acetonitrile. It is believed that the antimonite reacts as follows with the carbon nanotube. If 1 represents the benzene ring(s) on a carbon nanotube, then

2 1+3[(C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − ] - - - →2[1 + .SbCl 6 − ]+C 2 H 5 Cl+3 (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O+SbCl 3

According to one method, doping of the nanotube can be carried out on a device with nanotube as channel material. According to another method, doping of the nanotube can also be carried out in bulk. By either methods, the p-doped carbon nanotube shows an improvment of drive current by about 1 to about 2 order of magnitude, an increase of threshold voltage by about 0.5 to about 1 volt, a suppression of electron current in ambipolar transistors, a transformation of a scaled carbon nanotube FET from ambipolar to unipolar, a ratio of I on /I off ratio of about 10 2 to about 10 7 and exhibiting excellent DIBL. The doped nanotubes are stable in ambient conditions.

Device doping is generally conducted by exposing the device incorporating a single nanotube to the dopant such as the one-electron oxidant in solution with an organic solvent. The concentration of the one-electron oxidant in the organic solution is from about 0.01 mM to about 20 mM, and the temperature is from about 10° C. to about 100° C. The rate of the reaction and temperature are controlled to achieve a charge density of from about 0.01 to about 1 electron/nanometer of length of tube. Any excess one-electron oxidant on the nanotube is removed by rinsing the nanotube in the same or different organic solvent used in the doping process. Following rinsing, the device is dried under vacuum.

In one method of the invention, bulk doping is achieved by stirring a suspension of the nanotube in the organic solvent in the presence of the one-electron oxidant in solution in the organic solvent. The concentration of the one-electron oxidant in the organic solution is from about 0.01 mM to about 20 mM, and the temperature is from about 10° C. to about 100° C. The rate of the reaction and the temperature are controlled to achieve a charge density of from about 0.01 to about 1 electron/nanometer of length of tube. Any excess one-electron oxidant on the nanotube is removed by rinsing the nanotube in the same or different organic solvent used in the doping process. Following rinsing, the sample, e.g., the bulk nanotube is dried under vacuum.

FIGS. 1A-1D illustrate a method of forming a FET according to one embodiment of this invention. A gate dielectric 120 such as silicon dioxide, or oxynitride, or high K material layer is deposited on gate 100 , which is generally a doped silicon substrate. In one embodiment, the silicon substrate is degenerately doped. The gate dielectric has a thickness from about 1 to about 100 nm. A nano-component 140 , e.g., carbon nanotube, is deposited on gate dielectric 120 by spin-coating a solution containing the nanotubes. The deposition of carbon nanotubes by spin coating from a liquid suspension is known in the art; and solvents may include, e.g., dichloroethane, N-methylpyrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide and water. A resist pattern is then formed on the carbon nanotube 140 by conventional lithographic techniques. For example, a resist layer can be deposited over the carbon nanotube 140 and patterned by using e-beam lithography or photolithography. With a positive resist, regions of the resist layer exposed to the e-beam or lithographic radiation are removed by using a developer, resulting in a structure with resist pattern shown in FIG. 1A . The resist pattern formed on the carbon nanotube may have one or multiple separations from about 10 nm to about 500 nm when e-beam lithography is used, and from about 500 nm to about 10 μm with photolithography. The multiple separations correspond to the line and space separations resulting from the respective lithographic techniques, and represent separations between adjacent top gates. The availability of multiple top gates provides flexibility of individual control for different logic applications, e.g., AND, OR, NOR operations.

As shown in FIG. 1B , a metal 160 , having a thickness ranging from about 15 nm to about 50 nm, is deposited on the resist pattern and over portions of the carbon nanotube 140 . The metal can be Pd, Ti, W, Au, Co, Pt, or alloys thereof, or a metallic nanotube. If a metallic nanotube is used, the metal 160 may include one or more metallic nanotubes. Other metals or alloys of Pd, Ti, W, Au, Co, Pt, can be deposited by e-beam or thermal evaporation under vacuum, while metallic nanotubes can be deposited with solution phase techniques such as spin coating. Following deposition of the metal, the structure can be immersed in acetone or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) for resist liftoff, a process that removes the lithographically patterned resist and the metal deposited on top by soaking the sample in solvents such as acetone or NMP. For the purpose of this disclosure, such solvents are also referred generally as resist liftoff components. The metal portions 162 and 164 (shown in FIG. 1C ) remaining on the carbon nanotube 140 form the FET source and drain. In this embodiment, the source and drains are formed over a first and a second region, respectively, of the carbon nanotube 140 , and more generally, of the nano-component 140 .

Following resist liftoff, the structure in FIG. 1C with the carbon nanotube 140 is immersed in an organic solution comprising a suitable one-electron oxidant dopant, as discussed above. FIG. 1D illustrates the doping molecules bonding to the carbon nanotube 140 . The doped portion of the carbon nanotube 140 (between the metal source and drain) acts as the channel of the FET.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a carbon nanotube FET. On gate 100 which, in this embodiment, is a degenerately doped silicon substrate, a gate dielectric 120 such as silicon dioxide, or oxynitride stack, or high K material layer of from about 1 to about 100 nm thick is deposited. Metal portions 162 and 164 are then formed on gate dielectric 120 using a resist liftoff process (not shown) similar to that previously described for FIGS. 1A-1C . The metal portions 162 and 164 , having a thickness of from about 15 nm to about 300 nm, form the FET source and drain. The metal can be Pd, Ti, W, Au, Co and Pt, or alloys thereof, or one or more metallic nanotubes. A carbon nanotube 140 is then disposed over the gate dielectric 120 and the metal portions 162 , 164 . Blanket doping of the carbon nanotube 140 is achieved by immersing in an organic solution comprising a suitable one-electron oxidant dopant. The doping molecules bond to the carbon nanotube as described herein. In this illustration, the portion of the carbon nanotube 140 in contact with the gate dielectric 120 forms the channel of the FET. Alternatively, the carbon nanotube 140 can be selectively doped through a patterned resist that is formed over the carbon nanotube 140 . The patterned resist may be formed, for example, by depositing a suitable resist material over the carbon nanotube 140 and patterning using conventional lithographic techniques. In one embodiment, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), a dielectric that can be used as a negative resist, may be used for this purpose.

FIG. 3 illustrates a dual gate carbon nanotube FET with a top gate. On gate 100 which, in this embodiment, is a degenerately doped silicon substrate, a gate dielectric 120 such as silicon dioxide or oxynitride stack or high K material layer of from about 1 to about 100 nm thick is deposited. On gate dielectric 120 , a carbon nanotube 140 is deposited, e.g., by spin-coating. Metal portions 162 , 164 are formed over the carbon nanotube 140 using a resist liftoff technique such as that described in connection with FIGS. 1A-1C . Following formation of the metal portions 162 , 164 (acting as source and drain of the FET), the structure containing the carbon nanotube 140 and metal portions 162 , 164 is covered with a dielectric layer 180 which can be a low temperature oxide (LTO) or a CVD high-K dielectric (e.g., hafnium dioxide) layer. A top gate 200 , which can comprise a metal or highly doped polysilicon, is formed and patterned on top of dielectric layer 180 . With the top gate 200 acting as an etch mask, the dielectric layer 180 is etched such that only the portion underneath the top gate 200 remains. As an example, a dilute hydrofluoric acid (e.g., 100:1 HF) can be used as an etchant for the LTO. The device is doped in a dopant solution to achieve partial doping of the carbon nanotube 140 . The doping molecules bond to the carbon nanotube as described herein. In this case, the channel consists of both the gated undoped region and the 2 doped regions. The doped regions acts like the “extension” of a CMOS FET, where it reduces contact barrier and improves drive current and transistor switching. The device can be operated by either the top (or front) gate or the back gate or both. In logic applications, it is desirable to operate a FET with the top gate configuration for good AC performance.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate another embodiment of a FET. On gate 100 which, in one embodiment, is a degenerately doped silicon substrate, a gate dielectric 120 such as silicon dioxide or high K material layer of from about 1 to about 100 nm thick is deposited. On gate dielectric 120 , a carbon nanotube 140 is deposited, e.g., by spin-coating a solution containing the nanotubes onto the device structure. A patterned resist is formed on the carbon nanotube 140 using conventional lithographic techniques such as e-beam or photolithography. The structure containing the patterned resist and carbon nanotube 140 is immersed in an organic solution comprising a suitable one-electron oxidant dopant. The doping molecules bond to the exposed portions of the carbon nanotube 140 . Following doping, a metal layer 160 having a thickness of from about 15 nm to about 50 nm is deposited over the patterned resist and the doped carbon nanotube 140 . The metal can be Pd, Ti, W, Au, Co and Pt, or alloys thereof, or one or more metallic nanotubes and can be deposited as discussed above, e.g., using e-beam or thermal evaporation, spin coating and the like. Following deposition of the metal, the structure shown in FIG. 4B is immersed in acetone or NMP for resist liftoff, a process that removes the lithographically pattern resist and the metal deposited on top by soaking the sample in solvents such as acetone or NMP. As shown in FIG. 4C , the metal portions 162 , 164 remaining after liftoff form the source and drain of the FET. The process of FIGS. 4A-4C generates a significant doping profile difference along the channel of the carbon nanotube transistor. Note that in this case, the undoped portion of the carbon nanotube 140 forms the channel of the FET.

To complete the formation of the FET device of FIGS. 1A , 1 B, 1 C and 1 D, the device is passivated by covering with a spin-on organic material like PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) or HSQ (hydrogensilsesquioxanes, a low K dielectric layer) or by depositing a low temperature dielectric film-like silicon dioxide. Further processing of the device is accomplished via metallization for the back-end of the line.

Referring to FIG. 5 , a schematic view is shown of a doped carbon nanotube FET 500 with SbCl 6 − counterion 510 . For example, the dopant can be (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − , thereby resulting in the SbCl 6 − counterion being electrostatically “attached” to the carbon nanotube, and C 2 H 5 Cl, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O and SbCl 3 as being given off as volatile products (not shown).

Referring to FIG. 6 , typical transfer characteristics (Id vs. Vgs) at Vds=−0.5V of a carbon nanotube FET before and after doping by (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − are shown. In this example, doping was done by exposing the device containing the carbon nanotube to a solution containing (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − dissolved in acetonitrile (e.g., a solvent) at a concentration of about 1-10 mM and a temperature of about 50° C. for about 12 hours. It is understood that, depending on the specific dopant and device characteristics desired, other process conditions may also be used, e.g., concentration ranging from about 0.01 mM to about 20 mM, and temperature from about 10 to about 100° C. The Vth for hole conduction increased from −1.55V (intrinsic carbon nanotube FET) to −0.85V, which is indicative of electron transfer from the nanotube to the dopant (C 2 H 5 ) 3 O + SbCl 6 − , moving the nanotube Fermi level EF toward valence band, and Vth tuned to a technologically relevant gate bias range. The drive current I on improved by 2 orders of magnitude, greatly reducing contact resistance between tube and metal. After doping, the minority carrier (electron current) injection was suppressed at the drain and the carbon nanotube FET was transformed from ambipolar to unipolar. Ambipolar is understood to mean that both carriers (electrons and holes) participate in channel conduction, and unipolar is understood to mean that only one type of carriers participates in channel conduction (holes for p-type and electrons for n-type).

In FIG. 7 , the Id-Vgs characteristics for the above doped device at various Vds (−0.1 to −0.5 at −0.1V step) are shown. The complete suppression of drain field induces minority carrier injection and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL)-like behavior. This alludes to a potentially stronger affinity/absorption of the dopants to the metal contact/tube interface, generating a non-uniform doping profile along the length of the tube. This may be attributed to the fact that there may be more dopants aggregating at the nanotube/metal interface causing strong band bending to suppress minority carrier (electron) injection at the off state. A decreased subthreshold swing S=dVgs/d(logld) from 120 to 85 mV/decade (post doping Id-Vg) shows improved switching and excellent gate control of the carbon nanotube channel.

FIG. 8 shows the output characteristics (Id vs. Vds) of a p-doped device as discussed above. Its transconductance g m (dl d /dV g ) at Vds=−1.32V is 2 uS, outperforming p-CNFET with small diameter carbon nanototubes with a gate dielectric being used. The devices are stable in air for weeks and preserve their doping characteristics after solvent washing and vacuum pumping. Furthermore, the absorption of the dopant on the device of the invention is irreversible.

It should be noted that the structures as illustrated in the Figures of the present invention are not drawn to scale. Namely, the various structures are illustrated as exemplary examples. As such, the length, height and width of various structures as shown in the Figures should not be interpreted as a limitation in the present invention.

Having described the foregoing embodiments, it is to be noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments of the invention disclosed which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Having thus described the invention with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.