USPatent applicationPatented

Polynucleotides encoding human excitatory amino acid transporter 4 (EAAT4)

Granted 17 Sep 2002 · 2 office actions

Current assignee: National Institutes of Health · originally Oregon Health & Science University

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Inventors: Susan G. Amara, Wendy A. Fairman, Jeffrey L. Arriza · Examiner: Ponnathapu Achutamurthy · AU 1652 · TC 1600

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9566708
filed 9 May 2000
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Not published
not published
Patent
US 6,451,993
granted 17 Sep 2002

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Abstract

The present invention relates to novel mammalian amino acid transporter proteins and the genes that encode such proteins. The invention is directed toward the isolation, characterization and pharmacological use of a human amino acid transporter protein termed EAAT4 and genes encoding such a transporter. The invention specifically provides isolated complementary DNA copies of mRNA corresponding to this transporter gene. Also provided are recombinant expression constructs capable of expressing this amino acid transporter gene in cultures of transformed prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as such cultures of transformed cells that synthesize the human amino acid transporter protein encoded therein. The invention also provides methods for screening in vitro compounds having transport-modulating properties using preparations of transporter proteins from such cultures of cells transformed with recombinant expression constructs.

Description

20 parts
›This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser…

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/332,740, filed Jun. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,307, issued May 9, 2000, which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/663,808, filed Jun. 14, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,171, issued Jun. 15, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/140,729, filed Oct. 20, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,782, issued Aug. 19, 1997, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

This invention was made with government support under National Institute of Health grant DA07595. The government has certain rights to this invention.

›BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION · 1 of 2

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to amino acid transporters from mammalian species and the genes corresponding to such transporters. Specifically, the invention relates to the isolation, cloning and sequencing of complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding a novel human amino acid transporter gene. The invention also relates to the construction of recombinant expression constructs comprising such cDNAs from a novel human amino acid transporter gene of the invention, said recombinant expression constructs being capable of expressing amino acid transporter protein in cultures of transformed prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as in amphibian oocytes. Production of the transporter protein of the invention in such cultures and oocytes is also provided. The invention relates to the use of such cultures of such transformed cells to produce homogeneous compositions of the novel transporter protein. The invention also provides cultures of such cells and oocytes expressing transporter protein for the characterization of novel and useful drugs. Antibodies against and epitopes of the transporter protein are also provided by the invention.

2. Background of the Invention

The approximately 20 naturally-occurring amino acids are the basic building blocks for protein biosynthesis. Certain amino acids, such as glutamate and glycine, as well as amino acid derivatives such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), epinephrine and norepinephrine, and histamine, are also used as signaling molecules in higher organisms such as man. For these reasons, specialized trans-membrane transporter proteins have evolved in all organisms to recover or scavenge extracellular amino acids (see Christensen, 1990 , Physiol. Rev . 70: 43-77 for review).

These transporter proteins play a particularly important role in uptake of extracellular amino acids in the vertebrate brain (see Nicholls & Attwell, 1990 , TiPS 11: 462-468). Amino acids that function as neurotransmitters must be scavenged from the synaptic cleft between neurons to enable continuous repetitive synaptic transmission. More importantly, it has been found that high extracellular concentrations of certain amino acids (including glutamate and cysteine) can cause neuronal cell death. High extracellular amino acid concentrations are associated with a number of pathological conditions, including ischemia, anoxia and hypoglycemia, as well as chronic illnesses such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; see Pines et al., 1992 , Nature 360: 464-467).

Glutamate is one example of such an amino acid. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter (i.e., excitatory neurons use glutamate as a neurotransmitter). When present in excess (>about 300 μM; Bouvier et al., 1992 , Natures 360: 471-474; Nicholls & Attwell, ibid.; >5 μM for 5 min.; Choi et al., 1987 , J. Neurosci . 7: 357-358), extracellular glutamate causes neuronal cell death. Glutamate transporters play a pivotal role in maintaining non-toxic extracellular concentrations of glutamate in the brain. During anoxic conditions (such as occur during ischemia), the amount of extracellular glutamate in the brain rises dramatically. This is in part due to the fact that, under anoxic conditions, glutamate transporters work in reverse, thereby increasing rather than decreasing the amount of extracellular glutamate found in the brain. The resultingly high extracellular concentration of glutamate causes neuron death, with extremely deleterious consequences for motor and other brain functions, resulting in stroke and other instances of organic brain dysfunction.

This important role for amino acid transporters in maintaining brain homeostasis of extracellular amino acid concentrations has provided the impetus for the search for and development of compounds to modulate and control transporter function. However, conventional screening methods require the use of animal brain slices in binding assays as a first step. This is suboptiaaal for a number of reasons, including interference in the binding assay by non-specific binding of heterologous (i.e., non-transporter) cell surface proteins expressed by brain cells in such slices; differential binding by cells other than neuronal cells present in the brain slice, such as glial cells or blood cells; and the possibility that putative drug binding behavior in animal brain cells will differ from the binding behavior in human brain cells in subtle but critical ways. The ability to synthesize human transporter molecules in vitro would provide an efficient and economical means for rational drug design and rapid screening of potentially useful compounds.

Amino acid transporters are known in the art, and some of these proteins have been isolated biochemically and their corresponding genes have been recently cloned using genetic engineering means.

Christensen et al., 1967 , J. Biol. Chem . 242: 5237-5246 report the discovery of a neutral amino acid transporter (termed the ACS transporter) in Erlich ascites tumor cells.

Makowske & Christensen, 1982 , J. Biol. Chem . 257: 14635-14638 provide a biochemical characterization of hepatic amino acid transport.

Kanner & Schuldiner, 1987 , CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem . 22: 1-38 provide a review of the biochemistry of neurotransmitters.

Olney et al., 1990 , Science 248: 596-599 disclose that the amino acid cysteine is a neurotoxin when present in excess extracellularly.

Wallace et al., 1990 , J. Bacteriol . 172: 3214-3220 report the cloning and sequencing of a glutamate/aspartate transporter gene termed gltP from Escherichia coli strain K12.

Kim et al., 1991 , Nature 352: 725-728 report the discovery that a cationic amino acid transporter is the cell surface target for infection by ecotropic retroviruses in mice.

Wang et al., 1991 , Nature 352: 729-731 report the discovery that a cationic amino acid transporter is the cell surface target for infection by ecotropic retroviruses in mice.

›BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION · 2 of 2

Maenz et al., 1992 , J. Biol. Chem . 267: 1510-1516 provide a biochemical characterization of amino acid transport in rabbit jejunal brush border membranes.

Bussolati et al., 1992 , J. Biol. Chem . 7: 8330-8335 report that the ASC transporter acts in an electrochemically neutral manner so that sodium ion co-transport occurs without disrupting the normal membrane potential of the cells expressing the transporter.

Engelke et al., 1992 , J. Bacteriol . 171: 5551-5560 report the cloning of a dicarboxylate carrier from Rhizobium meliloti.

Guastella et al., 1992 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7189-7193 disclose the cloning of a sodium ion and chloride ion-dependent glycine transporter from a glioma cell line that is expressed in the rat forebrain and cerebellum.

Kavanaugh et al., 1992 , J. Biol. Chem . 276: 22007-22009 report that biochemical characterization of a rat brain GABA transporter expressed in vitro in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Storck et al., 1992 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10955-10959 disclose the cloning and sequencing of a sodium ion-dependent glutamatel aspartate transporter from rat brain termed GLASTI.

Bouvier et al., ibid., disclose the biochemical characterization of a glial cell-derived glutamate transporter.

Pines et al., ibid., report the cloning and sequencing of a glial cell glutamate transporter from rat brain termed GLT-1.

Kanai & Hediger, 1992 , Nature 360: 467-471 disclose the cloning and sequencing of a sodium ion-dependent, high affinity glutamate transporter from rabbit small intestine termed EAAC1.

Arriza et al., 1992 , J. Biol. Chem . 268: 15329-15332 disclose a gene for a novel neutral amino acid transporter.

Kong et al., 1993 , J. Biol. Chem . 268: 1509-1512 report the cloning and sequencing of a sodium-ion dependent neutral amino acid transporter of the A type that is homologous to a sodium-ion dependent glucose transporter.

Arriza et al., 1994 , J. Neurosci . 14: 5559-5569 disclose genes for three novel glutamate transporters.

Nicholls & Attwell, ibid., review the role of amino acids and amino acid transporters in normal and pathological brain functions.

›SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION · 1 of 2

The present invention relates to the cloning, expression and functional characterization of mammalian amino acid transporter genes. The invention comprises nucleic acids having a nucleotide sequence of a novel amino acid transporter gene. The nucleic acids provided by the invention each comprise a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the corresponding mRNA transcribed in vivo from the amino acid transporter gene of the invention. Also provided is the deduced amino acid sequences of the cognate protein of the cDNA provided by the invention.

This invention provides nucleic acids, nucleic acid hybridization probes, recombinant eukaryotic expression constructs capable of expressing the amino acid transporter of the invention in cultures of transformed cells and in amphibian oocytes, such cultures of transformed eukaryotic cells and such amphibian oocytes that synthesize the amino acid transporter of the invention, a homogeneous composition of the amino acid transporter protein, and antibodies against and epitopes of the amino acid transporter protein of the invention. Methods for characterizing this transporter protein and methods for using this protein and cells and oocytes expressing this protein for the development of agents having pharmacological uses related to this transporter protein are also provided by the invention.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence encoding a human excitatory amino acid transporter that is the EAAT4 transporter (SEQ ID No:1). In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleotide sequence includes 1734 nucleotides of the human EAAT4 cDNA comprising 1692 nucleotides of coding sequence, 8 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated sequence and 34 nucleotides of 3′ untranslated sequence. In this embodiment of the invention, the nucleotide sequence of the EAAT4 transporter is the nucleotide sequence depicted in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID No:1).

In another aspect, the invention comprises a homogeneous composition of the 61.6 kilodalton (kD) mammalian EAAT4 transporter and derivatives thereof, said size being understood to be the size of the protein before any post-translational modifications thereof. The amino acid sequence of the EAAT4 transporter and derivatives thereof preferably is the amino acid sequence of the human EAAT4 transporter protein shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID No:2). EAAT4 protein molecules provided by the invention are understood to have substantially the same biological properties as the EAAT4 protein molecule encoded by the nucleotide sequence described herein.

This invention provides both nucleotide and amino acid probes derived from the sequences herein provided. The invention includes probes isolated from either cDNA or genonic DNA, as well as probes made synthetically with the sequence information derived therefrom. The invention specifically includes but is not limited to oligonucleotide, nick-translated, random primed, or in vitro amplified probes made using cDNA or genomic clone embodying the invention, and oligonucleotide and other synthetic probes synthesized chemically using the nucleotide sequence information of cDNA or genomic clone embodiments of the invention.

It is a further object of this invention to provide such nucleic acid hybridization probes to determine the pattern, amount and extent of expression of this transporter gene in various tissues of mammals, including humans. It is also an object of the present invention to provide nucleic acid hybridization probes derived from the sequences of the amino acid transporter gene of the invention to be used for the detection and diagnosis of genetic diseases. It is an object of this invention to provide nucleic acid hybridization probes derived from the DNA sequence of the amino acid transporter gene herein disclosed to be used for the detection of novel related receptor genes.

The present invention also includes synthetic peptides made using the nucleotide sequence information comprising the cDNA embodiments of the invention. The invention includes either naturally occurring or synthetic peptides which may be used as antigens for the production of amino acid transporter-specific antibodies, or used for competitors of amino acid transporter molecules for amino acid, agonist, antagonist or drug binding, or to be used for the production of inhibitors of the binding of agonists or antagonists or analogues thereof to such amino acid transporter molecules.

The present invention also provides antibodies against and epitopes of the mammalian amino acid transporter molecules of the invention. It is an object of the present invention to provide antibodies that are immunologically reactive to the amino acid transporter of the invention. It is a particular object to provide monoclonal antibodies against this amino acid transporter, most preferably the human excitatory amino acid transporter as herein disclosed. Hybridoma cell lines producing such antibodies are also objects of the invention. It is envisioned that such hybridoma cell lines may be produced as the result of fusion between a non-immunoglobulin producing mouse myeloma cell line and spleen cells derived from a mouse immunized with a cell line which expresses antigens or epitopes of an amino acid transporter of the invention. The present invention also provides hybridoma cell lines that produce such antibodies, and can be injected into a living mouse to provide an ascites fluid from the mouse that is comprised of such antibodies. It is a further object of the invention to provide immunologically-active epitopes of the amino acid transporter of the invention. Chimeric antibodies immunologically reactive against the amino acid transporter protein of the invention are also within the scope of this invention.

The present invention provides recombinant expression constructs comprising a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid transporter of the invention wherein the construct is capable of expressing the encoded amino acid transporter in cultures of cells or amphibian oocytes transformed with the construct. Preferred embodiments of such constructs comprise the human EAAT4 cDNA (SEQ ID No.:1), the construct being capable of expressing the amino acid transporter encoded therein in cells and oocytes transformed with the construct or into which the construct has otherwise been introduced.

›SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION · 2 of 2

The invention also provides cultures cells transformed with the recombinant expression constructs of the invention, each such cultures being capable of and in fact expressing the amino acid transporter encoded in the transforming construct. The invention also provides amphibian oocytes into which a recombinant expression construct of the invention is introduced, each such oocyte being capable of and in fact expressing the amino acid transporter encoded in the transforming construct.

The present invention also includes within its scope protein preparations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes containing the amino acid transporter protein of the invention, derived from cultures of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, respectively, transformed with the recombinant expression constructs of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, such preparations of cell membranes comprise the amino acid transporter protein of the invention.

The invention also provides methods for screening compounds for their ability to inhibit, facilitate or modulate the biochemical activity of the amino acid transporter molecules of the invention, for use in the in vitro screening of novel agonist and antagonist compounds. In preferred embodiments, cells, particularly amphibian oocytes transformed with a recombinant expression construct of the invention are contacted with such a compound, and the effect of the compound on the transport of the appropriate amino acid is assayed. Additional preferred embodiments comprise quantitative analyses of such effects. Also provided are assays that distinguish between the effect of such compounds on amino acid transport from effects of such compounds on chloride ion transport by the transporters of the invention.

The present invention is also useful for the detection of analogues, agonists or antagonists, heretofore known or unknown, of the amino acid transporters of the invention, either naturally occurring or embodied as a drug. In preferred embodiments, such analogues, agonists or antagonists may be detected in blood, saliva, semen, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, lymph, or any other bodily fluid. In additional preferred embodiments, the invention provides methods for detecting and identifying analogues, agonists or antagonists that preferentially affect either the amino acid uptake function or the chloride ion channel function of the amino acid transporters of the invention.

Specific preferred embodiments of the present invention will become evident from the following more detailed description of certain preferred embodiments and the claims.

›DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the nucleotide (SEQ ID No.:1) sequence of the human EAAT4 excitatory amino acid transporter.

FIG. 2 illustrates the amino acid (SEQ ID No.:2) sequence of the human EAAT4 excitatory amino acid transporter.

FIG. 3 presents an amino acid sequence comparison between human EAAT4 (SEQ ID No.:2) and the previously-disclosed excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1 (SEQ ID No.:4), EAAT2 (SEQ ID No.:6) and EAAT3 (SEQ ID No.:8).

FIG. 4 shows the pattern of expression of EAAT4 mRNA in human brain tissue; β-actin is shown as a control for the amount of RNA in each lane.

FIG. 5 shows the pattern of expression of EAAT4 MRNA in human tissues; β-actin is shown as a control for amount of RNA in each lane.

FIG. 6A illustrates transmembrane electrochemical currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with RNA encoding EAAT4 cRNA and contacted with 10 μM L-aspattate at varying voltage-clamped voltages. The magnitude of the induced current and the time course of induction are shown with reference to the indicator bars in the upper right-hand corner of the Figure.

FIG. 6B is a graph showing the relationship between the magnitude of the applied voltage clamp and the induced current in the presence of increasing amounts of gluconate ion in substitution for chloride ion. Open circles correspond to 104 mM chloride ion (no gluconate ion present), closed circles correspond to 56 mM chloride ion, open squares correspond to 20 mM chloride ion and closed squares correspond to 0 mM chloride ion (i.e., chloride ion is substituted entirely by gluconate ion).

FIG. 6C is a sernilogarithrnic plot of the reversal potential versus the log of the chloride ion concentration, showing that the application of excitatory amino acids to EAAT4 induces a large chloride ion current.

FIG. 6D illustrates transmembrane electrochemical currents in Xenopus oocytes microinjected with RNA encoding EAAT4 cRNA and contacted with 10 μM L-aspartate in the presence and absence of sodium ion in the perftisate. The magnitude of the induced current and the time course of induction are shown with reference to the indicator bars in the upper right-hand corner of the Figure.

FIG. 7A is a graph illustrating the current-voltage (I-V) relationship typical for EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3, illustrated for EAAT-2. In this example, the application of L-glutamate to EAAT2, there is inward rectification of the current, and outward currents are seen only at membrane potentials more positive than +40 mV.

FIG. 7B is a graph showing the concentration and voltage dependence of L-aspartate induced currents in EAAT4. The current is dose-dependent, linear, and reverses (becomes outward) at a membrane potential of ˜−20 mV. L-aspartate concentrations shown are 0.3 μm (filled circles), 1 μM (open circles), 10 μM (open diamonds), and 100 μM (filled diamonds).

FIG. 7C is a graph comparing the current-voltage relationships of L-aspartate and L-glutamate, for concentrations of 100 μM L-aspartate (filled circles) and 100 μM L-glutamate (open circles).

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS · 1 of 3

The term “human amino acid transporter EAAT4” as used herein refers to proteins having substantially the same biological activity as the protein encoded by the nucleic acid depicted in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID No.:1). This definition is intended to encompass allelic variations in the EAAT4 sequence, either naturally occurring or the product of in vitro chemical or genetic modification. Each such variant will be understood to have essentially the same nucleotide sequence as the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding EAAT4 disclosed herein. Cloned nucleic acid provided by the present invention may encode EAAT4 protein of any species of origin, including, for example, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, and human, but preferably the nucleic acid provided by the invention encodes EAAT4 receptors of mammalian, most preferably human, origin.

The term “excitatory amino acid” is intended to encompass naturally-occurring and synthetic amino acids such as L-aspartate and L-glutamate, as well as homologues, analogues or derivatives thereof. The terms is also intended to encompass agonists, antagonists and inhibitors of mammalian glutamate receptors.

The term “detectably labeled” is intended to encompass any reporter molecule capable of being detected by radiometric, fluorescent, spectrophotometric or other physical or chemical means. Particular examples include radiolabels, including but not limited to 3 H and 14 C.

The term “chloride equilibrium potential” is intended to mean the membrane potentiat at which there is no detectable chloride ion flux across the cell membrane.

The nucleic acid hybridization probes provided by the invention comprise DNA or RNA having the nucleotide sequence of the amino acid transporters, depicted in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID No.:1), or any portion thereof effective in nucleic acid hybridization under stringency conditions sufficient to permit specific hybridization of the probe to a complementary nucleic acid sequence. Mixtures of such nucleic acid hybridization probes are also within the scope of this embodiment of the invention. Nucleic acid probes as provided herein are useful for detecting novel amino acid transporter genes related to the EAAT4 gene disclosed herein, specifically including homologous or syntenic transporter genes in non-human mammalian species. Nucleic acid probes as provided herein are also useful for detecting amino acid transporter gene expression in cells and tissues using techniques well-known in the art, including but not limited to Northern blot hybridization, in situ hybridization and Southern hybridization to reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) product DNAs. The probes provided by the present invention, including oligonucleotides probes derived therefrom, are useful are also useful for Southern hybridization of mammalian, preferably human, genomic DNA for screening for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) associated with genetic disorders.

The production of proteins such as these amino acid transporter molecules from cloned genes by genetic engineering means is well known in this art. The discussion which follows is accordingly intended as an overview of this field, and is not intended to reflect the full state of the art.

DNA encoding an amino acid transporter may be obtained, in view of the instant disclosure, by chemical synthesis, by screening reverse transcripts of mRNA from appropriate cells or cell line cultures, by screening genomic libraries from appropriate cells, or by combinations of these procedures, as illustrated below. Screening of mRNA or genomic DNA may be carried out with oligonucleotide probes generated from the nucleic acid sequence information from each of the amino acid transporters disclosed herein. Probes may be labeled with a detectable group such as a fluorescent group, a radioactive atom or a chemiluminescent group in accordance with know procedures and used in conventional hybridization assays, as described in greater detail in the Examples below. In the alternative, amino acid transporter-derived nucleic acid sequences may be obtained by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure, using PCR oligonucleotide primers corresponding to nucleic acid sequence information derived from an amino acid transporter as provided herein. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 to Mullis et al. and 4,683,202 to Mullis.

The amino acid transporter protein of the invention may be synthesized in host cells, in particular amphibian oocytes, transformed with a recombinant expression construct comprising a nucleic acid encoding amino acid transporter cDNA. Such recombinant expression constructs can also be comprised of a vector that is a replicable DNA construct. Vectors are used herein either to amplify DNA encoding an amino acid transporter and/or to express DNA encoding an amino acid transporter gene. For the purposes of this invention, a recombinant expression construct is a replicable DNA construct in which a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid transporter is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression of the amino acid transporter in a suitable host or host cell.

The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the host selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, optional or ancillary transcription control sequences, such as transcription factor binding domains, enhancer sequences, and other eukaryotic “operator” sequences to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Amplification vectors do not require expression control domains. All that is needed is the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants. See, Sambrook et al., 1990 , Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press: New York).

Vectors useful for practicing the present invention include plasmids, viruses (including phage), retroviruses, and integratible DNA fragments (i.e., fragments integratible into the host genome by homologous recombination). The vector replicates and functions independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself. Suitable vectors will contain replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the intended expression host. A preferred vector is pCMV5 (Andersson et al., 1989 , J. Biol. Chem . 264: 8222-8229). Transformed host cells are cells which have been transformed or transfected with recombinant expression constructs made using recombinant DNA techniques and comprising nucleic acid encoding an amino acid transporter protein. Preferred host cells are Xenopus laevis oocytes, oocytes from other amphibian species, and COS-7 cells (Gluzman, 1981 , Cell 2: 175-182). Transformed host cells may express the amino acid transporter protein, but host cells transformed for purposes of cloning or amplifying nucleic acid hybridization probe DNA need not express the transporter. When expressed, the amino acid transporter protein molecules of the invention will typically be located in the host cell membrane. See, Sambrook et al., ibid.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS · 2 of 3

Cultures of cells derived from multicellular organisms are a desirable host for recombinant amino acid transporter protein synthesis. In principal, any higher eukaryotic cell culture is useful, whether from vertebrate or invertebrate culture. However, mammalian cells are preferred, as illustrated in the Examples. Propagation of such cells in cell culture has become a routine procedure. See Tissue Culture , Academic Press, Knise & Patterson, editors (1973). Examples of useful host cell lines are human 293 cells, VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and W1138, BHK, COS-7, CV, and MDCK cell lines. COS-7 cells are preferred.

Certain other primary host cells, not subjected to prolonged tissue culture adaptation, can be used to produce the amino acid transporters of the invention, particularly amphibian oocytes. Amphibian oocytes are useful for expressing the mammalian excitatory transporters of this invention, most preferably oocytes from Xenopus laevis or other amphibian, which oocytes are used to provide cellsonvenient for the practice of some of the inventive methods disclosed herein.

Thus, the invention also provides a method for making the human EAAT4 amino acid transporters of the invention, and membrane preparations comprising this transporter, by introducing nucleic acid encoding the transporter into an appropriate prokaryotic, or preferably, eukaryotic, most preferably mammalian, cell that is capable of expressing the transporter protein.

The invention provides homogeneous compositions of the human EAAT4 amino acid transporter proteins produced by transformed eukaryotic cells as provided herein. Such a homogeneous compositions are intended to be comprised of the corresponding amino acid transporter protein that comprises at least 50-90% of the protein in such a homogeneous composition. The invention also provides membrane preparations from cells expressing the amino acid transporter protein as the result of transformation with a recombinant expression construct, as described herein.

Amino acid transporter protein made from cloned genes in accordance with the present invention may be used for screening amino acid analogues, or inhibitors, agonists or antagonists of amino acid transport, or for determining the amount of such agonists or antagonists in a solution of interest (e.g., blood plasma or serum). For example, host cells may be transformed with a recombinant expression construct of the present invention, an amino acid transporter expressed in those host cells, and the cells or membranes thereof used to screen compounds for their effect on amino acid transport activity. By selection of host cells that do not ordinarily express a particular amino acid transporter, pure preparations of membranes containing the transporter can be obtained.

The recombinant expression constructs of the present invention are useful in molecular biology to transform cells which do not ordinarily express a particular amino acid transporter to thereafter express this receptor. Such cells are useful as intermediates for making cell membrane preparations useful for transporter activity assays, which are in turn useful for drug screening. The recombinant expression constructs of the present invention may also be useful in gene therapy. Cloned genes of the present invention, or fragments thereof, may also be used in gene therapy carried out homologous recombination or site-directed mutagenesis. See generally Thomas & Capecchi, 1987 , Cells 51: 503-512; Bertling, 1987 , Bioscience Reports 7: 107-112; Smnithies et al., 1985 , Nature 317: 230-234.

Oligonucleotides of the present invention are useful as diagnostic tools for probing amino acid transporter gene expression in tissues of humans and other animals. For example, tissues are probed in situ with oligonucleotide probes carrying detectable groups by conventional autoradiographic techniques, to investigate native expression of this receptor or pathological conditions relating thereto. Further, chromosomes can be probed to investigate the presence or absence of the corresponding amino acid transporter gene, and potential pathological conditions related thereto.

The invention also provides antibodies that are immunologically reactive to the amino acid transporter protein or epitopes thereof provided by the invention. The antibodies provided by the invention may be raised, using methods well known in the art, in animals by inoculation with cells that express an amino acid transporter or epitopes thereof, cell membranes from such cells, whether crude membrane preparations or membranes purified using methods well known in the art, or purified preparations of proteins, including fusion proteins, particularly fusion proteins comprising epitopes of the amino acid transporter protein of the invention fused to heterologous proteins and expressed using genetic engineering means in bacterial, yeast or eukaryotic cells, said proteins being isolated from such cells to varying degrees of homogeneity using conventional biochemical means. Synthetic peptides made using established synthetic means in vitro and optionally conjugated with heterologous sequences of amino acids, are also encompassed in these methods to produce the antibodies of the invention. Animals that are used for such inoculations include individuals from species comprising cows, sheep, pigs, mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, goats and primates. Preferred animals for inoculation are rodents (including mice, rats, hamsters) and rabbits. The most preferred animal is the mouse.

Cells that can be used for such inoculations, or for any of the other means used in the invention, include any cell line which naturally expresses the amino acid transporter provided by the invention, or any cell or cell line that expresses the amino acid transporter of the invention, or any epitope thereof, as a result of molecular or genetic engineering, or that has been treated to increase the expression of an endogenous or heterologous amino acid transporter protein by physical, biochemical or genetic means. Preferred cells are E. coli and insect SF9 cells, most preferably E. coli cells, that have been transformed with a recombinant expression construct of the invention encoding an amino acid transporter protein, and that express the transporter therefrom.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS · 3 of 3

The present invention also provides monoclonal antibodies that are immunologically reactive with an epitope derived from an amino acid transporter of the invention, or fragment thereof, present on the surface of such cells, preferably E. coil cells. Such antibodies are made using methods and techniques well known to those of skill in the art. Monoclonal antibodies provided by the present invention are produced by hybridoma cell lines, that are also provided by the invention and that are made by methods well known in the art.

Hybridoma cell lines are made by fusing individual cells of a myeloma cell line with spleen cells derived from animals immunized with cells expressing an amino acid transporter of the invention, as described above. The myeloma cell lines used in the invention include lines derived from myelomas of mice, rats, hamsters, primates and humans. Preferred myeloma cell lines are from mouse, and the most preferred mouse myeloma cell line is P3X63-Ag8.653. The animals from whom spleens are obtained after immunization are rats, mice and hamsters, preferably mice, most preferably Balb/c mice. Spleen cells and myeloma cells are fused using a number of methods well known in the art, including but not limited to incubation with inactivated Sendai virus and incubation in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The most preferred method for cell fusion is incubation in the presence of a solution of 45% (w/v) PEG-1450. Monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cell lines can be harvested from cell culture supernatant fluids from in vitro cell growth; alternatively, hybridoma cells can be injected subcutaneously and/or into the peritoneal cavity of an animal, most preferably a mouse, and the monoclonal antibodies obtained from blood and/or ascites fluid.

Monoclonal antibodies provided by the present invention are also produced by recombinant genetic methods well known to those of skill in the art, and the present invention encompasses antibodies made by such methods that are immunologically reactive with an epitope of an amino acid transporter of the invention. The present invention also encompasses fragments, including but not limited to F(ab) and F(ab) 2 fragments, of such antibody. Fragments are produced by any number of methods, including but not limited to proteolytic cleavage, chemical synthesis or preparation of such fragments by means of genetic engineering technology. The present invention also encompasses single-chain antibodies that are immunologically reactive with an epitope of an amino acid transporter, made by methods known to those of skill in the art.

The present invention also encompasses an epitope of an amino acid transporter of the invention, comprised of sequences and/or a conformation of sequences present in the transporter molecule. This epitope may be naturally occurring, or may be the result of proteolytic cleavage of a transporter molecule and isolation of an epitope-containing peptide or may be obtained by synthesis of an epitope-containing peptide using methods well known to those skilled in the art. The present invention also encompasses epitope peptides produced as a result of genetic engineering technology and synthesized by genetically engineered prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

The invention also includes chimeric antibodies, comprised of light chain and heavy chain peptides immunologically reactive to an amino acid transporter-derived epitope. The chimeric antibodies embodied in the present invention include those that are derived from naturally occurring antibodies as well as chimeric antibodies made by means of genetic engineering technology well known to those of skill in the art.

The invention also provides methods for screening compounds for their ability to inhibit, facilitate or modulate the biochemical activity of the amino acid transporter molecules of the invention, for use in the in vitro screening of novel agonist and antagonist compounds. In preferred embodiments, cells, particularly amphibian oocytes transformed with a recombinant expression construct of the invention are contacted with such a compound, and the effect of the compound on the transport of the appropriate amino acid is assayed. Additional preferred embodiments comprise quantitative analyses of such effects. Also provided are assays that distinguish between the effect of such compounds on amino acid transport from effects of such compounds on chloride ion transport by the transporters of the invention.

The present invention is also useful for the detection of inhibitors, analogues, agonists or antagonists, heretofore known or unknown, of the amino acid transporters of the invention, either naturally occurring or embodied as a drug. In preferred embodiments, such inhibitors, analogues, agonists or antagonists may be detected in blood, saliva, semen, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, lymph, or any other bodily fluid. In additional preferred embodiments, the invention provides methods for detecting and identifying inhibitors, analogues, agonists or antagonists that preferentially affect either the amino acid uptake function or the chloride ion channel function of the amino acid transporters of the invention.

The Examples which follow are illustrative of specific embodiments of the invention, and various uses thereof. They set forth for explanatory purposes only, and are not to be taken as limiting the invention.

›Examples11
›EXAMPLE 1

Isolation of a Human Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter cDNA

Excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 have been disclosed in co-owned and co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 08/140,729, filed Oct. 20, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,782, issued Aug. 19, 1997, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In order to clone a novel human excitatory amino acid transporter, cDNA was prepared from human cerebellar MRNA and amplified in vitro using a pair of degenerate primers derived from two regions of sequence similarity between the EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 genes previously disclosed. Briefly, total RNA was isolated using the method of Chomczynski & Sacchi (1987 , Anal. Biochem . 16: 156-159), wherein the tissue is disrupted and solubilized in a solution containing guanidinium isothiocyanate and the RNA purified by phenol/chloroform extractions. Total cellular RNA thus isolated was then enriched for poly (A + ) MRNA by oligo (dT) chromatography. A mixture of oligo (dT)-primed and random-primed mRNA was converted to cDNA using the Superscript Choice System (Bethesda Research Labs, Gaithersburg, Md.). 10 ng of this cerebellum-derived cDNA preparation was then amplified using the following degenerate oligonucleotide primers:

Sense primer:

5′-CGCGGGTACCAA(T/C)CT(C/G)GT(C/A/G)(G/C)A(G/A)GC(T/C)TG(T/C)TT(T/C)-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9);

Antisense primer:

5′-CGCGTCTAGA(T/C)TG(A/G/T)GC(A/GmAT(A/G)AA(A/G)A(T/C)(G/T/C)GC(A/G/T)GC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10).

PCR amplification was performed for 35 cycles, each cycle comprising 1 minute at 94° C., 1 min at 47° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C. using Vent polymerase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). Following the PCR, the product of the amplification reaction was purified using standard techniques (Saiki et al., 1988 , Science 239: 487-491).

Novel candidate clones were identified by the following hybridization strategy. Bona fide transporter cDNAs were identified by hybridization with the following degenerate oligonucleotide probe for a highly conserved coding sequence:

5′-CTGRGCRATGAARATGGCAGCCAGGGCYTCATACAGGGCTGTGCCRTCCATGTTRATGGTRGC-3′ (SEQ ID No.:1)

(See Arriza et al., 1992, ibid.). Those transporter cDNAs previously isolated (i.e., encoding EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, ASCT1) were identified by specific hybridization with their previously-isolated cDNA probes under high stringency conditions (e.g., 0.1×SSC (standard citrate saline)/1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) at 65° C. (see Sambrook et al., 1990 , Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Press: New York))). cDNAs that hybridized with the oligonucleotide but did not correspond to previously isolated cDNAs were characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis.

A novel clone similar to the previously-identified glutamate transporters was identified. This novel PCR amplification product was used to screen a motor cortex MnRNA prepared using standard techniques (see Sambrook et al., ibid.). Total RNA was isolated using the method of Chomczynski & Sacchi as above, and then enriched for poly (A + ) MRNA by oligo (dT) chromatography. A mixture of oligo (dT)-primed and random-primed mRNA was converted to cDNA using the Superscript Choice System and the cDNA was then ligated into the cloning vector λZAPII (Strategene, La Jolla, Calif.), packaged into phage heads using commercially-available packaging extracts (Sutegene) and used to infect E. coli . Lawns of infected bacterial cells were used to make plaque lifts for hybridization using standard conditions (see Sambrook, et al., ibid.).

This cDNA library was hybridized with the 32 P-labeled PCR amplification product described above. Hybridization was performed at 50° C. in a solution containing 0.5M Na 2 HPO 4 (pH 7.15)/7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the filters were washed at 60° C. in 2×SSPE (0.36M NaCL/20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.7)/2 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)) and 1% SDS. Hybridizing clones were identified by autoradiography at −70° C. using tungsten-containing intensifying screens (DuPont-NEN, Wilmington, Del.).

Two independent clones containing 2.2 and 2.3 kilobase pair (kb) cDNA inserts were isolated. cDNA inserts were excised from the cloning vector in vivo by superinfection with a defective filamentous phage that recognizes and excises cloned insert sequences along with adjacent modified phage replication-form sequences (termed pBluescript SK and available from Strategene). Each clone was then sequenced using the dideoxy-hain termination method of Sanger et al. (1977 , Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463), using Sequenase 2.0, a modified form of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase (U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, Ohio). The two independent clones contained identical long open reading frames, and were identical in those regions of the 3′ untranslated sequences analyzed. Each clone had a distinct 5′ untranslated sequence but were identical in the 8 nucleotides upstream of the putative translation start site. This observation may be indicative of alternative RNA splicing in the 5′ untranslated region of the EAAT4 gene. The 1734 nucleotide sequence of the human EAAT4 cDNA shown in FIG. 1 includes the conserved 8 nucleotides of the 5′ untranslated region, 34 nucleotides of the 3′ untranslated region downstream of the translation stop codon, and 1692 nucleotides of coding sequence comprising 564 amino acids (FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 ).

The EAAT4 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No.:2; shown in FIG. 2) was found to exhibit similarity to other known glutamate transporter subtypes (an amino acid sequence comparison is shown in FIG. 3 ). An amino acid comparison between these 4 human glutamate transporters showed 65%, 41% and 48% sequence identity (respectively) between EAAT4 and EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 (shown in FIG. 3 by shaded boxes). Both the amino and carboxyl termini were found to be divergent between these transporter proteins, and diversity was also found in the extracellular domains of these putative protein sequences, which contain conserved potential N-glycosylation sites (shown in FIG. 3 by open boxes). It was noted that previously-identified sequence (comprising the amino acids—AA(I/V)FIAQ—) that was highly conserved in the glutamate transporters was also present in EAAT4 (at positions 434-440 of the EAAT4 amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 ). 6-10 putative transmembrane domains were found using the algorithm of Eisenberg et al. (1984 , J. Molec. Biol . 179: 125-142). On the basis of these data EAAT4 was determined to encode a related but distinct and novel member of the excitatory amino acid transporter family.

›EXAMPLE 2

Tissue Distribution of Amino Acid Transporter Expression

The tissue distribution of MRNA corresponding to expression of the EAAT4 amino acid transporter disclosed herein was determined in various tissues by Northern hybridization experiments (see Sambrook et al., ibid.). The results of these experiments are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.

A panel of tissue samples was examined by Northern hybridization analysis performed under high stringency conditions as follows. A nylon filter containing 2 μg human peripheral tissue poly(A) + RNA was obtained from Clonetech Laboratories (Palo Alto, Calif.), and a similar filter was prepared containing human brain region RNA as follows. Total RNA was isolated from human brain region tissue obtained from the Oregon Brain Repository and 20 μg/region were size-fractionated by denaturing formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis (see Sambrook et al., ibid.). Fractionated RNA was then transferred to a nylon filter using the Northern blot/capillary-osmotic technique. Northern hybridization of both filters was performed individually with a 32 P-labeled 1.7 kb EAAT4-specific probe prepared by random-primed synthesis (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) using α- 32 P-labeled dCTP. Filters were hybridized overnight at 42° C. individually with each radiolabeled probe (at a concentration of 10 6 cpm/nL) in a solution of 5×SSPE/50% formarnide/7.5×Denhardt's solution (comprising 0.15 g/100 mL each of Ficoll, polyvinylpyrrolidone and bovine serum albumin)/2% SDS and 100 μg/mL denatured salmon-sperm DNA. Following hybridization, filters were washed twice for 30 min at room temperature in 2×SSPE/0.1% SDS and twice for 20 min at 50° C. in 0. 1×SSPE/0.1% SDS. Hybridizing RNAs were visualized by autoradiography at −70° C. using intensifying screens. The filters were subsequently re-probed as described with a radiolabeled human β-actin probe (Clonetech) as a positive control.

The results of these experiments, shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, demonstrate that EAAT4 transporter has a distribution distinct from other transporters isolated to date. FIG. 4 shows the distribution of these amino acid transporter transcripts in different human brain regions. Expression of the 2.4 kb EAAT4 mRNA was detected only in cerebellum using this Northern blot assay. However, a more sensitive polymerase chain reaction-based assay revealed EAAT4 expression in brain stem, cortex and hippocampus, albeit at much lower levels than those seen in cerebellum.

FIG. 5 illustrates expression of the EAAT4 transporter in human heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, muscle, kidney and pancreas. The size (in kb) of the transcripts corresponding to expression of this transporter are displayed along the right-hand border of each panel. As is seen from these autoradiographs, EAAT4 was found to be expressed predominantly in brain and placenta as a single, 2.4 kb transcript, consistent with the size of the isolated cDNA clones.

These results support the conclusion that the amino acid transporter of the invention may play an important role in normal brain function, and that disruption of amino acid transport by this transporter may be important determinants in organic brain dysfunction, as a result of ischemia or anoxia. Moreover, because of the presumed role of the cerebellum in motor learning, the abundant expression of EAAT4 mRNA in the cerebellum suggests that this protein may be significant in both normal and dysfunctional (e.g., ataxia and related syndromes) motor coordination.

›EXAMPLE 3 · 1 of 3

Functional Expression of the EAAT4 Amino Acid Transporter Gene in Xenopus Oocytes

The sequence similarity between EAAT4 and the previously-identified glutamate transporters EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 suggested that the protein encoded by the EAAT4 cDNA was an amino acid transporter. The ability of the EAAT4 gene product to transport amino acids, and the identity of which amino acids might be transported by this gene product, was assayed in Xenopus oocytes following microinjection of in vitro synthesized EAAT4 RNA.

Briefly, the coding sequence of the EAAT4 cDNA was isolated with unique flanking restriction sites using a PCR-based assay. In this assay, each of the complementary primers used for PCR amplification of the coding sequence contained a sequence encoding a unique restriction enzyme recognition site at the 5′ terminus of each PCR primer. For EAAT4, the sense primer contained a Hindi recognition sequence (A↓AGCTI), and the antisense primer contained an XbaI recognition sequence (T↓CTAGA) at their respective 5′ termini. Each of the PCR primers used for amplifying EAAT4 sequences had the following sequence:

EAAT4 sense primer:

5′-GCGCGTCGACAAGCTTGCCATGCAACAGCCTGTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:12);

EAAT4 antises primer:

5′-GCGCTCTAGATCAGCCCACGGTCAGTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13).

PCR amplification was performed for 30 cycles, each cycle comprising 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 1 minute at 72° C. Following the PCR, the product of the amplification reaction was purified using standard techniques (Sailki et al., 1988 , Science 239: 487-491). The DNA then digested with the restriction enzymes HindIII and XbaI and then cloned into the polylinker of an oocyte transcription vector (pOTV; see Arriza et al., 1992, ibid.). Capped RNA was synthesized from linearized plasmid employing bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (mMessage mMachine; Ambion, Austin, Tex.), diluted with water to a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and 50 nL of this EAAT4 RNA was injected into defolliculated stage V or VI oocytes. Oocytes were prepared as described (Quick and Lester, 1994 , Methods in Neuroscience 19: 261-279) and maintained at 17° C. for up to 5 days.

Amino acid transport in these oocytes was assayed at room temperature 3-5 days post injection using various concentrations of [ 3 H]-L-aspartate or [ 3 H]-L-glutamate (obtained from New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.) in ND96 buffer (96 mM NaCl/2 mM KCl/1.8 mM CaCl 2 /1 m MgCl 2 /5 mM Hepes, pH 7.5).

Two electrode voltage clamp recordings from EAAT4-expressing oocytes were performed at room temperature using glass microelectrodes filled with 3M KCl solutions (resistance<1 MΩ) and a Ag/AgCl pellet bath ground or an active bath probe. An Axon GeneClamp 500 amplifier was used with Digidata 1200 interfaces. The pClamp suite of programs (Axon Instruments, Foster City, Calif.) was used to control stimulation parameters, for data acquisition and analysis. MacLab data acquisition software and a MacLab/2e interface (ADI Instnunents, Milford, Mass.) were used to record electrophysiological experiments. 3M KCl/agar bridges were used to avoid offset voltages associated with buffer changes. Oocytes were continuously superfused with ND96 or ion substituted ND96 during the recording session.

The properties of EAAT4 cRNA-injected oocytes were examined by analysis of excitatory amino acid-induced currents in voltage-clamped oocytes. In these experiments, the maximum current of depolarization (I max ) and the transport constant (K m ) induced by treatment with a variety of putative EAAT4 transporter substrates was determined. The results of these experiments are shown in Table I. Injected oocytes were also incubated with a mixture of radiolabeled amino acid ([ 3 H]-L-glutamate (17.8 Ci/mmol) or [ 3 H]-D-aspartate (15.5 Ci/mmol); Dupont-NEN) and non-radiolabeled amino acid at increasing doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 100 μM for 10 min. for determination of the V max and K m of substrate flux. After incubation, the cells were washed four times with ice-cold PBS, solubilized with a solution of 0.1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the amount of radioactivity associated with the cells determined using standard liquid scintillation counting methods.

Application of L-aspartate or L-glutamate to EAAT4 cRNA-injected, voltage-clamped oocytes induced dose-dependent, saturable inward currents; no such currents were observed in control, mock-injected oocytes. Flux experiments showed that oocytes injected with the EAAT4 excitatory amino acid transporter-encoding cRNA accumulated significantly-higher (about 30-fold higher) saturable, sodium-dependent uptake of [ 3 H]-L-aspartate and [ 3 H]-L-glutamate than did mock-injected oocytes. The maximal currents elicited by other test compounds were normalized relative to the maximal current obtained with a saturating dose (100 μM) of L-aspartate in the same oocyte such that these determinations were independent of the level of EAAT4 expression in individual oocytes. For this normalization, the current elicited by a maximal dose of L-aspartate was measured before and/or after dose response determinations for each compound and given a normalized I max value of 1.0. No compound tested induced a depolarizing current in uninjected oocytes or water-injected oocytes. The course of uptake of 10μM radioactive aspartate was found to be linear for at least 20 min in assays performed at room temperature. The K m values derived from the current measurements as well as radiolabel substrate uptake experiments, as shown in Table I, were about 10-fold lower than those found for previously-disclosed members of the EAAT transporter family. Maximal flux and current measurements (Table 1) indicated a discrepancy between the maximal transport and maximal current generated by L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Although L-aspartate produced a current significantly larger than L-glutamate (1.0 versus 0.37, respectively), its maximal transport rate is significantly lower than that of L-glutamate (3.26 versus 5.72). This data suggested that the substrate elicited currents observed are not a direct reflection of substrate transport and that the two phenomena may be uncoupled.

›EXAMPLE 3 · 2 of 3

Structural analogues of glutamate, including L-trans-2,4pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acid, L-quisqualate and L-α-amino adipate, also elicited currents of varying magnitude in EAAT4-injected oocytes, while kainic acid, which blocks glutamate transport in some brain regions, was found to be ineffective in either eliciting a current or blocking an L-aspartate induced current at concentrations as high as 5 mM. These properties of the EAAT4 transporter are consistent with glutamate uptake activity previously reported for cerebellum and are consistent with localization of EAAT4 expression primarily in cerebellar tissues.

Further characterization of the electrophysiology of EAAT4 accompanying aspartate transport revealed a significant difference between EAAT4 and the previously-isclosed members of the EAAT transporter family. L-glutanate- and L-aspartate-induced currents found in voltage-clamped oocytes expressing these other members of the EAAT family exhibited strong inward rectification (i.e., currents were induced that were preferentially inward) and were not found to reverse below +40 mV. In contrast, 10 μM L-aspartate was found to induce an outward current in EAAT4-injected oocytes at voltages more positive than˜−20 mV. Results of experiments demonstrating this phenomenon are shown in FIG. 6 A. In FIG. 6B it is shown that the voltage-ependence of the L-aspartate induced current is approximately linear from about −100 mV to about +40 mV, reversing at −22±1.6 mV (n=18). This value is approximately equal to the previously-reported equilibrium potential of chloride ion in native Xenopus oocytes (−24 mV; see Barish, 1983 , J. Physiol . (London) 342: 309-325).

To investigate the significance of this coincidence, the chloride ion-dependence was assayed by substituting chloride ion with gluconate ion. The reversal potential of the L-aspartate induced currents were found to shift by 57±1.5 mV for every ten-fold change in chloride ion concentration, as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. This result is in accord with theoretical predictions of the Nernst equation for chloride-ion selective conductance. Similar results were obtained using L-glutamate (reversal potential shifted 50±2 mV for every ten-fold change in chloride ion concentration). The difference in the reversal potential shift seen with L-glutamate and L-aspartate (50 mV versus 57 mV) results from differences in their relative efficacies as transport substrates (Glu>Asp) and as elicitors of the chloride conductance (Asp>Glu).

Complete removal of chloride by substitution with gluconate ion abolished the L-aspartate induced outward currents at depolarized potentials (see FIG. 6 B). However, L-aspartate transport at +60mV in the absence of chloride ion (V max =4.7±0.3 fmol/s, n=8) was not significantly different than transport in the presence of chloride ion (V max =5.9±0.3 fmol/s, n=8), indicating that transport is not dependent on external chloride ion. In contrast, substitution of sodium ions with choline completely and reversibly abolished L-aspartate-induced currents, consistent with the sodium dependence of uptake and with the sodium-dependent activation of chloride conductance by excitatory amino acids (FIG. 6 D).

V max was determined by least squares fit to the equation:

V=V max ×([ S ]/( K m +[S ])

where V max is the maximal transport rate and K m is the transport constant

The magnitude of the induced chloride conductance in EAAT4 distinguishes it from EAAT1, EAAT2, or EAAT3. EAAT1 through EAAT3 have large transport currents with small or undetectable chloride conductances, such that their current/voltage profiles show inward rectification, i.e., at positive potentials the current is reduced but is not reversed or outward at potentials less than +40 mV. This is illustrated by the I-V profile for EAAT2 shown in FIG. 7 A. In contrast, the EAAT4 I-V profile does not show rectification; rather, the profile is linear with the reversal potential ˜−20 mV, and the reversal potential is constant regardless of the dose of L-aspartate applied (FIG. 7 B). Flux studies under voltage-clamp conditions were conducted and fit to the Faraday equation. It was concluded that greater than 95 % of the L-aspartate induced current in EAAT4-expressing oocytes can be attributed to chloride conductance.

L-aspartate and L-glutamate were found to differ in the degree to which they elicit either the transport current component or the chloride conductance component of EAAT4 (FIG. 7 C). This is reflected by the fact that, although the reversal potential for L-aspartate was ˜−20 mV, L-glutamate elicited a more robust transport component and therefore its measured reversal potential was ˜−3 mV. Various compounds were tested and a characteristic rank order for reversal potential (more negative to less negative) was found: L-aspartate>PDC>L-α-aminoadipate>L-glutamate>L-quisqualate.

These data demonstrated that the EAAT4 transporter is capable of mediating both 1) the uptake of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate, and 2) a substrate-gated increase in chloride conductance. Various substrates can be more or less effective as either amino acid uptake inhibitors or as elicitors of chloride conductance. Thus, the pharmacology of the two functions are separable and therefore subject to selective interventions, i.e., compounds that selectively inhibit or stimulate chloride ion conductance without affecting excitatory amino acid uptake.

The physiological significance of the large chloride conductance of EAAT4 is unknown; but like the chloride conductance gated by GABA-A receptors, it may have a general inhibitory affect on neurotransmission. It may therefore be therapeutically beneficial to selectively stimulate or inhibit the EAAT4 chloride conductance in diseases such as epilepsy, excitotoxicity, and neurodegenerative diseases. The separability of the two biochemical functions of amino acid uptake and chloride ion conductance in the EAAT4 provides an assay for detecting and identifying compounds that inhibit or stimulate the chloride ion conductance of the EAAT4 transporter but do not affect amino acid uptake. Such compounds are advantageous, due to the recognized hazards of pharmaceutical agents that inhibit amino acid uptake in the brain. The assays described herein provide a method for screening for agents that can selectively inhibit or stimulate chloride conductance without the risk of brain injury associated with concommitant inhibition of amino acid uptake.

›EXAMPLE 3 · 3 of 3

Briefly, such assays are performed as follows, using voltage-clamped oocytes expressing EAAT4 as described above. First, the compounds are tested for the ability to elicit a current in the voltage-clamped, EAAT4expressing oocytes. If the compound does not elicit a current, the compound is then co-applied to the oocytes in the presence of L-aspartate to determine whether the compound is an inhibitor of the aspartate-elicited current. If the tested compound elicits a current, the relationship between the elicited current and the voltage is determined (as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 ). This analysis yields the relative current amplitude, the reversal potential and the degree of rectification caused by treatment of the oocyte with the test compound. As described above, the reversal potential and degree of rectification reflect the relative contributions of the uptake-elicited current and the chloride conductance in the response of the oocyte to the test compound.

Compounds which elicit a current which is determined to have a significant chloride conductance component are then tested for their effect on excitatory amino acid uptake. Manmmalian cells or oocytes are treated with detectably-labeled L-aspartate and L-glutamate in the presence or absence of a compound to be tested. Compounds having little effect on excitatory amino acid uptake, particularly L-glutamate uptake, are thereby advantageously distinguished.

›EXAMPLE 4 · 1 of 6

Construction of Fusion Proteins-Recombinant Expression Constructs for Expression of Immunologically—Active Epitopes of Amino Acid Transporters

The EAAT4 amino acid transporter protein of the invention are expressed as fusion proteins in bacteria to produce immunologically-active epitopes. In these experiments, the amino acid transporter cDNAs of the invention are excised from their respective pOTV-containing constructs and subcloned into a pGEX-2T construct (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) whereby the coding sequences of the amino acid transporter cDNA is translationally in-frame with sequences encoding glutathione-S-transferase (described in Arriza et al., 1992 , J. Neurosci . 12: 4045-4055), termed pGST-EAAT4 constructs. After introduction of the pGST-EAAT4 constructs into bacterial cells ( E. coli , strain D5α) using conventional techniques (see Sambrook er al., ibid.), fusion protein expression is induced with isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside as described (Smith & Johnson, 1988 , Gene 67: 31-40) and purified using glutathione-Sepharose 4B (Phanmacia). Antibodies are then raised against the amino acid transporter of the invention by inoculation of rabbits with 300-500 μg of purified fusion protein in Freund's adjuvant (Grand Island Biological Co., Grand Island, N.Y.), said inoculation repeated approximately every 4 weeks. Sera are immunoaffinity-purified on columns of Affi-Gel 15 derivatized with purified fusion protein. After salt elution, such antibodies are neutralized, stabilized with bovine serum albumin at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL, dialyzed against PBS and assayed by inununoblotting using conventional techniques (Harlow & Lane, 1988, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

It should be understood that the foregoing disclosure emphasizes certain specific embodiments of the invention and that all modifications or alternatives equivalent thereto are within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

GATAGACC ATG AGC AGC CAT GGC AAC AGC CTG TTC CTT CGG GAG AGC GGC 50

Met Ser Ser His Gly Asn Ser Leu Phe Leu Arg Glu Ser Gly

1 5 10

CAG CGG CTG GGC CGG GTG GGC TGG CTG CAG CGG CTG CAG GAA AGC CTG 98

Gln Arg Leu Gly Arg Val Gly Trp Leu Gln Arg Leu Gln Glu Ser Leu

15 20 25 30

CAG CAG AGA GCA CTG CGC ACG CGC CTG CGC CTG CAG ACC ATG ACC CTC 146

Gln Gln Arg Ala Leu Arg Thr Arg Leu Arg Leu Gln Thr Met Thr Leu

35 40 45

GAG CAC GTG CTG CGC TTC CTG CGC CGA AAC GCC TTC ATT CTG CTG ACG 194

Glu His Val Leu Arg Phe Leu Arg Arg Asn Ala Phe Ile Leu Leu Thr

50 55 60

GTC AGC GCC GTG GTC ATT GGG GTC AGC CTG GCC TTT GCC CTG CGC CCA 242

Val Ser Ala Val Val Ile Gly Val Ser Leu Ala Phe Ala Leu Arg Pro

65 70 75

TAT CAG CTC ACC TAC CGC CAG ATC AAG TAC TTC TCT TTT CCT GGA GAG 290

Tyr Gln Leu Thr Tyr Arg Gln Ile Lys Tyr Phe Ser Phe Pro Gly Glu

80 85 90

CTT CTG ATG AGG ATG CTG CAG ATG CTG GTG TTA CCT CTC ATT GTC TCC 338

Leu Leu Met Arg Met Leu Gln Met Leu Val Leu Pro Leu Ile Val Ser

95 100 105 110

AGC CTG GTC ACA GGT ATG GCA TCC CTG GAC AAC AAG GCC ACG GGG CGG 386

Ser Leu Val Thr Gly Met Ala Ser Leu Asp Asn Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg

115 120 125

ATG GGG ATG CGG GCA GCT GTG TAC TAC ATG GTG ACC ACC ATC ATC GCG 434

Met Gly Met Arg Ala Ala Val Tyr Tyr Met Val Thr Thr Ile Ile Ala

130 135 140

GTC TTC ATC GGC ATC CTC ATG GTC ACC ATC ATC CAT CCC GGG AAG GGC 482

Val Phe Ile Gly Ile Leu Met Val Thr Ile Ile His Pro Gly Lys Gly

145 150 155

TCC AAG GAG GGG CTG CAC CGG GAG GGC CGG ATC GAG ACC ATC CCC ACA 530

Ser Lys Glu Gly Leu His Arg Glu Gly Arg Ile Glu Thr Ile Pro Thr

160 165 170

GCT GAT GCC TTC ATG GAC CTG ATC AGA AAT ATG TTT CCA CCA AAC CTT 578

Ala Asp Ala Phe Met Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Met Phe Pro Pro Asn Leu

175 180 185 190

GTG GAG GCC TGC TTC AAA CAG TTC AAG ACG CAG TAC AGC ACG AGG GTG 626

Val Glu Ala Cys Phe Lys Gln Phe Lys Thr Gln Tyr Ser Thr Arg Val

195 200 205

GTA ACC AGG ACC ATG GTG AGG ACA GAG AAC GGG TCT GAG CCG GGT GCC 674

Val Thr Arg Thr Met Val Arg Thr Glu Asn Gly Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala

210 215 220

TCC ATG CCT CCT CCA TTC TCA GTG GAG AAC GGA ACC AGC TTC CTG GAA 722

Ser Met Pro Pro Pro Phe Ser Val Glu Asn Gly Thr Ser Phe Leu Glu

225 230 235

AAT GTC ACT CGG GCC TTG GGT ACC CTG CAG GAG ATG CTG AGC TTT GAG 770

Asn Val Thr Arg Ala Leu Gly Thr Leu Gln Glu Met Leu Ser Phe Glu

240 245 250

GAG ACT GTA CCC GTG CCT GGC TCC GCC AAT GGC ATC AAC GCC CTG GGC 818

Glu Thr Val Pro Val Pro Gly Ser Ala Asn Gly Ile Asn Ala Leu Gly

255 260 265 270

CTC GTG GTC TTC TCT GTG GCC TTT GGG CTG GTC ATT GGT GGC ATG AAA 866

Leu Val Val Phe Ser Val Ala Phe Gly Leu Val Ile Gly Gly Met Lys

275 280 285

CAC AAG GGC AGA GTC CTC AGG GAC TTC TTC GAC AGC CTC AAT GAG GCT 914

His Lys Gly Arg Val Leu Arg Asp Phe Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Glu Ala

290 295 300

ATT ATG AGG CTG GTG GGC ATC ATT ATC TGG TAT GCA CCT GTG GGC ATC 962

Ile Met Arg Leu Val Gly Ile Ile Ile Trp Tyr Ala Pro Val Gly Ile

305 310 315

CTG TTC CTG ATT GCT GGG AAG ATT CTG GAG ATG GAA GAC ATG GCC GTC 1010

Leu Phe Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys Ile Leu Glu Met Glu Asp Met Ala Val

320 325 330

CTG GGG GGT CAG CTG GGC ATG TAC ACC CTG ACC GTC ATC GTG GGC CTG 1058

Leu Gly Gly Gln Leu Gly Met Tyr Thr Leu Thr Val Ile Val Gly Leu

335 340 345 350

TTC CTC CAT GCC GGC ATT GTC CTT CCC CTC ATC TAC TTC CTC GTC ACT 1106

Phe Leu His Ala Gly Ile Val Leu Pro Leu Ile Tyr Phe Leu Val Thr

355 360 365

CAC CGG AAC CCC TTC CCC TTC ATT GGG GGC ATG CTA CAA GCC CTC ATC 1154

His Arg Asn Pro Phe Pro Phe Ile Gly Gly Met Leu Gln Ala Leu Ile

370 375 380

ACC GCT ATG GGC ACG TCT TCC AGC TCG GCA ACG CTG CCC ATC ACC TTC 1202

Thr Ala Met Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Thr Leu Pro Ile Thr Phe

385 390 395

CGC TGC CTG GAG GAG GGC CTG GGT GTG GAC CGC CGC ATC ACC AGG TTC 1250

Arg Cys Leu Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Val Asp Arg Arg Ile Thr Arg Phe

400 405 410

GTC CTG CCC GTG GGC GCC ACG GTC AAC ATG GAT GGC ACT GCC CTC TAC 1298

Val Leu Pro Val Gly Ala Thr Val Asn Met Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr

415 420 425 430

GAG GCC CTG GCT GCC ATC TTC ATT GCT CAA GTT AAC AAC TAC GAG CTC 1346

Glu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Val Asn Asn Tyr Glu Leu

435 440 445

AAC CTG GGT CAG ATC ACA ACC ATC AGC ATC ACG GCC ACA GCA GCC AGT 1394

›EXAMPLE 4 · 2 of 6

Asn Leu Gly Gln Ile Thr Thr Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Thr Ala Ala Ser

450 455 460

GTT GGG GCT GCT GGC ATC CCC CAG GCG GGT CTG GTC ACC ATG GTC ATT 1442

Val Gly Ala Ala Gly Ile Pro Gln Ala Gly Leu Val Thr Met Val Ile

465 470 475

GTG CTT ACG TCG GTC GGC TTG CCC ACG GAA GAC ATC ACG CTC ATC ATC 1490

Val Leu Thr Ser Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Glu Asp Ile Thr Leu Ile Ile

480 485 490

GCC GTG GAC TGG TTC CTT GAC CGG CTT CGC ACA ATG ACC AAC GTA CTG 1538

Ala Val Asp Trp Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Thr Met Thr Asn Val Leu

495 500 505 510

GGC CAC TCA ATT GGA GCG GCC GTC ATC GAG CAC TTG TCT CAG CGG GAG 1586

Gly His Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Val Ile Glu His Leu Ser Gln Arg Glu

515 520 525

CTG GAG CTT CAG GAA GCT GAG CTT ACC CTC CCC AGC CTG GGG AAA CCC 1634

Leu Glu Leu Gln Glu Ala Glu Leu Thr Leu Pro Ser Leu Gly Lys Pro

530 535 540

TAC AAG TCC CTC ATG GCA CAG GAG AAG GGG GCA TCC CGG GGA CGG GGA 1682

Tyr Lys Ser Leu Met Ala Gln Glu Lys Gly Ala Ser Arg Gly Arg Gly

545 550 555

GGC AAC GAG AGT GCT ATG TGAGGGGCCT CCAGCTCTGC CCCCCCAGAG AGGA 1734

Gly Asn Glu Ser Ala Met

560 565

564 amino acids

amino acid

linear

protein

2

Met Ser Ser His Gly Asn Ser Leu Phe Leu Arg Glu Ser Gly Gln Arg

1 5 10 15

Leu Gly Arg Val Gly Trp Leu Gln Arg Leu Gln Glu Ser Leu Gln Gln

20 25 30

Arg Ala Leu Arg Thr Arg Leu Arg Leu Gln Thr Met Thr Leu Glu His

35 40 45

Val Leu Arg Phe Leu Arg Arg Asn Ala Phe Ile Leu Leu Thr Val Ser

50 55 60

Ala Val Val Ile Gly Val Ser Leu Ala Phe Ala Leu Arg Pro Tyr Gln

65 70 75 80

Leu Thr Tyr Arg Gln Ile Lys Tyr Phe Ser Phe Pro Gly Glu Leu Leu

85 90 95

Met Arg Met Leu Gln Met Leu Val Leu Pro Leu Ile Val Ser Ser Leu

100 105 110

Val Thr Gly Met Ala Ser Leu Asp Asn Lys Ala Thr Gly Arg Met Gly

115 120 125

Met Arg Ala Ala Val Tyr Tyr Met Val Thr Thr Ile Ile Ala Val Phe

130 135 140

Ile Gly Ile Leu Met Val Thr Ile Ile His Pro Gly Lys Gly Ser Lys

145 150 155 160

Glu Gly Leu His Arg Glu Gly Arg Ile Glu Thr Ile Pro Thr Ala Asp

165 170 175

Ala Phe Met Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Met Phe Pro Pro Asn Leu Val Glu

180 185 190

Ala Cys Phe Lys Gln Phe Lys Thr Gln Tyr Ser Thr Arg Val Val Thr

195 200 205

Arg Thr Met Val Arg Thr Glu Asn Gly Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala Ser Met

210 215 220

Pro Pro Pro Phe Ser Val Glu Asn Gly Thr Ser Phe Leu Glu Asn Val

225 230 235 240

Thr Arg Ala Leu Gly Thr Leu Gln Glu Met Leu Ser Phe Glu Glu Thr

245 250 255

Val Pro Val Pro Gly Ser Ala Asn Gly Ile Asn Ala Leu Gly Leu Val

260 265 270

Val Phe Ser Val Ala Phe Gly Leu Val Ile Gly Gly Met Lys His Lys

275 280 285

Gly Arg Val Leu Arg Asp Phe Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Glu Ala Ile Met

290 295 300

Arg Leu Val Gly Ile Ile Ile Trp Tyr Ala Pro Val Gly Ile Leu Phe

305 310 315 320

Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys Ile Leu Glu Met Glu Asp Met Ala Val Leu Gly

325 330 335

Gly Gln Leu Gly Met Tyr Thr Leu Thr Val Ile Val Gly Leu Phe Leu

340 345 350

His Ala Gly Ile Val Leu Pro Leu Ile Tyr Phe Leu Val Thr His Arg

355 360 365

Asn Pro Phe Pro Phe Ile Gly Gly Met Leu Gln Ala Leu Ile Thr Ala

370 375 380

Met Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Thr Leu Pro Ile Thr Phe Arg Cys

385 390 395 400

Leu Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Val Asp Arg Arg Ile Thr Arg Phe Val Leu

405 410 415

Pro Val Gly Ala Thr Val Asn Met Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala

420 425 430

Leu Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Val Asn Asn Tyr Glu Leu Asn Leu

435 440 445

Gly Gln Ile Thr Thr Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Thr Ala Ala Ser Val Gly

450 455 460

Ala Ala Gly Ile Pro Gln Ala Gly Leu Val Thr Met Val Ile Val Leu

465 470 475 480

Thr Ser Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Glu Asp Ile Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Val

485 490 495

Asp Trp Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Thr Met Thr Asn Val Leu Gly His

500 505 510

Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Val Ile Glu His Leu Ser Gln Arg Glu Leu Glu

515 520 525

Leu Gln Glu Ala Glu Leu Thr Leu Pro Ser Leu Gly Lys Pro Tyr Lys

530 535 540

Ser Leu Met Ala Gln Glu Lys Gly Ala Ser Arg Gly Arg Gly Gly Asn

545 550 555 560

Glu Ser Ala Met

AAAGAAGAGA CCCTCCTAGA AAAGTAAAAT ATG ACT AAA AGC AAT GGA GAA GAG 54

Met Thr Lys Ser Asn Gly Glu Glu

1 5

CCC AAG ATG GGG GGC AGG ATG GAG AGA TTC CAG CAG GGA GTC CGT AAA 102

Pro Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Met Glu Arg Phe Gln Gln Gly Val Arg Lys

10 15 20

CGC ACA CTT TTG GCC AAG AAG AAA GTG CAG AAC ATT ACA AAG GAG GTT 150

Arg Thr Leu Leu Ala Lys Lys Lys Val Gln Asn Ile Thr Lys Glu Val

25 30 35 40

GTT AAA AGT TAC CTG TTT CGG AAT GCT TTT GTG CTG CTC ACA GTC ACC 198

Val Lys Ser Tyr Leu Phe Arg Asn Ala Phe Val Leu Leu Thr Val Thr

45 50 55

GCT GTC ATT GTG GGT ACA ATC CTT GGA TTT ACC CTC CGA CCA TAC AGA 246

Ala Val Ile Val Gly Thr Ile Leu Gly Phe Thr Leu Arg Pro Tyr Arg

60 65 70

ATG AGC TAC CGG GAA GTC AAG TAC TTC TCC TTT CCT GGG GAA CTT CTG 294

Met Ser Tyr Arg Glu Val Lys Tyr Phe Ser Phe Pro Gly Glu Leu Leu

75 80 85

ATG AGG ATG TTA CAG ATG CTG GTC TTA CCA CTT ATC ATC TCC AGT CTT 342

Met Arg Met Leu Gln Met Leu Val Leu Pro Leu Ile Ile Ser Ser Leu

90 95 100

GTC ACA GGA ATG GCG GCG CTA GAT AGT AAG GCA TCA GGG AAG TGG GAA 390

Val Thr Gly Met Ala Ala Leu Asp Ser Lys Ala Ser Gly Lys Trp Glu

105 110 115 120

TGC GGA GCT GTA GTC TAT TAT ATG ACT ACC ACC ATC ATT GCT GTG GTG 438

Cys Gly Ala Val Val Tyr Tyr Met Thr Thr Thr Ile Ile Ala Val Val

125 130 135

ATT GGC ATA ATC ATT GTC ATC ATC ATC CAT CCT GGG AAG GGC ACA AAG 486

Ile Gly Ile Ile Ile Val Ile Ile Ile His Pro Gly Lys Gly Thr Lys

140 145 150

GAA AAC ATG CAC AGA GAA GGC AAA ATT GTA CGA GTG ACA GCT GCA GAT 534

Glu Asn Met His Arg Glu Gly Lys Ile Val Arg Val Thr Ala Ala Asp

155 160 165

GCC TTC CTG GAC TTG ATC AGG AAC ATG TTA AAT CCA AAT CTG GTA GAA 582

Ala Phe Leu Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Met Leu Asn Pro Asn Leu Val Glu

170 175 180

GCC TGC TTT AAA CAG TTT AAA ACC AAC TAT GAG AAG AGA AGC TTT AAA 630

Ala Cys Phe Lys Gln Phe Lys Thr Asn Tyr Glu Lys Arg Ser Phe Lys

185 190 195 200

GTG CCC ATC CAG GCC AAC GAA ACG CTT GTG GGT GCT GTG ATA AAC AAT 678

Val Pro Ile Gln Ala Asn Glu Thr Leu Val Gly Ala Val Ile Asn Asn

205 210 215

GTG TCT GAG GCC ATG GAG ACT CTT ACC CGA ATC ACA GAG GAG CTG GTC 726

Val Ser Glu Ala Met Glu Thr Leu Thr Arg Ile Thr Glu Glu Leu Val

220 225 230

CCA GTT CCA GGA TCT GTG AAT GGA GTC AAT GCC CTG GGT CTA GTT GTC 774

Pro Val Pro Gly Ser Val Asn Gly Val Asn Ala Leu Gly Leu Val Val

235 240 245

TTC TCC ATG TGC TTC GGT TTT GTG ATT GGA AAC ATG AAG GAA CAG GGG 822

Phe Ser Met Cys Phe Gly Phe Val Ile Gly Asn Met Lys Glu Gln Gly

›EXAMPLE 4 · 3 of 6

250 255 260

CAG GCC CTG AGA GAG TTC TTT GAT TCT CTT AAC GAA GCC ATC ATG AGA 870

Gln Ala Leu Arg Glu Phe Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Glu Ala Ile Met Arg

265 270 275 280

CTG GTA GCA GTA ATA ATG TGG TAT GCC CCC GTG GGT ATT CTC TTC CTG 918

Leu Val Ala Val Ile Met Trp Tyr Ala Pro Val Gly Ile Leu Phe Leu

285 290 295

ATT GCT GGG AAG ATT GTG GAG ATG GAA GAC ATG GGT GTG ATT GGG GGG 966

Ile Ala Gly Lys Ile Val Glu Met Glu Asp Met Gly Val Ile Gly Gly

300 305 310

CAG CTT GCC ATG TAC ACC GTG ACT GTC ATT GTT GGC TTA CTC ATT CAC 1014

Gln Leu Ala Met Tyr Thr Val Thr Val Ile Val Gly Leu Leu Ile His

315 320 325

GCA GTC ATC GTC TTG CCA CTC CTC TAC TTC TTG GTA ACA CGG AAA AAC 1062

Ala Val Ile Val Leu Pro Leu Leu Tyr Phe Leu Val Thr Arg Lys Asn

330 335 340

CCT TGG GTT TTT ATT GGA GGG TTG CTG CAA GCA CTC ATC ACC GCT CTG 1110

Pro Trp Val Phe Ile Gly Gly Leu Leu Gln Ala Leu Ile Thr Ala Leu

345 350 355 360

GGG ACC TCT TCA AGT TCT GCC ACC CTA CCC ATC ACC TTC AAG TGC CTG 1158

Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Thr Leu Pro Ile Thr Phe Lys Cys Leu

365 370 375

GAA GAG AAC AAT GGC GTG GAC AAG CGC GTC ACC AGA TTC GTG CTC CCC 1206

Glu Glu Asn Asn Gly Val Asp Lys Arg Val Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro

380 385 390

GTA GGA GCC ACC ATT AAC ATG GAT GGG ACT GCC CTC TAT GAG GCT TTG 1254

Val Gly Ala Thr Ile Asn Met Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu

395 400 405

GCT GCC ATT TTC ATT GCT CAA GTT AAC AAC TTT GAA CTG AAC TTC GGA 1302

Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Val Asn Asn Phe Glu Leu Asn Phe Gly

410 415 420

CAA ATT ATT ACA ATC AGC ATC ACA GCC ACA GCT GCC AGT ATT GGG GCA 1350

Gln Ile Ile Thr Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Thr Ala Ala Ser Ile Gly Ala

425 430 435 440

GCT GGA ATT CCT CAG GCG GGC CTG GTC ACT ATG GTC ATT GTG CTG ACA 1398

Ala Gly Ile Pro Gln Ala Gly Leu Val Thr Met Val Ile Val Leu Thr

445 450 455

TCT GTC GGC CTG CCC ACT GAC GAC ATC ACG CTC ATC ATC GCG GTG GAC 1446

Ser Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Asp Asp Ile Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Val Asp

460 465 470

TGG TTC TTG GAT CGC CTC CGG ACC ACC ACC AAC GTA CTG GGA GAC TCC 1494

Trp Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Thr Thr Thr Asn Val Leu Gly Asp Ser

475 480 485

CTG GGA GCT GGG ATT GTG GAG CAC TTG TCA CGA CAT GAA CTG AAG AAC 1542

Leu Gly Ala Gly Ile Val Glu His Leu Ser Arg His Glu Leu Lys Asn

490 495 500

AGA GAT GTT GAA ATG GGT AAC TCA GTG ATT GAA GAG AAT GAA ATG AAG 1590

Arg Asp Val Glu Met Gly Asn Ser Val Ile Glu Glu Asn Glu Met Lys

505 510 515 520

AAA CCA TAT CAA CTG ATT GCA CAG GAC AAT GAA ACT GAG AAA CCC ATC 1638

Lys Pro Tyr Gln Leu Ile Ala Gln Asp Asn Glu Thr Glu Lys Pro Ile

525 530 535

GAC AGT GAA ACC AAG ATG TAGACTAACA TAAAGAAACA CTTT 1680

Asp Ser Glu Thr Lys Met

540

542 amino acids

amino acid

linear

protein

4

Met Thr Lys Ser Asn Gly Glu Glu Pro Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Met Glu

1 5 10 15

Arg Phe Gln Gln Gly Val Arg Lys Arg Thr Leu Leu Ala Lys Lys Lys

20 25 30

Val Gln Asn Ile Thr Lys Glu Val Val Lys Ser Tyr Leu Phe Arg Asn

35 40 45

Ala Phe Val Leu Leu Thr Val Thr Ala Val Ile Val Gly Thr Ile Leu

50 55 60

Gly Phe Thr Leu Arg Pro Tyr Arg Met Ser Tyr Arg Glu Val Lys Tyr

65 70 75 80

Phe Ser Phe Pro Gly Glu Leu Leu Met Arg Met Leu Gln Met Leu Val

85 90 95

Leu Pro Leu Ile Ile Ser Ser Leu Val Thr Gly Met Ala Ala Leu Asp

100 105 110

Ser Lys Ala Ser Gly Lys Trp Glu Cys Gly Ala Val Val Tyr Tyr Met

115 120 125

Thr Thr Thr Ile Ile Ala Val Val Ile Gly Ile Ile Ile Val Ile Ile

130 135 140

Ile His Pro Gly Lys Gly Thr Lys Glu Asn Met His Arg Glu Gly Lys

145 150 155 160

Ile Val Arg Val Thr Ala Ala Asp Ala Phe Leu Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn

165 170 175

Met Leu Asn Pro Asn Leu Val Glu Ala Cys Phe Lys Gln Phe Lys Thr

180 185 190

Asn Tyr Glu Lys Arg Ser Phe Lys Val Pro Ile Gln Ala Asn Glu Thr

195 200 205

Leu Val Gly Ala Val Ile Asn Asn Val Ser Glu Ala Met Glu Thr Leu

210 215 220

Thr Arg Ile Thr Glu Glu Leu Val Pro Val Pro Gly Ser Val Asn Gly

225 230 235 240

Val Asn Ala Leu Gly Leu Val Val Phe Ser Met Cys Phe Gly Phe Val

245 250 255

Ile Gly Asn Met Lys Glu Gln Gly Gln Ala Leu Arg Glu Phe Phe Asp

260 265 270

Ser Leu Asn Glu Ala Ile Met Arg Leu Val Ala Val Ile Met Trp Tyr

275 280 285

Ala Pro Val Gly Ile Leu Phe Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys Ile Val Glu Met

290 295 300

Glu Asp Met Gly Val Ile Gly Gly Gln Leu Ala Met Tyr Thr Val Thr

305 310 315 320

Val Ile Val Gly Leu Leu Ile His Ala Val Ile Val Leu Pro Leu Leu

325 330 335

Tyr Phe Leu Val Thr Arg Lys Asn Pro Trp Val Phe Ile Gly Gly Leu

340 345 350

Leu Gln Ala Leu Ile Thr Ala Leu Gly Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala Thr

355 360 365

Leu Pro Ile Thr Phe Lys Cys Leu Glu Glu Asn Asn Gly Val Asp Lys

370 375 380

Arg Val Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro Val Gly Ala Thr Ile Asn Met Asp

385 390 395 400

Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Val

405 410 415

Asn Asn Phe Glu Leu Asn Phe Gly Gln Ile Ile Thr Ile Ser Ile Thr

420 425 430

Ala Thr Ala Ala Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Gly Ile Pro Gln Ala Gly Leu

435 440 445

Val Thr Met Val Ile Val Leu Thr Ser Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Asp Asp

450 455 460

Ile Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Val Asp Trp Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Thr

465 470 475 480

Thr Thr Asn Val Leu Gly Asp Ser Leu Gly Ala Gly Ile Val Glu His

485 490 495

Leu Ser Arg His Glu Leu Lys Asn Arg Asp Val Glu Met Gly Asn Ser

500 505 510

Val Ile Glu Glu Asn Glu Met Lys Lys Pro Tyr Gln Leu Ile Ala Gln

515 520 525

Asp Asn Glu Thr Glu Lys Pro Ile Asp Ser Glu Thr Lys Met

530 535 540

GATAGTGCTG AAGAGGAGGG GCGTTCCCAG ACC ATG GCA TCT ACG GAA GGT GCC 54

Met Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Ala

1 5

AAC AAT ATG CCC AAG CAG GTG GAA GTG CGA ATG CCA GAC AGT CAT CTT 102

Asn Asn Met Pro Lys Gln Val Glu Val Arg Met Pro Asp Ser His Leu

10 15 20

GGC TCA GAG GAA CCC AAG CAC CGG CAC CTG GGC CTG CGC CTG TGT GAC 150

Gly Ser Glu Glu Pro Lys His Arg His Leu Gly Leu Arg Leu Cys Asp

25 30 35

AAG CTG GGG AAG AAT CTG CTG CTC ACC CTG ACG GTG TTT GGT GTC ATC 198

Lys Leu Gly Lys Asn Leu Leu Leu Thr Leu Thr Val Phe Gly Val Ile

40 45 50 55

CTG GGA GCA GTG TGT GGA GGG CTT CTT CGC TTG GCA TCT CCC ATC CAC 246

Leu Gly Ala Val Cys Gly Gly Leu Leu Arg Leu Ala Ser Pro Ile His

60 65 70

CCT GAT GTG GTT ATG TTA ATA GCC TTC CCA GGG GAT ATA CTC ATG AGG 294

Pro Asp Val Val Met Leu Ile Ala Phe Pro Gly Asp Ile Leu Met Arg

75 80 85

ATG CTA AAA ATG CTC ATT CTG GGT CTA ATC ATC TCC AGC TTA ATC ACA 342

Met Leu Lys Met Leu Ile Leu Gly Leu Ile Ile Ser Ser Leu Ile Thr

90 95 100

›EXAMPLE 4 · 4 of 6

GGG TTG TCA GGC CTG GAT GCT AAG GCT AGT GGC CGC TTG GGC ACG AGA 390

Gly Leu Ser Gly Leu Asp Ala Lys Ala Ser Gly Arg Leu Gly Thr Arg

105 110 115

GCC ATG GTG TAT TAC ATG TCC ACG ACC ATC ATT GCT GCA GTA CTG GGG 438

Ala Met Val Tyr Tyr Met Ser Thr Thr Ile Ile Ala Ala Val Leu Gly

120 125 130 135

GTC ATT CTG GTC TTG GCT ATC CAT CCA GGC AAT CCC AAG CTC AAG AAG 486

Val Ile Leu Val Leu Ala Ile His Pro Gly Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Lys

140 145 150

CAG CTG GGG CCT GGG AAG AAG AAT GAT GAA GTG TCC AGC CTG GAT GCC 534

Gln Leu Gly Pro Gly Lys Lys Asn Asp Glu Val Ser Ser Leu Asp Ala

155 160 165

TTC CTG GAC CTT ATT CGA AAT CTC TTC CCT GAA AAC CTT GTC CAA GCC 582

Phe Leu Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Leu Phe Pro Glu Asn Leu Val Gln Ala

170 175 180

TGC TTT CAA CAG ATT CAA ACA GTG ACG AAG AAA GTC CTG GTT GCA CCA 630

Cys Phe Gln Gln Ile Gln Thr Val Thr Lys Lys Val Leu Val Ala Pro

185 190 195

CCG CCA GAC GAG GAG GCC AAC GCA ACC AGC GCT GAA GTC TCT CTG TTG 678

Pro Pro Asp Glu Glu Ala Asn Ala Thr Ser Ala Glu Val Ser Leu Leu

200 205 210 215

AAC GAG ACT GTG ACT GAG GTG CCG GAG GAG ACT AAG ATG GTT ATC AAG 726

Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Glu Val Pro Glu Glu Thr Lys Met Val Ile Lys

220 225 230

AAG GGC CTG GAG TTC AAG GAT GGG ATG AAC GTC TTA GGT CTG ATA GGG 774

Lys Gly Leu Glu Phe Lys Asp Gly Met Asn Val Leu Gly Leu Ile Gly

235 240 245

TTT TTC ATT GCT TTT GGC ATC GCT ATG GGG AAG ATG GGA GAT CAG GCC 822

Phe Phe Ile Ala Phe Gly Ile Ala Met Gly Lys Met Gly Asp Gln Ala

250 255 260

AAG CTG ATG GTG GAT TTC TTC AAC ATT TTG AAT GAG ATT GTA ATG AAG 870

Lys Leu Met Val Asp Phe Phe Asn Ile Leu Asn Glu Ile Val Met Lys

265 270 275

TTA GTG ATC ATG ATC ATG TGG TAC TCT CCC CTG GGT ATC GCC TGC CTG 918

Leu Val Ile Met Ile Met Trp Tyr Ser Pro Leu Gly Ile Ala Cys Leu

280 285 290 295

ATC TGT GGA AAG ATC ATT GCA ATC AAG GAC TTA GAA GTG GTT GCT AGG 966

Ile Cys Gly Lys Ile Ile Ala Ile Lys Asp Leu Glu Val Val Ala Arg

300 305 310

CAA CTG GGG ATG TAC ATG GTA ACA GTG ATC ATA GGC CTC ATC ATC CAC 1014

Gln Leu Gly Met Tyr Met Val Thr Val Ile Ile Gly Leu Ile Ile His

315 320 325

GGG GGC ATC TTT CTC CCC TTG ATT TAC TTT GTA GTG ACC AGG AAA AAC 1062

Gly Gly Ile Phe Leu Pro Leu Ile Tyr Phe Val Val Thr Arg Lys Asn

330 335 340

CCC TTC TCC CTT TTT GCT GGC ATT TTC CAA GCT TGG ATC ACT GCC CTG 1110

Pro Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Ile Phe Gln Ala Trp Ile Thr Ala Leu

345 350 355

GGC ACC GCT TCC AGT GCT GGA ACT TTG CCT GTC ACC TTT CGT TGC CTG 1158

Gly Thr Ala Ser Ser Ala Gly Thr Leu Pro Val Thr Phe Arg Cys Leu

360 365 370 375

GAA GAA AAT CTG GGG ATT GAT AAG CGT GTG ACT AGA TTC GTC CTT CCT 1206

Glu Glu Asn Leu Gly Ile Asp Lys Arg Val Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro

380 385 390

GTT GGA GCA ACC ATT AAC ATG GAT GGT ACA GCC CTT TAT GAA GCG GTG 1254

Val Gly Ala Thr Ile Asn Met Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Val

395 400 405

GCC GCC ATC TTT ATA GCC CAA ATG AAT GGT GTT GTC CTG GAT GGA GGA 1302

Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Met Asn Gly Val Val Leu Asp Gly Gly

410 415 420

CAG ATT GTG ACT GTA AGC CTC ACA GCC ACC CTG GCA AGC GTC GGC GCG 1350

Gln Ile Val Thr Val Ser Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Ala Ser Val Gly Ala

425 430 435

GCC AGT ATC CCC AGT GCC GGG CTG GTC ACC ATG CTC CTC ATT CTG ACA 1398

Ala Ser Ile Pro Ser Ala Gly Leu Val Thr Met Leu Leu Ile Leu Thr

440 445 450 455

GCC GTG GGC CTG CCA ACA GAG GAC ATC AGC TTG CTG GTG GCT GTG GAC 1446

Ala Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Glu Asp Ile Ser Leu Leu Val Ala Val Asp

460 465 470

TGG CTG CTG GAC AGG ATG AGA ACT TCA GTC AAT GTT GTG GGT GAC TCT 1494

Trp Leu Leu Asp Arg Met Arg Thr Ser Val Asn Val Val Gly Asp Ser

475 480 485

TTT GGG GCT GGG ATA GTC TAT CAC CTC TCC AAG TCT GAG CTG GAT ACC 1542

Phe Gly Ala Gly Ile Val Tyr His Leu Ser Lys Ser Glu Leu Asp Thr

490 495 500

ATT GAC TCC CAG CAT CGA GTG CAT GAA GAT ATT GAA ATG ACC AAG ACT 1590

Ile Asp Ser Gln His Arg Val His Glu Asp Ile Glu Met Thr Lys Thr

505 510 515

CAA TCC ATT TAT GAT GAC ATG AAG AAC CAC AGG GAA AGC AAC TCT AAT 1638

Gln Ser Ile Tyr Asp Asp Met Lys Asn His Arg Glu Ser Asn Ser Asn

520 525 530 535

CAA TGT GTC TAT GCT GCA CAC AAC TCT GTC ATA GTA GAT GAA TGC AAG 1686

Gln Cys Val Tyr Ala Ala His Asn Ser Val Ile Val Asp Glu Cys Lys

540 545 550

GTA ACT CTG GCA GCC AAT GGA AAG TCA GCC GAC TGC AGT GTT GAG GAA 1734

Val Thr Leu Ala Ala Asn Gly Lys Ser Ala Asp Cys Ser Val Glu Glu

555 560 565

GAA CCT TGG AAA CGT GAG AAA TAAGGATATG AGTCTCAGCA AATTCTTGAA 1785

Glu Pro Trp Lys Arg Glu Lys

570

TAAACTCCCC AGCGT 1800

574 amino acids

amino acid

linear

protein

6

Met Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Ala Asn Asn Met Pro Lys Gln Val Glu Val

1 5 10 15

Arg Met Pro Asp Ser His Leu Gly Ser Glu Glu Pro Lys His Arg His

20 25 30

Leu Gly Leu Arg Leu Cys Asp Lys Leu Gly Lys Asn Leu Leu Leu Thr

35 40 45

Leu Thr Val Phe Gly Val Ile Leu Gly Ala Val Cys Gly Gly Leu Leu

50 55 60

Arg Leu Ala Ser Pro Ile His Pro Asp Val Val Met Leu Ile Ala Phe

65 70 75 80

Pro Gly Asp Ile Leu Met Arg Met Leu Lys Met Leu Ile Leu Gly Leu

85 90 95

Ile Ile Ser Ser Leu Ile Thr Gly Leu Ser Gly Leu Asp Ala Lys Ala

100 105 110

Ser Gly Arg Leu Gly Thr Arg Ala Met Val Tyr Tyr Met Ser Thr Thr

115 120 125

Ile Ile Ala Ala Val Leu Gly Val Ile Leu Val Leu Ala Ile His Pro

130 135 140

Gly Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Lys Gln Leu Gly Pro Gly Lys Lys Asn Asp

145 150 155 160

Glu Val Ser Ser Leu Asp Ala Phe Leu Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Leu Phe

165 170 175

Pro Glu Asn Leu Val Gln Ala Cys Phe Gln Gln Ile Gln Thr Val Thr

180 185 190

Lys Lys Val Leu Val Ala Pro Pro Pro Asp Glu Glu Ala Asn Ala Thr

195 200 205

Ser Ala Glu Val Ser Leu Leu Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Glu Val Pro Glu

210 215 220

Glu Thr Lys Met Val Ile Lys Lys Gly Leu Glu Phe Lys Asp Gly Met

225 230 235 240

Asn Val Leu Gly Leu Ile Gly Phe Phe Ile Ala Phe Gly Ile Ala Met

245 250 255

Gly Lys Met Gly Asp Gln Ala Lys Leu Met Val Asp Phe Phe Asn Ile

260 265 270

Leu Asn Glu Ile Val Met Lys Leu Val Ile Met Ile Met Trp Tyr Ser

275 280 285

Pro Leu Gly Ile Ala Cys Leu Ile Cys Gly Lys Ile Ile Ala Ile Lys

290 295 300

Asp Leu Glu Val Val Ala Arg Gln Leu Gly Met Tyr Met Val Thr Val

305 310 315 320

Ile Ile Gly Leu Ile Ile His Gly Gly Ile Phe Leu Pro Leu Ile Tyr

325 330 335

Phe Val Val Thr Arg Lys Asn Pro Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Ile Phe

340 345 350

Gln Ala Trp Ile Thr Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Ser Ser Ala Gly Thr Leu

355 360 365

Pro Val Thr Phe Arg Cys Leu Glu Glu Asn Leu Gly Ile Asp Lys Arg

›EXAMPLE 4 · 5 of 6

370 375 380

Val Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro Val Gly Ala Thr Ile Asn Met Asp Gly

385 390 395 400

Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Val Ala Ala Ile Phe Ile Ala Gln Met Asn

405 410 415

Gly Val Val Leu Asp Gly Gly Gln Ile Val Thr Val Ser Leu Thr Ala

420 425 430

Thr Leu Ala Ser Val Gly Ala Ala Ser Ile Pro Ser Ala Gly Leu Val

435 440 445

Thr Met Leu Leu Ile Leu Thr Ala Val Gly Leu Pro Thr Glu Asp Ile

450 455 460

Ser Leu Leu Val Ala Val Asp Trp Leu Leu Asp Arg Met Arg Thr Ser

465 470 475 480

Val Asn Val Val Gly Asp Ser Phe Gly Ala Gly Ile Val Tyr His Leu

485 490 495

Ser Lys Ser Glu Leu Asp Thr Ile Asp Ser Gln His Arg Val His Glu

500 505 510

Asp Ile Glu Met Thr Lys Thr Gln Ser Ile Tyr Asp Asp Met Lys Asn

515 520 525

His Arg Glu Ser Asn Ser Asn Gln Cys Val Tyr Ala Ala His Asn Ser

530 535 540

Val Ile Val Asp Glu Cys Lys Val Thr Leu Ala Ala Asn Gly Lys Ser

545 550 555 560

Ala Asp Cys Ser Val Glu Glu Glu Pro Trp Lys Arg Glu Lys

ATAGCGGCGA CAGCC ATG GGG AAA CCG GCG AGG AAA GGA TGC CCG AGT TGG 51

Met Gly Lys Pro Ala Arg Lys Gly Cys Pro Ser Trp

1 5 10

AAG CGC TTC CTG AAG AAT AAC TGG GTG TTG CTG TCC ACC GTG GCC GCG 99

Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys Asn Asn Trp Val Leu Leu Ser Thr Val Ala Ala

15 20 25

GTG GTG CTA GGC ATT ACC ACA GGA GTC TTG GTT CGA GAA CAC AGC AAC 147

Val Val Leu Gly Ile Thr Thr Gly Val Leu Val Arg Glu His Ser Asn

30 35 40

CTC TCA ACT CTA GAG AAA TTC TAC TTT GCT TTT CCT GGA GAA ATT CTA 195

Leu Ser Thr Leu Glu Lys Phe Tyr Phe Ala Phe Pro Gly Glu Ile Leu

45 50 55 60

ATG CGG ATG CTG AAA CTC ATC ATT TTG CCA TTA ATT ATA TCC AGC ATG 243

Met Arg Met Leu Lys Leu Ile Ile Leu Pro Leu Ile Ile Ser Ser Met

65 70 75

ATT ACA GGT GTT GCT GCA CTG GAT TCC AAC GTA TCC GGA AAA ATT GGT 291

Ile Thr Gly Val Ala Ala Leu Asp Ser Asn Val Ser Gly Lys Ile Gly

80 85 90

CTG CGC GCT GTC GTG TAT TAT TTC TGT ACC ACT CTC ATT GCT GTT ATT 339

Leu Arg Ala Val Val Tyr Tyr Phe Cys Thr Thr Leu Ile Ala Val Ile

95 100 105

CTA GGT ATT GTG CTG GTG GTG AGC ATC AAG CCT GGT GTC ACC CAG AAA 387

Leu Gly Ile Val Leu Val Val Ser Ile Lys Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Lys

110 115 120

GTG GGT GAA ATT GCG AGG ACA GGC AGC ACC CCT GAA GTC AGT ACG GTG 435

Val Gly Glu Ile Ala Arg Thr Gly Ser Thr Pro Glu Val Ser Thr Val

125 130 135 140

GAT GCC ATG TTA GAT CTC ATC AGG AAT ATG TTC CCT GAG AAT CTT GTC 483

Asp Ala Met Leu Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Met Phe Pro Glu Asn Leu Val

145 150 155

CAG GCC TGT TTT CAG CAG TAC AAA ACT AAG CGT GAA GAA GTG AAG CCT 531

Gln Ala Cys Phe Gln Gln Tyr Lys Thr Lys Arg Glu Glu Val Lys Pro

160 165 170

CCC AGC GAT CCA GAG ATG AAC ATG ACA GAA GAG TCC TTC ACA GCT GTC 579

Pro Ser Asp Pro Glu Met Asn Met Thr Glu Glu Ser Phe Thr Ala Val

175 180 185

ATG ACA ACT GCA ATT TCC AAG AAC AAA ACA AAG GAA TAC AAA ATT GTT 627

Met Thr Thr Ala Ile Ser Lys Asn Lys Thr Lys Glu Tyr Lys Ile Val

190 195 200

GGC ATG TAT TCA GAT GGC ATA AAC GTC CTG GGC TTG ATT GTC TTT TGC 675

Gly Met Tyr Ser Asp Gly Ile Asn Val Leu Gly Leu Ile Val Phe Cys

205 210 215 220

CTT GTC TTT GGA CTT GTC ATT GGA AAA ATG GGA GAA AAG GGA CAA ATT 723

Leu Val Phe Gly Leu Val Ile Gly Lys Met Gly Glu Lys Gly Gln Ile

225 230 235

CTG GTG GAT TTC TTC AAT GCT TTG AGT GAT GCA ACC ATG AAA ATC GTT 771

Leu Val Asp Phe Phe Asn Ala Leu Ser Asp Ala Thr Met Lys Ile Val

240 245 250

CAG ATC ATC ATG TGT TAT ATG CCA CTA GGT ATT TTG TTC CTG ATT GCT 819

Gln Ile Ile Met Cys Tyr Met Pro Leu Gly Ile Leu Phe Leu Ile Ala

255 260 265

GGG AAG ATC ATA GAA GTT GAA GAC TGG GAA ATA TTC CGC AAG CTG GGC 867

Gly Lys Ile Ile Glu Val Glu Asp Trp Glu Ile Phe Arg Lys Leu Gly

270 275 280

CTT TAC ATG GCC ACA GTC CTG ACT GGG CTT GCA ATC CAC TCC ATT GTA 915

Leu Tyr Met Ala Thr Val Leu Thr Gly Leu Ala Ile His Ser Ile Val

285 290 295 300

ATT CTC CCG CTG ATA TAT TTC ATA GTC GTA CGA AAG AAC CCT TTC CGA 963

Ile Leu Pro Leu Ile Tyr Phe Ile Val Val Arg Lys Asn Pro Phe Arg

305 310 315

TTT GCC ATG GGA ATG GCC CAG GCT CTC CTG ACA GCT CTC ATG ATC TCT 1011

Phe Ala Met Gly Met Ala Gln Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Leu Met Ile Ser

320 325 330

TCC AGT TCA GCA ACA CTG CCT GTC ACC TTC CGC TGT GCT GAA GAA AAT 1059

Ser Ser Ser Ala Thr Leu Pro Val Thr Phe Arg Cys Ala Glu Glu Asn

335 340 345

AAC CAG GTG GAC AAG AGG ATC ACT CGA TTC GTG TTA CCC GTT GGT GCA 1107

Asn Gln Val Asp Lys Arg Ile Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro Val Gly Ala

350 355 360

ACA ATC AAC ATG GAT GGG ACC GCG CTC TAT GAA GCA GTG GCA GCG GTG 1155

Thr Ile Asn Met Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Val Ala Ala Val

365 370 375 380

TTT ATT GCA CAG TTG AAT GAC CTG GAC TTG GGC ATT GGG CAG ATC ATC 1203

Phe Ile Ala Gln Leu Asn Asp Leu Asp Leu Gly Ile Gly Gln Ile Ile

385 390 395

ACC ATC AGT ATC ACG GCC ACA TCT GCC AGC ATC GGA GCT GCT GGC GTG 1251

Thr Ile Ser Ile Thr Ala Thr Ser Ala Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Gly Val

400 405 410

CCC CAG GCT GGC CTG GTG ACC ATG GTG ATT GTG CTG AGT GCC GTG GGC 1299

Pro Gln Ala Gly Leu Val Thr Met Val Ile Val Leu Ser Ala Val Gly

415 420 425

CTG CCC GCC GAG GAT GTC ACC CTG ATC ATT GCT GTC GAC TGG CTC CTG 1347

Leu Pro Ala Glu Asp Val Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Val Asp Trp Leu Leu

430 435 440

GAC CGG TTC AGG ACC ATG GTC AAC GTC CTT GGT GAT GCT TTT GGG ACG 1395

Asp Arg Phe Arg Thr Met Val Asn Val Leu Gly Asp Ala Phe Gly Thr

445 450 455 460

GGC ATT GTG GAA AAG CTC TCC AAG AAG GAG CTG GAG CAG ATG GAT GTT 1443

Gly Ile Val Glu Lys Leu Ser Lys Lys Glu Leu Glu Gln Met Asp Val

465 470 475

TCA TCT GAA GTC AAC ATT GTG AAT CCC TTT GCC TTG GAA TCC ACA ATC 1491

Ser Ser Glu Val Asn Ile Val Asn Pro Phe Ala Leu Glu Ser Thr Ile

480 485 490

CTT GAC AAC GAA GAC TCA GAC ACC AAG AAG TCT TAT GTC AAT GGA GGC 1539

Leu Asp Asn Glu Asp Ser Asp Thr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Val Asn Gly Gly

495 500 505

TTT GCA GTA GAC AAG TCT GAC ACC ATC TCA TTC ACC CAG ACC TCA CAG 1587

Phe Ala Val Asp Lys Ser Asp Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Gln Thr Ser Gln

510 515 520

TTC TAGGGCCCCT GGCTGCAGAT GACTGGAAAC AAGGAAGGAC ATTTCGTGAG 1640

Phe

525

AGTCATCTCA AACACGGCTT AAGGAAAAGA GAAA 1674

525 amino acids

amino acid

linear

protein

8

Met Gly Lys Pro Ala Arg Lys Gly Cys Pro Ser Trp Lys Arg Phe Leu

1 5 10 15

Lys Asn Asn Trp Val Leu Leu Ser Thr Val Ala Ala Val Val Leu Gly

20 25 30

Ile Thr Thr Gly Val Leu Val Arg Glu His Ser Asn Leu Ser Thr Leu

35 40 45

Glu Lys Phe Tyr Phe Ala Phe Pro Gly Glu Ile Leu Met Arg Met Leu

50 55 60

Lys Leu Ile Ile Leu Pro Leu Ile Ile Ser Ser Met Ile Thr Gly Val

›EXAMPLE 4 · 6 of 6

65 70 75 80

Ala Ala Leu Asp Ser Asn Val Ser Gly Lys Ile Gly Leu Arg Ala Val

85 90 95

Val Tyr Tyr Phe Cys Thr Thr Leu Ile Ala Val Ile Leu Gly Ile Val

100 105 110

Leu Val Val Ser Ile Lys Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Lys Val Gly Glu Ile

115 120 125

Ala Arg Thr Gly Ser Thr Pro Glu Val Ser Thr Val Asp Ala Met Leu

130 135 140

Asp Leu Ile Arg Asn Met Phe Pro Glu Asn Leu Val Gln Ala Cys Phe

145 150 155 160

Gln Gln Tyr Lys Thr Lys Arg Glu Glu Val Lys Pro Pro Ser Asp Pro

165 170 175

Glu Met Asn Met Thr Glu Glu Ser Phe Thr Ala Val Met Thr Thr Ala

180 185 190

Ile Ser Lys Asn Lys Thr Lys Glu Tyr Lys Ile Val Gly Met Tyr Ser

195 200 205

Asp Gly Ile Asn Val Leu Gly Leu Ile Val Phe Cys Leu Val Phe Gly

210 215 220

Leu Val Ile Gly Lys Met Gly Glu Lys Gly Gln Ile Leu Val Asp Phe

225 230 235 240

Phe Asn Ala Leu Ser Asp Ala Thr Met Lys Ile Val Gln Ile Ile Met

245 250 255

Cys Tyr Met Pro Leu Gly Ile Leu Phe Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys Ile Ile

260 265 270

Glu Val Glu Asp Trp Glu Ile Phe Arg Lys Leu Gly Leu Tyr Met Ala

275 280 285

Thr Val Leu Thr Gly Leu Ala Ile His Ser Ile Val Ile Leu Pro Leu

290 295 300

Ile Tyr Phe Ile Val Val Arg Lys Asn Pro Phe Arg Phe Ala Met Gly

305 310 315 320

Met Ala Gln Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Leu Met Ile Ser Ser Ser Ser Ala

325 330 335

Thr Leu Pro Val Thr Phe Arg Cys Ala Glu Glu Asn Asn Gln Val Asp

340 345 350

Lys Arg Ile Thr Arg Phe Val Leu Pro Val Gly Ala Thr Ile Asn Met

355 360 365

Asp Gly Thr Ala Leu Tyr Glu Ala Val Ala Ala Val Phe Ile Ala Gln

370 375 380

Leu Asn Asp Leu Asp Leu Gly Ile Gly Gln Ile Ile Thr Ile Ser Ile

385 390 395 400

Thr Ala Thr Ser Ala Ser Ile Gly Ala Ala Gly Val Pro Gln Ala Gly

405 410 415

Leu Val Thr Met Val Ile Val Leu Ser Ala Val Gly Leu Pro Ala Glu

420 425 430

Asp Val Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Val Asp Trp Leu Leu Asp Arg Phe Arg

435 440 445

Thr Met Val Asn Val Leu Gly Asp Ala Phe Gly Thr Gly Ile Val Glu

450 455 460

Lys Leu Ser Lys Lys Glu Leu Glu Gln Met Asp Val Ser Ser Glu Val

465 470 475 480

Asn Ile Val Asn Pro Phe Ala Leu Glu Ser Thr Ile Leu Asp Asn Glu

485 490 495

Asp Ser Asp Thr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Val Asn Gly Gly Phe Ala Val Asp

500 505 510

Lys Ser Asp Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Gln Thr Ser Gln Phe

515 520 525

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

9

CGCGGGTACC AAYCTSGTVS ARGCYTGYTT Y 31

31 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

10

CGCGTCTAGA YTGDGCDATR AARAYBGCDG C 31

63 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

11

CTGRGCRATG AARATGGCAG CCAGGGCYTC ATACAGGGCT GTGCCRTCCA 50

TGTTRATGGT RGC 63

34 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

12

GCGCGTCGAC AAGCTTGCCA TGCAACAGCC TGTT 34

28 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

13

GCGCTCTAGA TCAGCCCACG GTCAGTTG 28

›Tables in the description — 5
TABLE I — Pharmacological Properties of EAAT4 Substrate Flux and Conductance Currents
Amino AcidK m (μM)
V max
[ 3H ]-L-aspartate0.97 ± 0.293.26 ± 0.06
[ 3H ]-L-glutamate2.49 ± 0.875.72 ± 0.52
I max
L-aspartate1.84 ± 0.461.0
L-glutamate3.3 ± 0.40.37 ± 0.07
D-aspartate2.5 ± 0.31.0 ± 0.1
L-α-adipate168 ± 110.75 ± 0.02
L-quisqualate99 ± 110.47 ± 0.06
L-homocysteate403 ± 720.83 ± 0.05
PDC*2.6 ± 0.40.41 ± 0.01
Kainic acid>5000undetectable
NOTE: data is expressed as the mean of at least 5 determinations ± standard error.
*= L-trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acid
13
1734 base pairsnucleic acidsinglelinear
cDNA
CDS9..1703
5′UTR1..8
3′UTR1704..1734
1
1680 base pairsnucleic acidsinglelinear
cDNA
5′UTR1..30
CDS31..1656
3′UTR1657..1680
3
1800 base pairsnucleic acidsinglelinear
cDNA
5′UTR1..33
CDS34..1755
3′UTR1756..1800
5
565 570
1674 base pairsnucleic acidsinglelinear
cDNA
5′UTR1..15
CDS16..1590
3′UTR1591..1674
7
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Classifications

4 codes
IPC · International Patent Classification
Section A — Human necessities
  • A61K38/00
Section C — Chemistry; metallurgy
  • C12P21/04
  • C07K14/47
USPC · US Patent Classification
536/23.2

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861 days filing → grant
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Responses
3
no RCE
Examiner
Ponnathapu Achutamurthy
art unit 1652 · TC 1600
Citations: 61 back · 0 forward

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