PARG, a GTPase activating protein which interacts with PTPL1

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/080,855, filed May 18, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,721, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/805,583, filed Feb. 25, 1997, now abandoned.

This invention relates to nucleic acids and encoded polypeptides which interact with the PTPL1 phosphatase and which are GTPase activating proteins. The invention also relates to agents which bind the nucleic acids or polypeptides. The invention further relates to methods of using such nucleic acids and polypeptides in the treatment and/or diagnosis of disease.

The Rho family of Ras-like GTPases, which includes Rho, Rac and Cdc42, control actin-based cytoskeletal rearrangements (reviewed in Hall, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10:31-54, 1994; Zigmond, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:66-73, 1996). Rho regulates receptor-mediated assembly of focal adhesions and stress fibers (Ridley and Hall, Cell 70:389-399, 1992), while Rac regulates the formation of membrane ruffles (Ridley et al., Cell 70:401-410, 1992) and Cdc42 controls the formation of filopodia (Nobes and Hall, Cell 81:53-62, 1995). Rho proteins have also been shown to be important in the regulation of cell proliferation (reviewed in Symons, Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:178-181, 1996). As members of the Ras superfamily, Rho proteins function as molecular switches, having an active, GTP-bound form, and an inactive, GDP-bound form. The active, GTP-bound form, is negatively regulated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which enhance the intrinsic GTPase activity of Rho proteins. A number of GAPs that are active on proteins of the Rho family have been identified (reviewed in Lamarche and Hall, TIG 10:436-440, 1994). These include p50RhoGAP (Lancaster et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:1137-1142, 1994), Myr5 (Reinhard et al., EMBO J. 14:697-704, 1995), and p190 (Settleman et al., Nature 359:153-154, 1992) which are also active on Rac and Cdc42. Another GAP, p122-RhoGAP (Homma and Emori, EMBO J. 14:286-291, 1995) appears to be specific for Rho.

Intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a diverse group of proteins involved in signal transduction (reviewed in Streuli, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:182-188, 1996). They contain a conserved PTP domain which specifically dephosphorylates tyrosine residues and, in addition, domains that regulate their subcellular localization and activity (reviewed in Mauro and Dixon, Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:151-155, 1994). For example, the SH2 domains of SHP-1 and SHP-2 enables these PTPs to localize to and interact with activated growth factor receptors (Mauro and Dixon, 1994). Correct localization of PTPs is of importance, since the PTP domains usually have broad substrate specificity.

PTPL1 (Saras et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:24082-24089, 1994) also called PTP-BAS (Maekawa et al., FEBS Lett. 337:200-206, 1994), hPTP1E (Banville et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:22320-22327, 1994) and FAP-1 (Sato et al., Science 268:411-415, 1995), is a 250 kDa protein expressed in many tissues and cell lines. PTPL1 is fully described in PCT published application WO95/06735. It contains an N-terminal leucine zipper motif followed by a domain with homology to the Band 4.1 superfamily. Band 4.1-like domains are found in proteins involved in the linkage of actin filaments to the plasma membrane (Arpin et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:136-141, 1994). Five PDZ domains [PDZ is derived from PSD-95 (Cho et al., Neuron 9:929-942, 1992), Dlg-A (Woods and Bryant, Cell 66:451-464, 1991) and ZO-1 (Itoh et al., J. Cell. Biol. 121:491-502, 1993), each of which contains three such domains] are present between the Band 4.1-like domain and the C-terminal PTP domain. These domain structures of about 90 amino acid residues have also been called GLGF repeats or DHRs and are identified in a variety of proteins (Ponting and Phillips, Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:102-103, 1995). A PDZ domain of PTPL1 has been shown to interact with the C-terminal tail of the membrane receptor Fas (Sato et al., 1995) and PDZ domains of PSD-95 bind to the C-terminals of the NMDA-receptor and Shaker-type K + channels (Kim et al., Nature 378:85-88, 1995; Kornau et al., Science 269:1737-1740, 1995). The crystal structures of two PDZ domains have recently been published (Doyle et al., Cell 85:1067-1076, 1996; Morais Cabral et al., Nature 382:649-652, 1996).

There exists a need to influence the receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways to treat disease. There also exists a need to identify the gene(s) responsible for increased or decreased signal transduction and to provide a genetic therapy for treating diseases resulting from aberrant signal transduction.

An object of the invention is to provide compounds that desirably influence the signal transduction by the Rho family of Ras-like GTPases.

Another object of the invention is to provide therapeutics for treating diseases resulting from aberrant signal transduction by the Rho family of Ras-like GTPases.

Still another object of the invention is to provide diagnostics and research tools relating to PARG, PTPL1 and the Rho family of Ras-like GTPases. These and other objects will be described in greater detail below.

The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules, unique fragments of those molecules, expression vectors containing the foregoing, and host cells transfected with those molecules. The invention also provides isolated polypeptides and agents which bind such polypeptides, including antibodies. The foregoing can be used in the diagnosis or treatment of conditions characterized by the expression of a PARG nucleic acid or polypeptide. The invention also provides methods for identifying pharmacological agents useful in the diagnosis or treatment of such conditions. Here, we present the cDNA cloning of a PTPL1-associated RhoGAP, PARG, a 150 kDa protein that contains a GAP domain that displays strong activity towards Rho. Furthermore, the C-terminal tail of PARG specifically interacts with the fourth PDZ domain (PDZ4) of PTPL1.

According to one aspect of the invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is provided. The molecule hybridizes under stringent conditions to a molecule consisting of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. The isolated nucleic acid molecule codes for a GTPase activating polypeptide. The invention further embraces nucleic acid molecules that differ from the foregoing isolated nucleic acid molecules in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. The invention also embraces complements of the foregoing nucleic acids.

In preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a molecule consisting of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. More preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a molecule consisting of nucleotides 184-3966 of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably the isolated nucleic acid comprises a molecule having a sequence which encodes amino acids 666-853 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acids 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2, and/or amino acids 193-509 of SEQ ID NO:2.

According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is provided. The isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a molecule consisting of a unique fragment of nucleotides 184-3966 of SEQ ID NO:1 between 12 and 3781 nucleotides in length and complements thereof, provided that the isolated nucleic acid molecule excludes molecules consisting solely of nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of accession numbers T32345 (SEQ ID NO:3), Z28937 (SEQ ID NO:4), Z28520 (SEQ ID NO:5), AA431926 (SEQ ID NO:14), AA326126 (SEQ ID NO:15), AA342471 (SEQ ID NO:16), AA716829 (SEQ ID NO:17), L49573, Z43348 (SEQ ID NO:18), AA303722 (SEQ ID NO:19), T32495 (SEQ ID NO:20), AA330162 (SEQ ID NO:21), Z25350 (SEQ ID NO:22), AA794256 (SEQ ID NO:23), T32506 (SEQ ID NO:24), T32263 (SEQ ID NO:25), F06673 (SEQ ID NO:26), AA462548 (SEQ ID NO:27), X85558 (SEQ ID NO:28), R14952 (SEQ ID NO:29), AA870705 (SEQ ID NO:30), AA120493 (SEQ ID NO:3 1), AA415591 (SEQ ID NO:32), AA1 31400 (SEQ ID NO:33), C76597 (SEQ ID NO:34), C76601 (SEQ ID NO:35), AA870475 (SEQ ID NO:36), AA234871 (SEQ ID NO:37), C77518 (SEQ ID NO:38), and AA672012 (SEQ ID NO:39). In one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule consists of between 12 and 32 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1, or complements of such, nucleic acid molecules. In preferred embodiments, the unique fragment is at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 or 22 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or complements thereof.

According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes a PDZ domain binding site is provided, comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10, or nucleic acid molecules that differ from the nucleic acid molecules of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10 in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. Preferably the isolated nucleic acid consists of a molecule having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10.

According to another aspect of the invention, the invention involves expression vectors, and host cells transformed or transfected with such expression vectors, comprising the nucleic acid molecules described above.

According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated polypeptide is provided. The isolated polypeptide is encoded by the isolated nucleic acid molecule, and the polypeptide has GTPase activating activity. In preferred embodiments, the isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having the sequence of amino acids 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2.

According to a further aspect of the invention, an isolated polypeptide is provided. The isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid which hybridizes under stringent conditions to nucleotides 2020-2139 of SEQ ID NO:1. In preferred embodiments, the isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having the sequence of amino acids 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2 is provided. The isolated polypeptide has a Cys-rich domain.

According to another aspect of the invention, an isolated polypeptide is provided. The isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid which hybridizes under stringent conditions to nucleotides 760-1710 of SEQ ID NO:1. In preferred embodiments, the isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having the sequence of amino acid 193-509 of SEQ ID NO:2 is provided. The isolated polypeptide is a ZPH domain polypeptide.

In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide consists of a fragment or variant of the foregoing which retains the activity of the foregoing.

According to still another aspect of the invention, an isolated polypeptide is provided. The isolated polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:10. The isolated polypeptide comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, and a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:11.

According to another aspect of the invention, there are provided isolated polypeptides which selectively bind a PARG protein or fragment thereof. The isolated polypeptide in certain embodiments binds to a polypeptide comprising the sequence of amino acids 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acids 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11 or amino acids 193-509 of SEQ ID NO:2. The isolated polypeptide preferably binds to a polypeptide consisting essentially of the sequence of amino acids 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acids 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11 or amino acids 193-509 of SEQ ID NO:2. In preferred embodiments, isolated binding-polypeptides include antibodies and fragments of antibodies (e.g., Fab, F(ab) 2 , Fd and antibody fragments which include a CDR3 region which binds selectively to the PARG polypeptides of the invention).

The invention provides in another aspect an isolated complex of polypeptides. The isolated complex includes a PTPL1 polypeptide, such a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 bound to a polypeptide as claimed in claim 1. The isolated complex has both PTPL1 phosphatase activity and PARG GAP activity. Preferably the isolated complex consists essentially of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:12 and the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.

According to still another aspect of the invention, methods for reducing Rho family GTPase signal transduction in a mammalian cell are provided. The methods involve administering to a mammalian cell an amount of an inhibitor of Rho family GTPase activity effective to reduce Rho family GTPase signal transduction in the mammalian cell. In certain embodiments, the inhibitor is an isolated PARG polypeptide, having Rho GAP activity, encoded by SEQ ID NO:1. In other embodiments, the inhibitor is an isolated complex of polypeptides comprising a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 and a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

According to still another aspect of the invention, methods for reducing proliferation of a cancer cell are provided. The methods involve administering to a cancer cell an amount of a PARG polypeptide, comprising a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid of claim 1, effective to reduce proliferation of the cancer cell.

The invention in a further aspect provides methods for increasing Rho family GTPase signal transduction in a mammalian cell. A dominant negative variant of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 is administered to the mammalian cell in an amount effective to increase Rho family GTPase signal transduction. Preferably the dominant negative polypeptide includes an inactivated GTPase activating domain which contains a deletion or at least one inactivating point mutation.

According to a further aspect of the invention, methods for reducing binding of a protein which includes a PDZ4 domain to a protein which includes a PDZ4 domain binding site are provided. The methods involve contacting the protein which includes PDZ4 domain with an agent which binds to the PDZ4 domain for a time effective to reduce the binding of the protein which includes PDZ4 domain to the protein which includes PDZ4 domain binding site. In certain embodiments the agent is an isolated peptide and includes at its carboxyl terminus the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7. The isolated peptide can include conservative substitutions of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, excepting the terminal valine. In preferred embodiments the amino acid sequence of the peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:11. In other embodiments the agent is an antibody which binds to the PDZ4 domain, preferably a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, methods provide inhibiting binding of a protein which includes a PDZ4domain and a protein which includes a PDZ4domain binding site in a mammalian cell. Such methods involve contacting the mammalian cell with an agent which binds to the PDZ4 domain for a time effective to reduce the binding of the protein which includes PDZ4 domain to the protein which includes PDZ4 domain binding site.

The invention in another aspect provides methods of modulating mast cell secretion in a subject. The methods include administering to the subject in need of such treatment an amount of a modulator of PARG GTPase activating activity effective to modulate mast cell secretion in the subject.

The invention in still another aspect provides compositions comprising a PARG polypeptide which has GTPase activating activity, a complex of such a PARG polypeptide and PTPL1 phosphatase, or a peptide agent which binds to a PDZ4 domain and which includes the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention in a further aspect involves a method for decreasing PARG GTPase activating activity in a subject. An agent that selectively binds to an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention or an expression product thereof is administered to a subject in need of such treatment, in an amount effective to decrease PARG GTPase activating activity in the subject. Preferred agents are antisense nucleic acids, including modified nucleic acids, and polypeptides.

According to another aspect of the invention, methods are provided for identifying lead compounds for a pharmacological agent useful in the diagnosis or treatment of disease associated with PARG GTPase activating activity or with PARG binding to a protein containing a PDZ4 domain. The methods involve forming a mixture of a PARG polypeptide or fragment thereof containing a GTPase activating domain or a PDZ4 domain binding site, a protein which interacts with the foregoing GTPase activating domain or PDZ4 domain binding site, and a candidate pharmacological agent. The mixture is incubated under conditions which, in the absence of the candidate pharmacological agent, permit a first amount of specific activation of the GTPase by the PARG GTPase activating domain or permit a first amount of selective binding of the protein containing a PDZ4 domain by the PDZ4 domain binding site. A test amount of the specific activation of the GTPase by the PARG GTPase activating domain or the selective binding of the protein containing a PDZ4 domain by the PDZ4 domain binding site then is detected. Detection of an increase in the foregoing activities in the presence of the candidate pharmacological agent indicates that the candidate pharmacological agent is a lead compound, for a pharmacological agent which increases specific activation of the GTPase by the PARG GTPase activating domain or selective binding of the protein containing a PDZ4 domain by the PDZ4 domain binding site. Detection of a decrease in the foregoing activities in the presence of the candidate pharmacological agent indicates that the candidate pharmacological agent is a lead compound for a pharmacological agent which decreases specific activation of the GTPase by the PARG GTPase activating domain or selective binding of the protein containing a PDZ4 domain by the PDZ4 domain binding site. Where the activity tested is specific activation of the GTPase, the protein which interacts with the GTPase activating domain preferably is Rho. Where the activity tested is selective binding of a PDZ4 domain, the protein which interacts with the PDZ4 domain binding site preferably is PTPL1.

These and other objects of the invention will be described in further detail in connection with the detailed description of the invention.

FIGS. 1A-1B are a representation of the production GST-PDZ fusion proteins. (A) Schematic illustration of the GST-PDZ fusion proteins showing the domain structure of PTPL1 and the design of PTPL1-derived GST-PDZ fusion proteins (B) Expression of GST-PDZ fusion proteins.

FIG. 2 shows the interaction of GST-PDZ fusion proteins with components in cell lysate.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict the structure of PARG protein. (A) Deduced amino acid sequence of PARG (SEQ ID NO:2). (B) Comparison of amino acid sequences of ZPH regions found in PARG (SEQ ID NO:2) and in the gene product of the C. elegans gene ZK669.1a (SEQ ID NO:13). (C) Schematic diagram illustrating the domain structure of PARG and ZK669.1a.

FIG. 4 shows Northern blot analysis of expression of PARG mRNA in different human tissues.

FIGS. 5A-5D show an analysis of the GAP activity of PARG. (A) Expression of the GAP domain of PARG as a GST fusion protein. Rho (B), Rac (C), and Cdc42 (D) loaded with γ- 32 P-GTP were incubated with 1 nM (open circles), 20 nM (filled circles) of the GAP domain of PARG expressed as a GST fusion protein, or 100 nM GST (squares) as a control, for different time periods at 30° C.

FIG. 6 shows binding of GST-PDZ fusion proteins to a C-terminal PARG peptide.

SEQ ID NO:1 is the nucleotide sequence of the PARG cDNA.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of the translation product of the PARG cDNA, including a RhoGAP domain at amino acids 666-853, a cysteine-rich domain at amino acids 613-652, a ZPH domain at amino acids 193-509 of SEQ ID NO:2, and a carboxyl-terminal PDZ domain binding site.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the nucleotide sequence of the expressed sequence tag identified by GenBank accession number T32345.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the nucleotide sequence of the expressed sequence tag identified by GenBank accession number Z28937.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the nucleotide sequence of the expressed sequence tag identified by GenBank accession number Z28520.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the nucleotide sequence encoding the PARG PDZ domain binding site. which consists of 4 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of the PARG PDZ domain binding site which consists of 4 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the nucleotide sequence encoding the PARG PDZ domain binding site which consists of 5 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the amino acid sequence of the PARG PDZ domain binding site which consists of 5 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the nucleotide sequence encoding the PARG PDZ domain binding site which consists of 6 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the amino acid sequence of the PARG PDZ domain binding site which consists of 6 amino acids.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the amino acid sequence of the PTPL1 phosphatase.

SEQ ID NO:13 is a portion of the amino acid sequence of the ZK669.1a protein (GenBank accession number Z37093).

The present invention in one aspect involves the cloning of a cDNA encoding a PARG GTPase activating protein. The sequence of the human gene is presented as SEQ ID NO:1, and the predicted amino acid sequence of this gene's protein product is presented as SEQ ID NO:2. Analysis of the sequence by comparison to nucleic acid and protein databases determined that PARG has several domains in addition to the GAP domain. These include a cysteine-rich domain located directly N-terminal of the GAP domain, a ZPH domain similar to the ZK669.1 gene product of C. elegans (Wilson et al., Nature 368:32-38, 1994), and a PDZ domain binding site.

The GAP activity of PARG was determined as reported in Example 7 below. The GAP activity of this protein is strongest on Rho GTPase in vitro. GAP activities were also detected on Rac and Cdc42 in vitro. Because these activities on Rac and Cdc42 were observed at higher PARG concentrations than needed for Rho GAP activity, it is likely that Rho is the preferred in vivo target of PARG.

A cysteine-rich domain is located directly N-terminal of the GAP domain of PARG. This domain has been identified in various proteins including most PKC isoforms (which have two copies each of the domain), the protooncogene products Vav and Raf, diacylglycerol kinase and chimaerins (reviewed by Newton, Curr. Biol. 5: 973-976, 1995). The cysteine-rich domain has been shown to bind Zn 2+ (Ahmed et al., Biochem J. 280: 233-241, 1991), and the domains found in PKCs and in chimaerins also bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerol (Ahmed et al., 1991; Ono et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4868-4871, 1989). Generation of diacylglycerol or addition of phorbol ester increase the affinity of PKC molecules for membranes, and the resulting translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the plasma membrane is likely to involve interactions between the cysteine-rich domains and membrane phospholipids (Newton, 1995; Zhang et al., Cell 81: 917-924, 1995). The cysteine-rich domain of PARG may mediate regulatable binding to the membrane and could possibly also be involved in regulation of the GAP activity. Thus, a function of the cysteine-rich domain of PARG may be analogous to a function of n(α1)-chimaerin, a Rac-specific GAP, which contains a copy of a homologous cysteine-rich domain; it has been shown that phospholipids and phorbol esters regulate the GAP activity of n(α1)-chimaerin (Ahmed et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 10709-10712, 1993).

In the N-terminal part of PARG, a region of about 300 amino acid residues with similarity (27% identity) to the gene product of the C. elegans gene ZK669.1a was identified, and denoted ZPH region. The overall domain structure of the ZK669.1 a gene product is similar to PARG and it is possible that PARG is the human homolog of the C. elegans ZK 669.1 a gene product. However, the RhoGAP domain and the cysteine-rich domain of the ZK669.1 a gene product is not significantly more similar to PARG (29% identity within the RhoGAP domains, 24% idenity within the cysteine-rich domains) compared to other human proteins containing these domains (24-31% identity within the RhoGAP domains and 16-27% identity within the cysteine-rich domains).

PDZ domains have been identified in a diverse set of proteins (Ponting and Phillips, Trends Biochem. Sci. 20: 102-103, 1995). These proteins seem to be involved in signal transduction, and many of them, if not all, are found in structures at the plasma membrane. The size of the PDZ domain of about 90 amino acid residues, and its appearance in signal transduction proteins suggested that it, like SH2 and SH3 domains, can mediate direct interactions with other molecules. We have shown that PARG binds specificially to PDZ4 of PTPL1 and that the binding-site for binding to PDZ 4 resides in the four most C-terminal amino acid residues of PARG. PDZ domains can bind strongly to a short peptide of only four amino acid residues, and the carboxy-group and the side chain of the C-terminal valine residue is important for binding. The crystal structure of the third PDZ domain of PSD-95 binding to a peptide (Doyle et al., 1996; Morais Cabral et al., 1996) confirms these results and shows that the last four C-terminal amino acid residues of the peptide bind in a cleft of the domain with the C-terminal valine buried in a shallow pocket. Thus, the PDZ domain functions as a C-terminal peptide binding module. Because PDZ 4 binds to PARG, a complex between PTPL1, PARG, and Rho can be formed. Protein tyrosine kinases have been implicated to act upstream and downstream of Rho (Nobes and Hall, J. Cell Sci. 108:225-233, 1995; Ridley, BioEssays 16:321-327, 1994). Thus, PTPL1 can function as a negative regulator of kinases in the Rho signal pathway, and in complex with PARG, which inactivates Rho itself, it can be a powerful inhibitor of Rho signals.

The invention thus involves in one aspect PARG polypeptides, genes encoding those polypeptides, functional modifications and variants of the foregoing, useful fragments of the foregoing, as well as therapeutics relating thereto.

Homologs and alleles of the PARG nucleic acids of the invention can be identified by conventional techniques. Thus, an aspect of the invention is those nucleic acid sequences which code for PARG polypeptides and which hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule consisting of the coding region of SEQ ID NO:1, under stringent conditions. The term “stringent conditions” as used herein refers to parameters with which the art is familiar. Nucleic acid hybridization parameters may be found in references which compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. More specifically, stringent conditions, as used herein, refers, for example, to hybridization at 65° C. in hybridization buffer (3.5×SSC, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% polyvinyl pyrolidone, 0.02% Bovine Serum Albumin, 2.5 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH7), 0.5% SDS, 2 mM EDTA). SSC is 0.15M sodium chloride/0.15M sodium citrate, pH7; SDS is sodium dodecyl sulphate; and EDTA is ethylenediaminetetracetic acid. After hybridization, the membrane upon which the DNA is transferred is washed at 2×SSC at room temperature and then at 0.1×SSC/0.1×SDS at temperatures up to 65° C.

There are other conditions, reagents, and so forth which can used, which result in a similar degree of stringency. The skilled artisan will be familiar with such conditions, and thus they are not given here. It will be understood, however, that the skilled artisan will be able to manipulate the conditions in a manner to permit the clear identification of homologs and alleles of PARG nucleic acids of the invention. The skilled artisan also is familiar with the methodology for screening cells and libraries for expression of such molecules which then are routinely isolated, followed by isolation of the pertinent nucleic acid molecule and sequencing.

In general homologs and alleles typically will share at least 40% nucleotide identity and/or at least 50% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively, in some instances will share at least 50% nucleotide identity and/or at least 65% amino acid identity and in still other instances will share at least 60% nucleotide identity and/or at least 75% amino acid identity. Watson-Crick complements of the foregoing nucleic acids also are embraced by the invention.

In screening for PARG proteins, a Southern blot may be performed using the foregoing conditions, together with a radioactive probe. After washing the membrane to which the DNA is finally transferred, the membrane can be placed against X-ray film to detect the radioactive signal.

The invention also includes degenerate nucleic acids which include alternative codons to those present in the native materials. For example, serine residues are encoded by the codons TCA, AGT, TCC, TCG, TCT and AGC. Each of the six codons is equivalent for the purposes of encoding a serine residue. Thus, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that any of the serine-encoding nucleotide triplets may be employed to direct the protein synthesis apparatus, in vitro or in vivo, to incorporate a serine residue into an elongating PARG polypeptide. Similarly, nucleotide sequence triplets which encode other amino acid residues include, but are not limited to,: CCA, CCC, CCG and CCT (proline codons); CGA, CGC, CGG, CGT, AGA and AGG (arginine codons); ACA, ACC, ACG and ACT (threonine codons); AAC and AAT (asparagine codons); and ATA, ATC and ATT (isoleucine codons). Other amino acid residues may be encoded similarly by multiple nucleotide sequences. Thus, the invention embraces degenerate nucleic acids that differ from the biologically isolated nucleic acids in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

The invention also provides isolated unique fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 or complements of SEQ ID NO:1. A unique fragment is one that is a ‘signature’ for the larger nucleic acid. It, for example, is long enough to assure that its precise sequence is not found in molecules outside of the PARG nucleic acids defined above. Unique fragments can be used as probes in Southern blot assays to identify such nucleic acids, or can be used in amplification assays such as those employing PCR. As known to those skilled in the art, large probes such as 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 nucleotides or more are preferred for certain uses such as Southern blots, while smaller fragments will be preferred for uses such as PCR. Unique fragments also can be used to produce fusion proteins for generating antibodies or determining binding of the polypeptide fragments, as demonstrated in the Examples, or for generating immunoassay components. Likewise, unique fragments can be employed to produce nonfused fragments of the PARG polypeptides, useful, for example, in the preparation of antibodies, in immunoassays, and as a competitive binding partner of the PTPL1 phosphatase and/or other polypeptides which bind to the PARG polypeptides, for example, in therapeutic applications. Unique fragments further can be used as antisense molecules to inhibit the expression of PARG nucleic acids and polypeptides, particularly for therapeutic purposes as described in greater detail below.

As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the size of the unique fragment will depend upon its conservancy in the genetic code. Thus, some regions of SEQ ID NO:1 and its complement will require longer segments to be unique while others will require only short segments, typically between 12 and 32 nucleotides (e.g. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 bases long). Virtually any segment of the region of SEQ ID NO:1 beginning at nucleotide 184 and ending at nucleotide 3966, or its complement, that is 18 or more nucleotides in length will be unique. Those skilled in the art are well versed in methods for selecting such sequences, typically on the basis of the ability of the unique fragment to selectively distinguish the sequence of interest from non-PARG nucleic acids. A comparison of the sequence of the fragment to those on known data bases typically is all that is necessary, although in vitro confirmatory hybridization and sequencing analysis may be performed. Thus, for example, an examination of the nucleotide sequence databases indicates that at least a portion of the following sequences are identical to the PARG sequence, and thus nucleic acid molecules consisting solely of the following nucleotide sequences are not unique fragments of PARG: AA431926, AA326126, AA342471, AA716829, L49573, Z43348, AA303722, Z28520, T32495, AA330162, Z25350, AA794256, T32506, T32263, F06673, T32345, Z28937, AA462548, X85558, R14952, AA870705AA120493, AA415591, AA131400, C76597, C76601, AA870475, AA234871, C77518, and AA672012.

As mentioned above, the invention embraces antisense oligonucleotides that selectively bind to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PARG polypeptide, to decrease GTPase activation by PARG or phosphatase binding by PARG. This is desirable in virtually any medical condition wherein a reduction in GTPase activating activity of PARG is desirable, including to reduce Rho family protein signal transduction, or wherein a reduction in phosphatase binding by PARG is desirable. Antisense molecules, in this manner, can be used to slow down or arrest the proliferation of cancer cells in vivo.

As used herein, the term “antisense oligonucleotide” or “antisense” describes an oligonucleotide that is an oligoribonucleotide, oligodeoxyribonucleotide, modified oligoribonucleotide, or modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide which hybridizes under physiological conditions to DNA comprising a particular gene or to an mRNA transcript of that gene and, thereby, inhibits the transcription of that gene and/or the translation of that mRNA. The antisense molecules are designed so as to interfere with transcription or translation of a target gene upon hybridization with the target gene or transcript. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exact length of the antisense oligonucleotide and its degree of complementarity with its target will depend upon the specific target selected, including the sequence of the target and the particular bases which comprise that sequence. It is preferred that the antisense oligonucleotide be constructed and arranged so as to bind selectively with the target under physiological conditions, i.e., to hybridize substantially more to the target sequence than to any other sequence in the target cell under physiological conditions. Based upon SEQ ID NO:1, or upon allelic or homologous genomic and/or cDNA sequences, one of skill in the art can easily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisense molecules for use in accordance with the present invention. In order to be sufficiently selective and potent for inhibition, such antisense oligonucleotides should comprise at least 10 and, more preferably, at least 15 consecutive bases which are complementary to the target, although in certain cases modified oligonucleotides as short as 7 bases in length have been used successfully as antisense oligonucleotides (Wagner et al., Nature Biotechnol. 14:840-844, 1996). Most preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides comprise a complementary sequence of 20-30 bases. Although oligonucleotides may be chosen which are antisense to any region of the gene or mRNA transcripts, in preferred embodiments the antisense oligonucleotides correspond to N-terminal or 5′ upstream sites such as translation initiation, transcription initiation or promoter sites. In addition, 3′-untranslated regions may be targeted. Targeting to mRNA splicing sites has also been used in the art but may be less preferred if alternative mRNA splicing occurs. In addition, the antisense is targeted, preferably, to sites in which mRNA secondary structure is not expected (see, e.g., Sainio et al., Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 14(5):439-457, 1994) and at which proteins are not expected to bind. Finally, although, SEQ ID NO:1 discloses a cDNA sequence, one of ordinary skill in the art may easily derive the genomic DNA corresponding to the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:1. Thus, the present invention also provides for antisense oligonucleotides which are complementary to the genomic DNA corresponding to SEQ ID NO:1. Similarly, antisense to allelic or homologous cDNAs and genomic DNAs are enabled without undue experimentation.

In one set of embodiments, the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention may be composed of “natural” deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or any combination thereof. That is, the 5′ end of one native nucleotide and the 3′ end of another native nucleotide may be covalently linked, as in natural systems, via a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage. These oligonucleotides may be prepared by art recognized methods which may be carried out manually or by an automated synthesizer. They also may be produced recombinantly by vectors.

In preferred embodiments, however, the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention also may include “modified” oligonucleotides. That is, the oligonucleotides may be modified in a number of ways which do not prevent them from hybridizing to their target but which enhance their stability or targeting or which otherwise enhance their therapeutic effectiveness.

The term “modified oligonucleotide” as used herein describes an oligonucleotide in which (1) at least two of its nucleotides are covalently linked via a synthetic internucleoside linkage (i.e., a linkage other than a phosphodiester linkage between the 5′ end of one nucleotide and the 3′ end of another nucleotide) and/or (2) a chemical group not normally associated with nucleic acids has been covalently attached to the oligonucleotide. Preferred synthetic internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphorodithioates, phosphate esters, alkylphosphonothioates, phosphoramidates, carbamates, carbonates, phosphate triesters, acetamidates, carboxymethyl esters and peptides.

The term “modified oligonucleotide” also encompasses oligonucleotides with a covalently modified base and/or sugar. For example, modified oligonucleotides include oligonucleotides having backbone sugars which are covalently attached to low molecular weight organic groups other than a hydroxyl group at the 3′ position and other than a phosphate group at the 5′ position. Thus modified oligonucleotides may include a 2′-O-alkylated ribose group. In addition, modified oligonucleotides may include sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose. The present invention, thus, contemplates pharmaceutical preparations containing modified antisense molecules that are complementary to and hybridizable with, under physiological conditions, nucleic acids encoding PARG polypeptides, together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

Antisense oligonucleotides may be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition. Such a pharmaceutical composition may include the antisense oligonucleotides in combination with any standard physiologically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which are known in the art. The compositions should be sterile and contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antisense oligonucleotides in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients. The term “physiologically acceptable” refers to a non-toxic material that is compatible with a biological system such as a cell, cell culture, tissue, or organism. The characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration. Physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art.

As used herein, a “vector” may be any of a number of nucleic acids into which a desired sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation for transport between different genetic environments or for expression in a host cell. Vectors are typically composed of DNA although RNA vectors are also available. Vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, phagemids and virus genomes. A cloning vector is one which is able to replicate in a host cell, and which is further characterized by one or more endonuclease restriction sites at which the vector may be cut in a determinable fashion and into which a desired DNA sequence may be ligated such that the new recombinant vector retains its ability to replicate in the host cell. In the case of plasmids, replication of the desired sequence may occur many times as the plasmid increases in copy number within the host bacterium or just a single time per host before the host reproduces by mitosis. In the case of phage, replication may occur actively during a lytic phase or passively during a lysogenic phase. An expression vector is one into which a desired DNA sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation such that it is operably joined to regulatory sequences and may be expressed as an RNA transcript. Vectors may further contain one or more marker sequences suitable for use in the identification of cells which have or have not been transformed or transfected with the vector. Markers include, for example, genes encoding proteins which increase or decrease either resistance or sensitivity to antibiotics or other compounds, genes which encode enzymes whose activities are detectable by standard assays known in the art (e.g., β-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase), and genes which visibly affect the phenotype of transformed or transfected cells, hosts, colonies or plaques (e.g., green fluorescent protein). Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and expression of the structural gene products present in the DNA segments to which they are operably joined.

As used herein, a coding sequence and regulatory sequences are said to be “operably” joined when they are covalently linked in such a way as to place the expression or transcription of the coding sequence under the influence or control of the regulatory sequences. If it is desired that the coding sequences be translated into a functional protein, two DNA sequences are said to be operably joined if induction of a promoter in the 5′ regulatory sequences results in the transcription of the coding sequence and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA sequences does not (1) result in the introduction of a frame-shift mutation, (2) interfere with the ability of the promoter region to direct the transcription of the coding sequences, or (3) interfere with the ability of the corresponding RNA transcript to be translated into a protein. Thus, a promoter region would be operably joined to a coding sequence if the promoter region were capable of effecting transcription of that DNA sequence such that the resulting transcript might be translated into the desired protein or polypeptide.

The precise nature of the regulatory sequences needed for gene expression may vary between species or cell types, but shall in general include, as necessary, 5′ non-transcribed and 5′ non-translated sequences involved with the initiation of transcription and translation respectively, such as a TATA box, capping sequence, CAAT sequence, and the like. Especially, such 5′ non-transcribed regulatory sequences will include a promoter region which includes a promoter sequence for transcriptional control of the operably joined gene. Regulatory sequences may also include enhancer sequences or upstream activator sequences as desired. The vectors of the invention may optionally include 5′ leader or signal sequences. The choice and design of an appropriate vector is within the ability and discretion of one of ordinary skill in the art.

Expression vectors containing all the necessary elements for expression are commercially available and known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. Cells are genetically engineered by the introduction into the cells of heterologous DNA (RNA) encoding PARG polypeptide or fragment or variant thereof. That heterologous DNA (RNA) is placed under operable control of transcriptional elements to permit the expression of the heterologous DNA in the host cell.

Preferred systems for mRNA expression in mammalian cells are those such as pRc/CMV (available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) that contain a selectable marker such as a gene that confers G418 resistance (which facilitates the selection of stably transfected cell lines) and the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer-promoter sequences. Additionally, suitable for expression in primate or canine cell lines is the pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen), which contains an Epstein Barr virus (EBV) origin of replication, facilitating the maintenance of plasmid as a multicopy extrachromosomal element. Another expression vector is the pEF-BOS plasmid containing the promoter of polypeptide Elongation Factor 1α, which stimulates efficiently transcription in vitro. The plasmid is described by Mishizuma and Nagata ( Nuc. Acids Res. 18:5322, 1990), and its use in transfection experiments is disclosed by, for example, Demoulin ( Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4710-4716, 1996). Still another preferred expression vector is an adenovirus, described by Stratford-Perricaudet, which is defective for E1 and E3 proteins ( J. Clin. Invest. 90:626-630, 1992). The use of the adenovirus as an Adeno.P1A recombinant is disclosed by Warnier et al., in intradermal injection in mice for immunization against P1A ( Int. J. Cancer, 67:303-310, 1996).

The invention also embraces so-called expression kits, which allow the artisan to prepare a desired expression vector or vectors. Such expression kits include at least separate portions of each of the previously discussed coding sequences. Other components may be added, as desired, as long as the previously mentioned sequences, which are required, are included.

The invention also permits the construction of PARG gene “knock-outs” in cells and in animals, providing materials for studying certain aspects of GTPase activating activity and signal transduction.

The invention also provides isolated polypeptides, which include the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 and unique fragments of SEQ ID NO:2, particularly amino acids 193-509, 613-652 and 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2, as well as the carboxyl terminal 4, 5 or 6 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. Such polypeptides are useful, for example, alone or as fusion proteins to generate antibodies, as a components of an immunoassay.

A unique fragment of an PARG polypeptide, in general, has the features and characteristics of unique fragments as discussed above in connection with nucleic acids. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the size of the unique fragment will depend upon factors such as whether the fragment constitutes a portion of a conserved protein domain. Thus, some regions of amino acids 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2 and amino acid residues of 193-509 SEQ ID NO:2, will require longer segments to be unique while others will require only short segments, typically between 5 and 12 amino acids (e.g. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 amino acids long). Virtually any segment of amino acids 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2, amino acid residues 613-652 of SEQ ID NO:2 and amino acid residues of 193-509 SEQ ID NO:2, that is 10 or more amino acids in length will be unique.

Unique fragments of a polypeptide preferably are those fragments which retain a distinct functional capability of the polypeptide. Functional capabilities which can be retained in a unique fragment of a polypeptide include interaction with antibodies, interaction with other polypeptides (such as Rho) or fragments thereof, selective binding of nucleic acids or proteins (such as PTPL1), and enzymatic activity. Those skilled in the art are well versed in methods for selecting unique amino acid sequences, typically on the basis of the ability of the unique fragment to selectively distinguish the sequence of interest from non-family members. A comparison of the sequence of the fragment to those on known data bases typically is all that is necessary.

The invention embraces variants of the PARG polypeptides described above. As used herein, a “variant” of a PARG polypeptide is a polypeptide which contains one or more modifications to the primary amino acid sequence of a PARG polypeptide. Modifications which create a PARG variant can be made to a PARG polypeptide 1) to reduce or eliminate an activity of a PARG polypeptide, such as PTPL1 binding or GAP activity for Rho GTPase; 2) to enhance a property of a PARG polypeptide, such as protein stability in an expression system or the stability of protein-protein binding; or 3) to provide a novel activity or property to a PARG polypeptide, such as addition of an antigenic epitope or addition of a detectable moiety. Modifications to a PARG polypeptide are typically made to the nucleic acid which encodes the PARG polypeptide, and can include deletions, point mutations, truncations, amino acid substitutions and additions of amino acids or non-amino acid moieties. Alternatively, modifications can be made directly to the polypeptide, such as by cleavage, addition of a linker molecule, addition of a detectable moiety, such as biotin, addition of a fatty acid, and the like. Modifications also embrace fusion proteins comprising all or part of the PARG amino acid sequence.

In general, variants include PARG polypeptides which are modified specifically to alter a feature of the polypeptide unrelated to its physiological activity. For example, cysteine residues can be substituted or deleted to prevent unwanted disulfide linkages. Similarly, certain amino acids can be changed to enhance expression of a PARG polypeptide by eliminating proteolysis by proteases in an expression system (e.g., dibasic amino acid residues in yeast expression systems in which KEX2 protease activity is present).

Mutations of a nucleic acid which encode a PARG polypeptide preferably preserve the amino acid reading frame of the coding sequence, and preferably do not create regions in the nucleic acid which are likely to hybridize to form secondary structures, such a hairpins or loops, which can be deleterious to expression of the variant polypeptide.

Mutations can be made by selecting an amino acid substitution, or by random mutagenesis of a selected site in a nucleic acid which encodes the polypeptide. Variant polypeptides are then expressed and tested for one or more activities to determine which mutation provides a variant polypeptide with the desired properties. Further mutations can be made to variants (or to non-variant PARG polypeptides) which are silent as to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, but which provide preferred codons for translation in a particular host. The preferred codons for translation of a nucleic acid in, e.g., E. Coli, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Still other mutations can be made to the noncoding sequences of a PARG gene or cDNA clone to enhance expression of the polypeptide. The activity of variants of PARG polypeptides can be tested by cloning the gene encoding the variant PARG polypeptide into a bacterial or mammalian expression vector, introducing the vector into an appropriate host cell, expressing the variant PARG polypeptide, and testing for a functional capability of the PARG polypeptides as disclosed herein. For example, the variant PARG polypeptide can be tested for Rho GAP activity as disclosed in Example 7, or for PDZ binding as disclosed in other Examples herein. Preparation of other variant polypeptides may favor testing of other activities, as will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The skilled artisan will also realize that conservative amino acid substitutions may be made in PARG polypeptides to provide functionally equivalent variants of the foregoing polypeptides, i.e, the variants retain the functional capabilities of the PARG polypeptides. As used herein, a “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to an amino acid substitution which does not alter the relative charge or size characteristics of the protein in which the amino acid substitution is made. Variants can be prepared according to methods for altering polypeptide sequence known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as are found in references which compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Exemplary functionally equivalent variants of the PARG polypeptides include conservative amino acid substitutions of SEQ ID NO:2, particularly conservative substitutions of amino acids other than 193-509, 613-652 or 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2. However, conservative substitutions of amino acids 193-509, 613-652 or 658-898 of SEQ ID NO:2 can be made as well. Conservative substitutions of amino acids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within the following groups: (a) M, I, L, V; (b) F, Y, W; (c) K, R, H; (d) A, G; (e) S, T; (f) Q, N; and (g) E, D. Changes to the carboxyl terminal valine of the PARG PDZ domain binding site are not preferred for retention of maximal binding activity.

Conservative amino-acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of PARG-polypeptides to produce functionally equivalent variants of PARG polypeptides typically are made by alteration of the nucleic acid encoding PARG polypeptides (SEQ ID NO:1). Such substitutions can be made by a variety of methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, amino acid substitutions may be made by PCR-directed mutation, site-directed mutagenesis according to the method of Kunkel (Kunkel, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82: 488-492, 1985), or by chemical synthesis of a gene encoding a PARG polypeptide. Where amino acid substitutions are made to a small unique fragment of a PARG polypeptide, such as a PDZ-domain binding site peptide, the substitutions can be made by directly synthesizing the peptide. The activity of functionally equivalent fragments of PARG polypeptides can be tested by cloning the gene encoding the altered PARG polypeptide into a bacterial or mammalian expression vector, introducing the vector into an appropriate host cell, expressing the altered PARG polypeptide, and testing for a functional capability of the PARG polypeptides as disclosed herein. Peptides which are chemically synthesized can be tested directly for function, e.g., for binding to a PDZ 4 domain of PTPL1.

The invention as described herein has a number of uses, some of which are described elsewhere herein. First, the invention permits isolation of the PARG protein molecule (SEQ ID NO:2). A variety of methodologies well-known to the skilled practitioner can be utilized to obtain isolated PARG molecules. The polypeptide may be purified from cells which naturally produce the polypeptide by chromatographic means or immunological recognition. Alternatively, an expression vector may be introduced into cells to cause production of the polypeptide. In another method, mRNA transcripts may be microinjected or otherwise introduced into cells to cause production of the encoded polypeptide. Translation of mRNA in cell-free extracts such as the reticulocyte lysate system also may be used to produce polypeptide. Those skilled in the art also can readily follow known methods for isolating PARG polypeptides. These include, but are not limited to, immunochromotography, HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and immune-affinity chromatography.

The isolation of the PARG gene also makes it possible for the artisan to diagnose a disorder characterized by expression of PARG. These methods involve determining expression of the PARG gene, and/or PARG polypeptides derived therefrom. In the former situation, such determinations can be carried out via any standard nucleic acid determination assay, including the polymerase chain reaction as exemplified in the examples below, or assaying with labeled hybridization probes.

The invention also makes it possible isolate proteins having a PDZ4 domain by the binding of such proteins to the PDZ domain binding site disclosed herein. The identification of the PDZ domain binding site also permits one of skill in the art to block the binding of a protein having a PDZ4 domain, such as PTPL1, with a binding partner having a PDZ4 domain binding site, such as PARG. Binding of the proteins can be effected by introducing into a biological system in which the proteins bind (e.g., a cell) a polypeptide including a PDZ domain binding site in an amount sufficient to block the binding. The identification of the PDZ4 domain binding site in PARG also enables one of skill in the art to prepare modified proteins, using standard recombinant DNA techniques, which can bind to proteins containing a PDZ4 domain. For example, when one desires to target a certain protein to the inner membrane surface where proteins containing a PDZ domain, such as PTPL1, are localized, one can prepare a fusion polypeptide of the protein and the PDZ4 domain binding site. Preferably, the PDZ domain binding site is fused to the carboxy terminus of the protein. Additional uses are described further herein.

The invention further provides methods for reducing or increasing Rho family signal transduction in a cell. Such methods are useful in vitro for altering the Rho signal transduction, for example, in testing compounds for potential to block aberrant Rho signal transduction. In vivo, such methods are useful for modulating actin polymerization, cell proliferation and release of secretory granules from mast cells (see, e.g., Price et al., Curr. Biol. 5:68-73, 1995), e.g., to treat allergy. Increasing Rho signal transduction in a cell by, e.g., introducing a dominant negative PARG polypeptide in the cell, can be used to provide a model system for testing the effects of putative inhibitors of Rho signal transduction. Such methods also are useful in the treatment of conditions which result from excessive or deficient Rho signal transduction. Rho signal transduction can be measured by studying actin reorganization or by measuring the ratio of Rho-bound GTP/GDP. Various modulators of PARG GTPase activating activity can be screened for effects on Rho signal transduction using the methods disclosed herein. The skilled artisan can first determine the modulation of a PARG activity, such as GTPase activating activity, and then apply such a modulator to a target cell or subject and assess the effect on the target cell or subject. For example, in screeing for modulators of PARG useful in the treatment of mast cell secretion, mast cells in culture can be contacted with PARG modulators and the increase or decrease of secretory granule release by the mast cells can be determined according to standard procedures. PARG activity modulators can be assessed for their effects on other Rho signal transduction downstream effects by similar methods in other cell types.

The invention also provides, in certain embodiments, “dominant negative” polypeptides derived from SEQ ID NO:2. A dominant negative polypeptide is an inactive variant of a protein, which, by interacting with the cellular machinery, displaces an active protein from its interaction with the cellular machinery or competes with the active protein, thereby reducing the effect of the active protein. For example, a dominant negative receptor which binds a ligand but does not transmit a signal in response to binding of the ligand can reduce the biological effect of expression of the ligand. Likewise, a dominant negative catalytically-inactive kinase which interacts normally with target proteins but does not phosphorylate the target proteins can reduce phosphorylation of the target proteins in response to a cellular signal. Similarly, a dominant negative transcription factor which binds to a promoter site in the control region of a gene but does not increase gene transcription can reduce the effect of a normal transcription factor by occupying promoter binding sites without increasing transcription.

The end result of the expression of a dominant negative polypeptide in a cell is a reduction in function of active proteins. One of ordinary skill in the art can assess the potential for a dominant negative variant of a protein, and using standard mutagenesis techniques to create one or more dominant negative variant polypeptides. For example, given the teachings contained herein of a PARG polypeptide, one of ordinary skill in the art can modify the sequence of the PARG polypeptide by site-specific mutagenesis, scanning mutagenesis, partial gene deletion or truncation, and the like. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,723 and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989. The skilled artisan then can test the population of mutagenized polypeptides for diminution in a selected activity (e.g., PARG GAP activity) and for retention of a desired activity (e.g., PARG binding to PTPL1). Other similar methods for creating and testing dominant negative variants of a protein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Dominant negative PARG proteins include variants in which a portion of the PDZ4 domain binding site has been mutated or deleted to reduce or eliminate PARG interaction with PTPL1. Other examples include partial deletion PARG variants which have the GAP domain deleted. Such variants retain the capability to bind PTPL1 but cannot enhance GTPase activity in Rho. A GAP-negative PARG variant does not, therefore, stimulate downstream signal transduction pathways such as the Rho pathway.

The invention also involves agents such as polypeptides which bind to PARG polypeptides and to complexes of PARG polypeptides and their phosphatase binding partners. Such binding agents can be used, for example, in screening assays to detect the presence or absence of PARG polypeptides and complexes of PARG polypeptides and their phosphatase binding partners and in purification protocols to isolate PARG polypeptides and complexes of PARG polypeptides and their phosphatase binding partners. Such agents also can be used to inhibit the native activity of the PARG polypeptides or their phosphatase binding partners, for example, by binding to such polypeptides, or their binding partners or both.

The invention, therefore, embraces peptide binding agents which, for example, can be antibodies or fragments of antibodies having the ability to selectively bind to PARG polypeptides. Antibodies include polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, prepared according to conventional methodology.

Significantly, as is well-known in the art, only a small portion of an antibody molecule, the paratope, is involved in the binding of the antibody to its epitope (see, in general, Clark, W. R. (1986) The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; Roitt, I. (1991) Essential Immunology, 7th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford). The pFc′ and Fc regions, for example, are effectors of the complement cascade but are not involved in antigen binding. An antibody from which the pFc′ region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the pFc′ region, designated an F(ab′) 2 fragment, retains both of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody. Similarly, an antibody from which the Fc region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc region, designated an Fab fragment, retains one of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody molecule. Proceeding further, Fab fragments consist of a covalently bound antibody light chain and a portion of the antibody heavy chain denoted Fd. The Fd fragments are the major determinant of antibody specificity (a single Fd fragment may be associated with up to ten different light chains without altering antibody specificity) and Fd fragments retain epitope-binding ability in isolation.

Within the antigen-binding portion of an antibody, as is well-known in the art, there are complementarity determining regions (CDRs), which directly interact with the epitope of the antigen, and framework regions (FRs), which maintain the tertiary structure of the paratope (see, in general, Clark, 1986; Roitt, 1991). In both the heavy chain Fd fragment and the light chain of IgG immunoglobulins, there are four framework regions (FR1 through FR4) separated respectively by three complementarity determining regions (CDR1 through CDR3). The CDRs, and in particular the CDR3 regions, and more particularly the heavy chain CDR3, are largely responsible for antibody specificity.

It is now well-established in the art that the non-CDR regions of a mammalian antibody may be replaced with similar regions of conspecific or heterospecific antibodies while retaining the epitopic specificity of the original antibody. This is most clearly manifested in the development and use of “humanized” antibodies in which non-human CDRs are covalently joined to human FR and/or Fc/pFc′ regions to produce a functional antibody. Thus, for example, PCT International Publication Number WO 92/04381 teaches the production and use of humanized murine RSV antibodies in which at least a portion of the murine FR regions have been replaced by FR regions of human origin. Such antibodies, including fragments of intact antibodies with antigen-binding ability, are often referred to as “chimeric” antibodies.

Thus, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, the present invention also provides for F(ab′) 2 , Fab, Fv and Fd fragments; chimeric antibodies in which the Fc and/or FR and/or CDR1 and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; chimeric F(ab′) 2 fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDR1 and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; chimeric Fab fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDR1 and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; and chimeric Fd fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDR1 and/or CDR2 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences. The present invention also includes so-called single chain antibodies.

Thus, the invention involves polypeptides of numerous size and type that bind specifically to PARG polypeptides, and complexes of both PARG polypeptides and their phosphatase binding partners. These polypeptides may be derived also from sources other than antibody technology. For example, such polypeptide binding agents can be provided by degenerate peptide libraries which can be readily prepared in solution, in immobilized form or as phage display libraries. Combinatorial libraries also can be synthesized of peptides containing one or more amino acids. Libraries further can be synthesized of peptoids and non-peptide synthetic moieties.

Phage display can be particularly effective in identifying binding peptides useful according to the invention. Briefly, one prepares a phage library (using e.g. m13, fd, or lambda phage), displaying inserts from 4 to about 80 amino acid residues using conventional procedures. The inserts may represent, for example, a completely degenerate or biased array. One then can select phage-bearing inserts which bind to the PARG polypeptide. This process can be repeated through several cycles of reselection of phage that bind to the PARG polypeptide. Repeated rounds lead to enrichment of phage bearing particular sequences. DNA sequence analysis can be conducted to identify the sequences of the expressed polypeptides. The minimal linear portion of the sequence that binds to the PARG polypeptide can be determined. One can repeat the procedure using a biased library containing inserts containing part or all of the minimal linear portion plus one or more additional degenerate residues upstream or downstream thereof. Yeast two-hybrid screening methods also may be used to identify polypeptides that bind to the PARG polypeptides. Thus, the PARG polypeptides of the invention, or a fragment thereof, can be used to screen peptide libraries, including phage display libraries, to identify and select peptide binding partners of the PARG polypeptides of the invention. Such molecules can be used, as described, for screening assays, for purification protocols, for interfering directly with the functioning of PARG and for other purposes that will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

A PARG polypeptide, or a fragment which contains the C-terminal PDZ4 domain binding site, also can be used to isolate their native binding partners, including, e.g., the PTPL1 phosphatase that complexes with PARG. Isolation of phosphatases may be performed according to well-known methods. For example, isolated PARG polypeptides can be attached to a substrate, and then a solution suspected of containing the phosphatase may be applied to the substrate. If the phosphatase binding partner for PARG polypeptides is present in the solution, then it will bind to the substrate-bound PARG polypeptide. The phosphatase then may be isolated. Other proteins which are binding partners for PARG, such as other proteins which contain PDZ4 domains may be isolated by similar methods without undue experimentation. Similarly, other proteins which bind PARG (e.g. Rho) can be isolated from biological samples and/or extracts by such methods.

Isolation of the PARG protein enables the skilled artisan to use the protein for isolation of molecules which bind to it. For example, isolated PARG can be used to isolate PTPL1 and other proteins which contain PDZ4 domains. The PARG or PDZ binding fragment can be immobilized on chromatographic media, such as polystyrene beads, or a filter, and the immobilized protein can be used to isolate proteins containing a PDZ4 domain from biological samples with no more than routine experimentation according to art-standard procedures for affinity chromatography. Such procedures are described in greater detail below.

It will also be recognized that the invention embraces the use of the PARG cDNA sequences in expression vectors, as well as to transfect host cells and cell lines, be these prokaryotic (e.g., E. coli ), or eukaryotic (e.g., CHO cells, COS cells, yeast expression systems and recombinant baculovirus expression in insect cells). Especially useful are mammalian cells such as mouse, hamster, pig, goat, primate, etc. They may be of a wide variety of tissue types, and include primary cells and cell lines. Specific examples include dendritic cells, U293 cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, bone marrow stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The expression vectors require that the pertinent sequence, i.e., those nucleic acids described supra, be operably linked to a promoter.

When administered, the therapeutic compositions of the present invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable preparations. Such preparations may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, supplementary immune potentiating agents such as adjuvants and cytokines and optionally other therapeutic agents.

The therapeutics of the invention can be administered by any conventional route, including injection or by gradual infusion over time. The administration may, for example, be oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or transdermal. When antibodies are used therapeutically, a preferred route of administration is by pulmonary aerosol. Techniques for preparing aerosol delivery systems containing antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. Generally, such systems should utilize components which will not significantly impair the biological properties of the antibodies, such as the paratope binding capacity (see, for example, Sciarra and Cutie, “Aerosols,” in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, 1990, pp 1694-1712; incorporated by reference). Those of skill in the art can readily determine the various parameters and conditions for producing antibody aerosols without resort to undue experimentation. When using antisense preparations of the invention, slow intravenous administration is preferred.

Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.

The preparations of the invention are administered in effective amounts. An effective amount is that amount of a pharmaceutical preparation that alone, or together with further doses, produces the desired response. In the case of treating cancer, the desired response is inhibiting the progression of the cancer. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although more preferably, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently. This can be monitored by routine methods or can be monitored according to diagnostic methods of the invention discussed herein. Other therapeutic uses of PARG include the modulation of actin reorganization, and modulation of mast cell secretory granule release to treat allergic responses.

The invention also contemplates gene therapy. The procedure for performing ex vivo gene therapy is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346 and in exhibits submitted in the file history of that patent, all of which are publicly available documents. In general, it involves introduction in vitro of a functional copy of a gene into a cell(s) of a subject which contains a defective copy of the gene, and returning the genetically engineered cell(s) to the subject. The functional copy of the gene is under operable control of regulatory elements which permit expression of the gene in the genetically engineered cell(s). Numerous transfection and transduction techniques as well as appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, some of which are described in PCT application WO95/00654. in vivo gene therapy using vectors such as adenovirus, retroviruses, herpes virus, and targeted liposomes also is contemplated according to the invention.

The invention further provides efficient methods of identifying pharmacological agents or lead compounds for agents active at the level of a PARG or PARG fragment modulatable cellular function. In particular, such functions include Rho signal transduction and formation of a PTPL1-PARG protein complex. Generally, the screening methods involve assaying for compounds which interfere with a PARG activity such as PARG-PTPL1 binding, etc. Such methods are adaptable to automated, high throughput screening of compounds. The target therapeutic indications for pharmacological agents detected by the screening methods are limited only in that the target cellular function be subject to modulation by alteration of the formation of a complex comprising a PARG polypeptide or fragment thereof and one or more natural PARG intracellular binding targets, such as PTPL1 or other protein including a PDZ 4 domain. Target indications include cellular processes modulated by Rho signal transduction following receptor-ligand binding and PTPL1-mediated phosphorylation.

A wide variety of assays for pharmacological agents are provided, including, labeled in vitro protein-protein binding assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunoassays, cell-based assays such as two- or three-hybrid screens, expression assays, etc. For example, three-hybrid screens are used to rapidly examine the effect of transfected nucleic acids on the intracellular binding of PARG or PARG fragments to specific intracellular targets. The transfected nucleic acids can encode, for example, combinatorial peptide libraries or antisense molecules. Convenient reagents for such assays, e.g., GAL4 fusion proteins, are known in the art. An exemplary cell-based assay involves transfecting a cell with a nucleic acid encoding a PTPL1-binding PARG polypeptide (e.g., including a PDZ domain binding site) fused to a GAL4 DNA binding domain and a nucleic acid encoding a PTPL1 PDZ 4 domain fused to a transcription activation domain such as VP16. The cell also contains a reporter gene operably linked to a gene expression regulatory region, such as one or more GAL4 binding sites. Activation of reporter gene transcription occurs when the PARG and PTPL1 PDZ 4 fusion polypeptides bind such that the GAL4 DNA binding domain and the VP 16 transcriptional activation domain are brought into proximity to enable transcription of the reporter gene. Agents which modulate a PARG polypeptide mediated cell function are then detected through a change in the expression of reporter gene. Methods for determining changes in the expression of a reporter gene are known in the art.

PARG fragments used in the methods, when not produced by a transfected nucleic acid are added to an assay mixture as an isolated polypeptide. PARG polypeptides preferably are produced recombinantly, although such polypeptides may be isolated from biological extracts. Recombinantly produced PARG polypeptides include chimeric proteins comprising a fusion of a PARG protein with another polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide capable of providing or enhancing protein-protein binding, sequence specific nucleic acid binding (such as GAL4), enhancing stability of the PARG polypeptide under assay conditions, or providing a detectable moiety, such as green fluorescent protein. A polypeptide fused to a PARG polypeptide or fragment may also provide means of readily detecting the fusion protein, e.g., by immunological recognition or by fluorescent labeling.

The assay mixture is comprised of a natural intracellular PARG binding target such as a Rho protein, PTPL1 protein or fragment thereof capable of binding to PARG. While natural PARG binding targets may be used, it is frequently preferred to use portions (e.g., peptides or nucleic acid fragments) or analogs (i.e., agents which mimic the PARG binding properties of the natural binding target for purposes of the assay) of the PARG binding target so long as the portion or analog provides binding affinity and avidity to the PARG fragment measurable in the assay.

The assay mixture also comprises a candidate pharmacological agent. Typically, a plurality of assay mixtures are run in parallel with different agent concentrations to obtain a different response to the various concentrations. Typically, one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i.e., at zero concentration of agent or at a concentration of agent below the limits of assay detection. Candidate agents encompass numerous chemical classes, although typically they are organic compounds. Preferably, the candidate pharmacological agents are small organic compounds, i.e., those having a molecular weight of more than 50 yet less than about 2500, preferably less than about 1000 and, more preferably, less than about 500. Candidate agents comprise functional chemical groups necessary for structural interactions with polypeptides and/or nucleic acids, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups and more preferably at least three of the functional chemical groups. The candidate agents can comprise cyclic carbon or heterocyclic structure and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above-identified functional groups. Candidate agents also can be biomolecules such as peptides, saccharides, fatty acids, sterols, isoprenoids, purines, pyrimidines, derivatives or structural analogs of the above, or combinations thereof and the like. Where the agent is a nucleic acid, the agent typically is a DNA or RNA molecule, although modified nucleic acids as defined herein are also contemplated.

Candidate agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides, synthetic organic combinatorial libraries, phage display libraries of random peptides, and the like. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds can be readily be modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means. Further, known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications such as acylation, alkylation, esterification, amidification, etc. to produce structural analogs of the agents.

A variety of other reagents also can be included in the mixture. These include reagents such as salts, buffers, neutral proteins (e.g., albumin), detergents, etc. which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein and/or protein-nucleic acid binding. Such a reagent may also reduce non-specific or background interactions of the reaction components. Other reagents that improve the efficiency of the assay such as protease, inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, and the like may also be used.

The mixture of the foregoing assay materials is incubated under conditions whereby, but for the presence of the candidate pharmacological agent, the PARG polypeptide specifically binds the cellular binding target, a portion thereof or analog thereof. The order of addition of components, incubation temperature, time of incubation, and other perimeters of the assay may be readily determined. Such experimentation merely involves optimization of the assay parameters, not the fundamental composition of the assay. Incubation temperatures typically are between 4° C. and 40° C. Incubation times preferably are minimized to facilitate rapid, high throughput screening, and typically are between 0.1 and 10 hours.

After incubation, the presence or absence of specific binding between the PARG polypeptide and one or more binding targets is detected by any convenient method available to the user. For cell free binding type assays, a separation step is often used to separate bound from unbound components. The separation step may be accomplished in a variety of ways. Conveniently, at least one of the components is immobilized on a solid substrate, from which the unbound components may be easily separated. The solid substrate can be made of a wide variety of materials and in a wide variety of shapes, e.g., microtiter plate, microbead, dipstick, resin particle, etc. The substrate preferably is chosen to maximum signal to noise ratios, primarily to minimize background binding, as well as for ease of separation and cost.

Separation may be effected for example, by removing a bead or dipstick from a reservoir, emptying or diluting a reservoir such as a microtiter plate well, rinsing a bead, particle, chromotograpic column or filter with a wash solution or solvent. The separation step preferably includes multiple rinses or washes. For example, when the solid substrate is a microtiter plate, the wells may be washed several times with a washing solution, which typically includes those components of the incubation mixture that do not participate in specific bindings such as salts, buffer, detergent, non-specific protein, etc. Where the solid substrate is a magnetic bead, the beads may be washed one or more times with a washing solution and isolated using a magnet.

Detection may be effected in any convenient way for cell-based assays such as two- or three-hybrid screens. The transcript resulting from a reporter gene transcription assay of PARG polypeptide binding to a target molecule typically encodes a directly or indirectly detectable product, e.g., β-galactosidase activity, luciferase activity, and the like. For cell free binding assays, one of the components usually comprises, or is coupled to, a detectable label. A wide variety of labels can be used, such as those that provide direct detection (e.g., radioactivity, luminescence, optical or electron density, etc). or indirect detection (e.g., epitope tag such as the FLAG epitope, enzyme tag such as horseseradish peroxidase, etc.). The label may be bound to a PARG binding partner, or incorporated into the structure of the binding partner.

A variety of methods may be used to detect the label, depending on the nature of the label and other assay components. For example, the label may be detected while bound to the solid substrate or subsequent to separation from the solid substrate. Labels may be directly detected through optical or electron density, radioactive emissions, nonradiative energy transfers, etc. or indirectly detected with antibody conjugates, strepavidin-biotin conjugates, etc. Methods for detecting the labels are well known in the art.

The invention provides PARG-specific binding agents, methods of identifying and making such agents, and their use in diagnosis, therapy and pharmaceutical development. For example, PARG-specific pharmacological agents are useful in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, especially where disease or disease prognosis is associated with improper utilization of a pathway involving PARG, e.g., Rho activation, PTPL1-PARG complex formation, etc. Novel PARG-specific binding agents include PARG-specific antibodies and other natural intracellular binding agents identified with assays such as two hybrid screens, and non-natural intracellular binding agents identified in screens of chemical libraries and the like.

In general, the specificity of PARG binding to a binding agent is shown by binding equilibrium constants. Targets which are capable of selectively binding a PARG polypeptide preferably have binding equilibrium constants of at least about 10 7 M −1 , more preferably at least about 10 8 M −1 , and most preferably at least about 10 9 M −1 . The wide variety of cell based and cell free assays may be used to demonstrate PARG-specific binding. Cell based assays include one, two and three hybrid screens, assays in which PARG-mediated transcription is inhibited or increased, etc. Cell free assays include PARG-protein binding assays, immunoassays, etc. Other assays useful for screening agents which bind PARG polypeptides include fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA).

Various techniques may be employed for introducing nucleic acids of the invention into cells, depending on whether the nucleic acids are introduced in vitro or in vivo in a host. Such techniques include transfection of nucleic acid-CaPO 4 precipitates, transfection of nucleic acids associated with DEAE, transfection with a retrovirus including the nucleic acid of interest, liposome mediated transfection, and the like. For certain uses, it is preferred to target the nucleic acid to particular cells. In such instances, a vehicle used for delivering a nucleic acid of the invention into a cell (e.g., a retrovirus, or other virus; a liposome) can have a targeting molecule attached thereto. For example, a molecule such as an antibody specific for a surface membrane protein on the target cell or a ligand for a receptor on the target cell can be bound to or incorporated within the nucleic acid delivery vehicle. For example, where liposomes are employed to deliver the nucleic acids of the invention, proteins which bind to a surface membrane protein associated with endocytosis may be incorporated into the liposome formulation for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake. Such proteins include capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type, antibodies for proteins which undergo internalization in cycling, proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half life, and the like. Polymeric delivery systems also have been used successfully to deliver nucleic acids into cells, as is known by those skilled in the art. Such systems even permit oral delivery of nucleic acids.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

A sequence listing is presented below and is followed by what is claimed.

1

gctgtggctg cggctgcggc tgcggctgag atttggccgg gcgtccgcag gccgtggggg 60

atgggggcag cgagctccag ccctcggcgg tggcggcggc cgtaggtgtg gggcgggcgt 120

ccgcgtccgg cacgcgagat ggagcgccgt ggatttcagt ttttctgact gttacatgaa 180

agg atg att gct cac aaa cag aaa aag aca aag aaa aaa cgt gct tgg 228

Met Ile Ala His Lys Gln Lys Lys Thr Lys Lys Lys Arg Ala Trp

1 5 10 15

gca tca ggt caa ctc tct act gat att aca act tct gaa atg ggg ctc 276

Ala Ser Gly Gln Leu Ser Thr Asp Ile Thr Thr Ser Glu Met Gly Leu

20 25 30

aag tcc tta agt tcc aac tct att ttt gat ccg gat tac atc aag gag 324

Lys Ser Leu Ser Ser Asn Ser Ile Phe Asp Pro Asp Tyr Ile Lys Glu

35 40 45

ttg gtg aat gat atc agg aag ttc tcc cac atc tta cta tat ttg aaa 372

Leu Val Asn Asp Ile Arg Lys Phe Ser His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Leu Lys

50 55 60

gaa gcc ata ttt tca gac tgt ttt aaa gaa gtt att cat ata cgt cta 420

Glu Ala Ile Phe Ser Asp Cys Phe Lys Glu Val Ile His Ile Arg Leu

65 70 75

gag gaa ctg ctc cgt gtt tta aag tct ata atg aat aaa cat cag aac 468

Glu Glu Leu Leu Arg Val Leu Lys Ser Ile Met Asn Lys His Gln Asn

80 85 90 95

ctc aat tct gtt gat ctt caa aat gct gca gaa atg ctc act gca aaa 516

Leu Asn Ser Val Asp Leu Gln Asn Ala Ala Glu Met Leu Thr Ala Lys

100 105 110

gtg aaa gct gtg aac ttc aca gaa gtt aat gaa gaa aac aaa aac gat 564

Val Lys Ala Val Asn Phe Thr Glu Val Asn Glu Glu Asn Lys Asn Asp

115 120 125

ctc ttc cag gaa gtg ttt tct tct att gaa act ttg gca ttt acc ttt 612

Leu Phe Gln Glu Val Phe Ser Ser Ile Glu Thr Leu Ala Phe Thr Phe

130 135 140

gga aat atc ctt aca aac ttc ctt atg gga gat gta ggc aat gat tca 660

Gly Asn Ile Leu Thr Asn Phe Leu Met Gly Asp Val Gly Asn Asp Ser

145 150 155

ttc ttg cga ctg cct gtt tct cga gaa act aag tcg ttt gaa aat gtt 708

Phe Leu Arg Leu Pro Val Ser Arg Glu Thr Lys Ser Phe Glu Asn Val

160 165 170 175

tct gtg gaa tca gtg gac tca tcc agt gaa aaa gga aat ttt tcc cct 756

Ser Val Glu Ser Val Asp Ser Ser Ser Glu Lys Gly Asn Phe Ser Pro

180 185 190

tta gaa cta gac aac gtg ctg tta aag aac act gac tct atc gag ctg 804

Leu Glu Leu Asp Asn Val Leu Leu Lys Asn Thr Asp Ser Ile Glu Leu

195 200 205

gct ttg tca tat gct aaa act tgg tca aaa tat act aag aac ata gtt 852

Ala Leu Ser Tyr Ala Lys Thr Trp Ser Lys Tyr Thr Lys Asn Ile Val

210 215 220

tca tgg gtt gaa aaa aag ctt aac ttg gaa ttg gag tcc act aga aat 900

Ser Trp Val Glu Lys Lys Leu Asn Leu Glu Leu Glu Ser Thr Arg Asn

225 230 235

atg gtc aag ttg gca gag gca act aga act aac att gga att cag gag 948

Met Val Lys Leu Ala Glu Ala Thr Arg Thr Asn Ile Gly Ile Gln Glu

240 245 250 255

ttc atg cca ctg cag tct ctg ttt act aat gct ctt ctt aat gat ata 996

Phe Met Pro Leu Gln Ser Leu Phe Thr Asn Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Ile

260 265 270

gaa agc agt cac ctt tta caa caa aca att gca gct ctc cag gct aac 1044

Glu Ser Ser His Leu Leu Gln Gln Thr Ile Ala Ala Leu Gln Ala Asn

275 280 285

aaa ttt gtg cag cct cta ctt gga agg aaa aat gaa atg gaa aaa caa 1092

Lys Phe Val Gln Pro Leu Leu Gly Arg Lys Asn Glu Met Glu Lys Gln

290 295 300

agg aaa gaa ata aaa gag ctt tgg aaa cag gag caa aat aaa atg ctt 1140

Arg Lys Glu Ile Lys Glu Leu Trp Lys Gln Glu Gln Asn Lys Met Leu

305 310 315

gaa gca gag aat gct ctc aaa aag gca aaa tta tta tgc atg caa cgt 1188

Glu Ala Glu Asn Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala Lys Leu Leu Cys Met Gln Arg

320 325 330 335

caa gat gaa tat gag aaa gca aag tct tcc atg ttt cgt gca gaa gag 1236

Gln Asp Glu Tyr Glu Lys Ala Lys Ser Ser Met Phe Arg Ala Glu Glu

340 345 350

gag cat ctg tct tca agt ggc gga tta gca aaa aat ctc aac aag caa 1284

Glu His Leu Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Leu Ala Lys Asn Leu Asn Lys Gln

355 360 365

cta gaa aaa aag cga agg ttg gaa gag gag gct ctc caa aaa gta gaa 1332

Leu Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Leu Glu Glu Glu Ala Leu Gln Lys Val Glu

370 375 380

gaa gca gat gaa ctt tac aaa gtt tgt gtg aca aat gtt gaa gaa aga 1380

Glu Ala Asp Glu Leu Tyr Lys Val Cys Val Thr Asn Val Glu Glu Arg

385 390 395

aga aat gat gta gaa aat acc aaa aga gaa att tta gca caa ctc cgg 1428

Arg Asn Asp Val Glu Asn Thr Lys Arg Glu Ile Leu Ala Gln Leu Arg

400 405 410 415

aca ctt gtt ttc cag tgt gat ctt acc ctt aaa gcg gta aca gtt aac 1476

Thr Leu Val Phe Gln Cys Asp Leu Thr Leu Lys Ala Val Thr Val Asn

420 425 430

ctc ttc cac atg cag cat ctg cag gct gct tcc ctt gca gac aga tta 1524

Leu Phe His Met Gln His Leu Gln Ala Ala Ser Leu Ala Asp Arg Leu

435 440 445

cag tct ctc tgt ggt agt gcc aaa ctc tat gac cca ggc caa gag tac 1572

Gln Ser Leu Cys Gly Ser Ala Lys Leu Tyr Asp Pro Gly Gln Glu Tyr

450 455 460

agt gaa ttt gtc aag gcc aca aat tca act gaa gaa gaa aaa gtt gat 1620

Ser Glu Phe Val Lys Ala Thr Asn Ser Thr Glu Glu Glu Lys Val Asp

465 470 475

gga aat gta aat aaa cat tta aat agt tcc caa cct tca gga ttt gga 1668

Gly Asn Val Asn Lys His Leu Asn Ser Ser Gln Pro Ser Gly Phe Gly

480 485 490 495

cct gcc aac tct tta gag gat gtt gta cgc ctt cct gac agt tct aat 1716

Pro Ala Asn Ser Leu Glu Asp Val Val Arg Leu Pro Asp Ser Ser Asn

500 505 510

aaa att gaa gag gac aga tgc tct aac agt gca gat ata aca ggt cct 1764

Lys Ile Glu Glu Asp Arg Cys Ser Asn Ser Ala Asp Ile Thr Gly Pro

515 520 525

tcc ttt ata aga tca tgg aca ttt ggg atg ttt agt gat tct gag agc 1812

Ser Phe Ile Arg Ser Trp Thr Phe Gly Met Phe Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser

530 535 540

act gga ggg agc agc gaa tct aga tct ctg gat tca gaa tct ata agt 1860

Thr Gly Gly Ser Ser Glu Ser Arg Ser Leu Asp Ser Glu Ser Ile Ser

545 550 555

cca gga gac ttt cat cga aaa ctt cca cga aca cca tcc agt gga act 1908

Pro Gly Asp Phe His Arg Lys Leu Pro Arg Thr Pro Ser Ser Gly Thr

560 565 570 575

atg tcc tct gca gat gat cta gat gaa aga gag cca cct tcc cct tca 1956

Met Ser Ser Ala Asp Asp Leu Asp Glu Arg Glu Pro Pro Ser Pro Ser

580 585 590

gaa act gga ccc aat tcc ctt gga aca ttt aag aaa aca ttg atg tca 2004

Glu Thr Gly Pro Asn Ser Leu Gly Thr Phe Lys Lys Thr Leu Met Ser

595 600 605

aag gca gct ctc aca cac aag ttt cgc aaa ttg aga tcc ccc acg aaa 2052

Lys Ala Ala Leu Thr His Lys Phe Arg Lys Leu Arg Ser Pro Thr Lys

610 615 620

tgt agg gat tgt gaa ggc att gta gtg ttc caa ggt gtt gaa tgt gaa 2100

Cys Arg Asp Cys Glu Gly Ile Val Val Phe Gln Gly Val Glu Cys Glu

625 630 635

gag tgt ctc ctt gtt tgt cat cga aag tgt ttg gaa aat tta gtc att 2148

Glu Cys Leu Leu Val Cys His Arg Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Leu Val Ile

640 645 650 655

att tgt ggt cat cag aaa ctt cca gga aaa ata cac tta ttt gga gca 2196

Ile Cys Gly His Gln Lys Leu Pro Gly Lys Ile His Leu Phe Gly Ala

660 665 670

gaa ttc aca cta gtt gca aaa aag gaa cca gat ggt atc cct ttt ata 2244

Glu Phe Thr Leu Val Ala Lys Lys Glu Pro Asp Gly Ile Pro Phe Ile

675 680 685

ctc aaa ata tgt gcc tca gag att gaa aat aga gct ttg tgt cta cag 2292

Leu Lys Ile Cys Ala Ser Glu Ile Glu Asn Arg Ala Leu Cys Leu Gln

690 695 700

gga att tat cgt gtg tgt gga aac aaa ata aaa act gaa aaa ttg tgt 2340

Gly Ile Tyr Arg Val Cys Gly Asn Lys Ile Lys Thr Glu Lys Leu Cys

705 710 715

cta gct ttg gaa aat ggt atg cac ttg gta gat att tca gaa ttt agt 2388

Leu Ala Leu Glu Asn Gly Met His Leu Val Asp Ile Ser Glu Phe Ser

720 725 730 735

tca cat gat atc tgt gac gtc ttg aaa tta tac ctt cgg cag ctc cca 2436

Ser His Asp Ile Cys Asp Val Leu Lys Leu Tyr Leu Arg Gln Leu Pro

740 745 750

gaa cca ttt att tta ttt cga ttg tac aag gaa ttt ata gac ctt gca 2484

Glu Pro Phe Ile Leu Phe Arg Leu Tyr Lys Glu Phe Ile Asp Leu Ala

755 760 765

aaa gag atc caa cat gta aat gaa gaa caa gag aca aaa aag aat agt 2532

Lys Glu Ile Gln His Val Asn Glu Glu Gln Glu Thr Lys Lys Asn Ser

770 775 780

ctt gaa gac aaa aaa tgg cca aat atg tgt ata gaa ata aac cga att 2580

Leu Glu Asp Lys Lys Trp Pro Asn Met Cys Ile Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile

785 790 795

ctt cta aaa agc aaa gac ctt cta aga caa ttg cca gca tca aat ttt 2628

Leu Leu Lys Ser Lys Asp Leu Leu Arg Gln Leu Pro Ala Ser Asn Phe

800 805 810 815

aac agt ctt cat ttc ctt ata gta cat cta aag cgg gta gta gat cat 2676

Asn Ser Leu His Phe Leu Ile Val His Leu Lys Arg Val Val Asp His

820 825 830

gca gaa gaa aac aag atg aac tcc aaa aac ttg ggg gtg ata ttt gga 2724

Ala Glu Glu Asn Lys Met Asn Ser Lys Asn Leu Gly Val Ile Phe Gly

835 840 845

cca agt ctc att agg cca agg cca caa act gct cct atc acc atc tcc 2772

Pro Ser Leu Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Gln Thr Ala Pro Ile Thr Ile Ser

850 855 860

tcc ctt gca gag tat tca aat caa gca cgc ttg gta gag ttt ctc att 2820

Ser Leu Ala Glu Tyr Ser Asn Gln Ala Arg Leu Val Glu Phe Leu Ile

865 870 875

act tac tca cag aag atc ttc gat ggg tcc cta caa cca caa gat gtt 2868

Thr Tyr Ser Gln Lys Ile Phe Asp Gly Ser Leu Gln Pro Gln Asp Val

880 885 890 895

atg tgt agc ata ggt gtt gtt gat caa ggc tgt ttt cca aag cct ctg 2916

Met Cys Ser Ile Gly Val Val Asp Gln Gly Cys Phe Pro Lys Pro Leu

900 905 910

tta tca cca gaa gaa aga gac att gaa cgt tcc atg aag tca cta ttt 2964

Leu Ser Pro Glu Glu Arg Asp Ile Glu Arg Ser Met Lys Ser Leu Phe

915 920 925

ttt tct tca aag gaa gat atc cat act tca gag agt gaa agc aaa att 3012

Phe Ser Ser Lys Glu Asp Ile His Thr Ser Glu Ser Glu Ser Lys Ile

930 935 940

ttt gaa cga gct aca tca ttt gag gaa tca gaa cgc aag caa aat gcg 3060

Phe Glu Arg Ala Thr Ser Phe Glu Glu Ser Glu Arg Lys Gln Asn Ala

945 950 955

tta gga aaa tgt gat gca tgt ctc agt gac aaa gca cag ttg ctt cta 3108

Leu Gly Lys Cys Asp Ala Cys Leu Ser Asp Lys Ala Gln Leu Leu Leu

960 965 970 975

gac caa gag gct gaa tca gca tcc caa aag ata gaa gat ggt aaa gcc 3156

Asp Gln Glu Ala Glu Ser Ala Ser Gln Lys Ile Glu Asp Gly Lys Ala

980 985 990

cct aag cca ctt tct ctg aaa tct gat agg tca aca aac aat gtg gag 3204

Pro Lys Pro Leu Ser Leu Lys Ser Asp Arg Ser Thr Asn Asn Val Glu

995 1000 1005

agg cat act cca agg acc aag att aga cct gta agt ttg cct gta gat 3252

Arg His Thr Pro Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg Pro Val Ser Leu Pro Val Asp

1010 1015 1020

aga cta ctt ctt gca agt cct cct aat gag aga aat ggc aga aat atg 3300

Arg Leu Leu Leu Ala Ser Pro Pro Asn Glu Arg Asn Gly Arg Asn Met

1025 1030 1035

gga aat gta aat tta gac aag ttt tgc aag aat cct gcc ttt gaa gga 3348

Gly Asn Val Asn Leu Asp Lys Phe Cys Lys Asn Pro Ala Phe Glu Gly

1040 1045 1050 1055

gtt aat aga aaa gac gct gct act act gtt tgt tcc aaa ttt aat ggc 3396

Val Asn Arg Lys Asp Ala Ala Thr Thr Val Cys Ser Lys Phe Asn Gly

1060 1065 1070

ttt gac cag caa act cta cag aaa att cag gac aaa cag tat gaa caa 3444

Phe Asp Gln Gln Thr Leu Gln Lys Ile Gln Asp Lys Gln Tyr Glu Gln

1075 1080 1085

aac agc cta act gcc aag act aca atg atc atg ccc agt gca ctc cag 3492

Asn Ser Leu Thr Ala Lys Thr Thr Met Ile Met Pro Ser Ala Leu Gln

1090 1095 1100

gaa aaa gga gtg aca aca agc ctc cag att agt ggg gac cat tct atc 3540

Glu Lys Gly Val Thr Thr Ser Leu Gln Ile Ser Gly Asp His Ser Ile

1105 1110 1115

aat gcc act caa ccc agt aag cca tat gca gag cca gtc agg tca gtg 3588

Asn Ala Thr Gln Pro Ser Lys Pro Tyr Ala Glu Pro Val Arg Ser Val

1120 1125 1130 1135

aga gag gca tct gag aga cgg tct tca gat tcc tac cct ctc gct cct 3636

Arg Glu Ala Ser Glu Arg Arg Ser Ser Asp Ser Tyr Pro Leu Ala Pro

1140 1145 1150

gtc aga gca ccc aga aca ctg cag cct caa cat tgg aca aca ttt tat 3684

Val Arg Ala Pro Arg Thr Leu Gln Pro Gln His Trp Thr Thr Phe Tyr

1155 1160 1165

aaa cca cat gct ccc atc atc agt atc agg ggg aat gag gag aag cca 3732

Lys Pro His Ala Pro Ile Ile Ser Ile Arg Gly Asn Glu Glu Lys Pro

1170 1175 1180

gct tca ccc tca gca gca tgc cct cct ggc aca gat cac gat ccc cac 3780

Ala Ser Pro Ser Ala Ala Cys Pro Pro Gly Thr Asp His Asp Pro His

1185 1190 1195

ggt ctc gtg gtg aag tca atg cca gac cca gac aaa gca tca gct tgt 3828

Gly Leu Val Val Lys Ser Met Pro Asp Pro Asp Lys Ala Ser Ala Cys

1200 1205 1210 1215

cct ggg caa gca act ggt caa cct aaa gaa gac tct gag gag ctt ggc 3876

Pro Gly Gln Ala Thr Gly Gln Pro Lys Glu Asp Ser Glu Glu Leu Gly

1220 1225 1230

ttg cct gat gtg aat cca atg tgt cag aga cca agg cta aaa cga atg 3924

Leu Pro Asp Val Asn Pro Met Cys Gln Arg Pro Arg Leu Lys Arg Met

1235 1240 1245

caa cag ttt gaa gac ctc gaa gat gaa att cca caa ttt gtg 3966

Gln Gln Phe Glu Asp Leu Glu Asp Glu Ile Pro Gln Phe Val

1250 1255 1260

tagggatgtc aaatttcagg gtttttttgt tgttgttgtg ttattttgtg gtattgtgct 4026

tgttttgtga aagaatgttt tgacagggcc ccttttgtat aggactgcca aatcatgggt 4086

tttgcctttt gttgttgtat ttatcctctg ttggtaatac tgaatggtag aatgttttga 4146

tagggtcaca tttgtgcctc actggaatta tctttaaatt ctgtattttt aaagttgtga 4206

ataagatagg tggattcgta ttttttaaag ttcagttgac tttccccacc aaatggtcca 4266

tttgaatgca tccctaatat atgatatagt ctcaactaat aggtgcaatt tgggaaaatc 4326

aggtttattt tttggagtgg aactgttata agtgcttatt tataaaagga atgtttctga 4386

atgcaagtgc ctaaaaagat ctttgttggt atgcatatgt tttgtcacac aatttatagt 4446

gcatctttca ccatttgtgc ttttttaaga tagtatgtaa gctcttattt ttcaattggc 4506

aattcagtta atttttaaat gtttacataa tggccagaag gcttgcaaat ctgtatttaa 4566

ttgcatttta attaattgcc agtttttaca tgtagtagtc agttgtacaa agaaaatgca 4626

cttaaacctg tttctaaatt atatattcag ttatattata tttggcttta gatggtttta 4686

atacatttga tagtttttca ccccttggct ttattttata taaacttttg tttttcagca 4746

gttctgaact ttttagtatt ttataaatgg tccaaaaaat gcctgtttca gaagtttttg 4806

aattcagtgc atttcctctt gatttgtctg ggttaaaacc attccttttg tatgaaatgt 4866

tttgacttag gaatcatttt atgtacttgt tctacctgga ttgtcaacaa ctgaaagtac 4926

atatttcatc caaatcaagc taaaatttat ttaagttgat tctgagagta caggtcagta 4986

agcctcatta tttggaattt gagagaagta taggtgatcg gatctgtttc atttataaaa 5046

ggtccagttt ttaggactag tacattcctg ttattttctg ggttttatca ttttgcctaa 5106

aataggatat aaaagggaca aaaaataagt agactgtttt tatgtgtgaa ttatatttct 5166

actaaatgtt tttgtatgac tgtgttatac ttgataatat atatatatat atataaaaaa 5226

aaaaaaaaaa aa 5238

2

1261

Homo sapiens

2

Met Ile Ala His Lys Gln Lys Lys Thr Lys Lys Lys Arg Ala Trp Ala

1 5 10 15

Ser Gly Gln Leu Ser Thr Asp Ile Thr Thr Ser Glu Met Gly Leu Lys

20 25 30

Ser Leu Ser Ser Asn Ser Ile Phe Asp Pro Asp Tyr Ile Lys Glu Leu

35 40 45

Val Asn Asp Ile Arg Lys Phe Ser His Ile Leu Leu Tyr Leu Lys Glu

50 55 60

Ala Ile Phe Ser Asp Cys Phe Lys Glu Val Ile His Ile Arg Leu Glu

65 70 75 80

Glu Leu Leu Arg Val Leu Lys Ser Ile Met Asn Lys His Gln Asn Leu

85 90 95

Asn Ser Val Asp Leu Gln Asn Ala Ala Glu Met Leu Thr Ala Lys Val

100 105 110

Lys Ala Val Asn Phe Thr Glu Val Asn Glu Glu Asn Lys Asn Asp Leu

115 120 125

Phe Gln Glu Val Phe Ser Ser Ile Glu Thr Leu Ala Phe Thr Phe Gly

130 135 140

Asn Ile Leu Thr Asn Phe Leu Met Gly Asp Val Gly Asn Asp Ser Phe

145 150 155 160

Leu Arg Leu Pro Val Ser Arg Glu Thr Lys Ser Phe Glu Asn Val Ser

165 170 175

Val Glu Ser Val Asp Ser Ser Ser Glu Lys Gly Asn Phe Ser Pro Leu

180 185 190

Glu Leu Asp Asn Val Leu Leu Lys Asn Thr Asp Ser Ile Glu Leu Ala

195 200 205

Leu Ser Tyr Ala Lys Thr Trp Ser Lys Tyr Thr Lys Asn Ile Val Ser

210 215 220

Trp Val Glu Lys Lys Leu Asn Leu Glu Leu Glu Ser Thr Arg Asn Met

225 230 235 240

Val Lys Leu Ala Glu Ala Thr Arg Thr Asn Ile Gly Ile Gln Glu Phe

245 250 255

Met Pro Leu Gln Ser Leu Phe Thr Asn Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Ile Glu

260 265 270

Ser Ser His Leu Leu Gln Gln Thr Ile Ala Ala Leu Gln Ala Asn Lys

275 280 285

Phe Val Gln Pro Leu Leu Gly Arg Lys Asn Glu Met Glu Lys Gln Arg

290 295 300

Lys Glu Ile Lys Glu Leu Trp Lys Gln Glu Gln Asn Lys Met Leu Glu

305 310 315 320

Ala Glu Asn Ala Leu Lys Lys Ala Lys Leu Leu Cys Met Gln Arg Gln

325 330 335

Asp Glu Tyr Glu Lys Ala Lys Ser Ser Met Phe Arg Ala Glu Glu Glu

340 345 350

His Leu Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Leu Ala Lys Asn Leu Asn Lys Gln Leu

355 360 365

Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Leu Glu Glu Glu Ala Leu Gln Lys Val Glu Glu

370 375 380

Ala Asp Glu Leu Tyr Lys Val Cys Val Thr Asn Val Glu Glu Arg Arg

385 390 395 400

Asn Asp Val Glu Asn Thr Lys Arg Glu Ile Leu Ala Gln Leu Arg Thr

405 410 415

Leu Val Phe Gln Cys Asp Leu Thr Leu Lys Ala Val Thr Val Asn Leu

420 425 430

Phe His Met Gln His Leu Gln Ala Ala Ser Leu Ala Asp Arg Leu Gln

435 440 445

Ser Leu Cys Gly Ser Ala Lys Leu Tyr Asp Pro Gly Gln Glu Tyr Ser

450 455 460

Glu Phe Val Lys Ala Thr Asn Ser Thr Glu Glu Glu Lys Val Asp Gly

465 470 475 480

Asn Val Asn Lys His Leu Asn Ser Ser Gln Pro Ser Gly Phe Gly Pro

485 490 495

Ala Asn Ser Leu Glu Asp Val Val Arg Leu Pro Asp Ser Ser Asn Lys

500 505 510

Ile Glu Glu Asp Arg Cys Ser Asn Ser Ala Asp Ile Thr Gly Pro Ser

515 520 525

Phe Ile Arg Ser Trp Thr Phe Gly Met Phe Ser Asp Ser Glu Ser Thr

530 535 540

Gly Gly Ser Ser Glu Ser Arg Ser Leu Asp Ser Glu Ser Ile Ser Pro

545 550 555 560

Gly Asp Phe His Arg Lys Leu Pro Arg Thr Pro Ser Ser Gly Thr Met

565 570 575

Ser Ser Ala Asp Asp Leu Asp Glu Arg Glu Pro Pro Ser Pro Ser Glu

580 585 590

Thr Gly Pro Asn Ser Leu Gly Thr Phe Lys Lys Thr Leu Met Ser Lys

595 600 605

Ala Ala Leu Thr His Lys Phe Arg Lys Leu Arg Ser Pro Thr Lys Cys

610 615 620

Arg Asp Cys Glu Gly Ile Val Val Phe Gln Gly Val Glu Cys Glu Glu

625 630 635 640

Cys Leu Leu Val Cys His Arg Lys Cys Leu Glu Asn Leu Val Ile Ile

645 650 655

Cys Gly His Gln Lys Leu Pro Gly Lys Ile His Leu Phe Gly Ala Glu

660 665 670

Phe Thr Leu Val Ala Lys Lys Glu Pro Asp Gly Ile Pro Phe Ile Leu

675 680 685

Lys Ile Cys Ala Ser Glu Ile Glu Asn Arg Ala Leu Cys Leu Gln Gly

690 695 700

Ile Tyr Arg Val Cys Gly Asn Lys Ile Lys Thr Glu Lys Leu Cys Leu

705 710 715 720

Ala Leu Glu Asn Gly Met His Leu Val Asp Ile Ser Glu Phe Ser Ser

725 730 735

His Asp Ile Cys Asp Val Leu Lys Leu Tyr Leu Arg Gln Leu Pro Glu

740 745 750

Pro Phe Ile Leu Phe Arg Leu Tyr Lys Glu Phe Ile Asp Leu Ala Lys

755 760 765

Glu Ile Gln His Val Asn Glu Glu Gln Glu Thr Lys Lys Asn Ser Leu

770 775 780

Glu Asp Lys Lys Trp Pro Asn Met Cys Ile Glu Ile Asn Arg Ile Leu

785 790 795 800

Leu Lys Ser Lys Asp Leu Leu Arg Gln Leu Pro Ala Ser Asn Phe Asn

805 810 815

Ser Leu His Phe Leu Ile Val His Leu Lys Arg Val Val Asp His Ala

820 825 830

Glu Glu Asn Lys Met Asn Ser Lys Asn Leu Gly Val Ile Phe Gly Pro

835 840 845

Ser Leu Ile Arg Pro Arg Pro Gln Thr Ala Pro Ile Thr Ile Ser Ser

850 855 860

Leu Ala Glu Tyr Ser Asn Gln Ala Arg Leu Val Glu Phe Leu Ile Thr

865 870 875 880

Tyr Ser Gln Lys Ile Phe Asp Gly Ser Leu Gln Pro Gln Asp Val Met

885 890 895

Cys Ser Ile Gly Val Val Asp Gln Gly Cys Phe Pro Lys Pro Leu Leu

900 905 910

Ser Pro Glu Glu Arg Asp Ile Glu Arg Ser Met Lys Ser Leu Phe Phe

915 920 925

Ser Ser Lys Glu Asp Ile His Thr Ser Glu Ser Glu Ser Lys Ile Phe

930 935 940

Glu Arg Ala Thr Ser Phe Glu Glu Ser Glu Arg Lys Gln Asn Ala Leu

945 950 955 960

Gly Lys Cys Asp Ala Cys Leu Ser Asp Lys Ala Gln Leu Leu Leu Asp

965 970 975

Gln Glu Ala Glu Ser Ala Ser Gln Lys Ile Glu Asp Gly Lys Ala Pro

980 985 990

Lys Pro Leu Ser Leu Lys Ser Asp Arg Ser Thr Asn Asn Val Glu Arg

995 1000 1005

His Thr Pro Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg Pro Val Ser Leu Pro Val Asp Arg

1010 1015 1020

Leu Leu Leu Ala Ser Pro Pro Asn Glu Arg Asn Gly Arg Asn Met Gly

1025 1030 1035 1040

Asn Val Asn Leu Asp Lys Phe Cys Lys Asn Pro Ala Phe Glu Gly Val

1045 1050 1055

Asn Arg Lys Asp Ala Ala Thr Thr Val Cys Ser Lys Phe Asn Gly Phe

1060 1065 1070

Asp Gln Gln Thr Leu Gln Lys Ile Gln Asp Lys Gln Tyr Glu Gln Asn

1075 1080 1085

Ser Leu Thr Ala Lys Thr Thr Met Ile Met Pro Ser Ala Leu Gln Glu

1090 1095 1100

Lys Gly Val Thr Thr Ser Leu Gln Ile Ser Gly Asp His Ser Ile Asn

1105 1110 1115 1120

Ala Thr Gln Pro Ser Lys Pro Tyr Ala Glu Pro Val Arg Ser Val Arg

1125 1130 1135

Glu Ala Ser Glu Arg Arg Ser Ser Asp Ser Tyr Pro Leu Ala Pro Val

1140 1145 1150

Arg Ala Pro Arg Thr Leu Gln Pro Gln His Trp Thr Thr Phe Tyr Lys

1155 1160 1165

Pro His Ala Pro Ile Ile Ser Ile Arg Gly Asn Glu Glu Lys Pro Ala

1170 1175 1180

Ser Pro Ser Ala Ala Cys Pro Pro Gly Thr Asp His Asp Pro His Gly

1185 1190 1195 1200

Leu Val Val Lys Ser Met Pro Asp Pro Asp Lys Ala Ser Ala Cys Pro

1205 1210 1215

Gly Gln Ala Thr Gly Gln Pro Lys Glu Asp Ser Glu Glu Leu Gly Leu

1220 1225 1230

Pro Asp Val Asn Pro Met Cys Gln Arg Pro Arg Leu Lys Arg Met Gln

1235 1240 1245

Gln Phe Glu Asp Leu Glu Asp Glu Ile Pro Gln Phe Val

1250 1255 1260

3

ttaatagaaa agacgctgct actactgttt gttccaaatt taatggcttt gaccagcaaa 60

ctctacagaa aattcaggac aaacagtatg aacaaaacag cctaactgcc aagactacaa 120

tgatcatgcc cagtgcactc caggaaaaag gagtgacaac aagcctccag attagtgggg 180

accattctat caatgccact naacccagta agccatatgc agagccagtc aggtcagtga 240

gagaggcatc t 251

4

cggtaagcca agctcctcag agtcttcttt aggttnacca gttgcttgcc caggacaagc 60

tgatgctttg tctgggtctg gcattgactt caccacgaga ccgtggggat cgtgatctgt 120

gccaggaggc actgctgctg agggtgaagc tggcttctcc tcattccccc tgatactgat 180

gatgggagca tgtggtttat aaaatgttgt ccaatgttga ggctgcagtg ttctgggtgc 240

tctgacagga gcgaga 256

5

ctttctgtga tagtgccaaa ctctatgacc caggccaaga gtacagtgaa tttgtcaagg 60

ccacaaattc aactgaagaa gaaaaagttg atggaaatgt aaataaacat ttaaatagtt 120

cccaaccttc aggatttggn cctgccaact ctttagagga tgttgtacgc cttcctgaca 180

gttctaataa aattgaagag gacagatgct ctaacagtgc agntataaca ggtccttcct 240

ttataagatc atggacattt gggatgttta gtgattctga gagcactgga gggagcag 298

6

12

Homo sapiens

6

ccacaatttg tg 12

7

4

Homo sapiens

7

Pro Gln Phe Val

1

8

15

Homo sapiens

8

attccacaat ttgtg 15

9

5

Homo sapiens

9

Ile Pro Gln Phe Val

1 5

10

18

Homo sapiens

10

gaaattccac aatttgtg 18

11

6

Homo sapiens

11

Glu Ile Pro Gln Phe Val

1 5

12

2466

Homo sapiens

12

Met His Val Ser Leu Ala Glu Ala Leu Glu Val Arg Gly Gly Pro Leu

1 5 10 15

Gln Glu Glu Glu Ile Trp Ala Val Leu Asn Gln Ser Ala Glu Ser Leu

20 25 30

Gln Glu Leu Phe Arg Lys Val Ser Leu Ala Asp Pro Ala Ala Leu Gly

35 40 45

Phe Ile Ile Ser Pro Trp Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Pro Ser Gly Ser Val

50 55 60

Ser Phe Thr Asp Glu Asn Ile Ser Asn Gln Asp Leu Arg Ala Phe Thr

65 70 75 80

Ala Pro Glu Val Leu Gln Asn Gln Ser Leu Thr Ser Leu Ser Asp Val

85 90 95

Glu Lys Ile His Ile Tyr Ser Leu Gly Met Thr Leu Tyr Trp Gly Ala

100 105 110

Asp Tyr Glu Val Pro Gln Ser Gln Pro Ile Lys Leu Gly Asp His Leu

115 120 125

Asn Ser Ile Leu Leu Gly Met Cys Glu Asp Val Ile Tyr Ala Arg Val

130 135 140

Ser Val Arg Thr Val Leu Asp Ala Cys Ser Ala His Ile Arg Asn Ser

145 150 155 160

Asn Cys Ala Pro Ser Phe Ser Tyr Val Lys His Leu Val Lys Leu Val

165 170 175

Leu Gly Asn Leu Ser Gly Thr Asp Gln Leu Ser Cys Asn Ser Glu Gln

180 185 190

Lys Pro Asp Arg Ser Gln Ala Ile Arg Asp Arg Leu Arg Gly Lys Gly

195 200 205

Leu Pro Thr Gly Arg Ser Ser Thr Ser Asp Val Leu Asp Ile Gln Lys

210 215 220

Pro Pro Leu Ser His Gln Thr Phe Leu Asn Lys Gly Leu Ser Lys Ser

225 230 235 240

Met Gly Phe Leu Ser Ile Lys Asp Thr Gln Asp Glu Asn Tyr Phe Lys

245 250 255

Asp Ile Leu Ser Asp Asn Ser Gly Arg Glu Asp Ser Glu Asn Thr Phe

260 265 270

Ser Pro Tyr Gln Phe Lys Thr Ser Gly Pro Glu Lys Lys Pro Ile Pro

275 280 285

Gly Ile Asp Val Leu Ser Lys Lys Lys Ile Trp Ala Ser Ser Met Asp

290 295 300

Leu Leu Cys Thr Ala Asp Arg Asp Phe Ser Ser Gly Glu Thr Ala Thr

305 310 315 320

Tyr Arg Arg Cys His Pro Glu Ala Val Thr Val Arg Thr Ser Thr Thr

325 330 335

Pro Arg Lys Lys Glu Ala Arg Tyr Ser Asp Gly Ser Ile Ala Leu Asp

340 345 350

Ile Phe Gly Pro Gln Lys Met Asp Pro Ile Tyr His Thr Arg Glu Leu

355 360 365

Pro Thr Ser Ser Ala Ile Ser Ser Ala Leu Asp Arg Ile Arg Glu Arg

370 375 380

Gln Lys Lys Leu Gln Val Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Asn Val Glu Glu Pro

385 390 395 400

Val Arg Arg Tyr Lys Thr Tyr His Gly Asp Val Phe Ser Thr Ser Ser

405 410 415

Glu Ser Pro Ser Ile Ile Ser Ser Glu Ser Asp Phe Arg Gln Val Arg

420 425 430

Arg Ser Glu Ala Ser Lys Arg Phe Glu Ser Ser Ser Gly Leu Pro Gly

435 440 445

Val Asp Glu Thr Leu Ser Gln Gly Gln Ser Gln Arg Pro Ser Arg Gln

450 455 460

Tyr Glu Thr Pro Phe Glu Gly Asn Leu Ile Asn Gln Glu Ile Met Leu

465 470 475 480

Lys Arg Gln Glu Glu Glu Leu Met Gln Leu Gln Ala Lys Met Ala Leu

485 490 495

Arg Gln Ser Arg Leu Ser Leu Tyr Pro Gly Asp Thr Ile Lys Ala Ser

500 505 510

Met Leu Asp Ile Thr Arg Asp Pro Leu Arg Glu Ile Ala Leu Glu Thr

515 520 525

Ala Met Thr Gln Arg Lys Leu Arg Asn Phe Phe Gly Pro Glu Phe Val

530 535 540

Lys Met Thr Ile Glu Pro Phe Ile Ser Leu Asp Leu Pro Arg Ser Ile

545 550 555 560

Leu Thr Lys Lys Gly Lys Asn Glu Asp Asn Arg Arg Lys Val Asn Ile

565 570 575

Met Leu Leu Asn Gly Gln Arg Leu Glu Leu Thr Cys Asp Thr Lys Thr

580 585 590

Ile Cys Lys Asp Val Phe Asp Met Val Val Ala His Ile Gly Leu Val

595 600 605

Glu His His Leu Phe Ala Leu Ala Thr Leu Lys Asp Asn Glu Tyr Phe

610 615 620

Phe Val Asp Pro Asp Leu Lys Leu Thr Lys Val Ala Pro Glu Gly Trp

625 630 635 640

Lys Glu Glu Pro Lys Lys Lys Thr Lys Ala Thr Val Asn Phe Thr Leu

645 650 655

Phe Phe Arg Ile Lys Phe Phe Met Asp Asp Val Ser Leu Ile Gln His

660 665 670

Thr Leu Thr Cys His Gln Tyr Tyr Leu Gln Leu Arg Lys Asp Ile Leu

675 680 685

Glu Glu Arg Met His Cys Asp Asp Glu Thr Ser Leu Leu Leu Ala Ser

690 695 700

Leu Ala Leu Gln Ala Glu Tyr Gly Asp Tyr Gln Pro Glu Val His Gly

705 710 715 720

Val Ser Tyr Phe Arg Met Glu His Tyr Leu Pro Ala Arg Val Met Glu

725 730 735

Lys Leu Asp Leu Ser Tyr Ile Lys Glu Glu Leu Pro Lys Leu His Asn

740 745 750

Thr Tyr Val Gly Ala Ser Glu Lys Glu Thr Glu Leu Glu Phe Leu Lys

755 760 765

Val Cys Gln Arg Leu Thr Glu Tyr Gly Val His Phe His Arg Val His

770 775 780

Pro Glu Lys Lys Ser Gln Thr Gly Ile Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Ser Lys

785 790 795 800

Gly Val Leu Val Phe Glu Val His Asn Gly Val Arg Thr Leu Val Leu

805 810 815

Arg Phe Pro Trp Arg Glu Thr Lys Lys Ile Ser Phe Ser Lys Lys Lys

820 825 830

Ile Thr Leu Gln Asn Thr Ser Asp Gly Ile Lys His Gly Phe Gln Thr

835 840 845

Asp Asn Ser Lys Ile Cys Gln Tyr Leu Leu His Leu Cys Ser Tyr Gln

850 855 860

His Lys Phe Gln Leu Gln Met Arg Ala Arg Gln Ser Asn Gln Asp Ala

865 870 875 880

Gln Asp Ile Glu Arg Ala Ser Phe Arg Ser Leu Asn Leu Gln Ala Glu

885 890 895

Ser Val Arg Gly Phe Asn Met Gly Arg Ala Ile Ser Thr Gly Ser Leu

900 905 910

Ala Ser Ser Thr Leu Asn Lys Leu Ala Val Arg Pro Leu Ser Val Gln

915 920 925

Ala Glu Ile Leu Lys Arg Leu Ser Cys Ser Glu Leu Ser Leu Tyr Gln

930 935 940

Pro Leu Gln Asn Ser Ser Lys Glu Lys Asn Asp Lys Ala Ser Trp Glu

945 950 955 960

Glu Lys Pro Arg Glu Met Ser Lys Ser Tyr His Asp Leu Ser Gln Ala

965 970 975

Ser Leu Tyr Pro His Arg Lys Asn Val Ile Val Asn Met Glu Pro Pro

980 985 990

Pro Gln Thr Val Ala Glu Leu Val Gly Lys Pro Ser His Gln Met Ser

995 1000 1005

Arg Ser Asp Ala Glu Ser Leu Ala Gly Val Thr Lys Leu Asn Asn Ser

1010 1015 1020

Lys Ser Val Ala Ser Leu Asn Arg Ser Pro Glu Arg Arg Lys His Glu

1025 1030 1035 1040

Ser Asp Ser Ser Ser Ile Glu Asp Pro Gly Gln Ala Tyr Val Leu Asp

1045 1050 1055

Val Leu His Lys Arg Trp Ser Ile Val Ser Ser Pro Glu Arg Glu Ile

1060 1065 1070

Thr Leu Val Asn Leu Lys Lys Asp Ala Lys Tyr Gly Leu Gly Phe Gln

1075 1080 1085

Ile Ile Gly Gly Glu Lys Met Gly Arg Leu Asp Leu Gly Ile Phe Ile

1090 1095 1100

Ser Ser Val Ala Pro Gly Gly Pro Ala Asp Phe His Gly Cys Leu Lys

1105 1110 1115 1120

Pro Gly Asp Arg Leu Ile Ser Val Asn Ser Val Ser Leu Glu Gly Val

1125 1130 1135

Ser His His Ala Ala Ile Glu Ile Leu Gln Asn Ala Pro Glu Asp Val

1140 1145 1150

Thr Leu Val Ile Ser Gln Pro Lys Glu Lys Ile Ser Lys Val Pro Ser

1155 1160 1165

Thr Pro Val His Leu Thr Asn Glu Met Lys Asn Tyr Met Lys Lys Ser

1170 1175 1180

Ser Tyr Met Gln Asp Ser Ala Ile Asp Ser Ser Ser Lys Asp His His

1185 1190 1195 1200

Trp Ser Arg Gly Thr Leu Arg His Ile Ser Glu Asn Ser Phe Gly Pro

1205 1210 1215

Ser Gly Gly Leu Arg Glu Gly Ser Leu Ser Ser Gln Asp Ser Arg Thr

1220 1225 1230

Glu Ser Ala Ser Leu Ser Gln Ser Gln Val Asn Gly Phe Phe Ala Ser

1235 1240 1245

His Leu Gly Asp Gln Thr Trp Gln Glu Ser Gln His Gly Ser Pro Ser

1250 1255 1260

Pro Ser Val Ile Ser Lys Ala Thr Glu Lys Glu Thr Phe Thr Asp Ser

1265 1270 1275 1280

Asn Gln Ser Lys Thr Lys Lys Pro Gly Ile Ser Asp Val Thr Asp Tyr

1285 1290 1295

Ser Asp Arg Gly Asp Ser Asp Met Asp Glu Ala Thr Tyr Ser Ser Ser

1300 1305 1310

Gln Asp His Gln Thr Pro Lys Gln Glu Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Asn Thr

1315 1320 1325

Ser Asn Lys Met Asn Phe Lys Thr Phe Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Lys Pro

1330 1335 1340

Gly Asp Ile Phe Glu Val Glu Leu Ala Lys Asn Asp Asn Ser Leu Gly

1345 1350 1355 1360

Ile Ser Val Thr Gly Gly Val Asn Thr Ser Val Arg His Gly Gly Ile

1365 1370 1375

Tyr Val Lys Ala Val Ile Pro Gln Gly Ala Ala Glu Ser Asp Gly Arg

1380 1385 1390

Ile His Lys Gly Asp Arg Val Leu Ala Val Asn Gly Val Ser Leu Glu

1395 1400 1405

Gly Ala Thr His Lys Gln Ala Val Glu Thr Leu Arg Asn Thr Gly Gln

1410 1415 1420

Val Val His Leu Leu Leu Glu Lys Gly Gln Ser Pro Thr Ser Lys Glu

1425 1430 1435 1440

His Val Pro Val Thr Pro Gln Cys Thr Leu Ser Asp Gln Asn Ala Gln

1445 1450 1455

Gly Gln Gly Pro Glu Lys Val Lys Lys Thr Thr Gln Val Lys Asp Tyr

1460 1465 1470

Ser Phe Val Thr Glu Glu Asn Thr Phe Glu Val Lys Leu Phe Lys Asn

1475 1480 1485

Ser Ser Gly Leu Gly Phe Ser Phe Ser Arg Glu Asp Asn Leu Ile Pro

1490 1495 1500

Glu Gln Ile Asn Ala Ser Ile Val Arg Val Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Gly

1505 1510 1515 1520

Gln Pro Ala Ala Glu Ser Gly Lys Ile Asp Val Gly Asp Val Ile Leu

1525 1530 1535

Lys Val Asn Gly Ala Ser Leu Lys Gly Leu Ser Gln Gln Glu Val Ile

1540 1545 1550

Ser Ala Leu Arg Gly Thr Ala Pro Glu Val Phe Leu Leu Leu Cys Arg

1555 1560 1565

Pro Pro Pro Gly Val Leu Pro Glu Ile Asp Thr Ala Leu Leu Thr Pro

1570 1575 1580

Leu Gln Ser Pro Ala Gln Val Leu Pro Asn Ser Ser Lys Asp Ser Ser

1585 1590 1595 1600

Gln Pro Ser Cys Val Glu Gln Ser Thr Ser Ser Asp Glu Asn Glu Met

1605 1610 1615

Ser Asp Lys Ser Lys Lys Gln Cys Lys Ser Pro Ser Arg Arg Asp Ser

1620 1625 1630

Tyr Ser Asp Ser Ser Gly Ser Gly Glu Asp Asp Leu Val Thr Ala Pro

1635 1640 1645

Ala Asn Ile Ser Asn Ser Thr Trp Ser Ser Ala Leu His Gln Thr Leu

1650 1655 1660

Ser Asn Met Val Ser Gln Ala Gln Ser His His Glu Ala Pro Lys Ser

1665 1670 1675 1680

Gln Glu Asp Thr Ile Cys Thr Met Phe Tyr Tyr Pro Gln Lys Ile Pro

1685 1690 1695

Asn Lys Pro Glu Phe Glu Asp Ser Asn Pro Ser Pro Leu Pro Pro Asp

1700 1705 1710

Met Ala Pro Gly Gln Ser Tyr Gln Pro Gln Ser Glu Ser Ala Ser Ser

1715 1720 1725

Ser Ser Met Asp Lys Tyr His Ile His His Ile Ser Glu Pro Thr Arg

1730 1735 1740

Gln Glu Asn Trp Thr Pro Leu Lys Asn Asp Leu Glu Asn His Leu Glu

1745 1750 1755 1760

Asp Phe Glu Leu Glu Val Glu Leu Leu Ile Thr Leu Ile Lys Ser Glu

1765 1770 1775

Lys Ala Ser Leu Gly Phe Thr Val Thr Lys Gly Asn Gln Arg Ile Gly

1780 1785 1790

Cys Tyr Val His Asp Val Ile Gln Asp Pro Ala Lys Ser Asp Gly Arg

1795 1800 1805

Leu Lys Pro Gly Asp Arg Leu Ile Lys Val Asn Asp Thr Asp Val Thr

1810 1815 1820

Asn Met Thr His Thr Asp Ala Val Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ala Ser Lys

1825 1830 1835 1840

Thr Val Arg Leu Val Ile Gly Arg Val Leu Glu Leu Pro Arg Ile Pro

1845 1850 1855

Met Leu Pro His Leu Leu Pro Asp Ile Thr Leu Thr Cys Asn Lys Glu

1860 1865 1870

Glu Leu Gly Phe Ser Leu Cys Gly Gly His Asp Ser Leu Tyr Gln Val

1875 1880 1885

Val Tyr Ile Ser Asp Ile Asn Pro Arg Ser Val Ala Ala Ile Glu Gly

1890 1895 1900

Asn Leu Gln Leu Leu Asp Val Ile His Tyr Val Asn Gly Val Ser Thr

1905 1910 1915 1920

Gln Gly Met Thr Leu Glu Glu Val Asn Arg Ala Leu Asp Met Ser Leu

1925 1930 1935

Pro Ser Leu Val Leu Lys Ala Thr Arg Asn Asp Leu Pro Val Val Pro

1940 1945 1950

Ser Ser Lys Arg Ser Ala Val Ser Ala Pro Lys Ser Thr Lys Gly Asn

1955 1960 1965

Gly Ser Tyr Ser Val Gly Ser Cys Ser Gln Pro Ala Leu Thr Pro Asn

1970 1975 1980

Asp Ser Phe Ser Thr Val Ala Gly Glu Glu Ile Asn Glu Ile Ser Tyr

1985 1990 1995 2000

Pro Lys Gly Lys Cys Ser Thr Tyr Gln Ile Lys Gly Ser Pro Asn Leu

2005 2010 2015

Thr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser Tyr Ile Gln Glu Asp Asp Ile Tyr Asp Asp

2020 2025 2030

Ser Gln Glu Ala Glu Val Ile Gln Ser Leu Leu Asp Val Val Asp Glu

2035 2040 2045

Glu Ala Gln Asn Leu Leu Asn Glu Asn Asn Ala Ala Gly Tyr Ser Cys

2050 2055 2060

Gly Pro Gly Thr Leu Lys Met Asn Gly Lys Leu Ser Glu Glu Arg Thr

2065 2070 2075 2080

Glu Asp Thr Asp Cys Asp Gly Ser Pro Leu Pro Glu Tyr Phe Thr Glu

2085 2090 2095

Ala Thr Lys Met Asn Gly Cys Glu Glu Tyr Cys Glu Glu Lys Val Lys

2100 2105 2110

Ser Glu Ser Leu Ile Gln Lys Pro Gln Glu Lys Lys Thr Asp Asp Asp

2115 2120 2125

Glu Ile Thr Trp Gly Asn Asp Glu Leu Pro Ile Glu Arg Thr Asn His

2130 2135 2140

Glu Asp Ser Asp Lys Asp His Ser Phe Leu Thr Asn Asp Glu Leu Ala

2145 2150 2155 2160

Val Leu Pro Val Val Lys Val Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Gly Ala

2165 2170 2175

Asn Leu Lys Ser Val Ile Arg Val Leu Arg Gly Leu Leu Asp Gln Gly

2180 2185 2190

Ile Pro Ser Lys Glu Leu Glu Asn Leu Gln Glu Leu Lys Pro Leu Asp

2195 2200 2205

Gln Cys Leu Ile Gly Gln Thr Lys Glu Asn Arg Arg Lys Asn Arg Tyr

2210 2215 2220

Lys Asn Ile Leu Pro Tyr Asp Ala Thr Arg Val Pro Leu Gly Asp Glu

2225 2230 2235 2240

Gly Gly Tyr Ile Asn Ala Ser Phe Ile Lys Ile Pro Val Gly Lys Glu

2245 2250 2255

Glu Phe Val Tyr Ile Ala Cys Gln Gly Pro Leu Pro Thr Thr Val Gly

2260 2265 2270

Asp Phe Trp Gln Met Ile Trp Glu Gln Lys Ser Thr Val Ile Ala Met

2275 2280 2285

Met Thr Gln Glu Val Glu Gly Glu Lys Ile Lys Cys Gln Arg Tyr Trp

2290 2295 2300

Pro Asn Ile Leu Gly Lys Thr Thr Met Val Ser Asn Arg Leu Arg Leu

2305 2310 2315 2320

Ala Leu Val Arg Met Gln Gln Leu Lys Gly Phe Val Val Arg Ala Met

2325 2330 2335

Thr Leu Glu Asp Ile Gln Thr Arg Glu Val Arg His Ile Ser His Leu

2340 2345 2350

Asn Phe Thr Ala Trp Pro Asp His Asp Thr Pro Ser Gln Pro Asp Asp

2355 2360 2365

Leu Leu Thr Phe Ile Ser Tyr Met Arg His Ile His Arg Ser Gly Pro

2370 2375 2380

Ile Ile Thr His Cys Ser Ala Gly Ile Gly Arg Ser Gly Thr Leu Ile

2385 2390 2395 2400

Cys Ile Asp Val Val Leu Gly Leu Ile Ser Gln Asp Leu Asp Phe Asp

2405 2410 2415

Ile Ser Asp Leu Val Arg Cys Met Arg Leu Gln Arg His Gly Met Val

2420 2425 2430

Gln Thr Glu Asp Gln Tyr Ile Phe Cys Tyr Gln Val Ile Leu Tyr Val

2435 2440 2445

Leu Thr Arg Leu Gln Ala Glu Glu Glu Gln Lys Gln Gln Pro Gln Leu

2450 2455 2460

Leu Lys

2465

13

322

Homo sapiens

13

Glu Ile Asp Lys Leu Leu Ile Ser Arg Thr Asp Gly Val Asp Val Ala

1 5 10 15

Phe Glu Arg Thr Lys Ala Trp Ser Thr Tyr Ser Lys Asp Val Ile Ser

20 25 30

Tyr Val Arg Ala Arg Ile Gln Leu Glu Gln Asp His Ala Arg Lys Val

35 40 45

His Thr Leu Val Asp Thr Ser Arg Arg Asp Ile Asn Lys Pro Phe Met

50 55 60

Pro Leu Arg Glu Ile Phe Glu Asn Ser Phe Asp Thr Glu Val Glu Met

65 70 75 80

Val Thr His Thr Lys Glu Thr Thr Glu His Leu Lys Asp Arg Val Val

85 90 95

Glu Ala Leu Asp Ala Arg Arg Lys Glu His Asp Thr Val Arg Asn Ala

100 105 110

Leu Lys Val Glu Trp Thr Lys Ala Thr Lys Ser Leu His Asp Cys Glu

115 120 125

Glu Ser Tyr Glu Lys Ser Lys Ile Thr Leu Arg Met Arg Glu Glu Ala

130 135 140

Leu Lys Lys Ala Arg Glu Ser Cys Leu Arg Thr Glu Ser Ser Pro Pro

145 150 155 160

Glu Arg Glu Ala Ser Arg Arg Arg Arg Asp Leu Glu Lys Lys Ser Arg

165 170 175

Ala Val Glu Glu Ala Met Ile Lys Lys Glu Glu Ala Glu Arg Gln Val

180 185 190

Val Ser Ile Thr Ala Glu Leu Arg Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp Ile Asp Lys

195 200 205

Thr Lys Glu Ser Val Val Glu Arg Leu Arg Glu Leu Ile Phe Gln Cys

210 215 220

Glu Gln Thr Thr Lys Ala Cys Thr Val His Tyr Phe Thr Ser Leu Ala

225 230 235 240

Ala Leu Trp Ala Arg Leu Pro Gly Ala Phe His Glu Leu Ser Asn Ala

245 250 255

Thr Arg Asp Tyr Gln Pro Gly Thr Glu Tyr Met Ala Phe Leu Gln Thr

260 265 270

Leu Pro Thr Arg Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Leu Val Arg Ser Asp Arg

275 280 285

Ser Ile Asp Glu Gly Val Ala Ser Cys Asp Gly Ser Ser Ser Leu Thr

290 295 300

Ser Leu Arg Arg Asn Ala Ile Asn Pro Asp Asp Glu Gly Ala Leu Pro

305 310 315 320

Asp Thr

14

451

Homo sapiens

14

caaaaaagaa tagtcttgaa gacaaaaaat ggccaaatat gtgtatagaa ataaaccgaa 60

ttcttctaaa aagcaaagac cttctaagac aattgccagc atcaaatttt aacagtcttc 120

atttccttat agtacatcta aagcgggtag tagatcatgc agaagaaaac aagatgaact 180

ccaaaaactt gggggtgata tttggaccaa gtctcattag gccaaggcca caactgctcc 240

tatcaccatc tcctcccttg cagagtattc aaatcaagca cgcttggtag agtttctcat 300

tacttactca cagaagatct tcgatgggtc cctacagcca caagatgtta tgtgtagcat 360

aggtgttgtt gatcaaggct gttttccaaa gcctctgtta tcaccagaag aaagagacat 420

tgaacgttcc atgaagtcac tatttttttc t 451

15

543

Homo sapiens

15

gtcaagatga atatgagaaa gcaaagtctt ccatgtttcg tgcagaagag gagcatctgt 60

cttcaagtgg cggattagca aaaaatctca acaagcaact agaaaaaaag cgaaggttgg 120

aagaggaggc tctccaaaaa gtagaagaag caaatgaact ttacaaagtt tgtgtgacaa 180

atgttgaaga aagaagaaat gatctagaaa ataccaaaag agaaatttta gcacaactcc 240

ggacacttgt tttccagtgt gatcttaccc ttaaagctgt aacagttaac ctcttccaca 300

tgcagcatct gcaggctgct tcccttgcag acagtttaca gtctctctgt gatagtgcca 360

aactcttatg acccaggcca agagtacagt ggaattttgt tcaaggccac aaatttcaac 420

tgaaggaagg aaaaagttga tgggaatgta aataaacatt ttaaatagtt cccaaccttc 480

agggtttggg cctgccaatt tttagggggt gttgtacggc ttcctgacag ttcttataaa 540

att 543

16

agaccaagag gctgaatcag catcccaaaa gatagaagat ggtaaaaccc ctaagccact 60

ttctctgaaa tctgataggt caacaaacaa tgtggagagg catactccaa ggaccaagat 120

tagacctgta agtttgcctg tagatagact acttcttgca agtcctccta atgagagaaa 180

tggcagaaat atgggaaatg taaatttaga caagttttgc aagaatcctg cctttgaagg 240

agttaataga aaagacgctg ctactactgt ttgttccaaa tttaatggct ttgaccagca 300

aactctacag aaaattcagg ncaaacagta tgaacaaaac agcttaa 347

17

458

Mus musculus

17

cttatgggag acgtaggcag tgactcgata ctacgtctac ctatttctcg agaaagtaag 60

tcttttgaaa acatttctgt ggactcagtg gacttacccc atgaaaaagg aaatttttct 120

cctatagaac tagacaactt gctgttaaag aacactgact ctatagagct ggctttgtcc 180

tatgctaaaa catggtcaaa atataccaag aatatagtgt cgtgggttga aaaaaagctc 240

aacttggaat tggagtccac tagaaatatt gtaaaattgg cagaggcaac tagatctagc 300

attggtatac aagagtttat gccactgcag tctctattta ccaacgctct tctcagtgac 360

atccacagca gccaccttct acaacagaca attgcagccc tccaagccaa taaatttgtg 420

cagcctctac ttgggaggaa gaatgagatg gagaaaaa 458

18

caaaacagcc taactgccan gactacaatn ntcatgccca gtgcactcca ggaaaaagga 60

gtgacaacaa gcctccagat tagtggggac cattctatca atgccactca acccagtaag 120

ccatatgcag agccagtcag gtcagtgaga gaggcatctg agagacggtc ttcagattcc 180

taccctctcg ctcctgtcag agcacccaga acactgcagc ctcaacattg gacaacattt 240

tataaaccac atgctcccat catcagtatc agggggaatn aggagaagcc agtttcaccc 300

tcagcagc 308

19

tgccactcaa cccagtaagc catatgcaga gccagtcagg tcagtgagag aggcatctna 60

gagacggtct tcagattcct accctctcgc tcctgtcaga gcacccagaa cactgcagcc 120

tcaacattgg acaacatttt ataaaccaca tgctcccatc atcagtatca gggggaatga 180

ggagaagcca gcttcaccct cagcagcagt gcctcctggc acagatcacg atccccacgg 240

tctcgtggtg aagtcaatgc cagacccaga caaagcatca gcttgtcctg gggcaagcaa 300

ctggtcaacc taaagaagac ttttgaggga gcttgggttt gcctgatgtg gaatccaatg 360

tgttcagagg accaaggctt aaaacggatt gcaaacagtt ttgaaggacc tcggaggtgg 420

aatttccaca atttttttta ggg 443

20

ctactgtttg ttccaaattt aatggctttg accagcaaac tctacagaaa attcaggaca 60

aacagtatga acaaaacagc ctaactgcca agactacaat gatcatgccc agtgcactcc 120

aggaaaaagg agtgacaaca agcctccaga ttagtgggga ccattctatc aatgccactc 180

aacccagtaa gccatatgca gagccagtca ggtcagtgag agaggcatct gagagacggt 240

cttcagattc ctaccctctn gctcctgtca gagcacccag aacactgcag ccttcaacat 300

tg 302

21

287

Homo sapiens

21

aagctttgga aaatggaatg cacttggtag atatttcaga atttagttca catgatatct 60

gtgacgtctt gaaattatac cttcggcagc tcccagaacc atttatttta tttcgattgt 120

acaaggaatt tatagacctt gcaaaagaga tccaacatgt aaatgaagaa caagagacaa 180

aaaagaatag tcttgaagac aaaaaatggc caaatatgtg tatagaaata aaccgaattc 240

ttctaaaaag caaagacctt ctaagacaat tgccagcatc aaatttt 287

22

cggaccaagt ctcattaggc caaggcccac aactgctcct atcaccatct cctcccttgc 60

agagtattca aatcaagcac gcttggtaga gtttctcatt acttactcac agaagatctt 120

cgatgggtcc ctacaaccac aagatgttat gtgtagcata ggtgttgttg atcaaggctg 180

ttttccaaag cctctgttat caccagaaga aagagacatt gaacgttcca tgaagtcact 240

atttttttct tcaaaggaag ntatccatac ttcagagagt gaaagcaaaa tttttgaanc 300

gggctacatc attttgaggn atcagnacgc at 332

23

tgaccaagag catgagtcag cgtcccaaaa gatggaagat gtctgtaaaa gccccaagct 60

gctgctgctg aaatccaata gggcagcaaa cagtgtgcag agacatactc caaggaccaa 120

gatgagacct gtaagcttgc ctgtagaccg gctgcttctt cttgccagtt ctcctactga 180

gagaagcagc agggatgtag gaaacgtaga ctcagacaag tttggcaaga accctgcctt 240

tgaaggactc catagaaagg acaactcaaa tactactcgc tccaaagtta atggctttga 300

ccagcaaaat gtacagaaat cctgggacac acaatatgta cggaacaatt ttactgccaa 360

gactacgatg attgttccca gtgcctaccc tgagaaggga ttgacagtaa acactgggaa 420

taacagggac catcccggca gtaaagcaca tgcagagcca gccagggctg caggagatgt 480

gtcagagcgc aggtcctctg actcctgcnc cgccactgct gtcagagcac ccagaacact 540

gcagc 545

24

ctactgtttg ttccaaattt aatggctttg accagcaaac tctacagaaa attcaggaca 60

aacagtatga acaaaacagc ctaactgcca agactacaat gatcatgccc agtgcactcc 120

aggaaaaagg agtgacaaca agcctccaga ttagtgggga ccattctatc aatgccactc 180

aacccagtaa gccatatgca gagccagtca ggtcagtnag agaggcatct gagagacggt 240

cttcagattc ctaccctctc g 261

25

ctcgtgcgcc ncttgcagag tattcaaatc aagcacgctt ggtagagttt ctcattactt 60

actcacagaa gatcttcgat gggtccctac aaccacaaga tgttatgtgt agcataggtg 120

ttgttgatca aggctgtttt ccaaagcctc tgttatcacc agaagaaaga gacattgaac 180

gttccatgaa gtcactattt ttttcttcaa aggaagatat ccatacttca gagagtgaaa 240

gcaaaatttt tgaacgagct acatcatttt gagggaatca gaancgcaag caaaatgcgt 300

tagggaaaat gtggatgcaa t 321

26

caaaacagcc taactgccaa gactacaatg atcatgccca gtgcactcca ggaaaaagga 60

gtgacaacaa gcctccagat tagtggggac cattctatca atgccactca acccagtaag 120

ccatatgcag agccagtcag gtcagtgaga gaggcatctg agagacggtc ttcagattcc 180

taccctctcg ctcctgtcag agcacccaga acactgcagc ctcaacattg gacaacattt 240

tataaaccac atgnctccca atcatcagtt atcnagggng gnaatgaagg gagnaagc 298

27

429

Mus musculus

27

tcctcgacaa caaagtacat ttgctttttg accaagagca tgagtcagcg tcccaaaaga 60

tggaagatgt ctgtaaaagc cccaagctgc tgctgctgaa atccaatagg gcagcaaaca 120

gtgtgcagag acatactcca aggaccaaga tgagacctgt aagcttgcct gtagaccggc 180

tgcttcttct tgccagttct cctactgaga gaagcagcag ggatgtagga aacgtagact 240

cagacaagtt tggcaagaac cctgcctttg aaggactcca tagaaaggac aactcaaata 300

ctactcgctc caaagttaat ggctttgacc agcaaaatgt acagaaatcc tgggacacac 360

aatatgtacg gaacaatttt actgccaaga ctacgatgat tgttcccagt gcctaccctg 420

agaagggat 429

28

caanngcann atcaaatntt aacagtctnc atttccttat agtacatcbn aagcnggtag 60

tagatcatgc aganganaac aagangaact ccaaaaactb gggggtnata tttggaccca 120

agtctcatta ggccaaggcc cacaactgct cctatcacca tctcctccct tgcagagtat 180

tcaaatcaag cacgcttggt agagtttctc attacttact cacagaagat cttcgatggg 240

tccctacagc cacaagatgt tatgtgtagc ataggtgttg ttgntcaagg ctgttttcca 300

aagcctctgt tatcaccaga nganagngac attnacgntc atnngtcact atttttnctt 360

caaaggaaga tatccatact tcagng 386

29

aaaacagcct aactgccaag actacaatga tcatgcccag tgcactccag gaaaaaggag 60

tgacaacaag cctccagatt agtggggacc attctatcaa tgccactcaa cccagtaagc 120

catatgcaga gccagtcagg tcagtgagag aggcatctga gagacggtct tcagattcct 180

accctctcgc tcctgtcaga gcacccagga acactgcagc ctcaacattn ggacaacatt 240

ttattaaacc acatgcttcc cattcattca gtattcaggg ggggatnagg gagaagccag 300

ctttcancct tcaggcaggc agtgccttct gggncaggnt tcacggtttc cccacggtcn 360

ttgtg 365

30

456

Mus musculus

30

aattcgtcga caagcaatca ggcacgatta gtagagttcc ttattactta ctcacagaag 60

atcttcgatg ggtccctcca gcctcaagct gttgttatat ctaacacagg tgctgtggca 120

ctcaggttga tcaaggctat cttccaaaac ctctgttatc accagatgag agagacacag 180

atcattctat gaaaccactc tttttttctt caaaggaaga tatccgtagt tcagattgtg 240

agagcaaaag ttttgaatta actacatctt ttgaagaatc agaacgcaga caaaatgcat 300

tggggaaatg tgacgctcct ctcctcgaca acaaagtaca tttgcttttt gaccaagagc 360

atgagtcagc gtcccaaaag atggaagatg tctgtaaaag ccccaagctg ctgctgctga 420

aatccaatag ggcagcaaac agtgtgcaga ggacat 456

31

295

Mus musculus

31

aagccccaag ctgctgctgc tgaaatccaa tagggcagca aacagtgtgc agagacatac 60

tccaaggacc aagatgagac ctgtaagctt ccctgtagac cggctgcttc ttcttgccag 120

ttctcctact gagagaagca gcagggatgt aggaaacgta gactcagaca agtttggcaa 180

gaaccctgcc tttgaaggac tccatagaaa ggacaactca aatactactc gctccaaagt 240

taatggcttt gaccagcaaa atgtacagaa atcctgggac acacaatatg tacgg 295

32

546

Mus musculus

32

ggactgagga gaaaacagca ttaccctcaa tagctgtacc tcctgtcctg gtgcatgctc 60

cccagatcca tgtgacaaaa tcagacccag actcagaggc cacattggct gtcctgtgca 120

gacaagtggt caacctaaag agagctctga ggagcctgcc ctgcctgagg ggactccaac 180

ttgccagaga ccacgactaa aacgaatgca gcaatttgaa gaccttgaag atgaaatccc 240

acagtttgtg taggattgtc aaaatttaga tttttctgtt ttattttgtt ctgtggtgtc 300

attttgtgag agaatgtttg gacagggccc ttttgtatag gattgccaaa gctgtttgtc 360

agtgtggtgt ttgttgctca tgtgggatgg gagagtgtcc tgacaaggct ccgtttagcc 420

tcactggaat gatctttgaa gctgtaaaga aaaatgggtg tttttgtgtt ttttagagtt 480

gattttttcc tgaagaatga tccatttaaa tgcatcactg atacatgata caatttttag 540

cagtag 546

33

gtagctgttc atgttgattt aaatgagtaa aaaatttgaa cttttaaatt caatatacac 60

ctttaatact gtgcaaatgt ttaactcctc cacataggta actgagaata ttattttgga 120

aaaaatatgt aagactcata ttgtcttgat agagtgntca tctctaactc attcaaactc 180

ncttattaac catgtgccac aaacttaaat agatttcngg cattttcaga caaagcacag 240

ttgcttctag accaagaggc tgaatcagca tcccaaaaga tagaagatgg taaaacccct 300

aagccacttt ctctgaaatc cgataggg 328

34

gtaagtacat tgtagctgtc ttcagacaca ccagaagagg gagtcagatc ttgttacgga 60

tggttgtgag ccaccatgtg gttgctagga cttgaactct ggaccttcag aagagcagtc 120

gggtgctctt acccactaag ccatctcacc agcccgtgat atctttatat atgtgtgtgc 180

acacacatgt gcatgtgtgt tacttatata tgtatataaa ggggctctca agtactaccc 240

atgttctgcc tgttgagtta tcaagcatat taaggtgtca ttgtttttct taaagtacac 300

atatgcatgt atattcgcta tgtctgagat agttcaaaca tcatttcaat ctctcactga 360

agttcagtta gactaatatt tagttatgta cctggactta tagactctga atccagagat 420

ctagactcac tgcttcctcc agtgctctct gagtcactaa acattccgaa cttccaggat 480

cttacgaaag aangaccttt aaaaaaagag taattaaaaa cttgcctaca ctaancccat 540

ggactacccc aacttggaga accatcccag gtgagaggag caaacctctg gaccctatta 600

a 601

35

613

Mus musculus

35

gtaagtacat tgtagctgtc ttcagacaca ccagaagagg gagtcagatc ttgttacgga 60

tggttgtgag ccaccatgtg gttgctagga cttgaactct ggaccttcag aagagcagtc 120

gggtgctctt acccactaag ccatctcacc agcccgtgat atctttatat atgtgtgtgc 180

acacacatgt gcatgtgtgt tacttatata tgtatataaa ggggcttctc aagtactacc 240

catgttctgc ctgttgagtt atcaagcata ttaaggtgtc attgtttttc tttaaagtac 300

acatatgcat gtatattcgc tatgtctgag atagttcaaa catcatttca atctcctcac 360

tgaatgttca gttagactta atatttagtt attgtacctg gacttataga ctctgaatcc 420

agagatctag actcactgct tcctccagtg ctctctgagt cactaaacat tccgaacttc 480

caggatctta cgaaagaagg gacctttaaa aaaagagtaa ttaaaaactt gcctacacta 540

acccattgga ctaccccaac tggagaacca tcccatgtga gaggagcaaa cctcggaccc 600

tattaatgga tac 613

36

536

Mus musculus

36

ttcgtcgaca aggacaaaat cagacccaga ctcagaggcc acattggctg tcctgtgcag 60

acaagtggtc aacctaaaga gagctctgag gagcctgccc tgcctgagcg ggactccaac 120

ttgccagagc accacgacta aaacgaatgc agcaatttga agaccttgaa gatgaaatcc 180

cacagtttgt gtaggattgt caaaatttag atttttctgt tttattttgt tctgtggtgt 240

cattttgtga gagaatgttt ggacagggcc cttttgtata ggattgccaa agctgtttgt 300

cagtgtggtg tttgttgctc atgtgggacg ggagagtgtc ctgacaaggc tccgtttagc 360

ctcactggaa tgatctttga agctgtaaag aaaaatgggt gtttttgtgt tttttagagt 420

tgattttttc ctgaagaatg atccatttaa atgcatcact gatacatgat acaattttta 480

gcagtaggtg caattgggga aaatcagctt tagtgtggag agtgagccca agtgca 536

37

198

Homo sapiens

37

cttgctgtat gtgaatccaa tgtgtcagag accaaggcta aaacgaatgc aacagtttga 60

agacctcgaa gatgaaattc acaatttgtg tagggatgtc aaatttcagg gtttttttgt 120

tgttgttgtg ttattttgtg gtattgtgct tgttttgtga cagaatgttt tgacagggcc 180

ccttttgtat aggactgc 198

38

614

Mus musculus

38

cctaccttac tttctcgaga aataggtaga cgtatatcga gtcactgcct acgtctccca 60

taaggaagtt tgtgaggcta tccagagagg ttaaaaaaaa gcacagaaat aaaaagaaat 120

tattatactt cttggtctct taccgtcaat ctatcgtcta taataaattg ttttaagaaa 180

cacgtaagaa tcccattaca caaaccacag gcacagctcc taagagctct ataaatactt 240

gcgatacagt caatagagca acacagaagg tagctcttgt cgagctgtga tggcatgtga 300

tactacctaa cagtttattt tccattatcc cgcgattcat gtaccgtaca tcctcactaa 360

ggcatcagga gcactaactt caacgagagt cttcacttac agtttccaaa ggtaaatgcc 420

aatgtttcaa tggaggaaaa gacttctcgg aatatatcgt ttttgttttc ttcataactt 480

ctgtaaagtt cacagctata agcaaagatc agttgcagta agtggaggga aaacaccttt 540

taacaccaga tttataccaa gtcatttact tcttttaatc accatggctt caaggcacca 600

aggaggtaga ggac 614

39

508

Mus musculus

39

gcaaggggcg caggcagagc gaggaccccg ctccttctct gctctggctg agtgctgtgt 60

gccctttgaa cctggccagc gctaccagga gtttgttcag gaagtggaca ctgtccacag 120

ctgctcaaac ccaccgactg cggcggctgc ggggcccagc caagtgcaga gaatgtgaag 180

ccttcatggt cagcgggaca gaatgtgaag agtgcttttt gacctgtcac aagcgctgcc 240

tggagaccct cctcatcctt tgtggacacc ggcggcttcc agcccggatg tccctctttg 300

gggttgactt cctacagctc cccagagatt tccctgagga ggttcccttt gtgattacca 360

gatgcacagc tgagatagag caccgtgccc tgggcttgca gggtatctat cgggtcagcg 420

ggtctcgggt acgtgtggag cggctgtgca ggcctttgag aatggccgag cactggtcga 480

gctgtccggg aactctcctc acgatatc 508