Diagnostic method based on quantification of extramitochondrial DNA

This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/097,889, filed Jun. 15, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,117, and of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/098,079, filed Jun. 15, 1998.

The present invention relates generally to diseases in which altered mitochondrial function, such as free radical mediated oxidative injury, leads to tissue degeneration and, more specifically, to compositions and methods for detecting predisposition to such diseases by quantifying extramitochondrial DNA.

A number of degenerative diseases are thought to be caused by or be associated with alterations in mitochondrial function. These diseases include Alzheimer's Disease, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's disease, dystonia, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, schizophrenia, and myodegenerative disorders such as “mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke” (MELAS), and “myoclonic epilepsy ragged red fiber syndrome” (MERRF). Other diseases involving altered metabolism or respiration within cells may also be regarded as diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function.

Functional mitochondria contain gene products encoded by mitochondrial genes situated in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and by extramitochondrial genes not situated in the circular mitochondrial genome. The 16.5 kb mtDNA encodes 22 tRNAs, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and only 13 enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC), the elaborate multi-complex mitochondrial assembly where, for example, respiratory oxidative phosphorylation takes place. The overwhelming majority of mitochondrial structural and functional proteins are encoded by extramitochondrial, and in most cases presumably nuclear genes. Accordingly, mitochondrial and extramitochondrial genes may interact directly or indirectly via gene products and their downstream intermediates, including metabolites, catabolites, substrates, precursors, cofactors and the like. Alterations in mitochondrial function, for example impaired electron transport activity, defective oxidative phosphorylation or increased free radical production, may therefore arise as the result of defective mtDNA, defective extramitochondrial DNA, defective mitochondrial or extramitochondrial gene products, defective downstream intermediates or a combination of these and other factors.

Mitochondria are the subcellular organelles that manufacture bioenergetically essential adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation. Defective mitochondrial activity, including failure at any step of the ETC, may result in the generation of highly reactive free radicals that have the potential of damaging cells and tissues. These free radicals may include reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals, and potentially other reactive species that may be toxic to cells. For example, oxygen free radical induced lipid peroxidation is a well established pathogenetic mechanism in central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as that found in a number of degenerative diseases, and in ischemia (i.e., stroke).

There are at least two deleterious consequences of exposure to reactive free radicals arising from mitochondrial dysfunction that adversely impact the mitochondria themselves. First, free radical mediated damage may inactivate one or more of the myriad proteins of the ETC. According to generally accepted theories of mitochondrial function, proper ETC respiratory activity requires maintenance of an electrochemical potential in the inner mitochondrial membrane by a coupled chemiosmotic mechanism. Free radical oxidative activity may dissipate this membrane potential, thereby preventing ATP biosynthesis and halting the production of a vital biochemical energy source. In addition, mitochondrial proteins such as cytochrome c and “apoptosis inducing factor” may leak out of the mitochondria after permeability transition and may induce the genetically programmed cell suicide sequence known as apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD).

Second, free radical mediated damage may result in catastrophic mitochondrial collapse that has been termed “transition permeability”. For example, rapid mitochondrial permeability transition likely entails changes in the inner mitochondrial transmembrane protein adenylate translocase that results in the formation of a “pore.” In any event, because permeability transition is potentiated by free radical exposure, it may be more likely to occur in the mitochondria of cells from patients having mitochondria associated diseases that are chronically exposed to such reactive free radicals.

Altered mitochondrial function characteristic of the mitochondria associated diseases may also be related to loss of mitochondrial membrane electrochemical potential by mechanisms other than free radical oxidation, and such transition permeability may result from direct or indirect effects of mitochondrial genes, gene products or related downstream mediator molecules and/or extramitochondrial genes, gene products or related downstream mediators, or from other known or unknown causes.

Diabetes mellitus is a common, degenerative disease affecting 5 to 10 percent of the population in developed countries. The propensity for developing diabetes mellitus is reportedly maternally inherited, suggesting a mitochondrial genetic involvement. (Alcolado, J. C. and Alcolado, R., Br. Med. J. 302:1178-1180 (1991); Reny, S. L., International J. Epidem. 23:886-890 (1994)). Diabetes is a heterogenous disorder with a strong genetic component; monozygotic twins are highly concordant and there is a high incidence of the disease among first degree relatives of affected individuals.

At the cellular level, the degenerative phenotype that may be characteristic of late onset diabetes mellitus includes indicators of altered mitochondrial respiratory function, for example impaired insulin secretion, decreased ATP synthesis and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Studies have shown that diabetes mellitus may be preceded by or associated with certain related disorders. For example, it is estimated that forty million individuals in the U.S. suffer from late onset impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IGT patients fail to respond to glucose with increased insulin secretion. A small percentage of IGT individuals (5-10%) progress to insulin deficient on-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) each year. Some of these individuals further progress to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). These forms of diabetes ellitus, NIDDM and IDDM, are associated with decreased release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells and/or a decreased end-organ response to insulin. Other symptoms of diabetes mellitus and conditions that precede or are associated with diabetes mellitus include obesity, vascular pathologies, peripheral and sensory neuropathies, blindness and deafness.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder associated with altered mitochondrial function and characterized by the loss and/or atrophy of dopamine-containing neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra of the brain. Like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), PD also afflicts the elderly. It is characterized by bradykinesia (slow movement), rigidity and a resting tremor. Although L-Dopa treatment reduces tremors in most patients for a while, ultimately the tremors become more and more uncontrollable, making it difficult or impossible for patients to even feed themselves or meet their own basic hygiene needs.

It has been shown that the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces parkinsonism in animals and man at least in part through its effects on mitochondria. MPTP is converted to its active metabolite, MPP+, in dopamine neurons; it then becomes concentrated in the mitochondria. The MPP+ then selectively inhibits the mitochondrial enzyme NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (“Complex I”), leading to the increased production of free radicals, reduced production of adenosine triphosphate, and ultimately, the death of affected dopamine neurons.

Mitochondrial Complex I is composed of 40-50 subunits; most are encoded by the nuclear genome and seven by the mitochondrial genome. Since parkinsonism may be induced by exposure to mitochondrial toxins that affect Complex I activity, it appears likely that defects in Complex I proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD by causing a similar biochemical deficiency in Complex I activity. Indeed, defects in mitochondrial Complex I activity have been reported in the blood and brain of PD patients (Parker et al., Am. J. Neurol. 26:719-723, 1989).

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by loss and/or atrophy of neurons in discrete regions of the brain, and that is accompanied by extracellular deposits of β-amyloid and the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles. It is a uniquely human disease, affecting over 13 million people worldwide. It is also a uniquely tragic disease. Many individuals who have lived normal, productive lives are slowly stricken with AD as they grow older, and the disease gradually robs them of their memory and other mental faculties. Eventually, they cease to recognize family and loved ones, and they often require continuous care until their eventual death.

There is evidence that defects in oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria are at least a partial cause of sporadic AD. The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which makes up part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), is present in normal amounts in AD patients; however, the catalytic activity of this enzyme in AD patients and in the brains of AD patients at autopsy has been found to be abnormally low. This suggests that the COX in AD patients is defective, leading to decreased catalytic activity that in some fashion causes or contributes to the symptoms that are characteristic of AD.

Focal defects in energy metabolism in the mitochondria, with accompanying increases in oxidative stress, may be associated with AD. It is well-established that energy metabolism is impaired in AD brain (Palmer et al., Brain Res. 645:338-42, 1994; Pappolla et al., Am. J. Pathol. 140:621-28, 1992; Jeandel et al., Gerontol. 35:275, 1989; Balazs et al., Neurochem Res. 19:1131-37, 1994; Mecocci et al., Ann. Neurol. 36:747-751, 1994; Gsell et al., J. Neurochem. 64:1216-23, 1995). For example, regionally specific deficits in energy metabolism in AD brains have been reported in a number of positron emission tomography studies (Kuhl, et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7:S406, 1987; Grady, et al., J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 10:576-96, 1988; Haxby et al., Arch. Neurol. 47:753-60, 1990; Azari et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13:438-47, 1993). Metabolic defects in the temporoparietal neocortex of AD patients apparently presage cognitive decline by several years. Skin fibroblasts from AD patients display decreased glucose utilization and increased oxidation of glucose, leading to the formation of glycosylation end products (Yan et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7787-91, 1994). Cortical tissue from postmortem AD brain shows decreased activity of the mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (Sheu et al., Ann. Neurol. 17:444-49, 1985) and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (Mastrogiacomo et al., J Neurochem. 6:2007-14, 1994), which are both key enzymes in energy metabolism. Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have shown increased levels of inorganic phosphate relative to phosphocreatine in AD brain, suggesting an accumulation of precursors that arises from decreased ATP production by mitochondria (Pettegrew et al., Neurobiol. of Aging 15:117-32, 1994; Pettigrew et al., Neurobiol. of Aging 16:973-75, 1995). In addition, the levels of pyruvate, but not of glucose or lactate, are reported to be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients, consistent with defects in cerebral mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity (Parnetti etal., Neurosci. Lett. 199:231-33, 1995).

Signs of oxidative injury are prominent features of AD pathology and, as noted above, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical mediators of neuronal degeneration. Indeed, studies at autopsy show that markers of protein, DNA and lipid peroxidation are increased in AD brain (Palmer et al., Brain Res. 645:338-42, 1994; Pappolla et al., Am. J. Pathol. 140:621-28, 1992; Jeandel et al., Gerontol. 35:275-82, 1989; Balazs et al., Arch. Neurol. 4:864, 1994; Mecocci et al., Ann. Neurol. 36:747-51, 1994; Smith et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10540-43, 1991). In hippocampal tissue from AD but not from controls, carbonyl formation indicative of protein oxidation is increased in neuronal cytoplasm, and nuclei of neurons and glia (Smith et al., Nature 382:120-21, 1996). Neurofibrillary tangles also appear to be prominent sites of protein oxidation (Schweers et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8463, 1995; Blass et al., Arch. Neurol. 4:864, 1990). Under stressed and non-stressed conditions incubation of cortical tissue from AD brains taken at autopsy demonstrate increased free radical production relative to non-AD controls. In addition, the activities of critical antioxidant enzymes, particularly catalase, are reduced in AD (Gsell et al., J. Neurochem. 64:1216-23, 1995), suggesting that the AD brain is vulnerable to increased ROS production. Thus, oxidative stress may contribute significantly to the pathology of mitochondria associated diseases such as AD, where mitochondrial dysfunction and/or elevated ROS may be present.

One hallmark pathology of AD is the death of selected neuronal populations in discrete regions of the brain. Cell death in AD is presumed to be apoptotic because signs of programmed cell death (PCD) are seen and indicators of active gliosis and necrosis are not found. (Smale et al., Exp. Neurolog. 133:225-230, 1995; Cotman et al., Molec. Neurobiol. 10:19-45, 1995.) The consequences of cell death in AD, neuronal and synaptic loss, are closely associated with the clinical diagnosis of AD and are highly correlated with the degree of dementia in AD (DeKosky et al., Ann. Neurology 27:457-464, 1990).

Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be critical in the cascade of events leading to apoptosis in various cell types (Kroemer et al., FASEB J. 9:1277-87, 1995), and may be a cause of apoptotic cell death in neurons of the AD brain. Altered mitochondrial physiology may be among the earliest events in PCD (Zamzami et al., J. Exp. Med. 182:367-77, 1995; Zamzami et al., J. Exp. Med. 181:1661-72, 1995) and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that result from such altered mitochondrial function may initiate the apoptotic cascade (Ausserer et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5032-42, 1994). In several cell types, including neurons, reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) precedes the nuclear DNA degradation that accompanies apoptosis. In cell-free systems, mitochondrial, but not nuclear, enriched fractions are capable of inducing nuclear apoptosis (Newmeyer et al., Cell 70:353-64, 1994). Perturbation of mitochondrial respiratory activity leading to altered cellular metabolic states, such as elevated intracellular ROS, may occur in mitochondria associated diseases and may further induce pathogenetic events via apoptotic mechanisms.

Oxidatively stressed mitochondria may release a pre-formed soluble factor that can induce chromosomal condensation, an event preceding apoptosis (Marchetti et al., Cancer Res. 56:2033-38, 1996). In addition, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptosis gene products are located within the outer mitochondrial membrane (Monaghan et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40:1819-25, 1992) and these proteins appear to protect membranes from oxidative stress (Korsmeyer et al, Biochim. Biophys. Act. 1271:63, 1995). Localization of Bcl-2 to this membrane appears to be indispensable for modulation of apoptosis (Nguyen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:16521-24, 1994). Thus, changes in mitochondrial physiology may be important mediators of apoptosis. To the extent that apoptotic cell death is a prominent feature of neuronal loss in AD, mitochondrial dysfunction may be critical to the progression of this disease and may also be a contributing factor in other mitochondria associated diseases.

Regardless of whether a defect underlying a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function may have mitochondrial or extramitochondrial origins, and regardless of whether a defect underlying altered mitochondrial function has been identified, the present invention provides methods that are useful for determining the risk or presence of diseases associated with such altered mitochondrial function, and for identifying agents that are suitable for treating such diseases. In particular, as is elaborated herein below, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the detection of diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function by quantification of unusual mtDNA-like sequences not found in mitochondria and referred to as extramitochondrial DNA (exmtDNA), and other related advantages.

Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to compositions and methods useful for detecting mitochondria associated diseases and involving extramitochondrial DNA (exmtDNA) sequences that are highly homologous to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In one aspect the invention provides a method for determining the risk for or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a first subject suspected of having or being at risk for having such a disease, by comparing a ratio r for each of a first and a second biological sample containing extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA, the first biological sample being obtained from the first subject and the second sample being obtained from a second subject known to be free of a risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, using the formula:

r=x/ ( x+y )

wherein x is the amount of extramitochondrial DNA in a sample, and y is the amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sample; and therefrom determining the risk or presence of the disease. In an embodiment of the invention, the ratio r is calculated by a method that comprises contacting a biological sample containing extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the extramitochondrial DNA and present in the mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA, in order to therefrom quantify the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA.

In another embodiment, the ratio r is calculated by a method comprising contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA and-mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the amplified extramitochondrial DNA and present in the amplified mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA. In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention the ratio r is calculated by a method comprising contacting a biological sample containing extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the extramitochondrial DNA and present in the mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of said primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a first product and hybridization and extension of the primer to the mitochondrial DNA to produce a second product distinguishable from the first product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA.

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention the ratio r is calculated by a method comprising contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the amplified extramitochondrial DNA and present in the amplified mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a first product and hybridization and extension of the primer to the mitochondrial DNA to produce a second product distinguishable from the first product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA.

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention the biological sample is treated by heating it in water to lyse cells contained in the sample, and then extracting cellular DNA from the lysed cells using an aqueous DNA extraction procedure. In certain embodiments of the invention the sample comprises a crude buffy coat fraction of whole blood. In certain other embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises the step of determining the ApoE genotype of the first subject and correlating said genotype with the risk or presence of disease. In some embodiments of the invention, the disease associated with altered mitochondrial function may be Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, dystonia, schizophrenia, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke, myoclonic epilepsy ragged red fiber syndrome, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for quantifying extramitochondrial DNA, comprising: contacting a sample containing extramitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence complementary to at least a portion of the extramitochondrial DNA under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA.

It is another aspect of the invention to provide a method for quantifying extramitochondrial DNA, comprising: contacting a sample containing extramitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence complementary to at least a portion of the extramitochondrial DNA under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for quantifying extramitochondrial DNA, comprising: contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence complementary to at least a portion of the extramitochondrial DNA under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA, therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for quantifying extramitochondrial DNA by contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence complementary to at least a portion of the extramitochondrial DNA under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA.

In one embodiment the extramitochondrial DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction, transcriptional amplification systems or self-sustained sequence replication. In certain embodiments of the various aspects of the invention, a single oligonucleotide primer is used. In certain embodiments of the invention a primer extension assay is used. In certain embodiments of the invention, the step of detecting may be by polymerase chain reaction, primer extension assay, ligase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the amount of extramitochondrial DNA in a biological sample is quantified by determining the presence in the sample of a nucleotide sequence that may be SEQ ID NO: 1, a portion of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, a portion of SEQ ID NO:3, an extramitochondrial DNA sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence that (i) corresponds to at least a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 and (ii) contains at least one nucleotide substitution of FIG. 4 at a corresponding nucleotide position, or an extramitochondrial DNA sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence that (i) corresponds to at least a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 and (ii) contains at least one nucleotide deletion of FIG. 4 at a corresponding nucleotide position. In one embodiment the portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. In another embodiment the portion of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase encoding sequence that may be portion of a cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) encoding sequence or a portion of a cytochrome c oxidase 2 (CO2) encoding sequence. In still other embodiments, the portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding a mitochondrial ATP synthetase subunit. In other embodiments, the portion of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of a mitochondrial ATP synthetase subunit encoding sequence that may be a portion of a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 6 or a portion of a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 8.

In some embodiments the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that may be a portion of a sequence encoding ND1, a sequence encoding a portion of ND2 or a sequence encoding a portion of CO3. In other embodiments, the portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding a mitochondrial ATP synthetase subunit, which in some embodiments may further be a portion of a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 6 or a portion of a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 8. In still other embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding a mitochondrial tRNA, while in yet other embodiments the portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding a mitochondrial tRNA.

In another aspect the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or a complementary sequence thereto. In another aspect the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or a complementary sequence thereto, wherein the sequence of the isolated nucleic acid differs by at least one nucleotide from the corresponding sequence of a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a complementary sequence thereto. In another aspect the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or a complementary sequence thereto. In another aspect the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or a complementary sequence thereto, wherein the sequence of the isolated nucleic acid differs by at least one nucleotide from the corresponding sequence of a nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a complementary sequence thereto.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for determining the risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a subject suspected of having or being at risk for having such a disease, by quantifying the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in a biological sample from the subject, and therefrom determining the risk or presence of the disease. It is another aspect of the invention to provide a method for determining the risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a first subject suspected of having or being at risk for having such a disease, by comparing the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in a biological sample from the first subject to the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in a biological sample from a second subject, and therefrom determining the risk or presence of the disease. In another aspect the invention provides a method for determining the risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a first subject suspected of having or being at risk for having such a disease, by quantifying the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in a biological sample from the subject and comparing the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA to the amount of extramitochondrial DNA and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in a biological sample from a second subject known to be free of a risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, and therefrom determining the risk or presence of the disease.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of regulating a telomere by administering to a subject a nucleic acid molecule comprising all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:1 or a complementary portion thereto. In one embodiment, the administered nucleic acid molecule comprises an exmtDNA sequence. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of regulating a telomere by administering to a subject a nucleic acid molecule comprising all or a portion of SEQ ID NO:3 or a complementary portion thereto.

Turning to another aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying an agent suitable for treating a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, by comparing a ratio r from a sample obtained before contacting a biological source with a candidate agent to the ratio r from a sample obtained after contacting the biological source with the candidate agent, said ratio r calculated using the formula:

r=x/ ( x+y )

wherein x is the amount of extramitochondrial DNA in a sample, and y is the amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sample; and therefrom determining the suitability of said candidate agent for treating a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. In one embodiment, the biological sample may be a crude buffy coat fraction of whole blood. In another embodiment, the biological sample is treated by heating in water to lyse cells contained in the sample, and then extracting cellular DNA from lysed cells using an aqueous DNA extraction procedure. In another embodiment, the ratio r is calculated by contacting a sample containing extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the extramitochondrial DNA and present in the mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA to calculate the ratio r.

In another embodiment of the invention, the ratio r is calculated by contacting a sample containing extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the extramitochondrial DNA and present in the mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a first product and hybridization and extension of the primer to the mitochondrial DNA to produce a second product distinguishable from the first product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA to calculate the ratio. In another embodiment, the ratio r is calculated by contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in said amplified extramitochondrial DNA and present in said amplified mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of said primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA to calculate the ratio r.

In yet another embodiment, the ratio r is calculated by contacting a sample containing amplified extramitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial DNA with an oligonucleotide primer having a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence present in the amplified extramitochondrial DNA and present in the amplified mitochondrial DNA, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow hybridization of said primer to the extramitochondrial DNA and to the mitochondrial DNA; and detecting hybridization and extension of the primer to the extramitochondrial DNA to produce a first product and hybridization and extension of the primer to the mitochondrial DNA to produce a second product distinguishable from said first product, and therefrom quantifying the extramitochondrial DNA and the mitochondrial DNA to calculate the ratio.

In another embodiment of the invention, comparing the ratio r from a sample obtained before contacting a biological source with a candidate agent to the ratio from a sample obtained after contacting the biological source with the candidate agent comprises determination of the presence in the sample of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or portion thereof, or a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or a portion thereof, or an extramitochondrial DNA sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence that (i) corresponds to at least a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 and (ii) contains at least one nucleotide substitution of FIG. 4 at a corresponding nucleotide position, or an extramitochondrial DNA sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence that (i) corresponds to at least a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 and (ii) contains at least one nucleotide deletion of FIG. 4 at a corresponding nucleotide position. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or a portion thereof corresponds to a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof is a sequence encoding CO1 or a portion thereof, or a sequence encoding CO2 or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or portion thereof, or the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 or portion thereof corresponds to a mitochondrial ATP synthetase subunit encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the mitochondrial ATP synthetase subunit encoding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof may be a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 6 or a portion thereof, or a sequence encoding ATP synthetase subunit 8 or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to a sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof that may be a sequence encoding a truncated NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 or a portion thereof, a sequence encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 or a portion thereof or a sequence encoding truncated CO3 or a portion thereof.

In other embodiments of the invention, the disease associated with altered mitochondrial function may be Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, dystonia, schizophrenia, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke, myoclonic epilepsy ragged red fiber syndrome, or Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying an agent suitable for treating a subject suspected of being at risk for having a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, by determining the apolipoprotein E genotype of the subject; comparing a ratio r in a biological sample obtained from the subject before contacting the sample with a candidate agent to the ratio r in a biological sample obtained from the subject after contacting the sample with a candidate agent, the ratio r calculated using the formula:

r=x/ ( x+y )

wherein x is the amount of extramitochondrial DNA in the sample, and y is the amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sample; and therefrom determining the suitability of said candidate agent for treating the disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. In another embodiment, the disease associated with altered mitochondrial function is Alzheimer's disease.

It is another aspect of the invention to provide a method of correlating a ratio r with the suitability of an agent for treating Alzheimer's disease in a subject, by determining a ratio r in a biological sample obtained from the subject, said ratio r calculated using the formula:

r=x/ ( x+y )

wherein x is the amount of extramitochondrial DNA in the sample, and y is the amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sample; contacting said subject with a candidate agent and evaluating the subject for alterations in the AD disease state, and therefrom correlating the suitability of the agent for treating AD in the subject with r. In another embodiment, the apolipoprotein E genotype of the subject is determined, and therefrom the suitability of the agent for treating AD in the subject is correlated with r and with the apolipoprotein E genotype.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings. In addition, various references are set forth herein which describe in more detail certain aspects of this invention, and are therefore incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIG. 1 depicts the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

FIG. 2 depicts the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

FIG. 3 depicts the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.

FIG. 4 depicts human extramitochondrial DNA nucleotide substitutions and deletions relative to the corresponding human mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention is directed generally to compositions and methods for diagnosing the risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a subject, and to compositions and methods for the identification of agents that may be suitable for treating a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. The invention utilizes a ratio, r, that may be useful for pharmacogenomic purposes, for example to stratify patient populations according to the suitability of particular therapeutic agents for use in such populations. The ratio r is the ratio of the amount of exmtDNA in a biological sample relative to the sum of the amount of exmtDNA plus mtDNA in the sample. As expressed quantitatively, the ratio r may be calculated using the formula:

r=x/ ( x+y )

wherein

x is the amount of exmtDNA in a sample, and

y is the amount of mtDNA in the sample.

In various aspects of the invention, as elaborated more fully herein, quantification of x and y provide, through calculation of r, parameters useful in diagnosis of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function and in screening assays for agents that may be suitable for the treatment of such a disease.

As discussed above, “altered mitochondrial function” may refer to any condition or state, including those that accompany a disease, where any structure or activity that is directly or indirectly related to a mitochondrial function has been changed. Altered mitochondrial function may have its origin in extramitochondrial structures or events as well as in mitochondrial structures or events, in direct interactions between mitochondrial and extramitochondrial genes and/or their gene products, or in structural or functional changes that occur as the result of interactions between intermediates that may be formed as the result of such interactions, including metabolites, catabolites, substrates, precursors, cofactors and the like.

Also as discussed above, altered mitochondrial function may include (but need not be limited to) altered respiratory or metabolic activity in some or all cells of a biological source. For example, markedly impaired ETC activity may be an example of altered mitochondrial function, as may be generation of increased ROS or defective oxidative phosphorylation. As further examples, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, induction of apoptotic pathways and formation of atypical chemical and biochemical crosslinked species within a cell, whether by enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms, may all be regarded as indicative of altered mitochondrial function. Without wishing to be bound by theory, alterations in the ratio r are believed to reflect chemical changes within affected cells that quantitatively influence recoveries of exmtDNA and/or mtDNA. For example, biochemical crosslinking events may result in the formation of DNA aggregates, DNA adducts or other molecular species that affect DNA recoveries following extraction procedures.

According to the present invention, alterations in the ratio r as defined above provide a novel and useful parameter for diagnosing the risk or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function in a subject, and for identifying agents that may be suitable for treating a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. As discussed above, a number of diseases, including several degenerative diseases, are associated with alterations in mitochondrial function. Further, detection of an appropriate parameter of altered mitochondrial function can provide preclinical evidence for a risk of or predisposition to a disease.

Determination of the ratio r involves quantification of exmtDNA (x) and mtDNA (y) that may be based on strong but not necessarily absolute nucleotide sequence conservation when corresponding portions of mtDNA and exmtDNA are compared, as discussed herein. In most preferred embodiments of the invention, determination of r is accomplished by detecting minor nucleotide sequence differences in highly conserved mtDNA and exmtDNA regions, as elaborated below. The invention provides compositions and methods that include the use of nucleic acid molecules, or portions thereof, having nucleotide sequences that are found in the human mtDNA sequence SEQ ID NO:2 (Anderson et al., Nature 290:457, 1981) and fragments of SEQ ID NO:2 that are suitable for use as oligonucleotide primers in nucleic acid primer extension or amplification techniques, as hybridization probes for the detection of complementary nucleotide sequences in a sample or for any number of additional uses that are well known to those familiar with the art. ExmtDNA may be nuclear DNA, including chromosomal and non-chromosomal DNA, or non-nuclear extramitochondrial DNA that may be from any subcellular compartment, provided it is not mtDNA.

Nucleic acid sequences within the scope of the invention include isolated DNA and RNA sequences that specifically hybridize under conditions of moderate or high stringency to exmtDNA nucleotide sequences, including exmtDNA sequences disclosed herein or fragments thereof, and their complements. As used herein, conditions of moderate stringency, as known to those having ordinary skill in the art, and as defined by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1, pp. 1.101-104, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), include use of a prewashing solution for the nitrocellulose filters 5×SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), hybridization conditions of 50% formamide, 6×SSC at 42° C. (or other similar hybridization solution), and washing conditions of about 50-60° C., 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS. Conditions of high stringency are defined as hybridization conditions as above, and with washing at 60-68° C., 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS. In other embodiments, hybridization to an exmtDNA nucleotide sequence may be at normal stringency, which is approximately 25-30° C. below Tm of the native duplex (e.g., 5×SSPE, 0.5% SDS, 5×Denhardt's solution, 50% formamide, at 42° C. or equivalent conditions), at low stringency hybridizations, which utilize conditions approximately 40° C. below Tm, or at high stringency hybridizations, which utilize conditions approximately 10° C. below Tm. The skilled artisan will recognize that the temperature, salt concentration; and chaotrope composition of hybridization and wash solutions may be adjusted as necessary according to factors such as the length and nucleotide base composition of the probe. (See also, e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing, 1987.)

An “isolated nucleic acid molecule” refers to a polynucleotide molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct, that has been separated from its source cell (including the chromosome it normally resides in) at least once, preferably in a substantially pure form. Isolated nucleic acids may be nucleic acids having particular disclosed nucleotide sequences or may be regions, portions or fragments thereof. Those having ordinary skill in the art are able to prepare isolated nucleic acids having the complete nucleotide sequence, or the sequence of any portion of a particular isolated nucleic acid molecule, when provided with the appropriate nucleic acid sequence information as disclosed herein. Nucleic acid molecules may be comprised of a wide variety of nucleotides, including DNA, RNA, nucleotide analogues such as phosphorothioates or peptide nucleic acids, or other analogues with which those skilled in the art will be familiar, or some combination of these.

The present invention, as described herein, provides exmtDNA sequences and isolated exmtDNA nucleic acid molecules. exmtDNA may be isolated from genomic DNA, typically by first generating an appropriate DNA library through techniques for constructing libraries that are known in the art (see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989) or purchased from commercial sources (e.g., Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Briefly, genomic DNA libraries can be constructed in chromosomal vectors, such as YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes), bacteriophage vectors, such as pBeloBAC11, λEMBL3, λgt10, cosmids, or plasmids. Alternatively, isolated exmtDNA may be prepared by preferentially amplifying exmtDNA sequences present in biological samples using, for example, DNA amplification methodologies such as PCR or other amplification techniques that are well known in the art, with suitable oligonucleotide primers complementary to exmtDNA sequences as disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, known mtDNA sequences derived from SEQ ID NO:2 (Anderson et al., Nature 290:457, 1981) may be utilized to design oligonucleotide hybridization probes suitable for screening genomic libraries. Preferably, such oligonucleotide probes are 18-30 bases in length and have sequences that, under the hybridization conditions selected, hybridize to complementary exmtDNA sequences lacking nucleotide substitutions, insertions or deletions (“mutations”) relative to the corresponding region of the mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Portions of an exmtDNA sequence and the mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 are regarded as “corresponding” nucleic acid sequences, regions, fragments or the like, based on the convention for numbering mtDNA nucleic acid positions according to SEQ ID NO:2 (Anderson et al., Nature 290:457, 1981), wherein an exmtDNA sequence is aligned with the mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 such that at least 70%, preferably at least 80% and more preferably at least 90% of the nucleotides in a given sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of a sequence are identical. In certain preferred embodiments, an exmtDNA sequence is greater than 95% identical to a corresponding mtDNA sequence. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, an exmtDNA sequence is identical to a corresponding mtDNA sequence. Those oligonucleotide probes having sequences that are identical in corresponding regions of mtDNA and exmtDNA may be identified and selected following hybridization target DNA sequence analysis, to verify the absence of mutations in the target exmtDNA sequence relative to the primer mtDNA-derived sequence.

To facilitate hybridization detection, the oligonucleotide may be conveniently labeled, generally at the 5′ end, with a reporter molecule, such as a radionuclide, e.g., 32 P, enzymatic label protein label, fluorescent label, biotin or other suitable labeling moieties known in the art. Such libraries are then generally plated as phage or colonies, depending upon the vector used. Subsequently, a plate replica to which the colonies or phage have been transferred, such as a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane or the like, is probed to identify candidate clones that contain the exmtDNA sequence. Such candidates may be verified as containing exmtDNA by any of various means including, for example, DNA sequence analysis or hybridization with a second, non-overlapping probe selected as described above to hybridize with target exmtDNA sequences lacking nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions relative to the corresponding portion of the mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Once a library is identified as containing exmtDNA, the exmtDNA can be isolated by amplification. Briefly, when using genomic library DNA as a template, amplification primers are designed based upon known mtDNA sequences (SEQ ID NO:2) and primer “walking” is used to select primers that anneal to exmtDNA regions that are identical to mtDNA sequences. The primers preferably have a GC content of about 50% and contain restriction sites to facilitate cloning. Primers do not have self-complementary sequences, nor do they contain complementary sequences at their 3′ end (to prevent primer-dimer formation). The primers are annealed to genomic DNA and sufficient amplification cycles are performed to yield a product readily visualized by gel electrophoresis and staining. The amplified fragment is purified and inserted into a vector, such as λgt10 or pBS(M13+), and propagated. Confirmation of the nature of the fragment is obtained by DNA sequence analysis.

As an example of detection of mtDNA-like sequences in a DNA library, an oligonucleotide having a nucleotide sequence present in a portion of any human mtDNA gene, preferably one of the human mtDNA encoded genes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6), tRNA Lys , tRNA Ile , tRNA Gln , tRNA Met , tRNA Cys , tRNA Tyr , tRNA AsP or cytochrome c oxidase 3 (CO3) and more preferably one of the human mtDNA encoded genes CO1, CO2, ATPase 8 or ATPase 6, may be labeled and used as a probe on a human genomic DNA library. An initial hybridization at normal stringency may yield candidate clones or fragments. If no hybridization is initially observed, varying degrees of stringency may be used. (See Sambrook et al., Ausubel et al., supra, and other well-known sources for stringency conditions.) Where it is advantageous to use oligonucleotide primers according to the present invention, such primers may be 10-60 nucleotides in length, preferably 15-35 nucleotides and still more preferably 18-30 nucleotides in length. Primers as described above for use in isolating exmtDNA from genomic DNA may also be useful in the present invention for quantifying mtDNA and exmtDNA by any of a variety of techniques well known in the art for determining the amount of specific nucleic acid target sequences present in a sample based on specific hybridization of a primer to the target sequence. Optionally, in certain of these techniques, hybridization precedes nucleotide polymerase catalyzed extension of the primer using the strand containing the target sequence as a template, and/or ligation of oligonucleotides hybridized to adjacent target sequences, and embodiments of the invention using primer extension are particularly preferred. For examples of references on such quantitative detection techniques, including those that may be used to detect nucleotide insertions, substitutions or deletions in a portion of an exmtDNA sequence site near an oligonucleotide primer target hybridization site that corresponds to a portion of the mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and further including those that involve primer extension, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,205 and the references cited therein, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference, and see also, for example, Botstein et al. ( Am. J. Hum. Gen. 32:314, 1980), Gibbs et al. ( Nucl. Ac. Res. 17:2437, 1989), Newton et al. ( Nucl. Ac. Res. 17:2503, 1989), Grossman et al. ( Nucl. Ac. Res. 22:4527, 1994), and Saiki et al. ( Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86:6230, 1989), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. A particularly useful method for this purpose is the primer extension assay disclosed by Fahy et al. ( Nucl. Acids Res. 25:3102. 1997) and by Ghosh et al. ( Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58:325, 1996), both of which references are hereby incorporated in their entireties, as is Krook et al. ( Hum. Molec. Genet. 1:391, 1995) which teaches modification of primer extension reactions to detect multiple nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions or other mutations. Other examples of useful techniques for quantifying the presence of specific nucleic acid target sequences in a sample include but need not be limited to labeled probe hybridization to the target nucleic acid sequences with or without first partially separating target nucleic acids from other nucleic acids present in the sample.

Examples of other useful techniques for determining the amount of specific nucleic acid target sequences present in a sample based on specific hybridization of a primer to the target sequence include specific amplification of target nucleic acid sequences and quantification of amplification products, including but not limited to polymerase chain reaction (PCR, Gibbs et al., Nucl. Ac. Res. 17:2437, 1989), transcriptional amplification systems, strand displacement amplification and self-sustained sequence replication (3SR, Ghosh et al, in Molecular Methods for Virus Detection, 1995 Academic Press, NY, pp. 287-314), the cited references for which are hereby incorporated in their entireties. Examples of other useful techniques include ligase chain reaction, single stranded conformational polymorphism analysis, Q-beta replicase assay, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP, Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Gen. 32:314, 1980) analysis and cycled probe technology, as well as other suitable methods that will be known to those familiar with the art.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, primer extension is used to quantify exmtDNA and mtDNA present in a biological sample. (Ghosh et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58:325, 1996) This embodiment may offer certain advantages by permitting both exmtDNA and mtDNA to be simultaneously quantified using a single oligonucleotide primer capable of hybridizing to a complementary nucleic acid target sequence that is present in a defined region of mtDNA and in a corresponding region of a exmtDNA sequence. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the use of a single primer for quantification of exmtDNA and of mtDNA is believed to avoid uncertainties associated with potential disparities in the relative hybridization properties of multiple primers and may offer other advantages. Where such a target sequence is situated adjacent to an exmtDNA nucleotide sequence position that is a nucleotide substitution, insertion or deletion relative to the corresponding mtDNA sequence position, primer extension assays may be designed such that oligonucleotide extension products of primers hybridizing to mtDNA are of different lengths than oligonucleotide extension products of primers hybridizing to exmtDNA. Accordingly, the amount of exmtDNA in a sample and the amount of mtDNA in the sample may be determined by quantification of distinct extension products that are separable on the basis of sequence length or molecular mass, for purposes of calculating the ratio r as described above.

Sequence length or molecular mass of primer extension assay products may be determined using any known method for characterizing the size of nucleic acid sequences with which those skilled in the art are familiar. In a preferred embodiment, primer extension products are characterized by gel electrophoresis. In another preferred embodiment, primer extension products are characterized by mass spectrometry (MS), which may further include matrix assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis or other MS techniques known to those having skill in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,622,824, 5,605,798 and 5,547,835, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In another preferred embodiment, primer extension products are characterized by liquid or gas chromatography, which may further include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or other well known chromatographic methodologies.

Any exmtDNA sequence or portion of an exmtDNA sequence that corresponds to the human mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof or several portions thereof may be useful in this embodiment of the invention. Examples of human exmtDNA sequences that are useful in this and other embodiments of the invention are disclosed in SEQ ID NO:1 in SEQ ID NO:3 and in SEQ ID NO:4. Nucleotide positions at which exmtDNA and mtDNA differ are provided in FIG. 4, in which are presented the identities of nucleotides at particular sequence positions in the human mtDNA genome (SEQ ID NO:2) and the corresponding positions in exmtDNA of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3 and 4, and in other specific exmtDNA regions corresponding to the human mtDNA encoded genes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6), tRNA Lys , tRNA Ile , tRNA Gln , tRNA Met , tRNA Cys , tRNA Tyr , tRNA Asp or cytochrome c oxidase 3 (CO3). These exmtDNA nucleotide sequences that correspond to the human mtDNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and that differ from SEQ ID NO:2 by the specific nucleotide substitution or deletion provided in FIG. 4 for an indicated nucleotide position number (using the numbering system of Anderson et al., 1981 Nature 290:457) were determined as provided herein by sequence analysis of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3 or of SEQ ID NO:4 or of cloned PCR amplicons generated as described herein using oligonucleotide primer sets disclosed in Tables 1-3.

Portions of SEQ ID NO:2 that include nucleic acid sequences encoding the mitochondrial ETC enzymes cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO 1), cytochrome c oxidase 2 (CO 2), ATP synthetase subunit 8 (ATPase 8) and ATP synthetase subunit 6 (ATPase 6) may be particularly useful, and in preferred embodiments of the invention these sequences comprise isolated nucleic acid molecules that have nucleotide sequences identical or complementary to corresponding nucleic acid sequences present in exmtDNA of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:3 and/or SEQ ID NO:4. Portions of SEQ ID NO:2 that include nucleic acid sequences encoding the mitochondrial tRNAs, including mitochondrial isoleucyl, glutaminyl, methionyl, aspartyl, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl and lysyl tRNAs may also be particularly useful. Also particularly useful in preferred embodiments of the invention are sequences comprising isolated nucleic acid molecules that have nucleotide sequences identical or complementary to corresponding nucleic acid sequences present in exmtDNA of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or of SEQ ID NOS:3 and/or 4, and/or to corresponding regions of SEQ ID NO:2 having the specific nucleotide substitutions or deletions identified at the indicated corresponding mtDNA nucleotide position in FIG. 4, or any portion or fragment thereof.

FIG. 4 shows nucleotides present in human mtDNA of SEQ ID NO:2 (Anderson et al., 1981 Nature 290:457) at the indicated nucleotide position number, and also shows single base substitutions or deletions, which substitutions and deletions are provided by the instant invention., at the corresponding nucleotide position number in human exmtDNA sequences. The “gene” column refers to the mtDNA encoded gene region in which the indicated mtDNA nucleotide position numbers are present: “COI”, “COII” and COIII” refer, respectively, to cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COX I), II (COX II) and III (COX III); “ATPase” refers to ATP synthetase (also commonly referred to as ATP synthase); “ND” refers to NADH dehydrogenase (also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or mitochondrial electron transport chain Complex I); and genes encoding tRNA specific for the amino acid indicated by the well known three letter code are appropriately labeled.

The “fragment” column in FIG. 4 refers either (i) to cloned and sequenced exmtDNA containing the indicated nucleotide substitutions and deletions relative to the corresponding positions in human mtDNA, wherein “5.8 kb pg” refers to SEQ ID NO:1 and “519 bp pg” refers to SEQ ID NO:3; or alternatively, (ii) identifies oligonucleotide primer sets from Table 1 (COX I, II and III), Table 2 (ND 1-4, 4L, 5 and 6), or Table 3 (ATP synthetase subunits 8 and 6) that were used to PCR amplify cellular DNA as described herein, using a two-digit number with a letter code (A=alternate, i.e., an alternate primer complementary to an overlapping and/or adjacent region of human mtDNA [SEQ ID NO:2] relative to a first primer having the same two-digit number and orientation—such alternates are included to provide means for PCR amplifying a particular human exmtDNA region containing one or more substitutions or deletions listed in FIG. 4, where under certain conditions one member of the primer pair comprising the first primer and its alternate may be incapable of duplex formation with an exmtDNA target sequence due to an uncharacterized sequence variation, for example a mutation such as a point mutation, in the target sequence. Typically, an alternate primer will be designed to anneal to an exmtDNA target sequence that commences at a nucleotide corresponding to a nucleotide position in human mtDNA situated within 1-100 nucleotides of the position where the first primer anneals, preferably within 1-50 nucleotides, more preferably within 1-30 nucleotides and still more preferably within 1-15 nucleotides. F=forward orientation; R=reverse orientation.)

As described herein, the present invention provides compositions and methods related to novel exmtDNA sequences that may differ from human mtDNA sequences at one or more nucleotide positions as disclosed in FIG. 4, such as, for ample, the exmtDNA sequences of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3 and 4. Details for obtaining SEQ ID NO:1 are provided below in the Examples. Those having ordinary skill in the art can also readily obtain other isolated exmtDNA sequences using well known methodologies including those provided herein and in the cited references, and further including the use of the oligonucleotide primers provided in Tables 1-3 and in the Examples. Databases (e.g., GenBank, EMBL) and methods for nucleic acid sequence analysis are also well known in the art, for example, similarity between two sequences may be readily determined using well known computer programs such as the BLAST algorithm (Altschul, J. Mol. Biol. 219:555-565, 1991; Henikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915-10919, 1992), which is available at the NCBI website http://www/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/BLAST). Default parameters may be used. Examples of other useful computer algorithms are those used in programs such as Align and FASTA, which may be accessed, for example, at the Genestream internet website of the Institut de Genetique Humaine, Montpellier, France (www2.igh.cnrs.fr/home.eng.html) and used with default parameters.

For instance, exmtDNA sequences present in SEQ ID NOS:3 or 4 that correspond to specific regions of SEQ ID NO:2 can be readily identified, and appropriate primers selected based on the sequences provided in Tables 1-3 and the exmtDNA nucleotide substitutions and deletions relative to the corresponding human mtDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) provided in FIG. 4 . For example, SEQ ID NO:3 may be derived from, or detected in, a suitable biological sample using primer set 26 and/or primer set 41 as provided in Table 3, and methodologies essentially as provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,493 (and references cited therein), which is hereby incorporated by reference. As another example, such an approach applied to a biological sample comprising a cloned human peripheral blood leukocyte derived genomic DNA library (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif., catalog number HL1111j) probed with a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the region of SEQ ID NO:2 encoding ATP synthase subunit 8 may provide SEQ ID NO:4, portions of which may be useful in the subject invention compositions and methods. From the disclosure herein, as will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art, the nucleotide sequence from position 215-733 in SEQ ID NO:4 corresponds to SEQ ID NO:3, and both SEQ ID NOS:3 and 4 correspond to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that differs from SEQ ID NO:2 by having specific nucleotide substitutions disclosed in FIG. 4 . The nucleotide sequences in SEQ ID NO:4 from positions 1-214 and 734-1263, conversely, do not correspond to mtDNA sequences of SEQ ID NO:2 and further may represent novel nucleic acid sequences. Sequence analysis (e.g., using online databases and algorithms as described above) of nucleotides 734-1263 suggests that nucleotides 963-1105 encode an exon of a human carboxypeptidase-N “L” subunit and that nucleotides 734-962 represent novel intron sequences within the carboxypeptidase-N gene, with nucleotides 1106-1263 representing additional novel (and probably non-coding) sequences as well. The exmtDNA sequence of nucleotides 215-733 thus may be present in human genomic DNA as a mtDNA-like pseudogene situated within intronic DNA.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, DNA in a biological sample containing exmtDNA and/or mtDNA is first amplified by methodologies well known in the art and described above, such that the amplification products may be used as templates in a method for quantifying the amount of exmtDNA and mtDNA present in the sample. Accordingly, it may be desirable to employ oligonucleotide primers that are complementary to target sequences that are identical in, and common to, mtDNA and exmtDNA, for example PCR amplification templates and primers prepared according to Fahy et al. ( Nucl. Acids Res., 25:3102, 1997) and Davis et al. ( Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4526, 1997; see also Hirano et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14894, 1997, and Wallace et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14900, 1997.)

Biological samples containing exmtDNA and mtDNA may comprise any tissue or cell preparation in which exmtDNA and mtDNA may be present. Biological samples may be provided by obtaining a blood sample, biopsy specimen, tissue explant, organ culture or any other tissue or cell preparation from a subject or a biological source. The subject or biological source may be a human or non-human animal, a primary cell culture or culture adapted cell line including but not limited to genetically engineered cell lines that may contain chromasomally integrated or episomal recombinant nucleic acid sequences, immortalized or immortalizable cell lines, somatic cell hybrid or cytoplasmic hybrid “cybrid” cell lines, differentiated or differentiatable cell lines, transformed cell lines and the like. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the subject or biological source may be suspected of having or being at risk for having a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, and in certain preferred embodiments of the invention the subject or biological source may be known to be free of a risk or presence of such as disease.

In certain other preferred embodiments where it is desirable to determine whether or not a subject or biological source falls within clinical parameters indicative of Alzheimer's disease (AD), signs and symptoms of AD that are accepted by those killed in the art may be used to so designate a subject or biological source, for example clinical signs referred to in McKhann et al. ( Neurology 34:939, 1984, National Institute of Neurology, Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria of Probable AD, NINCDS-ADRDA) and references cited therein, or other means known in the art for diagnosing AD.

In certain aspects of the invention, biological samples containing mtDNA and exmtDNA may be obtained from the subject or biological source before and after contacting the subject or biological source with a candidate agent, for example to identify a candidate agent capable of effecting a change in the value of the ratio r, defined above, relative to the value of r before exposure of the subject or biological source to the agent.

In a most preferred embodiment of the invention, the biological sample containing mtDNA and exmtDNA may comprise a crude buffy coat fraction of whole blood, which is known in the art to comprise further a particulate fraction of whole blood enriched in white blood cells and platelets and substantially depleted of erythrocytes. Those familiar with the art will know how to prepare such a buffy coat fraction, which may be prepared by differential density sedimentation of blood components under defined conditions, including the use of density dependent separation media, or by other methods.

In another most preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of exmtDNA and mtDNA in a biological sample may be quantified by first heating the sample in water to lyse cells contained therein, and then extracting cellular DNA from the lysed cells using an aqueous DNA extraction procedure. “Heating” may involve treating the cells for various times, typically 1-120 minutes, at a high temperature that is at least 80° C., preferably at least 90° C., more preferably at least 95° C. and most preferably in a boiling water bath. Based on the compositions and methods disclosed in the present application, the ordinarily skilled artisan will be able to readily determine optimal times and temperatures for heating samples to practice the invention without undue experimentation. As used herein, an “aqueous DNA extraction” method refers to preparation of DNA from such a boiled cell lysate without subjecting the lysate to sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS)/proteinase K treatments and/or without fractionating the lysate using a phenol-chloroform two-phase separation extraction step. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with various standard procedures for preparing and handling DNA without the use of SDS/proteinase K and/or phenol-chloroform.

According to certain embodiments of the invention, the particular cell type or tissue type from which a biological sample is obtained may influence qualitative or quantitative aspects of the exmtDNA and/or mtDNA contained therein relative to exmtDNA and/or mtDNA obtained from distinct cell or tissue types of a common biological source. As described above, some diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function may manifest themselves in particular cell or tissue types. For example, AD is primarily a neurodegenerative disease that particularly effects changes in the central nervous system (CNS). It is therefore within the contemplation of the invention to quantify exmtDNA and mtDNA in biological samples from different cell or tissue types as may render the advantages of the invention most useful for a particular disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, and the relevant cell or tissue types will be known to those familiar with such diseases.

In order to determine whether a mitochondrial alteration may contribute to a particular disease state, it may be useful to construct a model system for diagnostic tests and for screening candidate therapeutic agents in which the nuclear genetic background may be held constant while the mitochondrial genome is modified. It is known in the art to deplete mitochondrial DNA from cultured cells to produce ρ 0 cells, thereby preventing expression and replication of mitochondrial genes and inactivating mitochondrial function. See, for example, International Publication Number WO 95/26973, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and references cited therein. It is further known in the art to repopulate such ρ 0 cells with mitochondria derived from foreign cells in order to assess the contribution of the donor mitochondrial genotype to the respiratory phenotype of the recipient cells. Such cytoplasmic hybrid cells, containing genomic and mitochondrial DNAs of differing biological origins, are known as cybrids. “ρ 0 cells” are cells essentially completely depleted of mtDNA, and therefore have no functional mitochondrial respiration/electron transport activity. Such absence of mitochondrial respiration may be established by demonstrating a lack of oxygen consumption by intact cells in the absence of glucose, and/or by demonstrating a lack of catalytic activity of electron transport chain enzyme complexes having subunits encoded by mtDNA, using methods well known in the art. (See, e.g., Miller et al., J. Neurochem. 67:1897-1907, 1996.) That cells have become ρ 0 cells may befurther established by demonstrating that no mtDNA sequences are detectable within the cells. For example, using standard techniques well known to those familiar with the art, cellular mtDNA content may be measured using slot blot analysis of 1 μg total cellular DNA probed with a mtDNA-specific oligonucleotide probe radiolabeled with, e.g., 32 P to a specific activity ≧900 Ci/gm. Under these conditions ρ 0 cells yield no detectable hybridizing probe signal. Alternatively, any other method known in the art for detecting the presence of mtDNA in a sample may be used that provides comparable sensitivity. “Mitochondrial DNA depleted” cells (“mtDNA depleted cells”) are cells substantially but not completely depleted of functional mitochondria and/or mitochondrial DNA, by any method useful for this purpose. MtDNA depleted cells are preferably at least 80% depleted of mtDNA as measured using the slot blot assay described above for the determination of the presence of ρ 0 cells, and more preferably at least 90% depleted of mtDNA. Most preferably, mtDNA depleted cells are depleted of >95% of their mtDNA.

Mitochondria to be transferred to construct model systems in accordance with the present invention may be isolated from virtually any tissue or cell source. Cell cultures of all types may potentially be used, as may cells from any tissue. However, fibroblasts, brain tissue, myoblasts and platelets are preferred sources of donor mitochondria. Platelets are the most preferred, in part because of their ready abundance, and their lack of nuclear DNA. This preference is not meant to constitute a limitation on the range of cell types that may be used as donor sources.

For example, platelets may be isolated by an adaptation of the method of Chomyn ( Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54:966-974, 1994). However, it is not necessary that this particular method be used. Other methods are easily substituted. For instance, if nucleated cells are used, cell enucleation and isolation of mitochondria isolation can be performed as described by Chomyn et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2236-2244, 1991. Human tissue from a subject suspected of having or being at risk for having a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, or from a subject known to be free of a risk or presence of such a disease, may be the source of donor mitochondrial DNA.

After preparation of mitochondria by isolation of platelets or enucleation of donor cells, the mitochondria may be transplanted into ρ 0 cells or mtDNA depleted cells using any known technique for introducing an organelle into a recipient cell, including but not limited to polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated cell membrane fusion, cell membrane permeabilization, cell-cytoplast fusion, virus mediated membrane fusion, liposome mediated fusion, particle mediated cellular uptake, microinjection or other methods known in the art. For example by way of illustration and not limitation, mitochondria donor cells (˜1×10 7 ) are suspended in calcium-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle (DME) medium and mixed with ρ 0 cells (˜0.5×10 6 ) in a total volume of 2 ml for 5 minutes at room temperature. The cell mixture is pelleted bv centrifugation and resuspended in 150 μl PEG (PEG 1000, J.T. Baker, Inc., 50% w/v in DME). After 1.5 minutes, the cell suspension is diluted with normal ρ 0 cell medium containing pyruvate, uridine and glucose, and maintained in tissue culture plates. Medium is replenished daily, and after one week medium lacking pyruvate and uridine is used to inhibit growth of unfused ρ 0 cells. These or other methods known in the art may be employed to produce cytoplasmic hybrid, or “cybrid”,cell lines.

As a non-limiting example, cybrid model systems may be useful for diagnosing a patient suspected of having or being at risk for a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. According to this example, the patient's mitochondria are used to construct cybrid cells as described above. These cybrid cells may then be propagated in vitro and used to provide a biological sample for the determination of the ratio r, which can be compared to an r value calculated from samples of a control cybrid cell line constructed with mitochondria from a subject known to be free of disease. Where it may be desirable to compare the influence upon r of mitochondria from different sources, both cybrid cell lines may be constructed from the same ρ 0 cell line to provide a constant background environment. These and similar uses of model systems according to the invention for determining the risk for or presence of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function will be appreciated by those familiar with the art and are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

As another non-limiting example, cybrid model systems may be useful for identifying agents suitable for treating a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. According to this example, a cybrid cell line may be a biological source in which the ratio r is calculated as described above, before and after cybrid cells are contacted with a candidate agent for treating disease. Such a cybrid cell line may be used to screen candidate agents by identifying those agents capable of effecting a change in the value of r relative to the value of r before exposure to the agent. The present invention thus provides model systems for selecting therapeutic agents that may be suitable for the treatment of diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function. These and similar uses of model systems according to the invention for the screening and identification of agents that influence the ratio r defined above, will be appreciated by those familiar with the art and are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

In addition, although the present invention is directed primarily towards model systems for diseases in which the mitochondria have metabolic alterations, it is not so limited. Conceivably there are disorders wherein mitochondria contain structural or morphological defects or anomalies, and the model systems of the present invention are of value, for example, to find drugs that can address that particular aspect of the disease. Also, there are certain individuals that have or are suspected of having extraordinarily effective or efficient mitochondrial function, and the model systems of the present invention may be of value in studying such mitochondria. Moreover, it may be desirable to put known normal mitochondria into cell lines having disease characteristics, in order to rule out the possibility that mitochondrial alterations contribute to pathogenesis. All of these and similar uses are within the scope of the present invention, and the use of the phrase “mitochondrial alteration” herein should not be construed to exclude such embodiments.

According to the present invention, a ratio r as defined herein is determined in a biological sample, for example by calculation following quantification of mtDNA and exmtDNA using a technique based on specific oligonucleotide hybridization to a target sequence. This hybridization may be optionally followed by target template directed extension, such as in primer extension assays described herein. For certain diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function, calculation of r may have diagnostic usefulness. For example, where other clinical indicators of a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function are known, values for r in subjects known to be free of a risk or presence of such disease based on the absence of these indicators may be determined to establish a control range for r. The ratio may also be calculated in biological samples obtained from subjects suspected of having or being at risk for having a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function, and compared to the control range of r values determined in disease free subjects. Those having familiarity with the art will appreciate that there may be any number of variations on the particular subjects, biological sources and bases for comparing r values that are useful beyond those that are expressly presented herein, and these additional uses are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

For instance, determination of r in may take the form of a diagnostic assay performed on whole blood collected from a subject by routine venous blood draw, on buffy coat cells prepared from blood or on biological samples that are other cells, organs or tissue from a subject. Alternatively, in certain situations it may be desirable to construct cybrid cell lines using mitochondria from either control subjects or subjects suspected of being at risk for a disease associated with altered mitochondrial function. Such cybrids may be used to determine r for diagnostic purposes, or as biological sources for screening assays to identify agents that may be suitable for treating disease based on their ability to change the r value obtained from treated cells. In one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, therapeutic agents or combinations of agents that are tailored to effectively treat an individual patient's particular disease may be identified by routine screening of candidate agents on cybrid cells constructed with the patient's mitochondria.

The present invention provides compositions and methods that are useful in pharmacogenomics, for the classification and/or stratification of a subject or a patient population, for instance correlation of one or more traits in a subject with indicators of the responsiveness to, or efficacy of, a particular therapeutic treatment. In one aspect of the invention, measurement of r in a biological sample from a subject is combined with identification of the subject's apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype to determine the risk for, or presence of, Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the subject. The apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE-ε4) allele is a genetic susceptibility factor for sporadic AD and confers a two fold risk for AD (Corder et al., Science 261:921, 1993; see also “National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association Working Group Consensus Statement,” Lancet 347:1091, 1996 and references cited therein, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.). Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method for determining the risk for or presence of AD in a subject by comparing r values will further comprise determining the APOE genotype of the subject suspected of being at risk for AD. By using the combination of the methods for determining r, as disclosed herein, and methods known in the art for determining APOE genotype, an enhanced ability to detect the relative risk for AD is provided by the instant invention along with other related advantages. Similarly, where APOE genotype and risk for AD are correlated, the present invention provides advantageous methods for identifying agents suitable for treating AD where such agents affect r in a biological source.

As described herein, determination of r may be used to stratify an AD patient population. Accordingly, in another preferred embodiment of the invention, determination of r in a biological sample from an AD subject may provide a useful correlative indicator for that subject. An AD subject so classified on the basis of an r value may then be monitored using AD clinical parameters referred to above, such that correlation between r value and any particular clinical score used to evaluate AD may be monitored. For example, stratification of an AD patient population according to r values may provide a useful marker with which to correlate the efficacy of any candidate therapeutic agent being used in AD subjects. In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, determination of r in concert with determination of an AD subject's APOE genotype may also be useful. These and related advantages will be appreciated by those familiar with the art.

In another aspect, the invention provides exmtDNA sequences that may be useful in the detection or regulation of telomeric events that are related to diseases, including diseases associated with altered mitochondrial function, or in the identification of agents that are suitable for the treatment of such diseases. Dynamic processes in the telomeric regions of chromosomes that involve specific nucleic acid sequences, and in particular that may involve particular nucleotide polymerase and nuclease activities, have been implicated in chromosomal events that may be related to cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. See, for example, Fossel, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 279:1732 (1998); LaBranche et al., Nat. Genet. 19:199 (1998); Shay. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 4:526 (1998); Nowak et al., Cancer. J. Sci. Am. 4:148 (1998); Iwama et al., Hum. Genet. 102:397 (1998), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In one embodiment of the invention, nucleic acid sequences are provided that may be used to monitor telomeric events, including but not limited to telomerase activity. As disclosed herein, nucleic acids having exmtDNA sequences may be used to increase or decrease telomeric processes, for instance by destabilizing or stabilizing telomers. Without wishing to be bound by theory, because telomeric structure is related to cellular growth potential and/or senescence, nucleic acid based intervention in regulation of telomeric structure may provide effective means for the detection or treatment of related disease processes. The present invention provides identification of human exmtDNA sequences in human chromosomal telomeric regions, and other related advantages.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation.

Homo sapien

1

cactgtaaag ctaacccagc attaaccttt taagttaaag actaagagaa tcattatctc 60

tttacagtga aatgccacag ctaaatacca ctgtatgacc tgctatcatc accccaatac 120

tcctcacgtt atttctcatc acccaactaa aaatactaaa cacacactgc catctgccca 180

cctcaccaaa atttattaaa ataaaaaact acagtaagcc ctgagaacca aaatgaacga 240

aaatttattc gcttcattca ttacccctac agtactaggc ctacccgcca cagtaccaat 300

catcctattt ccccccttac tggtcccaac ctccaaatac ctcatcaaca accgactaat 360

caccactcaa caatgactac ttcaactcac cttaaaacaa ataataacga tacataacat 420

taagggacga acctggtccc ttatactaat ttccctgatt atttttattg ccacaactaa 480

tctcctcgga ctcttgcccc actcatttac accaatcac 519

2

16569

Homo sapien

2

gatcacaggt ctatcaccct attaaccact cacgggagct ctccatgcat ttggtatttt 60

cgtctggggg gtatgcacgc gatagcattg cgagacgctg gagccggagc accctatgtc 120

gcagtatctg tctttgattc ctgcctcatc ctattattta tcgcacctac gttcaatatt 180

acaggcgaac atacttacta aagtgtgtta attaattaat gcttgtagga cataataata 240

acaattgaat gtctgcacag ccactttcca cacagacatc ataacaaaaa atttccacca 300

aaccccccct cccccgcttc tggccacagc acttaaacac atctctgcca aaccccaaaa 360

acaaagaacc ctaacaccag cctaaccaga tttcaaattt tatcttttgg cggtatgcac 420

ttttaacagt caccccccaa ctaacacatt attttcccct cccactccca tactactaat 480

ctcatcaata caacccccgc ccatcctacc cagcacacac acaccgctgc taaccccata 540

ccccgaacca accaaacccc aaagacaccc cccacagttt atgtagctta cctcctcaaa 600

gcaatacact gaaaatgttt agacgggctc acatcacccc ataaacaaat aggtttggtc 660

ctagcctttc tattagctct tagtaagatt acacatgcaa gcatccccgt tccagtgagt 720

tcaccctcta aatcaccacg atcaaaaggg acaagcatca agcacgcagc aatgcagctc 780

aaaacgctta gcctagccac acccccacgg gaaacagcag tgattaacct ttagcaataa 840

acgaaagttt aactaagcta tactaacccc agggttggtc aatttcgtgc cagccaccgc 900

ggtcacacga ttaacccaag tcaatagaag ccggcgtaaa gagtgtttta gatcaccccc 960

tccccaataa agctaaaact cacctgagtt gtaaaaaact ccagttgaca caaaatagac 1020

tacgaaagtg gctttaacat atctgaacac acaatagcta agacccaaac tgggattaga 1080

taccccacta tgcttagccc taaacctcaa cagttaaatc aacaaaactg ctcgccagaa 1140

cactacgagc cacagcttaa aactcaaagg acctggcggt gcttcatatc cctctagagg 1200

agcctgttct gtaatcgata aaccccgatc aacctcacca cctcttgctc agcctatata 1260

ccgccatctt cagcaaaccc tgatgaaggc tacaaagtaa gcgcaagtac ccacgtaaag 1320

acgttaggtc aaggtgtagc ccatgaggtg gcaagaaatg ggctacattt tctaccccag 1380

aaaactacga tagcccttat gaaacttaag ggtcgaaggt ggatttagca gtaaactaag 1440

agtagagtgc ttagttgaac agggccctga agcgcgtaca caccgcccgt caccctcctc 1500

aagtatactt caaaggacat ttaactaaaa cccctacgca tttatataga ggagacaagt 1560

cgtaacatgg taagtgtact ggaaagtgca cttggacgaa ccagagtgta gcttaacaca 1620

aagcacccaa cttacactta ggagatttca acttaacttg accgctctga gctaaaccta 1680

gccccaaacc cactccacct tactaccaga caaccttagc caaaccattt acccaaataa 1740

agtataggcg atagaaattg aaacctggcg caatagatat agtaccgcaa gggaaagatg 1800

aaaaattata accaagcata atatagcaag gactaacccc tataccttct gcataatgaa 1860

ttaactagaa ataactttgc aaggagagcc aaagctaaga cccccgaaac cagacgagct 1920

acctaagaac agctaaaaga gcacacccgt ctatgtagca aaatagtggg aagatttata 1980

ggtagaggcg acaaacctac cgagcctggt gatagctggt tgtccaagat agaatcttag 2040

ttcaacttta aatttgccca cagaaccctc taaatcccct tgtaaattta actgttagtc 2100

caaagaggaa cagctctttg gacactagga aaaaaccttg tagagagagt aaaaaattta 2160

acacccatag taggcctaaa agcagccacc aattaagaaa gcgttcaagc tcaacaccca 2220

ctacctaaaa aatcccaaac atataactga actcctcaca cccaattgga ccaatctatc 2280

accctataga agaactaatg ttagtataag taacatgaaa acattctcct ccgcataagc 2340

ctgcgtcaga ttaaaacact gaactgacaa ttaacagccc aatatctaca atcaaccaac 2400

aagtcattat taccctcact gtcaacccaa cacaggcatg ctcataagga aaggttaaaa 2460

aaagtaaaag gaactcggca aatcttaccc cgcctgttta ccaaaaacat cacctctagc 2520

atcaccagta ttagaggcac cgcctgccca gtgacacatg tttaacggcc gcggtaccct 2580

aaccgtgcaa aggtagcata atcacttgtt ccttaaatag ggacctgtat gaatggctcc 2640

acgagggttc agctgtctct tacttttaac cagtgaaatt gacctgcccg tgaagaggcg 2700

ggcataacac agcaagacga gaagacccta tggagcttta atttattaat gcaaacagta 2760

cctaacaaac ccacaggtcc taaactacca aacctgcatt aaaaatttcg gttggggcga 2820

cctcggagca gaacccaacc tccgagcagt acatgctaag acttcaccag tcaaagcgaa 2880

ctactatact caattgatcc aataacttga ccaacggaac aagttaccct agggataaca 2940

gcgcaatcct attctagagt ccatatcaac aatagggttt acgacctcga tgttggatca 3000

ggacatcccg atggtgcagc cgctattaaa ggttcgtttg ttcaacgatt aaagtcctac 3060

gtgatctgag ttcagaccgg agtaatccag gtcggtttct atctaccttc aaattcctcc 3120

ctgtacgaaa ggacaagaga aataaggcct acttcacaaa gcgccttccc ccgtaaatga 3180

tatcatctca acttagtatt atacccacac ccacccaaga acagggtttg ttaagatggc 3240

agagcccggt aatcgcataa aacttaaaac tttacagtca gaggttcaat tcctcttctt 3300

aacaacatac ccatggccaa cctcctactc ctcattgtac ccattctaat cgcaatggca 3360

ttcctaatgc ttaccgaacg aaaaattcta ggctatatac aactacgcaa aggccccaac 3420

gttgtaggcc cctacgggct actacaaccc ttcgctgacg ccataaaact cttcaccaaa 3480

gagcccctaa aacccgccac atctaccatc accctctaca tcaccgcccc gaccttagct 3540

ctcaccatcg ctcttctact atgaaccccc ctccccatac ccaaccccct ggtcaacctc 3600

aacctaggcc tcctatttat tctagccacc tctagcctag ccgtttactc aatcctctga 3660

tcagggtgag catcaaactc aaactacgcc ctgatcggcg cactgcgagc agtagcccaa 3720

acaatctcat atgaagtcac cctagccatc attctactat caacattact aataagtggc 3780

tcctttaacc tctccaccct tatcacaaca caagaacacc tctgattact cctgccatca 3840

tgacccttgg ccataatatg atttatctcc acactagcag agaccaaccg aacccccttc 3900

gaccttgccg aaggggagtc cgaactagtc tcaggcttca acatcgaata cgccgcaggc 3960

cccttcgccc tattcttcat agccgaatac acaaacatta ttataataaa caccctcacc 4020

actacaatct tcctaggaac aacatatgac gcactctccc ctgaactcta cacaacatat 4080

tttgtcacca agaccctact tctaacctcc ctgttcttat gaattcgaac agcatacccc 4140

cgattccgct acgaccaact catacacctc ctatgaaaaa acttcctacc actcacccta 4200

gcattactta tatgatatgt ctccataccc attacaatct ccagcattcc ccctcaaacc 4260

taagaaatat gtctgataaa agagttactt tgatagagta aataatagga gcttaaaccc 4320

ccttatttct aggactatga gaatcgaacc catccctgag aatccaaaat tctccgtgcc 4380

acctatcaca ccccatccta aagtaaggtc agctaaataa gctatcgggc ccataccccg 4440

aaaatgttgg ttataccctt cccgtactaa ttaatcccct ggcccaaccc gtcatctact 4500

ctaccatctt tgcaggcaca ctcatcacag cgctaagctc gcactgattt tttacctgag 4560

taggcctaga aataaacatg ctagctttta ttccagttct aaccaaaaaa ataaaccctc 4620

gttccacaga agctgccatc aagtatttcc tcacgcaagc aaccgcatcc ataatccttc 4680

taatagctat cctcttcaac aatatactct ccggacaatg aaccataacc aatactacca 4740

atcaatactc atcattaata atcataatag ctatagcaat aaaactagga atagccccct 4800

ttcacttctg agtcccagag gttacccaag gcacccctct gacatccggc ctgcttcttc 4860

tcacatgaca aaaactagcc cccatctcaa tcatatacca aatctctccc tcactaaacg 4920

taagccttct cctcactctc tcaatcttat ccatcatagc aggcagttga ggtggattaa 4980

accagaccca gctacgcaaa atcttagcat actcctcaat tacccacata ggatgaataa 5040

tagcagttct accgtacaac cctaacataa ccattcttaa tttaactatt tatattatcc 5100

taactactac cgcattccta ctactcaact taaactccag caccacgacc ctactactat 5160

ctcgcacctg aaacaagcta acatgactaa cacccttaat tccatccacc ctcctctccc 5220

taggaggcct gcccccgcta accggctttt tgcccaaatg ggccattatc gaagaattca 5280

caaaaaacaa tagcctcatc atccccacca tcatagccac catcaccctc cttaacctct 5340

acttctacct acgcctaatc tactccacct caatcacact actccccata tctaacaacg 5400

taaaaataaa atgacagttt gaacatacaa aacccacccc attcctcccc acactcatcg 5460

cccttaccac gctactccta cctatctccc cttttatact aataatctta tagaaattta 5520

ggttaaatac agaccaagag ccttcaaagc cctcagtaag ttgcaatact taatttctgt 5580

aacagctaag gactgcaaaa ccccactctg catcaactga acgcaaatca gccactttaa 5640

ttaagctaag cccttactag accaatggga cttaaaccca caaacactta gttaacagct 5700

aagcacccta atcaactggc ttcaatctac ttctcccgcc gccgggaaaa aaggcgggag 5760

aagccccggc aggtttgaag ctgcttcttc gaatttgcaa ttcaatatga aaatcacctc 5820

ggagctggta aaaagaggcc taacccctgt ctttagattt acagtccaat gcttcactca 5880

gccattttac ctcaccccca ctgatgttcg ccgaccgttg actattctct acaaaccaca 5940

aagacattgg aacactatac ctattattcg gcgcatgagc tggagtccta ggcacagctc 6000

taagcctcct tattcgagcc gagctgggcc agccaggcaa ccttctaggt aacgaccaca 6060

tctacaacgt tatcgtcaca gcccatgcat ttgtaataat cttcttcata gtaataccca 6120

tcataatcgg aggctttggc aactgactag ttcccctaat aatcggtgcc cccgatatgg 6180

cgtttccccg cataaacaac ataagcttct gactcttacc tccctctctc ctactcctgc 6240

tcgcatctgc tatagtggag gccggagcag gaacaggttg aacagtctac cctcccttag 6300

cagggaacta ctcccaccct ggagcctccg tagacctaac catcttctcc ttacacctag 6360

caggtgtctc ctctatctta ggggccatca atttcatcac aacaattatc aatataaaac 6420

cccctgccat aacccaatac caaacgcccc tcttcgtctg atccgtccta atcacagcag 6480

tcctacttct cctatctctc ccagtcctag ctgctggcat cactatacta ctaacagacc 6540

gcaacctcaa caccaccttc ttcgaccccg ccggaggagg agaccccatt ctataccaac 6600

acctattctg atttttcggt caccctgaag tttatattct tatcctacca ggcttcggaa 6660

taatctccca tattgtaact tactactccg gaaaaaaaga accatttgga tacataggta 6720

tggtctgagc tatgatatca attggcttcc tagggtttat cgtgtgagca caccatatat 6780

ttacagtagg aatagacgta gacacacgag catatttcac ctccgctacc ataatcatcg 6840

ctatccccac cggcgtcaaa gtatttagct gactcgccac actccacgga agcaatatga 6900

aatgatctgc tgcagtgctc tgagccctag gattcatctt tcttttcacc gtaggtggcc 6960

tgactggcat tgtattagca aactcatcac tagacatcgt actacacgac acgtactacg 7020

ttgtagccca cttccactat gtcctatcaa taggagctgt atttgccatc ataggaggct 7080

tcattcactg atttccccta ttctcaggct acaccctaga ccaaacctac gccaaaatcc 7140

atttcactat catattcatc ggcgtaaatc taactttctt cccacaacac tttctcggcc 7200

tatccggaat gccccgacgt tactcggact accccgatgc atacaccaca tgaaacatcc 7260

tatcatctgt aggctcattc atttctctaa cagcagtaat attaataatt ttcatgattt 7320

gagaagcctt cgcttcgaag cgaaaagtcc taatagtaga agaaccctcc ataaacctgg 7380

agtgactata tggatgcccc ccaccctacc acacattcga agaacccgta tacataaaat 7440

ctagacaaaa aaggaaggaa tcgaaccccc caaagctggt ttcaagccaa ccccatggcc 7500

tccatgactt tttcaaaaag gtattagaaa aaccatttca taactttgtc aaagttaaat 7560

tataggctaa atcctatata tcttaatggc acatgcagcg caagtaggtc tacaagacgc 7620

tacttcccct atcatagaag agcttatcac ctttcatgat cacgccctca taatcatttt 7680

ccttatctgc ttcctagtcc tgtatgccct tttcctaaca ctcacaacaa aactaactaa 7740

tactaacatc tcagacgctc aggaaataga aaccgtctga actatcctgc ccgccatcat 7800

cctagtcctc atcgccctcc catccctacg catcctttac ataacagacg aggtcaacga 7860

tccctccctt accatcaaat caattggcca ccaatggtac tgaacctacg agtacaccga 7920

ctacggcgga ctaatcttca actcctacat acttccccca ttattcctag aaccaggcga 7980

cctgcgactc cttgacgttg acaatcgagt agtactcccg attgaagccc ccattcgtat 8040

aataattaca tcacaagacg tcttgcactc atgagctgtc cccacattag gcttaaaaac 8100

agatgcaatt cccggacgtc taaaccaaac cactttcacc gctacacgac cgggggtata 8160

ctacggtcaa tgctctgaaa tctgtggagc aaaccacagt ttcatgccca tcgtcctaga 8220

attaattccc ctaaaaatct ttgaaatagg gcccgtattt accctatagc accccctcta 8280

ccccctctag agcccactgt aaagctaact tagcattaac cttttaagtt aaagattaag 8340

agaaccaaca cctctttaca gtgaaatgcc ccaactaaat actaccgtat ggcccaccat 8400

aattaccccc atactcctta cactattcct catcacccaa ctaaaaatat taaacacaaa 8460

ctaccaccta cctccctcac caaagcccat aaaaataaaa aattataaca aaccctgaga 8520

accaaaatga acgaaaatct gttcgcttca ttcattgccc ccacaatcct aggcctaccc 8580

gccgcagtac tgatcattct atttccccct ctattgatcc ccacctccaa atatctcatc 8640

aacaaccgac taatcaccac ccaacaatga ctaatcaaac taacctcaaa acaaatgata 8700

accatacaca acactaaagg acgaacctga tctcttatac tagtatcctt aatcattttt 8760

attgccacaa ctaacctcct cggactcctg cctcactcat ttacaccaac cacccaacta 8820

tctataaacc tagccatggc catcccctta tgagcgggca cagtgattat aggctttcgc 8880

tctaagatta aaaatgccct agcccacttc ttaccacaag gcacacctac accccttatc 8940

cccatactag ttattatcga aaccatcagc ctactcattc aaccaatagc cctggccgta 9000

cgcctaaccg ctaacattac tgcaggccac ctactcatgc acctaattgg aagcgccacc 9060

ctagcaatat caaccattaa ccttccctct acacttatca tcttcacaat tctaattcta 9120

ctgactatcc tagaaatcgc tgtcgcctta atccaagcct acgttttcac acttctagta 9180

agcctctacc tgcacgacaa cacataatga cccaccaatc acatgcctat catatagtaa 9240

aacccagccc atgaccccta acaggggccc tctcagccct cctaatgacc tccggcctag 9300

ccatgtgatt tcacttccac tccataacgc tcctcatact aggcctacta accaacacac 9360

taaccatata ccaatgatgg cgcgatgtaa cacgagaaag cacataccaa ggccaccaca 9420

caccacctgt ccaaaaaggc cttcgatacg ggataatcct atttattacc tcagaagttt 9480

ttttcttcgc aggatttttc tgagcctttt accactccag cctagcccct accccccaat 9540

taggagggca ctggccccca acaggcatca ccccgctaaa tcccctagaa gtcccactcc 9600

taaacacatc cgtattactc gcatcaggag tatcaatcac ctgagctcac catagtctaa 9660

tagaaaacaa ccgaaaccaa ataattcaag cactgcttat tacaatttta ctgggtctct 9720

attttaccct cctacaagcc tcagagtact tcgagtctcc cttcaccatt tccgacggca 9780

tctacggctc aacatttttt gtagccacag gcttccacgg acttcacgtc attattggct 9840

caactttcct cactatctgc ttcatccgcc aactaatatt tcactttaca tccaaacatc 9900

actttggctt cgaagccgcc gcctgatact ggcattttgt agatgtggtt tgactatttc 9960

tgtatgtctc catctattga tgagggtctt actcttttag tataaatagt accgttaact 10020

tccaattaac tagttttgac aacattcaaa aaagagtaat aaacttcgcc ttaattttaa 10080

taatcaacac cctcctagcc ttactactaa taattattac attttgacta ccacaactca 10140

acggctacat agaaaaatcc accccttacg agtgcggctt cgaccctata tcccccgccc 10200

gcgtcccttt ctccataaaa ttcttcttag tagctattac cttcttatta tttgatctag 10260

aaattgccct ccttttaccc ctaccatgag ccctacaaac aactaacctg ccactaatag 10320

ttatgtcatc cctcttatta atcatcatcc tagccctaag tctggcctat gagtgactac 10380

aaaaaggatt agactgaacc gaattggtat atagtttaaa caaaacgaat gatttcgact 10440

cattaaatta tgataatcat atttaccaaa tgcccctcat ttacataaat attatactag 10500

catttaccat ctcacttcta ggaatactag tatatcgctc acacctcata tcctccctac 10560

tatgcctaga aggaataata ctatcgctgt tcattatagc tactctcata accctcaaca 10620

cccactccct cttagccaat attgtgccta ttgccatact agtctttgcc gcctgcgaag 10680

cagcggtggg cctagcccta ctagtctcaa tctccaacac atatggccta gactacgtac 10740

ataacctaaa cctactccaa tgctaaaact aatcgtccca acaattatat tactaccact 10800

gacatgactt tccaaaaaac acataatttg aatcaacaca accacccaca gcctaattat 10860

tagcatcatc cctctactat tttttaacca aatcaacaac aacctattta gctgttcccc 10920

aaccttttcc tccgaccccc taacaacccc cctcctaata ctaactacct gactcctacc 10980

cctcacaatc atggcaagcc aacgccactt atccagtgaa ccactatcac gaaaaaaact 11040

ctacctctct atactaatct ccctacaaat ctccttaatt ataacattca cagccacaga 11100

actaatcata ttttatatct tcttcgaaac cacacttatc cccaccttgg ctatcatcac 11160

ccgatgaggc aaccagccag aacgcctgaa cgcaggcaca tacttcctat tctacaccct 11220

agtaggctcc cttcccctac tcatcgcact aatttacact cacaacaccc taggctcact 11280

aaacattcta ctactcactc tcactgccca agaactatca aactcctgag ccaataactt 11340

aatatgacta gcttacacaa tagcttttat agtaaagata cctctttacg gactccactt 11400

atgactccct aaagcccatg tcgaagcccc catcgctggg tcaatagtac ttgccgcagt 11460

actcttaaaa ctaggcggct atggtataat acgcctcaca ctcattctca accccctgac 11520

aaaacacata gcctacccct tccttgtact atccctatga ggcataatta taacaagctc 11580

catctgccta cgacaaacag acctaaaatc gctcattgca tactcttcaa tcagccacat 11640

agccctcgta gtaacagcca ttctcatcca aaccccctga agcttcaccg gcgcagtcat 11700

tctcataatc gcccacgggc ttacatcctc attactattc tgcctagcaa actcaaacta 11760

cgaacgcact cacagtcgca tcataatcct ctctcaagga cttcaaactc tactcccact 11820

aatagctttt tgatgacttc tagcaagcct cgctaacctc gccttacccc ccactattaa 11880

cctactggga gaactctctg tgctagtaac cacgttctcc tgatcaaata tcactctcct 11940

acttacagga ctcaacatac tagtcacagc cctatactcc ctctacatat ttaccacaac 12000

acaatggggc tcactcaccc accacattaa caacataaaa ccctcattca cacgagaaaa 12060

caccctcatg ttcatacacc tatcccccat tctcctccta tccctcaacc ccgacatcat 12120

taccgggttt tcctcttgta aatatagttt aaccaaaaca tcagattgtg aatctgacaa 12180

cagaggctta cgacccctta tttaccgaga aagctcacaa gaactgctaa ctcatgcccc 12240

catgtctaac aacatggctt tctcaacttt taaaggataa cagctatcca ttggtcttag 12300

gccccaaaaa ttttggtgca actccaaata aaagtaataa ccatgcacac tactataacc 12360

accctaaccc tgacttccct aattcccccc atccttacca ccctcgttaa ccctaacaaa 12420

aaaaactcat acccccatta tgtaaaatcc attgtcgcat ccacctttat tatcagtctc 12480

ttccccacaa caatattcat gtgcctagac caagaagtta ttatctcgaa ctgacactga 12540

gccacaaccc aaacaaccca gctctcccta agcttcaaac tagactactt ctccataata 12600

ttcatccctg tagcattgtt cgttacatgg tccatcatag aattctcact gtgatatata 12660

aactcagacc caaacattaa tcagttcttc aaatatctac tcatcttcct aattaccata 12720

ctaatcttag ttaccgctaa caacctattc caactgttca tcggctgaga gggcgtagga 12780

attatatcct tcttgctcat cagttgatga tacgcccgag cagatgccaa cacagcagcc 12840

attcaagcaa tcctatacaa ccgtatcggc gatatcggtt tcatcctcgc cttagcatga 12900

tttatcctac actccaactc atgagaccca caacaaatag cccttctaaa cgctaatcca 12960

agcctcaccc cactactagg cctcctccta gcagcagcag gcaaatcagc ccaattaggt 13020

ctccacccct gactcccctc agccatagaa ggccccaccc cagtctcagc cctactccac 13080

tcaagcacta tagttgtagc aggaatcttc ttactcatcc gcttccaccc cctagcagaa 13140

aatagcccac taatccaaac tctaacacta tgcttaggcg ctatcaccac tctgttcgca 13200

gcagtctgcg cccttacaca aaatgacatc aaaaaaatcg tagccttctc cacttcaagt 13260

caactaggac tcataatagt tacaatcggc atcaaccaac cacacctagc attcctgcac 13320

atctgtaccc acgccttctt caaagccata ctatttatgt gctccgggtc catcatccac 13380

aaccttaaca atgaacaaga tattcgaaaa ataggaggac tactcaaaac catacctctc 13440

acttcaacct ccctcaccat tggcagccta gcattagcag gaataccttt cctcacaggt 13500

ttctactcca aagaccacat catcgaaacc gcaaacatat catacacaaa cgcctgagcc 13560

ctatctatta ctctcatcgc tacctccctg acaagcgcct atagcactcg aataattctt 13620

ctcaccctaa caggtcaacc tcgcttcccc acccttacta acattaacga aaataacccc 13680

accctactaa accccattaa acgcctggca gccggaagcc tattcgcagg atttctcatt 13740

actaacaaca tttcccccgc atcccccttc caaacaacaa tccccctcta cctaaaactc 13800

acagccctcg ctgtcacttt cctaggactt ctaacagccc tagacctcaa ctacctaacc 13860

aacaaactta aaataaaatc cccactatgc acattttatt tctccaacat actcggattc 13920

taccctagca tcacacaccg cacaatcccc tatctaggcc ttcttacgag ccaaaacctg 13980

cccctactcc tcctagacct aacctgacta gaaaagctat tacctaaaac aatttcacag 14040

caccaaatct ccacctccat catcacctca acccaaaaag gcataattaa actttacttc 14100

ctctctttct tcttcccact catcctaacc ctactcctaa tcacataacc tattcccccg 14160

agcaatctca attacaatat atacaccaac aaacaatgtt caaccagtaa ctactactaa 14220

tcaacgccca taatcataca aagcccccgc accaatagga tcctcccgaa tcaaccctga 14280

cccctctcct tcataaatta ttcagcttcc tacactatta aagtttacca caaccaccac 14340

cccatcatac tctttcaccc acagcaccaa tcctacctcc atcgctaacc ccactaaaac 14400

actcaccaag acctcaaccc ctgaccccca tgcctcagga tactcctcaa tagccatcgc 14460

tgtagtatat ccaaagacaa ccatcattcc ccctaaataa attaaaaaaa ctattaaacc 14520

catataacct cccccaaaat tcagaataat aacacacccg accacaccgc taacaatcaa 14580

tactaaaccc ccataaatag gagaaggctt agaagaaaac cccacaaacc ccattactaa 14640

acccacactc aacagaaaca aagcatacat cattattctc gcacggacta caaccacgac 14700

caatgatatg aaaaaccatc gttgtatttc aactacaaga acaccaatga ccccaatacg 14760

caaaattaac cccctaataa aattaattaa ccactcattc atcgacctcc ccaccccatc 14820

caacatctcc gcatgatgaa acttcggctc actccttggc gcctgcctga tcctccaaat 14880

caccacagga ctattcctag ccatgcacta ctcaccagac gcctcaaccg ccttttcatc 14940

aatcgcccac atcactcgag acgtaaatta tggctgaatc atccgctacc ttcacgccaa 15000

tggcgcctca atattcttta tctgcctctt cctacacatc gggcgaggcc tatattacgg 15060

atcatttctc tactcagaaa cctgaaacat cggcattatc ctcctgcttg caactatagc 15120

aacagccttc ataggctatg tcctcccgtg aggccaaata tcattctgag gggccacagt 15180

aattacaaac ttactatccg ccatcccata cattgggaca gacctagttc aatgaatctg 15240

aggaggctac tcagtagaca gtcccaccct cacacgattc tttacctttc acttcatctt 15300

gcccttcatt attgcagccc tagcaacact ccacctccta ttcttgcacg aaacgggatc 15360

aaacaacccc ctaggaatca cctcccattc cgataaaatc accttccacc cttactacac 15420

aatcaaagac gccctcggct tacttctctt ccttctctcc ttaatgacat taacactatt 15480

ctcaccagac ctcctaggcg acccagacaa ttatacccta gccaacccct taaacacccc 15540

tccccacatc aagcccgaat gatatttcct attcgcctac acaattctcc gatccgtccc 15600

taacaaacta ggaggcgtcc ttgccctatt actatccatc ctcatcctag caataatccc 15660

catcctccat atatccaaac aacaaagcat aatatttcgc ccactaagcc aatcacttta 15720

ttgactccta gccgcagacc tcctcattct aacctgaatc ggaggacaac cagtaagcta 15780

cccttttacc atcattggac aagtagcatc cgtactatac ttcacaacaa tcctaatcct 15840

aataccaact atctccctaa ttgaaaacaa aatactcaaa tgggcctgtc cttgtagtat 15900

aaactaatac accagtcttg taaaccggag atgaaaacct ttttccaagg acaaatcaga 15960

gaaaaagtct ttaactccac cattagcacc caaagctaag attctaattt aaactattct 16020

ctgttctttc atggggaagc agatttgggt accacccaag tattgactca cccatcaaca 16080

accgctatgt atttcgtaca ttactgccag ccaccatgaa tattgtacgg taccataaat 16140

acttgaccac ctgtagtaca taaaaaccca atccacatca aaaccccctc cccatgctta 16200

caagcaagta cagcaatcaa ccctcaacta tcacacatca actgcaactc caaagccacc 16260

cctcacccac taggatacca acaaacctac ccacccttaa cagtacatag tacataaagc 16320

catttaccgt acatagcaca ttacagtcaa atcccttctc gtccccatgg atgacccccc 16380

tcagataggg gtcccttgac caccatcctc cgtgaaatca atatcccgca caagagtgct 16440

actctcctcg ctccgggccc ataacacttg ggggtagcta aagtgaactg tatccgacat 16500

ctggttccta cttcagggtc ataaagccta aatagcccac acgttcccct taaataagac 16560

atcacgatg 16569

3

ataggcattc caactcatcc gcttgctgac gacctccacg tgatttcaac aatgatttca 60

aatatttcac tttttaagtc agtgtgactt aagtatgaaa ttgcctctcc ctaaagctcc 120

cctaaggcct aaacagtcgt cattaccata gctgtgacag ggagactgtt gaatttataa 180

tctattggcc attcacagca tagcgtataa accctagctc atgatttctt tgcaatagaa 240

gtgtactttt tcatcacatt cccttcacaa cttactcacc agacagactt tgagctctcc 300

tcctggctta gcctggatcg tttgaaatgg tcatccatcc tttggcccca atacctaaac 360

taaggtctat gaacaataag atgattttac ttcagtggga cttttttgtt taatatatta 420

gatttgacct tcagcaaggt caaagggagt ccgaactagt ctcaggcttc aacatcgaat 480

acgccgcagg ncccttcgcc ctattcttca tagccgaata cacaaacatt attataataa 540

acaccctcac cactacaatc ttcctaggaa caacatataa cgcactctcc cctgaactct 600

acacaacata ttttgtcacc aagaccctac ttctgacctc cctgttctta tgaattcgaa 660

cagcataccc ccgattccgc tacgaccaac tcatacacct cctatgaaaa aacttcctac 720

cactcaccct agcattactt atatgatatg tctccatacc cattacaatc tccagcattc 780

cccctcaaac ctaagaaata tgtctgataa aagagttact ttgatagagt aaataatagg 840

agtttaaatc cccttatttc taggactatg agaatcgaac ccatccctga gaatccaaaa 900

ttctcggtgc caactatcac accccatctt aaagtaaggt cagctaaata agctatcggg 960

cccatacccc gaaaatgttg gttatatcct tcccgtacta attaatcccc tggcccaacc 1020

cgtcatttac tctaccatct ttgcaggcac actcatcaca gcgctaagct cgcactgatt 1080

ttttacctga gtaggcctag aaataaacat gctagctttt attccagttc taaccaaaaa 1140

aataaaccct cgttccacag aagntgccat caagtatttc ctcacgcaag caaccgcatc 1200

cataatcctt ctaatagcta tcctnttcaa caatatactc tccggacaat gaaccatwac 1260

caataccacc aatcaatact catcattaat aatcataatg gctatagcaa taaaactagg 1320

aatagccccc tttcacttct gagtcccaga ggttacccaa ggcacccctc tgacatccgg 1380

cctgctcctt ctcacatgac aaaaactagc ccccatctca atcatatacc aaatttctcc 1440

ctcattaaac gtaagccttc tcctcactct ttcaatctta tccatcatgg caggcagttg 1500

aggtggatta aaccaaaccc aactacgcaa aatcttagca tactcctcaa ttacccacat 1560

aggatgaata acagcagttc taccgtacaa ccctaacata accattctta atttaactat 1620

ttatattatc ctaactacta ccgcattcct actactcaac ttaaactcca gcaccacaac 1680

cctactacta tctcgcacct gaaacaagct aacatgacta acacccttaa ttccatccac 1740

cctcctctcc ctaggaggcc tgcccccgct aaccggcttt ttgcccaaat gggccattat 1800

cgaagaattc acaaaaaaca atagcctcat catccccacc atcatagcca tcatcaccct 1860

ccttaacctc tacttctacc tgcgcctaat ctactccacc tcaatcacac tactccctat 1920

atctaacaac gtaaaaataa aatgacagtt tgaacacaca aaacccaccc cattcctccc 1980

cacactcatc gcccttacca cactgctcct acctatctcc ccttttatgc taataatctt 2040

atagaaattt aggttaaata cagaccaaga gccttcaaag ccctcagtaa gttgcaatac 2100

ttaatttctg naacagctaa ggactgcaaa accccactct gcatcaactg nangcaaatc 2160

agccacttta attaagctaa gcccttacta gaccaatggg acttaaaccc acaaacactt 2220

agttaacagc taagcaccct aatcaactgg cttcaatcta cttctcccgc cgccgggaaa 2280

aaaggcggga gaagccccgg caggtttgaa gctgcttctt cgaatttgca attcaatatg 2340

aaaatcacct canagctggt aaaaagaggc ttaacccctg tctttagatt tacagtccaa 2400

tgcttcactc agccatttta cctcaccccc actgatgttc gccgaccgtt gactattctc 2460

tacaaaccac aaagacattg gaacactata cctattattc ggcgcatgag ctggagtcct 2520

aggcacagct ctaagcctcc ttattcgagc cgaactgggc cagccaggca accttctagg 2580

taacgaccac atctacaacg ttatcgtcac agcccatgca tttgtaataa tcttcttcat 2640

agtaataccc atcataatcg gaggytttgg caastgacta gttcccctaa taatcggtgc 2700

ccccgatatg gsgtttcccc gcataaacaa cataagcttn tgactcttac ccccctctct 2760

cntactcctg ttngcatctg ctatagtgga ggccggcgca ggaacaggtt gaacagtnta 2820

ccctcccttg gcagggaact actcccaccc tggagcctcc gtagacctaa ccatcttctc 2880

cttacaccta gcaggtatct cctctatctt agggaccatc aatttcatca caacaattat 2940

taatataaaa ccccctgcca taacccaata ccaaacgccc cttttcgtct gatccgtcct 3000

aatcacagca gtcttacttc tcctatctct cccagtccta gccgctggca tcactatact 3060

actaacagac cgtaacctca acaccacctt cttcgaccca gccggaggag gagaccccat 3120

tctataccaa cacctattct gatttttcgg tcaccctgaa gtttatattc tcatcctacc 3180

aggcttcgga ataatctccc atattgtaac ttactactcc ggaaaaaaag aaccatttgg 3240

atacataggt atggtctgag ctatgatatc aattggcttc ctagggttta tcgtgtgagc 3300

acaccatata tttacagtag gaatagacgt agacacacga gcatatttca cctccgctac 3360

cataatcatc gctatcccca ccggcgtcaa agtatttagc tgactcgcca cactccacgg 3420

aagcaatatg aaatgatctg ctgcagtgct ctgagcccta ggatttattt ttcttttcac 3480

cgtaggtggc ctgactggca ttgtattagc aaactcatca ctagacatcg tactacacga 3540

cacgtactac gttgtagccc acttccacta tgtcctatca ataggagctg tatttgccat 3600

cataggaggc ttcattcact gatttcccct attctcaggc tacaccctag accaaaccta 3660

cgccaaaatc catttcgcta tcatattcat cggcgtaaat ctaactttct tcccacaaca 3720

ctttctcggc ctatccggaa tgccccgacg ttactcggac tatcccgatg catacaccac 3780

atgaaatatc ctatcatctg taggctcatt catttctcta acagcagtaa tattaataat 3840

tttcataatt tgagaagcct tcgcttcgaa gcgaaaagtc ctaatagtag aagaaccctc 3900

cataaacctg gagtgactat atggatgccc cccaccctac cacacattcg aagaacccgt 3960

atacataaaa tctagacaaa aaaggaagga atcgaacccc ccaaagctgg tttcaagcca 4020

accccatggc ctccatgact ttttcaaaaa gatattagaa aaaccatttc ataactttgt 4080

caaagttaaa ttataggcta aatcctatat atcttaatgg cacatgcagc gcaagtaggt 4140

ctacaagacg ctacttcccc tatcatagaa gagcttatca tctttcatga tcacgccctc 4200

ataatcattt tccttatctg cttcctagtc ctgtacgccc ttttcctaac actcacaaca 4260

aaactaacta atactaacat ctcagacgct caggaaatag aaaccgtctg aactatcctg 4320

cccgccatca tcctagtcct tatcgccctc ccatncctac gcatccttta cataacagac 4380

gaggtcaacg atccctcctt taccatcaaa tcaattggcc atcaatggta ctgaacctac 4440

gaatacaccg actacggcgg actaatcttc aactcctaca tacttccccc attattccta 4500

gaaccaggcg acctgcgact ccttgacgtt gacaatcgag tagtactccc ggttgaagcc 4560

cccattcgta taataattac atcacaagac gtcttacact catgagctgt ccccacatta 4620

ggcttaaaaa cagatgcaat tcccggacgt ctaaaccaaa ccactttcac tgctacacga 4680

ccaggggtat actacggcca atgctctgaa atctgtggag caaaccagtt ttatgcccat 4740

cgtcctagaa ttaattcccc taaaaatctt tgaaataggg cccgtattta ccctatagca 4800

ccccctctac cccctctaga gcccactgta aagctaactt agcattaacc ttttaagtta 4860

aagattaaga gaaccaacac ctctttacag tgaaatgccc caactaaata ctaccgtatg 4920

acccaccata attaccccca tactccttac actattcctc atcacccaac taaaaatatt 4980

aaatacaaat taccacctac ctccctcacc aaagcccata aaaataaaaa actataacaa 5040

accctgagaa ccaaaatgaa cgaaaatctg ttcacttcat tcattgcccc cacaatccta 5100

ggcctacccg ccgcagtact gatcattcta ttyccccctc tattgatccc cacctccaaa 5160

tatctcatca acaaccgact aattaccacc caacaatgac taatccaact aacctcaaaa 5220

caaatgatag ccatacacaa cactaaggga cgaacctgat ctcttatact agtatcctta 5280

atcattttta ttgccacaac taacctcctc ggactcctgc ctcactcatt tacaccaacc 5340

acccaactat ctataaacct agccatggcc atccccttat gagcgggcgc agtgattata 5400

ggctttcgct ctaagattaa aaatgcccta gcccacttct taccacaagg cacacctaca 5460

ccccttatcc ctatactagt tattatcgaa accatcagcc tactcattca accaatagcc 5520

ctggccgtan gnctaaccgc taacattact gcaggccacc tactcatgna cctaattgga 5580

agcgccacac tagcaatatc aantattaac cttccctcta cacttatcat tttcacaatt 5640

ctaattctac tgactatcct agaaatcgct gtcgccttaa tccaagccta cgtttttaca 5700

cttttagtaa gcctctacct gcacgacaac acataatgac ccaccaatca catgcctatc 5760

atatagtaaa acccagccca tggcccctaa caggggccct ctcanccctc ctaatgacct 5820

ccggcctagc catgtgattt cacttccact ccacaaccct ccttatacta ggcctactaa 5880

ccaacacact aaccatatac caatgatggc gcgatgtaac acgagaaagc acataccaag 5940

gccaccacac accacctgtc cagaaaggcc ttcgatacgg gataatccta tttattacct 6000

cagaagtttt tttcttcgca ggatttttct gagcctttta ccactccagc ctagccccna 6060

ccccccaact agggggacac tggcccccaa caggcatcac cccgctaaat cccctagaag 6120

tcccactcct aaacacatcc gtattactcg catcaggggt atcaatcacc tgagctcacc 6180

atagtctaat agaaaacaac cgaaaccaaa taattcaagc actgcttatt acaattttac 6240

tgggtctcta ttttaccctc ctacaagcct cagngtactt cgaggttaaa atattagata 6300

tttcccctga tacagggctc aatctttttc tttttaaagc aatatttctc aaagtacttt 6360

tcacagaact taagtttcat taagcacttc actaaaagna aaagtctgtg atctaataaa 6420

tttggaaaat attgagaatt agagccccct cttagatatg tactgtagct actcagcttg 6480

ttacagatgg aagtaaacat tgtaatattc acccagcttt tgagtggatg tctattaaca 6540

tcacccaaat gagtattcca tggaatgcac tttgcaaaaa cctattattc aagaaaaatt 6600

ctggagcatg gaaagctatt aatggataaa cccattcaca aaatcacacc aaatatctaa 6660

aatcatgttt aaaatctcct agaaatgggt t 6691

4

1263

Homo sapien

4

gagagaggc atgtgaattg ggaatttggg aaaaattttt tggggggaag gaaagaaata 60

gaggtcaaga ggtagaatag aagttgatga agaaaagaaa aaaagaaggt aatgaagggg 120

gtgctggatg tttccaacac aaagaaatga taaatgtttg ggaggatgga tattctaatt 180

agcctaatta gcctgattag ccctcgccag agttcactgt aaagctaacc cagcattaac 240

cttttaagtt aaagactaag agaatcatta tctctttaca gtgaaatgcc acagctaaat 300

accactgtat gacctgctat catcacccca atactcctca cgttatttct catcacccaa 360

ctaaaaatac taaacacaca ctgccatctg cccacctcac caaaatttat taaaataaaa 420

aactacagta agccctgaga accaaaatga acgaaaattt attcgcttca ttcattaccc 480

ctacagtact aggcctaccc gccacagtac caatcatcct atttcccccc ttactggtcc 540

caacctccaa atacctcatc aacaaccgac taatcaccac tcaacaatga ctacttcaac 600

tcaccttaaa acaaataata acgatacata acattaaggg acgaacctgg tcccttatac 660

taatttccct gattattttt attgccacaa ctaatctcct cggactcttg ccccactcat 720

ttacaccaat cactatacat gtgtctattg aaacgtcact atgtgtgccc catgaatatg 780

tacatattat tatgtgatgt acatgattat gtacacatta tgtgccaatg aaataaataa 840

aattaaaagg taattcccaa ataaataaaa acagaaaatt ttaaaaagag agagagagag 900

atgagatggg gctttgggtg ggaacctggt tatggaaatc tgctgctgcc ctctttccct 960

taggaatgca agactttaat tatctccata ccaactgctt tgagatcacg ctggaactga 1020

gttgcgacaa gtttcccccc gaagaggagt tacagcggga gtggctgggt aatcgggaag 1080

ccctaatcca gttcctggaa caggtaaaat ctcatttgtt aactctcttg tttgcaaaaa 1140

gagaagtgct tctcaatggc aggcaagtgt ttcactggtt cagtctgact tttgctctga 1200

ctctgtccaa tatatctggg cgttcttctt ccattgagat tttattcatt tccaccttta 1260

ttt 1263

5

18

Artificial Sequence

Primer complementary to mitochondrial DNA

sequences in the CO1 encoding region of SEQ ID

NO2

5

ccttacacct agcaggta 18

6

20

Artificial Sequence

Primer complementary to mitochondrial DNA

sequences in the CO1 encoding region of SEQ ID

NO2

6

acgccgatga atatgatagc 20

7

27

Artificial Sequence

Primer

7

catgcagcgc aagtaggtct acaagac 27

8

27

Artificial Sequence

Primer

8

tgttatgtaa aggatgcgta gggatgg 27

9

22

Artificial Sequence

Primer

9

tatgagggcg tgatcatgaa ag 22

10

17

Artificial Sequence

Primer

10

ggcacggctg tccaagg 17

11

17

Artificial Sequence

Primer

11

cccggcctgg tacactg 17

12

18

Artificial Sequence

Primer

12

gcggacatgg aggacgtg 18

13

22

Artificial Sequence

Primer

13

cgatgccgat gacctgcaga ag 22

14

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

14

gtccaatgct tcactcagcc a 21

15

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

15

ttacagtcca atgcttcact c 21

16

18

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

16

tatgcgggga aacgccat 18

17

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

17

tgtttatgcg gggaaacgc 19

18

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

18

ggcaactgac tagttcccct a 21

19

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

19

aatcggaggc tttggcaact g 21

20

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

20

gtttggtatt gggttatggc a 21

21

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

21

tggtattggg ttatggcagg g 21

22

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

22

ggccatcaat ttcatcacaa 20

23

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

23

tagcaggtgt ctcctctatc tt 22

24

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

24

atacctatgt atccaaatgg ttctt 25

25

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

25

ccatacctat gtatccaaat ggttc 25

26

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

26

ggaataatct cccatattgt aactt 25

27

18

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

27

caggccacct acggtgaa 18

28

18

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

28

gtcaggccac ctacggtg 18

29

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

29

agtgctctga gccctaggat 20

30

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

30

atgatctgct gcagtgctct 20

31

18

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

31

attccggata ggccgaga 18

32

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

32

tcggcgtaaa tctaactttc tt 22

33

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

33

ggggttcgat tccttcctt 19

34

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

34

ttggcttgaa accagcttt 19

35

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

35

ttgtcaaagt taaattatag gcta 24

36

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

36

gtcaaagtta aattataggc taaa 24

37

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

37

acctcgtctg ttatgtaaag gat 23

38

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

38

tgacctcgtc tgttatgtaa agg 23

39

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

39

cgccatcatc ctagtcctca 20

40

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

40

atgagtgcaa gacgtcttgt gat 23

41

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

41

aatcgagtag tactcccgat tga 23

42

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

42

gagtagtact cccgattgaa gcc 23

43

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

43

gttagcttta cagtgggctc taga 24

44

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

44

agttagcttt acagtgggct ctag 24

45

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

45

acttctagta agcctctacc tgca 24

46

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

46

ttctagtaag cctctacctg cacg 24

47

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

47

aggtaataaa taggattatc ccgta 25

48

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

48

aataaatagg attatcccgt atcga 25

49

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

49

ccacacacca cctgtccaa 19

50

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

50

accacacacc acctgtcca 19

51

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

51

aagggagact cgaagtactc tga 23

52

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

52

tgggtctcta ttttaccctc cta 23

53

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

53

tattacaatt ttactgggtc tct 23

54

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to

cytochrome c oxidase encoding mitochondrial DNA

54

actagttaat tggaagttaa cggta 25

55

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

55

gaggttcaat tcctcttctt aac 23

56

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

56

ttgagtaaac ggctaggcta ga 22

57

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

57

ctggtcaacc tcaacctagg 20

58

16

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

58

ggcctgcggc gtattc 16

59

17

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

59

ccgaagggga gtccgaa 17

60

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

60

atcaaagtaa ctcttttatc agaca 25

61

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

61

ttggttatac ccttcccgta 20

62

26

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

62

ctattcctag ttttattgct atagct 26

63

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

63

acaatatact ctccggacaa tg 22

64

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

64

gaatggttat gttagggttg tac 23

65

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

65

agctacgcaa aatcttagca ta 22

66

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

66

agggtgatgg tggctatga 19

67

15

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

67

cccgctaacc ggctt 15

68

18

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

68

agggctttga aggctctt 18

69

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

69

tttcgactca ttaaattatg ataat 25

70

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

70

catgtcagtg gtagtaatat aattg 25

71

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

71

cacatatggc ctagactacg ta 22

72

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

72

ataattaagg agatttgtag gga 23

73

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

73

ccaacgccac ttatccagt 19

74

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

74

aagctattgt gtaagctagt catat 25

75

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

75

ctcactaaac attctactac tcact 25

76

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

76

gtggctgatt gaagagtatg c 21

77

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

77

cctatgaggc ataattataa caag 24

78

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

78

acgtggttac tagcacagag ag 22

79

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

79

tgacttctag caagcctcg 19

80

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

80

acaatctgat gttttggtta aac 23

81

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

81

ctcatcctaa ccctactcct aa 22

82

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

82

gcgatggcta ttgaggagt 19

83

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

83

gctaacccca ctaaaacact 20

84

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

84

ttcatatcat tggtcgtggt 20

85

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

85

tagtaccgtt aacttccaat taact 25

86

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

86

tcataattta atgagtcgaa atca 24

87

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

87

cagctatcca ttggtcttag g 21

88

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

88

tatttgaaga actgattaat gtttg 25

89

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

89

agcattgttc gttacatggt c 21

90

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

90

ggcttggatt agcgtttaga a 21

91

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

91

tcatcctcgc cttagcatga 20

92

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

92

ttttgatgtc attttgtgta agg 23

93

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

93

caaactctaa cactatgctt agg 23

94

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

94

atgtttgcgg tttcgatgat 20

95

20

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

95

cattggcagc ctagcattag 20

96

26

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

96

gattttattt taagtttgtt ggttag 26

97

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

97

aaactcacag ccctcgctg 19

98

24

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to NADH

dehydrogenase encoding mitochondrial DNA

98

tatgtgatta ggagtagggt tagg 24

99

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

99

gcccactgta aagctaactt agc 23

100

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

100

tagtcggttg ttgatgagat at 22

101

17

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

101

agtcggttgt tgatgag 17

102

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

102

ggcctacccg ccgcagtact gat 23

103

23

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

103

tgtaggtgtg ccttgtggta aga 23

104

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

104

attataggct ttcgctctaa ga 22

105

21

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

105

ccaaccaccc aactatctat a 21

106

22

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

106

atatgatagg catgtgattg gt 22

107

25

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

107

tagcattaac cttttaagtt aaaga 25

108

19

Artificial Sequence

Oligonucleotide primer corresponding to ATP

synthetase subunits 8/6 encoding mitochondrial DNA

108

tcgttcattt tggttctca 19