Ligands for phosphatase binding assay

This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/964,308 filed Nov. 4, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,715 which is based on Provisional application No. 60/030,141, filed Nov. 12, 1996.

This invention relates to the use of mutant phosphatase and protease enzymes in a competitive binding assay. Specific examples are the enzymes, tyrosine phosphatase and cysteine protease, e.g. Cathepsin K, and the assay specifically described is a scintillation proximity assay using a radioactive inhibitor to induce scintillation.

The use of the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) to study enzyme binding and interactions is a new type of radioimmunoassay and is well known in the art. The advantage of SPA technology over more conventional radioimmunoassay or ligand-binding assays, is that it eliminates the need to separate unbound ligand from bound ligand prior to ligand measurement. See for example, Nature , Vol, 341, pp. 167-178 entitled “Scintillation Proximity Assay ” by N. Bosworth and P. Towers, Anal. Biochem . Vol. 217, pp. 139-147 (1994) entitled “Biotinylated and Cysteine-Modified Peptides as Useful Reagents For Studying the Inhibition of Cathepsin G” by A. M. Brown, et al., Anal. Biochem . Vol. 223, pp. 259-265 (1994) entitled “Direct Measurement of the Binding of RAS to Neurofibromin Using Scintillation Proximity Assay” by R. H. Skinner et al. and Anal. Biochem . Vol. 230, pp. 101-107(1995) entitled “Scintillation Proximity Assay to Measure Binding of Soluble Fibronectin to Antibody-Captured alpha 5 β 1 Integrin” by J. A. Pachter et al.

The basic principle of the assay lies in the use of a solid support containing a scintillation agent, wherein a target enzyme is attached to the support through, e.g., a second enzyme-antienzyme linkage. A known tritiated or I 125 iodinated binding agent, i.e., radioligand inhibitor ligand for the target enzyme is utilized as a control, which when bound to the active site in the target enzyme, is in close proximity to the scintillation agent to induce a scintillation signal, e.g., photon emission, which can be measured by conventional scintillation/radiographic techniques. The unbound tritiated (hot) ligand is too far removed from the scintillation agent to cause an interfering measurable scintillation signal and therefore does not need to be separated, e.g., filtration, as in conventional ligand-binding assays.

The binding of an unknown or potential new ligand (cold, being non-radioactive) can then be determined in a competitive assay versus the known radioligand, by measuring the resulting change in the scintillation signal which will significantly decrease when the unknown ligand also possesses good binding properties.

However, a problem arises when utilizing a target enzyme containing a cysteine group, having a free thiol linkage, —SH, (or present as —S − ) which is in the active site region or is closely associated with the active site and is important for enzyme-ligand binding. If the unknown ligand or mixture, e.g. natural product extracts, human body fluids, cellular fluids, etc. contain reagents which can alkylate, oxidize or chemically interfere with the cysteine thiol group such that normal enzyme-ligand binding is disrupted, then false readings will occur in the assay.

What is needed in the art is a method to circumvent and avoid the problem of cysteine interference in the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) procedure in enzyme binding studies.

An inhibitor of PTP 1B has the potential to improve insulin-sensitivity and will have utility in preventing or treating Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, to improve glucose tolerance, to improve insulin-sensitivity when there is insulin-resistance and to treat or prevent obesity. In addition, it may be of use to treat or prevent cancer, neurodegenerative diseases etc.

We have discovered that by substituting serine for cysteine in a target enzyme, where the cysteine plays an active role in the wild-type enzyme-natural ligand binding process, usually as the catalytic nucleophile in the active binding site, a mutant is formed which can be successfuly employed in a scintillation proximity assay without any active site cysteine interference.

This discovery can be utilized for any enzyme which contains cysteine groups important or essential for binding and/or catalytic activity as proteases or hydrolases and includes phosphatases, e.g., tyrosine phosphatases and proteases, e.g. cysteine proteases, including the cathepsins, i.e., Cathepsin K (O2) and the caspases.

Further, use of the mutant enzyme is not limited to the scintillation proximity assay, but can be used in a wide variety of known assays including colorimetric, spectrophotometric, ligand-binding assays, radioimmunoassays and the like.

We have furthermore discovered a new method of amplifying the effect of a binding agent ligand, e.g., radioactive inhibitor, useful in the assay by replacing two or more phosphotyrosine residues with 4-phosphono(difluoromethyl) phenylalanine (F 2 Pmp) moieties. The resulting inhibitor exhibits a greater and more hydrolytically stable binding affinity for the target enzyme and a stronger scintillation signal.

By this invention there is provided a process for determining the binding ability of a ligand to a cysteine-containing wild-type enzyme comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting a complex with the ligand, the complex comprising a mutant form of the wild-type enzyme, in which cysteine, at the active site, is replaced with serine, in the presence of a known binding agent for the mutant enzyme, wherein the binding agent is capable of binding with the mutant enzyme to produce a measurable signal.

Further provided is a process for determining the binding ability of a ligand, preferably a non-radioactive (cold) ligand, to an active site cysteine-containing wild-type tyrosine phosphatase comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting a complex with the ligand, the complex comprising a mutant form of the wild-type enzyme, the mutant enzyme being PTP1B, containing the same amino acid sequence 1-320 as the wild type enzyme, except at position 215, in which cysteine is replaced with serine in the mutant enzyme, in the presence of a known radioligand binding agent for the mutant enzyme, wherein the binding agent is capable of binding with the mutant enzyme to produce a measurable beta radiation-induced scintillation signal.

Also provided is a new class of peptide binding agents selected from the group consisting of:

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide (BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 ), where E is glutamic acid and J is 4-phosphono(difluoro-methyl)]-L-phenylalanyl;

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

N-(3,5-Dibromo)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

L-Glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

L-Lysinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

L-Serinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide;

L-Prolinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono-(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide; and

L-Isoleucinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide; and their tritiated and I 125 iodinated derivatives.

Also provided is a class of compounds represented by structure A which are peptide binding agents and inhibitors of the PTP 1B enzyme.

Further provided is a novel tritiated peptide, tritiated BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 , being N-(3,5-Ditritio)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide, wherein E as used herein is glutamic acid and J, as used herein, is the (F 2 Pmp) moiety, (4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-phenylalanyl).

Furthermore there is provided a process for increasing the binding affinity of a ligand for a tyrosine phosphatase or cysteine protease comprising introducing into the ligand two or more 4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-phenylalanine groups; also provided is the resulting disubstituted ligand.

In addition there is provided a complex comprised of:

(a) a mutant form of a wild-type enzyme, in which cysteine, necessary for activity in the active site, is replaced with serine and is attached to:

(b) a solid support.

FIG. 1 illustrates the main elements of the invention including the scintillation agent 1 , the supporting (fluoromicrosphere) bead 5 , the surface binding Protein A 10 , the linking anti-GST enzyme 15 , the fused enzyme construct 20 , the GST enzyme 25 , the mutant enzyme 30 , the tritiated peptide inhibitor 35 , the beta radiation emission 40 from the radioactive peptide inhibitor 35 and the emitted light 45 from the induced scintillation.

FIGS. 2 (A and B) illustrates the DNA and amino acid sequences for PTP 1B tyrosine phosphatase enzyme, truncated to amino acid positions 1-320. (Active site cysteine at position 215 is in bold and underlined).

FIGS. 3 (A, B and C) illustrates the DNA and amino acid sequences for Cathepsin K. The upper nucleotide sequence represents the cathepsin K cDNA sequence which encodes the cathepsin K preproenzyme (indicated by the corresponding three letter amino acid codes). Numbering indicates the cDNA nucleotide position. The underlined amino acid is the active site Cys 139 residue that was mutated to either Ser or Ala.

FIGS. 4 (A and B) illustrates the DNA and amino acid sequences for the caspase, apopain. The upper nucleotide sequence represents the apopain (CPP32) cDNA sequence which encodes the apopain proenzyme (indicated by the corresponding three letter amino acid codes). Numbering indicates the cDNA nucleotide position. The underlined amino acid is the active site Cys 163 residue that was mutated to Ser.

FIG. 5 shows the results of an experiment on the competitive inhibition of binding of the tripeptide (F 2 PMP) 2 .

The theory underlying the main embodiment of the invention can be readily seen and understood by reference to FIG. 1 .

Scintillation agent 1 is incorporated into small (yttrium silicate or PVT fluoromicro-spheres, AMERSHAM) beads 5 that contain on their surface immunosorbent protein A 10 . The protein A coated bead 5 binds the GST fused enzyme construct 20 , containing GST enzyme 25 and PTP1B mutant enzyme 30 , via anti-GST enzyme antibody 15 . When the radioactive e.g., tritiated, peptide 35 is bound to the mutant phosphatase enzyme 30 , it is in dose enough proximity to the bead 5 for its beta emission 40 (or Auger electron emission in the case of I 125 ) to stimulate the scintillation agent 1 to emit light (photon emission) 45 . This light 45 is measured as counts in a beta plate counter. When the tritiated peptide 35 is unbound it is too distant from the scintillation agent 1 and the energy is dissipated before reaching the bead 5 , resulting in low measured counts. Non-radioactive ligands which compete with the tritiated peptide 35 for the same binding site on the mutant phosphatase enzyme 30 will remove and/or replace the tritiated peptide 35 from the mutant enzyme 30 resulting in lower counts from the uncompeted peptide control. By varying the concentration of the unknown ligand and measuring the resulting lower counts, the inhibition at 50%(IC 50 ) for ligand binding to the mutant enzyme 30 can be obtained. This then is a measure of the binding ability of the ligand to the mutant enzyme and the wild-type enzyme.

The term “complex” as used herein refers to the assembly containing the mutant enzyme. In its simplest embodiment, the complex is a solid support with the mutant enzyme attached to the surface of the support. A linker can also be employed. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the complex can further comprise a bead (fluoropolymer), anti-enzyme GST/enzyme GST-mutant enzyme-PTP1 linking construct, immunosorbent protein A, and scintillation agent. In general, the complex requires a solid support (beads, immunoassay column of e.g., Al 2 O 3 , or silica gel) to which the mutant enzyme can be anchored or tethered by attachment through a suitable linker, e.g., an immunosorbent (e.g, Protein A, Protein G, anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, anti-sheep) and a linking assembly, including an enzyme/anti-enzyme construct attached to the solid support.

The term “cysteine-containing wild-type enzyme”, as used herein, includes all native or natural enzymes, e.g., phosphatases, cysteine proteases, which contain cysteine in the active site as the active nucleophile, or contain cysteine clearly associated with the active site that is important in binding activity.

The term “binding agent” as used herein includes all ligands (compounds) which are known to be able to bind with the wild-type enzyme and usually act as enzyme inhibitors. The binding agent carries a signal producing agent, e.g., radionuclide, to initiate the measurable signal. In the SPA assay the binding agent is a radioligand.

The term “measurable signal” as used herein includes any type of generated signal, e.g., radioactive, colorimetric, photometric, spectrophotometric, scintillation, which is produced when binding of the radioligand binding agent to the mutant enzyme.

The present invention assay further overcomes problems encountered in the past, where compounds were evaluated by their ability to affect the reaction rate of the enzyme in the phosphatase activity assay. However this did not give direct evidence that compounds were actually binding at the active site of the enzyme. The herein described invention binding assay using a substrate analog can determine directly whether the mixtures of natural products can irreversibly modify the active site cysteine in the target enzyme resulting in inhibition of the enzymatic activity. To overcome inhibition by these contaminates in the phosphatase assay, a mutated Cys(215) to Ser(215) form of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B was cloned and expressed resulting in a catalytically inactive enzyme. In general, replacement of cysteine by serine will lead to a catalytically inactive or substantially reduced activity mutant enzyme.

PTP1B is the first protein tyrosine phosphatase to be purified to near homogeneity {Tonks et al. JBC 263, 6731-6737 (1988)} and sequenced by Charbonneau et al. PNAS 85, 7182-7186 (1988). The sequence of the enzyme showed substantial homology to a duplicated domain of an abundant protein present in hematopoietic cells variously referred to as LCA or CD45. This protein was shown to possess tyrosine phosphatase activity {Tonks et al. Biochemistry 27, 8695-8701 (1988)}. Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been known to be sensitive to thiol oxidizing agents and alignment of the sequence of PTP1B with subsequently cloned Drosophila and mammalian tyrosine phosphatases pointed to the conservation of a Cysteine residue {(M. Strueli et al. Proc. Nat'l Acad USA , Vol. 86, pp. 8698-7602 (1989)} which when mutated to Ser inactivated the catalytic activity of the enzymes. Guan et al. (1991) {J.B.C. Vol. 266, 17926-17030, 1991} cloned the rat homologue of PTP1B, expressed a truncated version of the protein in bacteria, purified and showed the Cys at position 215 is the active site residue. Mutation of the Cys 215 to Ser 215 resulted in loss of catalytic activity. Human PTP1B was cloned by Chernoff et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 2735-2739 (1990).

Work leading up to the development of the substrate analog BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 for PTP1B was published by T. Burke et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm . 205, pp. 129-134 (1994) with the synthesis of the hexamer peptide containing the phosphotyrosyl mimetic F 2 Pmp. We have incorporated the (F 2 Pmp) moiety (4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)phenylalanyl) into various peptides that led to the discovery of BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 , (where E is glutamic acid and J as used herein is the F 2 Pmp moiety) an active (5 nM) inhibitor of PTP1B. This was subsequently tritiated giving the radioactive substrate analog required for the binding assay.

The mutated enzyme, as the truncated version, containing amino acids 1-320 (see FIG. 2 ), has been demonstrated to bind the substrate analog Bz-NEJJ-CONH 2 with high affinity for the first time. The mutated enzyme is less sensitive to oxidizing agents than the wild-type enzyme and provides an opportunity to identify novel inhibitors for this family of enzymes. The use of a mutated enzyme to eliminate interfering contaminates during drug screening is not restricted to the tyrosine phosphatases and can be used for other enzyme binding assays as well.

Other binding assays exist in the art in which the basic principle of this invention can be utilized, namely, using a mutant enzyme in which an important and reactive cysteine important for activity can modified to serine (or a less reactive amino acid) and render the enzyme more stable to cysteine modifying reagents, such as alkylating and oxidizing agents. These other ligand-binding assays include, for example, colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays, e.g. measurement of produced color or fluororescence, phosphorescence (e.g. ELISA, solid absorbant assays) and other radioimmunoassays in which short or long wave light radiation is produced, including ultraviolet and gamma radiation).

Further, the scintillation proximity assay can also be practiced without the fluoropolymer support beads (AMERSHAM as illustrated in FIG. 1 . For example, Scintistrips® are commercially available (Wallac Oy, Finland) and can also be employed as the scintillant-containing solid support for the mutant enzyme complex as well as other solid supports which are conventional in the art.

The invention assay described herein is applicable to a variety of cysteine-containing enzymes including protein phosphatases, proteases, lipases, hydrolases, and the like.

The cysteine to serine transformation in the target enzyme can readily be accomplished by analogous use of the molecular cloning technique for Cys 215 to Ser 215 described in the below-cited reference by M. Strueli et al., for PTP1B and is hereby incorporated by reference for this particular purpose.

A particularly useful class of phosphatases is the tyrosine phosphatases since they are important in cell function. Examples of this class are: PTP1B, LCA, LAR, DLAR, DPTP(See Strueli et al., below). Ligands discovered by this assay using, for example, PTP1B can be useful, for example, in the treatment of diabetes and immunosuppression.

A useful species is PTP1B, described in Proc. Nat'l Acad USA , Vol. 86, pp. 8698-7602 by M. Strueli et al. and Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci. USA , Vol 87, pp. 2735-2739 by J. Chernoff et al.

Another useful class of enzymes is the proteases, including cysteine proteases (thiol proteases), cathepsins and caspases.

The cathepsin class of cysteine proteases is important since Cathepsin K (also termed Cathepsin O2, see Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler , Vol. 376 pp. 379-384, June 1995 by D. Bromme et al.) is primarily expressed in human osteoclasts and therefore this invention assay is useful in the study and treatment of osteoporosis. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,969 (1996) to Human Genome Sciences for the sequence, cloning and isolation of Cathepsin K (O2). See also J. Biol. Chem . Vol. 271, No. 21, pp. 12511-12516 (1996) by F. Drake et al. and Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler , Vol. 376, pp. 379-384(1985) by D. Bromme et al., supra.

Examples of the cathepsins include Cathepsin B, Cathepsin G, Cathepsin J, Cathepsin K(O2), Cathesin L, Cathepsin M, Cathepsin S.

The caspase family of cysteine proteases are other examples where the SPA technology and the use of mutated enzymes can be used to determine the ability of unknown compounds and mixtures of compounds to compete with a radioactive inhibitor of the enzyme. An active site mutant of Human Apopain CPP32 (caspase-3) has been prepared. The active site thiol mutated enzymes are less sensitive to oxidizing agents and provide an opportunity to identify novel inhibitors for this family of enzymes.

Examples of the caspase family include: caspase-1(ICE), caspase-2 (ICH-1), caspase-3 (CPP32, human apopain, Yama), caspase-4(ICE rel -11, TX, ICH-2), caspase-5(ICE rel -111, TY), caspase-6Mch2), caspase-7(Mch3, ICE-LAP3, CMH-1), caspase-8(FLICE, MACH, Mch5), caspase-9 (ICE-LAP6, Mch6) and caspase-10(Mch4).

Substitution of the cysteine by serine (or by any other amino acid which lowers the activity to oxidizing and alkylating agents, e.g., alanine) does not alter the binding ability of the mutant enzyme to natural ligands. The degree of binding, i.e., binding constant, may be increased or decreased. The catalytic activity of the mutant enzyme will, however, be substantially decreased or even completely eliminated. Thus, natural and synthetic ligands which bind to the natural wild-type enzyme will also bind to the mutant enzyme.

Substitution by serine for cysteine also leads to the mutant enzyme which has the same qualititative binding ability as the natural enzyme but is significantly reduced in catalytically activity. Thus, this invention assay is actually measuring the true binding ability of the test ligand.

The test ligand described herein is a new ligand potentially useful in drug screening purposes and its mode of action is to generally function as an inhibitor for the enzyme.

The binding agent usually is a known ligand used as a control and is capable of binding to the natural wild-type enzyme and the mutant enzyme employed in the assay and is usually chosen as a known peptide inhibitor for the enzyme.

The binding agent also contains a known signal-producing agent to cause or induce the signal in the assay and can be an agent inducing e.g., phosphorescence or fluororescence (ELISA), color reaction or a scintillation signal.

In the instant embodiment, where the assay is a scintillation assay, the signal agent is a radionuclide, i.e., tritium, I 125 , which induces the scintillant in the solid support to emit measurable light radiation, i.e., photon emission, which can be measured by using conventional scintillation and beta radiation counters.

We have also discovered that introducing two or more 4-phosphonodifluoromethyl phenylalanine F 2 Pmp) groups into a known binding agent greatly enhances the binding affinity of the binding agent to the enzyme and improves its stability by rendering the resulting complex less susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage.

Also provided is a class of compounds represented by structure A which are peptide binding agents and inhibitors of the PTP1B enzyme.

wherein:

X is OH or NH 2 ;

Y is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, R 1 Z CO—, R 2 —, or R 3 S(O) 2 —;

Z is O, NR 4 , SCH 2 , S(O) 2 CH 2 , CH═CH or a bond;

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of

(a) C 1-10 alkyl;

(b) C 1-6 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted with a hydroxy group;

(c) mono-, di- or tri-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

(d) mono-, di- or tri-substituted heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is S, O, or N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one hetero atom which is N, and optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

(e) a mono- or di-substituted benzoheterocycle in which the heterocycle is a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring which may contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms chosen independently from O, S, or N and which may contain a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group; wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

(f) a heterocycloalkyl group of 5, 6 or 7 members which contains 1 or 2 heteroatoms chosen from O, S, or N and optionally contains a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group;

(g) a mono- or di-substituted benzocarbocycle in which the carbocycle is a 5, 6, or 7-membered ring which optionally contains a carbonyl group, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

(h) a mono- or di-substituted bicyclic heteroaryl of 8, 9, or 10 members, containing 1 to 5 heteroatoms chosen independently from O, S or N, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

R 2 is the acyl residue of one of the amino acid described in this specification, the amino group of which may be optionally substituted by an acyl group of the structure R 1 ZCO— or C 1-6 alkyl, and in the case of a dicarboxylic amino acid, the terminal carboxyl may optionally be in the form of a C 1-4 alkyl ester.

R 3 is selected from the group consisting of

(a) C 1-10 alkyl,

(b) C 1-6 fluoroalkyl,

(c) mono-, di- or tri-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of

A preferred embodiment of structure A is that wherein both J's are of the L-configuration.

Another preferred embodiment of structure A is that wherein R 2 is of the L-configuration.

Another preferred embodiment of structure A is that wherein Z is a bond.

Another preferred embodiment of structure A is that wherein X is NH 2 .

A method for introducing one F 2 Pmp moiety into a ligand is known in the art and is described in detail in Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm . Vol. 204, pp. 129-134 (1994) hereby incorporated by reference for this particular purpose.

As a result of this technology we discovered a new class of ligands having extremely good binding affinity for PTP1B. These include:

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenyl-alanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(3,5-Dibromo)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenyl-alanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Lysinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Serinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Prolinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Isoleucinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-2-naphthylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-phenylalanine amide, N-Acety-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(4-Azido-3-iodo)-benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-tryptophyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-histidyl-[4-Phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(2-Hydroxy-3-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethyl)propanoyl-[4-phosphono (difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-D-aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Phthaloyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-methionyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-5-Methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazoloyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-methyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyne amide, N-Acetyl-L-glutaminyl-4-[phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyne amide, N-Acetyl-D-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-threonyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalamine amide, N-Benzoyl-glycinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-methylglutamate-[4-phosphono(diiluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-arginyl-[4-phosphono(diiluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-D-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-D-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalamine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine amide, L-Aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalannine amide,

A useful ligand in the series is Bz-NEJJ-CONH 2 , whose chemical name is: N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoro-methyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenyl-alanineamide, and its tritiated form, N-(3,5-Ditritio)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difuoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono-(dilfuoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide.

Synthesis of both cold and hot ligands is described in the Examples.

The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings:

For purposes of this specification alkyl means linear branched and cyclic structures, and combinations thereof, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, s- and t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, eicosyl, 3,7-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-propylnonyl, cydopropyl, cydopentyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclododecylmethyl, 2-ethyl-1-bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl and the like.

For purposes of this specification fluoroalkyl means alkyl groups of the indicated number of carbon atoms in which one or more hydrogen is replaced by fluororine. Examples are —CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CF 3 , c-Pr-F 5 , c-Hex-F 11 and the like.

For purposes of this specification an aromatic hydrocarbon, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl.

For purposes of this specification heteroaryl, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to furany, diazinyl, imidazolyl, isooxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, tetrazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl.

For purposes of this specification benzoheterocycle, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2(3H)benzofuranone, 3(2H)benzofuranone, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene and indoline.

For purposes of this specification heterocycloalkyl, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, hexahydroazepine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, 2-oxopiperidine, 4-oxopiperidine, 2-oxotetrahydropyran and 4-oxotetrahydropyran.

For purposes of this specification benzocarbocycle, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to indane, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and benzocycloheptene.

For purposes of this specification bicyclic heteroaryl, as in R 1 , is intended to include, but is not limited to indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzotriazole, benzothiadiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrrolopyridine, furopyridine, and thienopyridine.

The following Examples are illustrative of carrying out the invention and should not be construed as being limitations on the scope or spirit of the instant invention.

1. Preparation of PTP1B Truncate (Amino Acid Sequence from 1-320 and Fused GST-PTP1B Construct

An E. coli culture carrying a PET plasmid expressing the fill length PTP1B protein was disclosed in J. Chernoff et al. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 87, pp. 2735-2739, (1990). This was modified to a truncated PTP1B enzyme complex containing the active site with amino acids 1-320 inclusive, by the following procedure:

The full length human PTP-1B cDNA sequence (published in J. Chernoff et al., PNAS, USA, supra) cloned into a PET vector was obtained from Dr. Raymond Erickson (Harvard University). The PTP-1B cDNA sequence encoding amino acids 1-320 (Seq. ID No. 1) was amplified by PCR using the full length sequence as template. The 5′ primer used for the amplification included a Bam HI site at the 5′ end and the 3′ primer had an Eco RI site at the 3′ end. The amplified fragment was cloned into pCR2 ([Invitrogen) and sequenced to insure that no sequence errors had been introduced by Taq polymerase during the amplification. This sequence was released from pCR2 by a Bam HI/Eco RI digest and the PTP-1B cDNA fragment ligated into the GST fusion vector pGEX-2T (Pharmacia) that had been digested with the same enzymes. The GST-PTP-1B fusion protein expressed in E. Coli has an active protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. This same 1-320 PTP-1B sequence (Seq. ID No. 1) was then cloned into the expression vector pFLAG-2, where FLAG is the octa-peptide AspTyrLysAspAspAspAspLys.

This was done by releasing the PTP-1B sequence from the pGEX-2T vector by Nco I/Eco RI digest, filling in the ends of this fragment by Klenow and blunt-end ligating into the blunted Eco RI site of pFLAG2. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on pFLAG2-PTP-1B plasmid using the Chameleon (Stratagene) double-stranded mutagenesis kit from Stratagene, to replaced the active-site Cys-215 with serine. The mutagenesis was carried out essentially as described by the manufacturer and mutants identifed by DNA sequencing. The FLAG-PTP-1B Cys215Ser mutant (Seq. ID No. 7) was expressed, purified and found not to have any phosphatase activity. The GST-PTP-1B Cys 215 Ser mutant was made using the mutated Cys 215 Ser sequence of PTP-1B already cloned into pFLAG2, as follows. The pFLAG2-PTP-1B Cys 215 Ser plasmid (Seq. ID No. 7) was digested with Sal I (3′ end of PTP-1B sequence), filled in using Klenow polymerase (New England Biolabs), the enzymes were heat inactivated and the DNA redigested with Bgl II. The 500 bp 3′ PTP-1B cDNA fragment which is released and contains the mutated active site was recovered. The pGEX-2T-PTP-1B plasmid was digested with Eco RI (3′ end of PTP-1B sequence), filled in by Klenow, phenol/chloroform extracted and ethanol precipitated. This DNA was then digested with Bgl II, producing two DNA fragments a 500 bp 3′ PTP-1B cDNA fragment that contains the active site and a 5.5 Kb fragment containing the pGEX-2T vector plus the 5′ end of PTP-1B. The 5.5 Kb pGEX-2T 5′ PTP-1B fragment was recovered and ligated with the 500 bp Bgl II/Sal I fragment containing the mutated active site. The ligation was transformed into bacteria (type DH5α, G) and clones containing the mutated active site sequence identified by sequencing. The GST-PTP-1B Cys 215 Ser mutant was overexpressed, purified and found not to have any phosphatase activity.

2. Preparation of Tritiated Bz-NEJJ-CONH 2

This compound can be prepared as outlined in Scheme 1, below, and by following the procedures:

Synthesis of N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide (BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 )

1.0 g of TentaGel® S RAM resin (RAPP polymer, ˜0.2 mmol/g) as represented by the shaded bead in Scheme 1, was treated with piperidine (3 mL) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min. The resin (symbolized by the circular P, containing the remainder of the organic molecule except the amino group) was washed successively with DMF (3×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and air dried. A solution of DMF (5 mL), N ∞ -Fmoc-4-[diethylphosphono-(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine (350 mg), where Fmoc is 9-fluororenylmethoxycarbonyl, and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluranium hexafluororphosphate, (acronym being HATU, 228 mg) was treated with diisopropyl-ethylamine (0.21 mL) and, after 15 min., was added to the resin in 3 mL of DMF. After 1 h, the resin was washed successively with DMF (3×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and air dried. The sequence was repeated two times, first using N ∞ -Fmoc-4-[diethylphosphono-(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalamine and then using N-Fmoc-L-glutamic acid gamma-t-butyl ester. After the final coupling, the resin bound tripeptide was treated with a mixture of piperidine (3 mL) in DMF (5 mL) for 30 min. and was then washed successively with DMF (3×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and air dried.

To a solution of benzoic acid (61 mg) and HATU (190 mg) in DMF (1 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.17 mL) and, after 15 min. the mixture was added to a portion of the resin prepared above (290 mg) in 1 mL DMF. After 90 min. the resin was washed successively with DMF (3×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and air dried. The resin was treated with 2 mL of a mixture of TFA:water (9:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane (TIPSI-H) for 1 h. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was diluted with water (2 mL) and concentrated in vacuo at 35° C. The residue was treated with 2.5 mL of a mixture of TFA:DMS:TMSOTf (5:3:1) and 0.05 mL of TIPS-H, and stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. (TFA is trifluoroacetic acid, DMS is dimethyl sulfate, TMSOTf is trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate).

The desired tripeptide, the title compound, was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, 25×100 mm) using a mobile phase gradient from 0.2% TFA in water to 50/50 acetonitrile/0.2% TFA in water over 40 min. and monitoring at 230 nm. The fraction eluting at approximately 14.3 min. was collected, concentrated and lyophylized to yield the title compound as a white foam.

Synthesis of N-(3,5-Ditritio)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(dilfuoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide

The above procedure described for the preparation of BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 was repeated, but substituting 3,5-dibromobenzoic acid for benzoic acid. After HPLC purification as before, except using a gradient over 30 min. and collecting the fraction at approximately 18.3 min., the dibromo containing tripeptide was obtained as a white foam.

A portion of this material (2 mg) was dissolved in methanol/triethylamine (0.5 mL, 4/1), 10% Pd—C (2 mg) was added, and the mixture stirred under an atmosphere of tritium gas for 24 h. The mixture was filtered through celite, washing with methanol and the filtrate was concentrated. The title compound was obtained after purification by semi-preparative HPLC using a C18 column and an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile/0.2% TFA in water (15:100). The fraction eluting at approximately 5 min. was collected and concentrated in vacuo. The title compound was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol/water (9:1) to provide a 0.1 mg/mL solution of specific activity 39.4 Ci/mmol.

N-α-Fmoc-4-[diethylphosphono-(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanine (see Solas, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 1537) is loaded either on Wang's resin using diisopropylazodicarboxylate-triphenylphosphine in THF, or Tentagel® SRam resin using HATU—diisopropyl ethylamine in DMF. After removal of the Fmoc protecting group, the second protected amino acid is coupled with HATU, diisopropylethylamine in DMF to provide III. Using the same sequence, the third amino acid is introduced. The Fmoc protecting group is removed and the amino acid is capped with benzoic acid. After removal from solid support, ester cleavage and HPLC purification it provides V. Alternatively, the amine is not capped with benzoic acid.

The tripeptide (IV) loaded on Wang or Tentagel® S RAM resin is deprotected and caped with acetyl imidazole in DMF. Then using the same sequence as reported in Method A it provides VI.

The dipeptide loaded on solid support (III) is treated with piperidine in DMF and the amine capped with an acetyl, carboxyl, sulfonyl, or carbamates groups. After removal from solid support, ester cleavage and HPLC purification it provides VIII.

Alternatively, the phosphonic acid tert-butyl-ester Ib (analog of I) could be prepared as described in Scheme 5 and used to prepare the compounds described in Scheme 2-4. This will allow to cleave from solid support and deprotect in a single operation using the TFA/H 2 O/triisopropylsilane conditions.

By following the above described procedure for BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 , the following other peptide inhibitors were also similarly prepared:

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenyl-alanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(3,5-Dibromo)benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenyl-alanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Lysinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Serinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, L-Prolinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, and L-Isoleucinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanineamide, N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-2-naphthylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono (difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(4-Azido-3-iodo)-benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-tryptophyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-histidyl-[4-Phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-(2-Hydroxy-3-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethyl)propanoyl-[4-phosphono(difluromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-D-aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Phthaloyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-methionyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-5-Methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazoloyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-methyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyne amide, N-Acetyl-L-glutaminyl-4-[phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyne amide, N-Acetyl-D-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-threonyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalamine amide, N-Benzoyl-glycinyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-methylglutamate-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Acetyl-L-arginyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-D-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalamine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine amide, N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-D-phenylalanine amide, L-Aspartyl-[4-phosphono(difluromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine amide,

4. Phosphatase Assay Protocol

Materials

EDTA—ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Sigma)

DMH-N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(mercaptoacetyl)-hydrazine (synthesis published in J. Org. Chem . 56, pp. 2332-2337, (1991) by R. Singh and G. M. Whitesides and can be substituted with DTT—dithiothreitol Bistris—2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol-(Sigma) Triton X-100—octylphenolpoly(ethylene-glycolether) 10 (Pierce)

Antibody: Anti-glutathione S-transferase rabbit (H and L) fraction (Molecular Probes)

Enzyme: Human recombinant PTPLB, containing ammo acids 1-320, (Seq. ID No. 1) fused to GST enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) purified by affinity chromatography. Wild type (Seq. ID No. 1) contains active site cysteine(215), whereas mutant (Seq. ID No. 7) contains active site serine(215).

Tritiated peptide: Bz-NEJJ-CONH 2 , Mwt. 808, empirical formula, C 32 H 32 T 2 O 12 P 2 F 4

IC 50 Binding Assay Protocol

Compounds (ligands) which potentially inhibit the binding of a radioactive ligand to the specific phosphatase are screened in a 96-well plate format as follows:

To each well is added the following solutions @ 25° C. in the following chronological order:

1. 110 μl of assay buffer.

2. 10 μl. of 50 nM tritiated BzN-EJJ-CONH 2 in assay buffer (1X) @ 25° C.

3. 10 μl. of testing compound in DMSO at 10 different concentrations in serial dilution (final DMSO, about 5% v/v) in duplicate @ 25° C.

4. 10 μl. of 3.75 μg/ml purified human recombinant GST-PTP1B in enzyme dilution buffer.

5. The plate is shaken for 2 minutes.

6. 10 μl. of 0.3 μg/ml anti-glutathione S-transferase (anti-GST) rabbit IgG (Molecular Probes) diluted in antibody dilution buffer @ 25° C.

7. The plate is shaken for 2 minutes.

8. 50 μl. of protein A-PVT SPA beads (Amersham) @ 25° C.

9. The plate is shaken for 5 minutes. The binding signal is quantified on a Microbeta 96-well plate counter.

10. The non-specific signal is defined as the enzyme-ligand binding in the absence of anti-GST antibody.

11. 100% binding activity is defined as the enzyme-ligand binding in the presence of anti-GST antibody, but in the absence of the testing ligands with the non-specific binding subtracted.

12. Percentage of inhibition is calculated accordingly.

13. IC 50 value is approximated from the non-linear regression fit with the 4-parameter/multiple sites equation (described in: “Robust Statistics”, New York, Wiley, by P. J. Huber (1981) and reported in nM units.

14. Test ligands (compounds) with larger than 90% inhibition at 10 μM are defined as actives.

The following Table I illustrates typical assay results of examples of known compounds which competitively inhibit the binding of the binding agent, BzN-EJJ-CONH2.

Examples of known compounds which competitively inhibit the binding of tripeptide (F 2 PMP)2

The assay was carried out at room temperature in 96 well plates. The reaction mixture in 180 μl contained 50 mM Bis-Tris (pH=6.3), 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine (DMH) and 10 μm fluororescein diphosphare (FDP). 10 μl of 10 concentrations (serial dilution) of the test compound (inhibitor) dissolved in DMSO or DMSO alone for control was added to each well and the plate was mixed for 2 min. The reaction was initiated by adding 10 μl of diluted PTP1B (50 nM in 50 mM Bis/Tris (pH=6.3), 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM DMH, 20% glycerol and 0.01% Triton X-100. The phosphatase activity was followed by monitoring the appearance of the fluororescent product fluororescein monophosphate (EMP) continuously for 15-30 min, using the Cytofluoror II plate reader (PerSeptive Biosystems Inc.) with excitation of 440 nm (slit width 20 nm) and emission at 530 nm (slit width 25 nm). All the assays were done at least in duplicate. The initial rate of FMP formation is plotted against the concentration of inhibitor and the data was fitted to 4-parameter equation and the inflection point of the fit is the IC 50 .

Preparation of Cathepsin K(O2) Mutant (CAT-K Mutant)

Cathepsin K is a prominent cysteine protease in human osteoclasts and is believed to play a key role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Inhibitors of cathepsin K will be usefull for the treatment of bone disorders (such as osteoporosis) where excessive bone resorption occurs. Cathepsin K is synthesized as a dormant preproenzyme (Seq. ID No. 4). Both the pre-domain (Met 1 -Ala 15 ) and the prodomain (Leul 16 -Arg 114 ) must be removed for full catalytic activity. The mature form of the protease (Ala 115 -Met 329 ) contains the active site Cys residue (Cys 139 ).

The mature form of cathepsin K is engineered for expression in bacteria and other recombinant systems as a Met Ala 115 -Met 329 construct by PCR-directed template modification of a clone that is identified. Epitope-tagged variants are also generated: (Met[FLAG]Ala 115 -Met 329 and Met Ala 115 -Met 329 [FLAG]; where FLAG is the octa-peptide AspTyrLysAspAspAspAspLys). For the purpose of establishing a binding assay, several other constructs are generated including Met[FLAG]Ala 115 -[Cys 139 to Ser 139 ]-Met 329 and Met Ala 115 -[Cys 139 to Ser 139 ]-Met 329 [FLAG] (where the active site Cys is mutated to a Ser residue), and Met[FLAG]Ala 115 -[Cys 139 to Ala 139 ]-Met 329 and Met Ala 115 -[Cys 139 to Ala 139 ]-Met 329 [FLAG] (where the active site Cys is mutated to an Ala residue). In all cases, the resulting re-engineered polypeptides can be used in a binding assay by tethering the mutated enzymes to SPA beads via specific anti-FLAG antibodies that are commercially available (IDI-KODAK). Other epitope tags, GST and other fusions can also be used for this purpose and binding assay formats other than SPA can also be used. Ligands based on the prefered substrate for cathepsin K (e.g. Ac-P 2 -P 1 , Ac-P 2 -P 1 -aldehydes, Ac-P 2 -P 1 -ketones; where P1 is an amino acid with a hydrophilic side chain, preferably Arg or Lys, and P2 is an amino acid with a small hydrophobic side chain, preferably Leu, Val or Phe) are suitable in their radiolabeled (tritiated) forms for SPA-based binding assays. Similar binding assays can also be established for other cathepsin family members.

Preparation of Apopain (caspase-3) Mutant

Apopain is the active form of a cysteine protease belonging to the caspase superfamily of ICE/CED-3 like enzymes. It is derived from a catalytically dormant proenzyme that contains both the 17 kDa large subunit (p17) and 12 kDa (p12) small subunit of the catalytically active enzyme within a 32 kDa proenzyme polypeptide (p32). Apopain is a key mediator in the effector mechanism of apoptotic cell death and modulators of the activity of this enzyme, or structurally-related isoforms, will be useful for the therapeutic treatment of diseases where inappropriate apoptosis is prominent, e.g., Alzheimer's disease.

The method used for production of apopain involves folding of active enzyme from its constituent p17 and p12 subunits which are expressed separately in E. coli . The apopain p17 subunit (Ser 29 -Asp 175 ) and p12 subunit (Ser 176 -His 277 ) are engineered for expression as MetSer 29 -Asp 175 and MetSer 176 -His 277 constructs, respectively, by PCR-directed template modification. For the purpose of establishing a binding assay, several other constructs are generated, including a MetSer 29 -[Cys 163 to Ser 163 ]-Asp 175 large subunit and a Met 1 -[Cys 163 to Ser 163 ]-His 277 proenzyme. In the former case, the active site Cys residue in the large subunit (p17) is replaced with a Ser residue by site-directed mutagenesis. This large subunit is then re-folded with the recombinant p12 subunit to generate the mature form of the enzyme except with the active site Cys mutated to a Ser. In the latter case, the same Cys 163 to Ser 163 mutation is made, except that the entire proenzyme is expressed. In both cases, the resulting re-engineered polypeptides can be used in a binding assay by tethering the mutated enzymes to SPA beads via specific antibodies that are generated to recognize apopain (antibodies against the prodomain, the large p17 subunit, the small p12 subunit and the entire p17:p12 active enzyme have been generated). Epitope tags or GST and other fusions could also be used for this purpose and binding assay formats other than SPA can also be used. Ligands based on the prefered substrate for apopain (varients of AspGluValAsp), such as Ac-AspGluVaLAsp, Ac-AspGluVaLAsp-aldehydes, Ac-AspGluValAsp-ketones are suitable in their radiolabeled forms for SPA-based binding assays. Similar binding assays can also be established for other caspase family members.

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenlalanine Amide

5.0 g of Tentagel® s RAM resin (RAPP polymer; 0.2 mmol/g) as represented by the shade bead in Scheme 1, was treated with piperidine (5 mL) in 20 mL of DMF for 30 min. The resin (symbolized by the circular P, containing the remainder of the organic molecule except the amino group) was dried with N 2 and washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL). To a DMF (15.0 mL) solution of N ∝-Fmoc-4-[diethylphosphono-(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine (see D. Solas, J. Org. Chem ., 1996, 61, 1537) (0.900 g) and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluororphosphate (HATU) (0.600 g) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.545 mL). After a period of 15 min. the mixture was added to the resin in DMF (15.0 mL). After a period of 45 min. the resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL). The resin was then treated with acetylimidazole (1.5 g) in DMF (15 mL). After a period of 1 h the resin was washed successively in the DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL) and dried with nitrogen. After removal of the Fmoc as described above, the same sequence was repeated a second time. The resin was then treated with piperidine (5 mL) in DMF (20 mL) for 30 min, and was then washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL) and dried with nitrogen. To a DMF solution (15 mL) of N-Fmoc-L-glutamic acid γ-t-butyl ester (1.78 g) and HATU (1.59 g) was added diisopropylethylamine (1.46 mL). After a period of 15 min., the mixture was added to the resin in DMF (15 mL). After a period of 45 min. the resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL). The resin was then treated with piperidine (5 mL) in DMF (20 mL) for a period of 0.5 h, and was then washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL) and dried with nitrogen.

N-Benzoyl-L-glutamyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine Amide

To a solution of benzoic acid (0.122 g) and HATU (0.380 g) in DMF (5.00 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.350 mL). After a period of 15 min., the mixture was added to the resin prepared in Step 1 (1.0 g) in DMF (5.0 mL).

After a period of 90 min, the resin was washed successively with DMF (5×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×10 mL) and dried with nitrogen. The resin was treated with 5 mL of a mixture of TFA: water (9:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane for 30 min. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated and co-distilled with water. The residue was treated with 2.5 mL of a mixture of TFA:DMS:TMSOTf (5:3:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane and stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The title compound was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, 40×100 m) using a mobile phase gradient from 0.5% TFA in water to 50/50 acetonitrile/0.5% TFA in water over 40 min. and monitoring at 235 nM.

1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 1.80 (2H, m), 2.15 (2H, t), 2.60 to 2.90 (4H, m), 4.20 to 4.35 (3H, m), 7.00 to 7.60(13H, m).

N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine Amide

5.0 g of Tentagel® s RAM resin (RAPP polymer; 0.2 mmol/g) as represented by the shade bead in Scheme 1, was treated with piperidine (5 mL) in 20 mL of DMF for 30 min. The resin (symbolized by the circular P, containing the remainder of the organic molecule except the amino group) was dried with N 2 and washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL). To a DMF (15.0 mL) solution of N ∝-Fmoc-4-[diethylphosphono-(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine (see D. Solas, J. Org. Chem ., 1996, 61, 1537) (0.900 g) and O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluororphosphate (HATU) (0.600 g) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.545 mL). After a period of 15 min. the mixture was added to the resin in DMF (15.0 ML). After a period of 45 min. the resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL). The resin was then treated with acetylimidazole (1.5 g) in DMF (15 mL). After a period of 1 h the resin was washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL) and dried with nitrogen. After removal of the FMOC as described above, the same sequence was repeated a second time. The resin was then treated with piperidine (5 mL) in DMF (20 mL) for 30 min, and was then washed successively with DMF (5×20 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×20 mL) and dried with nitrogen.

N-Benzoyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)]-L-phenylalanine Amide

To a solution of benzoic acid (0.122 g) and HATU (0.380 g) in DMF (5.00 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.350 mL). After a period of 15 min., the mixture was added to the resin prepared in Step 1 (1.0 g) in DMF (5.0 mL).

After a period of 90 min, the resin was washed successively with DMF (5×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×10 mL) and dried with nitrogen. The resin was treated with 5 mL of a mixture of TFA: water (9:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane for 30 min. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated and co-distilled with water. The residue was treated with 2.5 mL of a mixture of TFA:DMS:TMSOTf (5:3:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane and stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The title compound was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, 40×100 m) using a mobile phase gradient from 0.5% TFA in water to 50/50 acetonitrile/0.5% TFA in water over 40 min. and monitoring at 235 nM.

1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 2.91 and 3.12 (4H, m), 4.60 (1H, m), 4.80 (1H, m), 7.29 to 7.75 (13H, m).

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-]4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanyl-[4-phosphono(difluoromethyl]-L-phenylalanine Amide

The resin (0.50 g) of Example 2 Step 1, was treated as described in Example 2 Step 2 using N-α-Fmoc-L-phenylalanine (0.162 g), HATU (0.160 g) and diisopropylethylamine (0.150 mL) in DMF (3.0 mL) for 30 min. The resin was then washed with 5×10 mL DMF and 5×10 mL CH 2 Cl 2 and dried with N 2 . The resin was then treated with a mixture of 1.0 mL of piperidine in 4.0 mL of DMF. After a period of 30 min. the resin was washed successively with DMF (5×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×10 mL) and dried with nitrogen. To the resin was added a DMF (3.0 mL) solution of acetylimidazole (0.300 g). After a period of 1 h, the resin was washed successively with DMF (5×10 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5×10 mL). The resin was treated with 5.0 mL of a mixture of TFA:water (9:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane for 30 min. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated and co-distilled with water. The residue was treated with 2.5 mL of a mixture of TFA:DMS:TMSOTf (5:3:1) and 0.05 mL of triisopropylsilane and stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The desired tripeptide, the title compound, was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 Column, 40×100 mm) using a mobile phase gradient from 0.5% TFA in water to 50/50 acetonitrile/0.5% TFA in water over 40 min. and monitoring at 235 nM.

1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 1.85 (3H, s), 2.80 (6H, m), 4.52 (3H, m), 7.10 to 7.60 (13H, m).

SEQ ID NO. 1 is the top sense DNA strand of FIGS. 2A and 2B for the PTP1B tyrosine phosphatase enzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 2 is the amino acid sequence of FIGS. 2A and 2B for the PTP 1B tyrosine phosphatase enzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 3 is the top sense cDNA strand of FIGS. 3A, 3 B and 3 C for the Cathepsin K preproenzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 4 is the amino acid sequence of FIGS. 3A, 3 B and 3 C for the Cathepsin K preproenzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 5 is the top sense cDNA strand of FIGS. 4A and 4B for the CPP32 apopain proenzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 6 is the amino acid sequence of FIGS. 4A and 4B for the CPP32 apopain proenzyme.

SEQ ID NO. 7 is the cDNA sequence of the human PTP-1B 1-320 Ser mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 8 is the amino acid sequence of the human PTP-1B 1-320 Ser mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 9 is the cDNA sequence for apopain C 163 S mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 10 is the amino acid sequence for the apopain C 163 S mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 11 is the large subunit of the heterodimeric amino acid sequence for the apopain C 163 S mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 12 is the cDNA sequence for the Cathepsin K C139S mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 13 is the cDNA sequence for the Cathepsin K C 139 A mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 14 is the amino acid sequence for the Cathepsin K C 139 S mutant.

SEQ ID NO. 15 is the amino acid sequence for the Cathepsin K C 139 A mutant.

ATGGAGATGG AAAAGGAGTT CGAGCAGATC GACAAGTCCG GGAGCTGGGC GGCCATTTAC 60

CAGGATATCC GACATGAAGC CAGTGACTTC CCATGTAGAG TGGCCAAGCT TCCTAAGAAC 120

AAAAACCGAA ATAGGTACAG AGACGTCAGT CCCTTTGACC ATAGTCGGAT TAAACTACAT 180

CAAGAAGATA ATGACTATAT CAACGCTAGT TTGATAAAAA TGGAAGAAGC CCAAAGGAGT 240

TACATTCTTA CCCAGGGCCC TTTGCCTAAC ACATGCGGTC ACTTTTGGGA GATGGTGTGG 300

GAGCAGAAAA GCAGGGGTGT CGTCATGCTC AACAGAGTGA TGGAGAAAGG TTCGTTAAAA 360

TGCGCACAAT ACTGGCCACA AAAAGAAGAA AAAGAGATGA TCTTTGAAGA CACAAATTTG 420

AAATTAACAT TGATCTCTGA AGATATCAAG TCATATTATA CAGTGCGACA GCTAGAATTG 480

GAAAACCTTA CAACCCAAGA AACTCGAGAG ATCTTACATT TCCACTATAC CACATGGCCT 540

GACTTTGGAG TCCCTGAATC ACCAGCCTCA TTCTTGAACT TTCTTTTCAA AGTCCGAGAG 600

TCAGGGTCAC TCAGCCCGGA GCACGGGCCC GTTGTGGTGC ACTGCAGTGC AGGCATCGGC 660

AGGTCTGGAA CCTTCTGTCT GGCTGATACC TGCCTCCTGC TGATGGACAA GAGGAAAGAC 720

CCTTCTTCCG TTGATATCAA GAAAGTGCTG TTAGAAATGA GGAAGTTTCG GATGGGGTTG 780

ATCCAGACAG CCGACCAGCT GCGCTTCTCC TACCTGGCTG TGATCGAAGG TGCCAAATTC 840

ATCATGGGGG ACTCTTCCGT GCAGGATCAG TGGAAGGAGC TTTCCCACGA GGACCTGGAG 900

CCCCCACCCG AGCATATCCC CCCACCTCCC CGGCCACCCA AACGAATCCT GGAGCCACAC 960

TGA 963

320 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

2

Met Glu Met Glu Lys Glu Phe Glu Gln Ile Asp Lys Ser Gly Ser Trp

1 5 10 15

Ala Ala Ile Tyr Gln Asp Ile Arg His Glu Ala Ser Asp Phe Pro Cys

20 25 30

Arg Val Ala Lys Leu Pro Lys Asn Lys Asn Arg Asn Arg Tyr Arg Asp

35 40 45

Val Ser Pro Phe Asp His Ser Arg Ile Lys Leu His Gln Glu Asp Asn

50 55 60

Asp Tyr Ile Asn Ala Ser Leu Ile Lys Met Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Ser

65 70 75 80

Tyr Ile Leu Thr Gln Gly Pro Leu Pro Asn Thr Cys Gly His Phe Trp

85 90 95

Glu Met Val Trp Glu Gln Lys Ser Arg Gly Val Val Met Leu Asn Arg

100 105 110

Val Met Glu Lys Gly Ser Leu Lys Cys Ala Gln Tyr Trp Pro Gln Lys

115 120 125

Glu Glu Lys Glu Met Ile Phe Glu Asp Thr Asn Leu Lys Leu Thr Leu

130 135 140

Ile Ser Glu Asp Ile Lys Ser Tyr Tyr Thr Val Arg Gln Leu Glu Leu

145 150 155 160

Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Gln Glu Thr Arg Glu Ile Leu His Phe His Tyr

165 170 175

Thr Thr Trp Pro Asp Phe Gly Val Pro Glu Ser Pro Ala Ser Phe Leu

180 185 190

Asn Phe Leu Phe Lys Val Arg Glu Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Pro Glu His

195 200 205

Gly Pro Val Val Val His Cys Ser Ala Gly Ile Gly Arg Ser Gly Thr

210 215 220

Phe Cys Leu Ala Asp Thr Cys Leu Leu Leu Met Asp Lys Arg Lys Asp

225 230 235 240

Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ile Lys Lys Val Leu Leu Glu Met Arg Lys Phe

245 250 255

Arg Met Gly Leu Ile Gln Thr Ala Asp Gln Leu Arg Phe Ser Tyr Leu

260 265 270

Ala Val Ile Glu Gly Ala Lys Phe Ile Met Gly Asp Ser Ser Val Gln

275 280 285

Asp Gln Trp Lys Glu Leu Ser His Glu Asp Leu Glu Pro Pro Pro Glu

290 295 300

His Ile Pro Pro Pro Pro Arg Pro Pro Lys Arg Ile Leu Glu Pro His

305 310 315 320

1669 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

3

GAAACAAGCA CTGGATTCCA TATCCCACTG CCAAAACCGC ATGGTTCAGA TTATCGCTAT 60

TGCAGCTTTC ATCATAATAC ACACCTTTGC TGCCGAAACG AAGCCAGACA ACAGATTTCC 120

ATCAGCAGGA TGTGGGGGCT CAAGGTTCTG CTGCTACCTG TGGTGAGCTT TGCTCTGTAC 180

CCTGAGGAGA TACTGGACAC CCACTGGGAG CTATGGAAGA AGACCCACAG GAAGCAATAT 240

AACAACAAGG TGGATGAAAT CTCTCGGCGT TTAATTTGGG AAAAAAACCT GAAGTATATT 300

TCCATCCATA ACCTTGAGGC TTCTCTTGGT GTCCATACAT ATGAACTGGC TATGAACCAC 360

CTGGGGGACA TGACCAGTGA AGAGGTGGTT CAGAAGATGA CTGGACTCAA AGTACCCCTG 420

TCTCATTCCC GCAGTAATGA CACCCTTTAT ATCCCAGAAT GGGAAGGTAG AGCCCCAGAC 480

TCTGTCGACT ATCGAAAGAA AGGATATGTT ACTCCTGTCA AAAATCAGGG TCAGTGTGGT 540

TCCTGTTGGG CTTTTAGCTC TGTGGGTGCC CTGGAGGGCC AACTCAAGAA GAAAACTGGC 600

AAACTCTTAA ATCTGAGTCC CCAGAACCTA GTGGATTGTG TGTCTGAGAA TGATGGCTGT 660

GGAGGGGGCT ACATGACCAA TGCCTTCCAA TATGTGCAGA AGAACCGGGG TATTGACTCT 720

GAAGATGCCT ACCCATATGT GGGACAGGAA GAGAGTTGTA TGTACAACCC AACAGGCAAG 780

GCAGCTAAAT GCAGAGGGTA CAGAGAGATC CCCGAGGGGA ATGAGAAAGC CCTGAAGAGG 840

GCAGTGGCCC GAGTGGGACC TGTCTCTGTG GCCATTGATG CAAGCCTGAC CTCCTTCCAG 900

TTTTACAGCA AAGGTGTGTA TTATGATGAA AGCTGCAATA GCGATAATCT GAACCATGCG 960

GTTTTGGCAG TGGGATATGG AATCCAGAAG GGAAACAAGC ACTGGATAAT TAAAAACAGC 1020

TGGGGAGAAA ACTGGGGAAA CAAAGGATAT ATCCTCATGG CTCGAAATAA GAACAACGCC 1080

TGTGGCATTG CCAACCTGGC CAGCTTCCCC AAGATGTGAC TCCAGCCAGC CAAATCCATC 1140

CTGCTCTTCC ATTTCTTCCA CGATGGTGCA GTGTAACGAT GCACTTTGGA AGGGAGTTGG 1200

TGTGCTATTT TTGAAGCAGA TGTGGTGATA CTGAGATTGT CTGTTCAGTT TCCCCATTTG 1260

TTTGTGCTTC AAATGATCCT TCCTACTTTG CTTCTCTCCA CCCATGACCT TTTTCACTGT 1320

GGCCATCAGG ACTTTCCCTG ACAGCTGTGT ACTCTTAGGC TAAGAGATGT GACTACAGCC 1380

TGCCCCTGAC TGTGTTGTCC CAGGGCTGAT GCTGTACAGG TACAGGCTGG AGATTTTCAC 1440

ATAGGTTAGA TTCTCATTCA CGGGACTAGT TAGCTTTAAG CACCCTAGAG GACTAGGGTA 1500

ATCTGACTTC TCACTTCCTA AGTTCCCTTC TATATCCTCA AGGTAGAAAT GTCTATGTTT 1560

TCTACTCCAA TTCATAAATC TATTCATAAG TCTTTGGTAC AAGTTTACAT GATAAAAAGA 1620

AATGTGATTT GTCTTCCCTT CTTTGCACTT TTGAAATAAA GTATTTATC 1669

329 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

4

Met Trp Gly Leu Lys Val Leu Leu Leu Pro Val Val Ser Phe Ala Leu

1 5 10 15

Tyr Pro Glu Glu Ile Leu Asp Thr His Trp Glu Leu Trp Lys Lys Thr

20 25 30

His Arg Lys Gln Tyr Asn Asn Lys Val Asp Glu Ile Ser Arg Arg Leu

35 40 45

Ile Trp Glu Lys Asn Leu Lys Tyr Ile Ser Ile His Asn Leu Glu Ala

50 55 60

Ser Leu Gly Val His Thr Tyr Glu Leu Ala Met Asn His Leu Gly Asp

65 70 75 80

Met Thr Ser Glu Glu Val Val Gln Lys Met Thr Gly Leu Lys Val Pro

85 90 95

Leu Ser His Ser Arg Ser Asn Asp Thr Leu Tyr Ile Pro Glu Trp Glu

100 105 110

Gly Arg Ala Pro Asp Ser Val Asp Tyr Arg Lys Lys Gly Tyr Val Thr

115 120 125

Pro Val Lys Asn Gln Gly Gln Cys Gly Ser Cys Trp Ala Phe Ser Ser

130 135 140

Val Gly Ala Leu Glu Gly Gln Leu Lys Lys Lys Thr Gly Lys Leu Leu

145 150 155 160

Asn Leu Ser Pro Gln Asn Leu Val Asp Cys Val Ser Glu Asn Asp Gly

165 170 175

Cys Gly Gly Gly Tyr Met Thr Asn Ala Phe Gln Tyr Val Gln Lys Asn

180 185 190

Arg Gly Ile Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Tyr Val Gly Gln Glu Glu

195 200 205

Ser Cys Met Tyr Asn Pro Thr Gly Lys Ala Ala Lys Cys Arg Gly Tyr

210 215 220

Arg Glu Ile Pro Glu Gly Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Lys Arg Ala Val Ala

225 230 235 240

Arg Val Gly Pro Val Ser Val Ala Ile Asp Ala Ser Leu Thr Ser Phe

245 250 255

Gln Phe Tyr Ser Lys Gly Val Tyr Tyr Asp Glu Ser Cys Asn Ser Asp

260 265 270

Asn Leu Asn His Ala Val Leu Ala Val Gly Tyr Gly Ile Gln Lys Gly

275 280 285

Asn Lys His Trp Ile Ile Lys Asn Ser Trp Gly Glu Asn Trp Gly Asn

290 295 300

Lys Gly Tyr Ile Leu Met Ala Arg Asn Lys Asn Asn Ala Cys Gly Ile

305 310 315 320

Ala Asn Leu Ala Ser Phe Pro Lys Met

325

1001 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

5

CTGCAGGAAT TCGGCACGAG GGGTGCTATT GTGAGGCGGT TGTAGAAGTT AATAAAGGTA 60

TCCATGGAGA ACACTGAAAA CTCAGTGGAT TCAAAATCCA TTAAAAATTT GGAACCAAAG 120

ATCATACATG GAAGCGAATC AATGGACTCT GGAATATCCC TGGACAACAG TTATAAAATG 180

GATTATCCTG AGATGGGTTT ATGTATAATA ATTAATAATA AGAATTTTCA TAAGAGCACT 240

GGAATGACAT CTCGGTCTGG TACAGATGTC GATGCAGCAA ACCTCAGGGA AACATTCAGA 300

AACTTGAAAT ATGAAGTCAG GAATAAAAAT GATCTTACAC GTGAAGAAAT TGTGGAATTG 360

ATGCGTGATG TTTCTAAAGA AGATCACAGC AAAAGGAGCA GTTTTGTTTG TGTGCTTCTG 420

AGCCATGGTG AAGAAGGAAT AATTTTTGGA ACAAATGGAC CTGTTGACCT GAAAAAAATA 480

ACAAACTTTT TCAGAGGGGA TCGTTGTAGA AGTCTAACTG GAAAACCCAA ACTTTTCATT 540

ATTCAGGCCT GCCGTGGTAC AGAACTGGAC TGTGGCATTG AGACAGACAG TGGTGTTGAT 600

GATGACATGG CGTGTCATAA AATACCAGTG GAGGCCGACT TCTTGTATGC ATACTCCACA 660

GCACCTGGTT ATTATTCTTG GCGAAATTCA AAGGATGGCT CCTGGTTCAT CCAGTCGCTT 720

TGTGCCATGC TGAAACAGTA TGCCGACAAG CTTGAATTTA TGCACATTCT TACCCGGGTT 780

AACCGAAAGG TGGCAACAGA ATTTGAGTCC TTTTCCTTTG ACGCTACTTT TCATGCAAAG 840

AAACAGATTC CATGTATTGT TTCCATGCTC ACAAAAGAAC TCTATTTTTA TCACTAAAGA 900

AATGGTTGGT TGGTGGTTTT TTTTAGTTTG TATGCCAAGT GAGAAGATGG TATATTTGGT 960

ACTGTATTTC CCTCTCATTT TGACCTACTC TCATGCTGCA G 1001

277 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

6

Met Glu Asn Thr Glu Asn Ser Val Asp Ser Lys Ser Ile Lys Asn Leu

1 5 10 15

Glu Pro Lys Ile Ile His Gly Ser Glu Ser Met Asp Ser Gly Ile Ser

20 25 30

Leu Asp Asn Ser Tyr Lys Met Asp Tyr Pro Glu Met Gly Leu Cys Ile

35 40 45

Ile Ile Asn Asn Lys Asn Phe His Lys Ser Thr Gly Met Thr Ser Arg

50 55 60

Ser Gly Thr Asp Val Asp Ala Ala Asn Leu Arg Glu Thr Phe Arg Asn

65 70 75 80

Leu Lys Tyr Glu Val Arg Asn Lys Asn Asp Leu Thr Arg Glu Glu Ile

85 90 95

Val Glu Leu Met Arg Asp Val Ser Lys Glu Asp His Ser Lys Arg Ser

100 105 110

Ser Phe Val Cys Val Leu Leu Ser His Gly Glu Glu Gly Ile Ile Phe

115 120 125

Gly Thr Asn Gly Pro Val Asp Leu Lys Lys Ile Thr Asn Phe Phe Arg

130 135 140

Gly Asp Arg Cys Arg Ser Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Lys Leu Phe Ile Ile

145 150 155 160

Gln Ala Cys Arg Gly Thr Glu Leu Asp Cys Gly Ile Glu Thr Asp Ser

165 170 175

Gly Val Asp Asp Asp Met Ala Cys His Lys Ile Pro Val Glu Ala Asp

180 185 190

Phe Leu Tyr Ala Tyr Ser Thr Ala Pro Gly Tyr Tyr Ser Trp Arg Asn

195 200 205

Ser Lys Asp Gly Ser Trp Phe Ile Gln Ser Leu Cys Ala Met Leu Lys

210 215 220

Gln Tyr Ala Asp Lys Leu Glu Phe Met His Ile Leu Thr Arg Val Asn

225 230 235 240

Arg Lys Val Ala Thr Glu Phe Glu Ser Phe Ser Phe Asp Ala Thr Phe

245 250 255

His Ala Lys Lys Gln Ile Pro Cys Ile Val Ser Met Leu Thr Lys Glu

260 265 270

Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His

275

963 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

7

ATGGAGATGG AAAAGGAGTT CGAGCAGATC GACAAGTCCG GGAGCTGGGC GGCCATTTAC 60

CAGGATATCC GACATGAAGC CAGTGACTTC CCATGTAGAG TGGCCAAGCT TCCTAAGAAC 120

AAAAACCGAA ATAGGTACAG AGACGTCAGT CCCTTTGACC ATAGTCGGAT TAAACTACAT 180

CAAGAAGATA ATGACTATAT CAACGCTAGT TTGATAAAAA TGGAAGAAGC CCAAAGGAGT 240

TACATTCTTA CCCAGGGCCC TTTGCCTAAC ACATGCGGTC ACTTTTGGGA GATGGTGTGG 300

GAGCAGAAAA GCAGGGGTGT CGTCATGCTC AACAGAGTGA TGGAGAAAGG TTCGTTAAAA 360

TGCGCACAAT ACTGGCCACA AAAAGAAGAA AAAGAGATGA TCTTTGAAGA CACAAATTTG 420

AAATTAACAT TGATCTCTGA AGATATCAAG TCATATTATA CAGTGCGACA GCTAGAATTG 480

GAAAACCTTA CAACCCAAGA AACTCGAGAG ATCTTACATT TCCACTATAC CACATGGCCT 540

GACTTTGGAG TCCCTGAATC ACCAGCCTCA TTCTTGAACT TTCTTTTCAA AGTCCGAGAG 600

TCAGGGTCAC TCAGCCCGGA GCACGGGCCC GTTGTGGTGC ACAGCAGTGC AGGCATCGGC 660

AGGTCTGGAA CCTTCTGTCT GGCTGATACC TGCCTCCTGC TGATGGACAA GAGGAAAGAC 720

CCTTCTTCCG TTGATATCAA GAAAGTGCTG TTAGAAATGA GGAAGTTTCG GATGGGGTTG 780

ATCCAGACAG CCGACCAGCT GCGCTTCTCC TACCTGGCTG TGATCGAAGG TGCCAAATTC 840

ATCATGGGGG ACTCTTCCGT GCAGGATCAG TGGAAGGAGC TTTCCCACGA GGACCTGGAG 900

CCCCCACCCG AGCATATCCC CCCACCTCCC CGGCCACCCA AACGAATCCT GGAGCCACAC 960

TGA 963

322 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

8

Met Glu Met Glu Lys Glu Phe Glu Gln Ile Asp Lys Ser Gly Ser Trp

1 5 10 15

Ala Ala Ile Tyr Gln Asp Ile Arg His Glu Ala Ser Asp Phe Pro Cys

20 25 30

Arg Val Ala Lys Leu Pro Lys Asn Lys Asn Arg Asn Arg Tyr Arg Asp

35 40 45

Val Ser Pro Phe Asp His Ser Arg Ile Lys Leu His Gln Glu Asp Asn

50 55 60

Asp Tyr Ile Asn Ala Ser Leu Ile Lys Met Glu Glu Ala Gln Arg Ser

65 70 75 80

Tyr Ile Leu Thr Gln Gly Pro Leu Pro Asn Thr Cys Gly His Phe Trp

85 90 95

Glu Met Val Trp Glu Gln Lys Ser Arg Gly Val Val Met Leu Asn Arg

100 105 110

Val Met Glu Lys Gly Ser Leu Lys Cys Ala Gln Tyr Trp Pro Gln Lys

115 120 125

Glu Glu Lys Glu Met Ile Phe Glu Asp Thr Asn Leu Lys Leu Thr Leu

130 135 140

Ile Ser Glu Asp Ile Lys Ser Tyr Tyr Thr Val Arg Gln Leu Glu Leu

145 150 155 160

Glu Asn Leu Thr Thr Gln Glu Thr Arg Glu Ile Leu His Phe His Tyr

165 170 175

Thr Thr Trp Pro Asp Phe Gly Val Pro Glu Ser Pro Ala Ser Phe Leu

180 185 190

Asn Phe Leu Phe Lys Val Arg Glu Ser Gly Ser Leu Ser Pro Glu His

195 200 205

Gly Pro Val Val Val His Ser Ser Ala Gly Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Arg

210 215 220

Ser Gly Thr Phe Cys Leu Ala Asp Thr Cys Leu Leu Leu Met Asp Lys

225 230 235 240

Arg Lys Asp Pro Ser Ser Val Asp Ile Lys Lys Val Leu Leu Glu Met

245 250 255

Arg Lys Phe Arg Met Gly Leu Ile Gln Thr Ala Asp Gln Leu Arg Phe

260 265 270

Ser Tyr Leu Ala Val Ile Glu Gly Ala Lys Phe Ile Met Gly Asp Ser

275 280 285

Ser Val Gln Asp Gln Trp Lys Glu Leu Ser His Glu Asp Leu Glu Pro

290 295 300

Pro Pro Glu His Ile Pro Pro Pro Pro Arg Pro Pro Lys Arg Ile Leu

305 310 315 320

Glu Pro

1001 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

9

CTGCAGGAAT TCGGCACGAG GGGTGCTATT GTGAGGCGGT TGTAGAAGTT AATAAAGGTA 60

TCCATGGAGA ACACTGAAAA CTCAGTGGAT TCAAAATCCA TTAAAAATTT GGAACCAAAG 120

ATCATACATG GAAGCGAATC AATGGACTCT GGAATATCCC TGGACAACAG TTATAAAATG 180

GATTATCCTG AGATGGGTTT ATGTATAATA ATTAATAATA AGAATTTTCA TAAGAGCACT 240

GGAATGACAT CTCGGTCTGG TACAGATGTC GATGCAGCAA ACCTCAGGGA AACATTCAGA 300

AACTTGAAAT ATGAAGTCAG GAATAAAAAT GATCTTACAC GTGAAGAAAT TGTGGAATTG 360

ATGCGTGATG TTTCTAAAGA AGATCACAGC AAAAGGAGCA GTTTTGTTTG TGTGCTTCTG 420

AGCCATGGTG AAGAAGGAAT AATTTTTGGA ACAAATGGAC CTGTTGACCT GAAAAAAATA 480

ACAAACTTTT TCAGAGGGGA TCGTTGTAGA AGTCTAACTG GAAAACCCAA ACTTTTCATT 540

ATTCAGGCCT CCCGTGGTAC AGAACTGGAC TGTGGCATTG AGACAGACAG TGGTGTTGAT 600

GATGACATGG CGTGTCATAA AATACCAGTG GAGGCCGACT TCTTGTATGC ATACTCCACA 660

GCACCTGGTT ATTATTCTTG GCGAAATTCA AAGGATGGCT CCTGGTTCAT CCAGTCGCTT 720

TGTGCCATGC TGAAACAGTA TGCCGACAAG CTTGAATTTA TGCACATTCT TACCCGGGTT 780

AACCGAAAGG TGGCAACAGA ATTTGAGTCC TTTTCCTTTG ACGCTACTTT TCATGCAAAG 840

AAACAGATTC CATGTATTGT TTCCATGCTC ACAAAAGAAC TCTATTTTTA TCACTAAAGA 900

AATGGTTGGT TGGTGGTTTT TTTTAGTTTG TATGCCAAGT GAGAAGATGG TATATTTGGT 960

ACTGTATTTC CCTCTCATTT TGACCTACTC TCATGCTGCA G 1001

277 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

10

Met Glu Asn Thr Glu Asn Ser Val Asp Ser Lys Ser Ile Lys Asn Leu

1 5 10 15

Glu Pro Lys Ile Ile His Gly Ser Glu Ser Met Asp Ser Gly Ile Ser

20 25 30

Leu Asp Asn Ser Tyr Lys Met Asp Tyr Pro Glu Met Gly Leu Cys Ile

35 40 45

Ile Ile Asn Asn Lys Asn Phe His Lys Ser Thr Gly Met Thr Ser Arg

50 55 60

Ser Gly Thr Asp Val Asp Ala Ala Asn Leu Arg Glu Thr Phe Arg Asn

65 70 75 80

Leu Lys Tyr Glu Val Arg Asn Lys Asn Asp Leu Thr Arg Glu Glu Ile

85 90 95

Val Glu Leu Met Arg Asp Val Ser Lys Glu Asp His Ser Lys Arg Ser

100 105 110

Ser Phe Val Cys Val Leu Leu Ser His Gly Glu Glu Gly Ile Ile Phe

115 120 125

Gly Thr Asn Gly Pro Val Asp Leu Lys Lys Ile Thr Asn Phe Phe Arg

130 135 140

Gly Asp Arg Cys Arg Ser Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Lys Leu Phe Ile Ile

145 150 155 160

Gln Ala Ser Arg Gly Thr Glu Leu Asp Cys Gly Ile Glu Thr Asp Ser

165 170 175

Gly Val Asp Asp Asp Met Ala Cys His Lys Ile Pro Val Glu Ala Asp

180 185 190

Phe Leu Tyr Ala Tyr Ser Thr Ala Pro Gly Tyr Tyr Ser Trp Arg Asn

195 200 205

Ser Lys Asp Gly Ser Trp Phe Ile Gln Ser Leu Cys Ala Met Leu Lys

210 215 220

Gln Tyr Ala Asp Lys Leu Glu Phe Met His Ile Leu Thr Arg Val Asn

225 230 235 240

Arg Lys Val Ala Thr Glu Phe Glu Ser Phe Ser Phe Asp Ala Thr Phe

245 250 255

His Ala Lys Lys Gln Ile Pro Cys Ile Val Ser Met Leu Thr Lys Glu

260 265 270

Leu Tyr Phe Tyr His

275

148 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

11

Met Ser Gly Ile Ser Leu Asp Asn Ser Tyr Lys Met Asp Tyr Pro Glu

1 5 10 15

Met Gly Leu Cys Ile Ile Ile Asn Asn Lys Asn Phe His Lys Ser Thr

20 25 30

Gly Met Thr Ser Arg Ser Gly Thr Asp Val Asp Ala Ala Asn Leu Arg

35 40 45

Glu Thr Phe Arg Asn Leu Lys Tyr Glu Val Arg Asn Lys Asn Asp Leu

50 55 60

Thr Arg Glu Glu Ile Val Glu Leu Met Arg Asp Val Ser Lys Glu Asp

65 70 75 80

His Ser Lys Arg Ser Ser Phe Val Cys Val Leu Leu Ser His Gly Glu

85 90 95

Glu Gly Ile Ile Phe Gly Thr Asn Gly Pro Val Asp Leu Lys Lys Ile

100 105 110

Thr Asn Phe Phe Arg Gly Asp Arg Cys Arg Ser Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro

115 120 125

Lys Leu Phe Ile Ile Gln Ala Ser Arg Gly Thr Glu Leu Asp Cys Gly

130 135 140

Ile Glu Thr Asp

145

990 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

12

ATGTGGGGGC TCAAGGTTCT GCTGCTACCT GTGGTGAGCT TTGCTCTGTA CCCTGAGGAG 60

ATACTGGACA CCCACTGGGA GCTATGGAAG AAGACCCACA GGAAGCAATA TAACAACAAG 120

GTGGATGAAA TCTCTCGGCG TTTAATTTGG GAAAAAAACC TGAAGTATAT TTCCATCCAT 180

AACCTTGAGG CTTCTCTTGG TGTCCATACA TATGAACTGG CTATGAACCA CCTGGGGGAC 240

ATGACCAGTG AAGAGGTGGT TCAGAAGATG ACTGGACTCA AAGTACCCCT GTCTCATTCC 300

CGCAGTAATG ACACCCTTTA TATCCCAGAA TGGGAAGGTA GAGCCCCAGA CTCTGTCGAC 360

TATCGAAAGA AAGGATATGT TACTCCTGTC AAAAATCAGG GTCAGTGTGG TTCCTCTTGG 420

GCTTTTAGCT CTGTGGGTGC CCTGGAGGGC CAACTCAAGA AGAAAACTGG CAAACTCTTA 480

AATCTGAGTC CCCAGAACCT AGTGGATTGT GTGTCTGAGA ATGATGGCTG TGGAGGGGGC 540

TACATGACCA ATGCCTTCCA ATATGTGCAG AAGAACCGGG GTATTGACTC TGAAGATGCC 600

TACCCATATG TGGGACAGGA AGAGAGTTGT ATGTACAACC CAACAGGCAA GGCAGCTAAA 660

TGCAGAGGGT ACAGAGAGAT CCCCGAGGGG AATGAGAAAG CCCTGAAGAG GGCAGTGGCC 720

CGAGTGGGAC CTGTCTCTGT GGCCATTGAT GCAAGCCTGA CCTCCTTCCA GTTTTACAGC 780

AAAGGTGTGT ATTATGATGA AAGCTGCAAT AGCGATAATC TGAACCATGC GGTTTTGGCA 840

GTGGGATATG GAATCCAGAA GGGAAACAAG CACTGGATAA TTAAAAACAG CTGGGGAGAA 900

AACTGGGGAA ACAAAGGATA TATCCTCATG GCTCGAAATA AGAACAACGC CTGTGGCATT 960

GCCAACCTGG CCAGCTTCCC CAAGATGTGA 990

990 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

cDNA

13

ATGTGGGGGC TCAAGGTTCT GCTGCTACCT GTGGTGAGCT TTGCTCTGTA CCCTGAGGAG 60

ATACTGGACA CCCACTGGGA GCTATGGAAG AAGACCCACA GGAAGCAATA TAACAACAAG 120

GTGGATGAAA TCTCTCGGCG TTTAATTTGG GAAAAAAACC TGAAGTATAT TTCCATCCAT 180

AACCTTGAGG CTTCTCTTGG TGTCCATACA TATGAACTGG CTATGAACCA CCTGGGGGAC 240

ATGACCAGTG AAGAGGTGGT TCAGAAGATG ACTGGACTCA AAGTACCCCT GTCTCATTCC 300

CGCAGTAATG ACACCCTTTA TATCCCAGAA TGGGAAGGTA GAGCCCCAGA CTCTGTCGAC 360

TATCGAAAGA AAGGATATGT TACTCCTGTC AAAAATCAGG GTCAGTGTGG TTCCGCTTGG 420

GCTTTTAGCT CTGTGGGTGC CCTGGAGGGC CAACTCAAGA AGAAAACTGG CAAACTCTTA 480

AATCTGAGTC CCCAGAACCT AGTGGATTGT GTGTCTGAGA ATGATGGCTG TGGAGGGGGC 540

TACATGACCA ATGCCTTCCA ATATGTGCAG AAGAACCGGG GTATTGACTC TGAAGATGCC 600

TACCCATATG TGGGACAGGA AGAGAGTTGT ATGTACAACC CAACAGGCAA GGCAGCTAAA 660

TGCAGAGGGT ACAGAGAGAT CCCCGAGGGG AATGAGAAAG CCCTGAAGAG GGCAGTGGCC 720

CGAGTGGGAC CTGTCTCTGT GGCCATTGAT GCAAGCCTGA CCTCCTTCCA GTTTTACAGC 780

AAAGGTGTGT ATTATGATGA AAGCTGCAAT AGCGATAATC TGAACCATGC GGTTTTGGCA 840

GTGGGATATG GAATCCAGAA GGGAAACAAG CACTGGATAA TTAAAAACAG CTGGGGAGAA 900

AACTGGGGAA ACAAAGGATA TATCCTCATG GCTCGAAATA AGAACAACGC CTGTGGCATT 960

GCCAACCTGG CCAGCTTCCC CAAGATGTGA 990

329 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

14

Met Trp Gly Leu Lys Val Leu Leu Leu Pro Val Val Ser Phe Ala Leu

1 5 10 15

Tyr Pro Glu Glu Ile Leu Asp Thr His Trp Glu Leu Trp Lys Lys Thr

20 25 30

His Arg Lys Gln Tyr Asn Asn Lys Val Asp Glu Ile Ser Arg Arg Leu

35 40 45

Ile Trp Glu Lys Asn Leu Lys Tyr Ile Ser Ile His Asn Leu Glu Ala

50 55 60

Ser Leu Gly Val His Thr Tyr Glu Leu Ala Met Asn His Leu Gly Asp

65 70 75 80

Met Thr Ser Glu Glu Val Val Gln Lys Met Thr Gly Leu Lys Val Pro

85 90 95

Leu Ser His Ser Arg Ser Asn Asp Thr Leu Tyr Ile Pro Glu Trp Glu

100 105 110

Gly Arg Ala Pro Asp Ser Val Asp Tyr Arg Lys Lys Gly Tyr Val Thr

115 120 125

Pro Val Lys Asn Gln Gly Gln Cys Gly Ser Ser Trp Ala Phe Ser Ser

130 135 140

Val Gly Ala Leu Glu Gly Gln Leu Lys Lys Lys Thr Gly Lys Leu Leu

145 150 155 160

Asn Leu Ser Pro Gln Asn Leu Val Asp Cys Val Ser Glu Asn Asp Gly

165 170 175

Cys Gly Gly Gly Tyr Met Thr Asn Ala Phe Gln Tyr Val Gln Lys Asn

180 185 190

Arg Gly Ile Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Tyr Val Gly Gln Glu Glu

195 200 205

Ser Cys Met Tyr Asn Pro Thr Gly Lys Ala Ala Lys Cys Arg Gly Tyr

210 215 220

Arg Glu Ile Pro Glu Gly Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Lys Arg Ala Val Ala

225 230 235 240

Arg Val Gly Pro Val Ser Val Ala Ile Asp Ala Ser Leu Thr Ser Phe

245 250 255

Gln Phe Tyr Ser Lys Gly Val Tyr Tyr Asp Glu Ser Cys Asn Ser Asp

260 265 270

Asn Leu Asn His Ala Val Leu Ala Val Gly Tyr Gly Ile Gln Lys Gly

275 280 285

Asn Lys His Trp Ile Ile Lys Asn Ser Trp Gly Glu Asn Trp Gly Asn

290 295 300

Lys Gly Tyr Ile Leu Met Ala Arg Asn Lys Asn Asn Ala Cys Gly Ile

305 310 315 320

Ala Asn Leu Ala Ser Phe Pro Lys Met

325

329 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

15

Met Trp Gly Leu Lys Val Leu Leu Leu Pro Val Val Ser Phe Ala Leu

1 5 10 15

Tyr Pro Glu Glu Ile Leu Asp Thr His Trp Glu Leu Trp Lys Lys Thr

20 25 30

His Arg Lys Gln Tyr Asn Asn Lys Val Asp Glu Ile Ser Arg Arg Leu

35 40 45

Ile Trp Glu Lys Asn Leu Lys Tyr Ile Ser Ile His Asn Leu Glu Ala

50 55 60

Ser Leu Gly Val His Thr Tyr Glu Leu Ala Met Asn His Leu Gly Asp

65 70 75 80

Met Thr Ser Glu Glu Val Val Gln Lys Met Thr Gly Leu Lys Val Pro

85 90 95

Leu Ser His Ser Arg Ser Asn Asp Thr Leu Tyr Ile Pro Glu Trp Glu

100 105 110

Gly Arg Ala Pro Asp Ser Val Asp Tyr Arg Lys Lys Gly Tyr Val Thr

115 120 125

Pro Val Lys Asn Gln Gly Gln Cys Gly Ser Ala Trp Ala Phe Ser Ser

130 135 140

Val Gly Ala Leu Glu Gly Gln Leu Lys Lys Lys Thr Gly Lys Leu Leu

145 150 155 160

Asn Leu Ser Pro Gln Asn Leu Val Asp Cys Val Ser Glu Asn Asp Gly

165 170 175

Cys Gly Gly Gly Tyr Met Thr Asn Ala Phe Gln Tyr Val Gln Lys Asn

180 185 190

Arg Gly Ile Asp Ser Glu Asp Ala Tyr Pro Tyr Val Gly Gln Glu Glu

195 200 205

Ser Cys Met Tyr Asn Pro Thr Gly Lys Ala Ala Lys Cys Arg Gly Tyr

210 215 220

Arg Glu Ile Pro Glu Gly Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Lys Arg Ala Val Ala

225 230 235 240

Arg Val Gly Pro Val Ser Val Ala Ile Asp Ala Ser Leu Thr Ser Phe

245 250 255

Gln Phe Tyr Ser Lys Gly Val Tyr Tyr Asp Glu Ser Cys Asn Ser Asp

260 265 270

Asn Leu Asn His Ala Val Leu Ala Val Gly Tyr Gly Ile Gln Lys Gly

275 280 285

Asn Lys His Trp Ile Ile Lys Asn Ser Trp Gly Glu Asn Trp Gly Asn

290 295 300

Lys Gly Tyr Ile Leu Met Ala Arg Asn Lys Asn Asn Ala Cys Gly Ile

305 310 315 320

Ala Asn Leu Ala Ser Phe Pro Lys Met

325