Circuits and methods for hybrid 3:1 voltage regulators

The present reissue application is a reissue application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/895,893, filed Feb. 13, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,601,311.

Hybrid regulators have several advantages compared to buck regulators and Switched-Capacitor (SC) regulators. Hybrid regulators can be more efficient and can use smaller inductors than buck regulators. Hybrid regulators can efficiently regulate across a wider range of input to output voltage ratios. In contrast, SC regulator efficiency is high at N:M input to output voltage ratios (where N, M are integers), but efficiency drops as the ratio deviates from N:M to non-integer ratios.

Hybrid regulators can operate with multiple operating modes to support a wide range of input to output voltage ratios. For example, in a H21 mode, a hybrid regulator can support an input to output (V IN :V OUT ) ratio between 2:1 and 1:1. As another example, in a H32 mode, a hybrid regulator can support a V IN :V OUT ratio between 3:1 and 2:1. FIGS. 1 A- 1 C show an example of a single hybrid regulator operating in a H32 mode and FIGS. 2 A- 2 C show an example of a single hybrid regulator operating in a H21 mode. In FIGS. 1 A- 1 C , the V IN :V OUT ratio can be between 2:1 and 3:1. In FIGS. 2 A- 2 C , the V IN :V OUT ratio can be between 1:1 and 2:1. The hybrid regulator in FIGS. 1 A- 1 C and 2 A- 2 C can switch between these two modes (i.e., the H32 mode and the H21 mode) by changing which switches are turned on and off.

The upside of having multiple operating modes is that it enables a single regulator to support a wide range of V IN :V OUT ratios, which can help cover a wide range of end applications with a single product. There are two downsides of having multiple modes. First, the regulator can require an additional feedback control that determines which mode to operate in. Second, there can be glitches while transitioning from one mode to another that can cause malfunction of the regulator. Different modes require different switches to turn on/off. If the timing of the switch activity is misaligned, some voltages on certain switches could be wrong, and a high voltage applied to a switch could break it. If surrounding conditions, such as input voltage or output current, change quickly, the regulator might need to change modes quickly, which can require very fast feedback control to change modes quickly (which feedback control can be challenging to design) and/or cause glitches during quick mode transition if all the timing requirements of related signals are not properly aligned (which proper alignment can be challenging to guarantee). For example, a hybrid regulator might be operating at 1.8V input and 1V output in H21 mode, and due to a system requirement, the input might need to quickly change to 2.5V, at which time the regulator needs to quickly change to H32 mode.

Accordingly, it is desirable to support a wider range of V IN :V OUT ratios with as few modes as possible.

In accordance with some embodiments, circuits and methods for hybrid 3:1 voltage regulators are provided. More particularly, in some embodiments, circuits for a voltage regulator are provided, the circuits comprising: an inductor having a first side coupled to an input voltage and having a second side; a first flying capacitor having a first side and having a second side; a second flying capacitor having a first side and having a second side; and a plurality of switches, wherein: in a first state, the plurality of switches couple: the second side of the inductor to a second side of the first flying capacitor and an output node; the first side of the first flying capacitor to the first side of the second flying capacitor; and the second side of the second flying capacitor to a voltage supply, in a second state, the plurality of switches couple: the second side of the inductor to a first side of the second flying capacitor; the second side of the second flying capacitor to the output node and the first side of the first flying capacitor; and the second side of the first flying capacitor to the voltage supply. In some of these circuits, the voltage supply is a ground. In some of these circuits, each switch is a MOSFET. In some of these circuits, a controller that controls the switches to switch between the first state and the second state is also provided. In some of these circuits, an output capacitor is also provided

In some embodiments, circuits for a voltage regulator are provided, the circuits comprising: an inductor having a first side coupled to an input voltage and having a second side; a first switch having a first side coupled to the second side of the inductor and having a second side; a second switch having a first side coupled to the second side of the inductor and having a second side; and a reconfigurable SC regulator having a first input corresponding to a first VIN:VOUT ratio and having a second input corresponding to a second VIN:VOUT ratio, wherein the first input of the reconfigurable SC regulator is coupled to the second side of the first switch and wherein the second input of the reconfigurable SC regulator is coupled to the second side of the second switch.

FIGS. 1 A and 1 B are examples of schematics of a hybrid voltage regulator in a H32 mode as known in the prior art.

FIG. 1 C is an example of a timing diagram of a hybrid voltage regulator in a H32 mode as known in the prior art.

FIGS. 2 A and 2 B are examples of schematics of a hybrid voltage regulator in a H21 mode as known in the prior art.

FIG. 2 C is an example of a timing diagram of a hybrid voltage regulator in a H21 mode as known in the prior art.

FIG. 3 A is an example of a schematic of a portion of a hybrid voltage regulator having a H31 mode using a known reconfigurable 3:1, 1:1 switched capacitor regulator in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 B is an example of a schematic of another portion of a hybrid voltage regulator having a H31 mode using a known reconfigurable 3:1, 1:1 switched capacitor regulator in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 C is an example of a timing diagram of the hybrid voltage regulator of FIGS. 3 A and 3 B in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4 A and 4 B are examples of schematics (with switches omitted) of a more compact hybrid voltage regulator than the regulator of FIGS. 3 A and 3 B that has a H31 mode in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 C is an example of a timing diagram of the hybrid voltage regulator of FIGS. 4 A and 4 B in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5 A and 5 B are examples of schematics of the hybrid voltage regulator of FIGS. 4 A and 4 B with its switches shown in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 C is an example of a timing diagram of the hybrid voltage regulator of FIGS. 5 A and 5 B in accordance with some embodiments.

In accordance with some embodiments, circuits and methods for hybrid 3:1 voltage regulators are provided. In some embodiments, hybrid 3:1 (H31) voltage regulators can support any V IN :V OUT ratios between 3:1 and 1:1 with a single H31 mode. This is an improvement over prior hybrid regulators which need two modes, H32 and H21, to support V IN :V OUT ratios between 3:1 and 1:1.

FIGS. 3 A- 3 C illustrate an example of a H31 voltage regulator that can be implemented using an existing reconfigurable 3:1, 1:1 SC regulator, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, this regulator includes an inductor 308 , switches 318 and 316 , and a reconfigurable 3:1, 1:1 SC regulator 312 . This regulator can also include a controller (not shown) for controlling switches 318 and 316 .

Inductor 318 can be any suitable inductor, such as a discrete inductor mounted on or embedded in a package or a printed circuit board (e.g., an inductor sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on) or a spiral inductor that can be drawn using metal layers on-chip, on-package, or on a printed circuit board. Switches 318 and 316 can be any suitable switches, such as MOSFETs. Reconfigurable 3:1, 1:1 SC regulator 312 ( FIG. 3 B ) can be any suitable reconfigurable 3:1/1:1 SC regulator (e.g., such as a ladder regulator, a series/parallel regulator, a Dickson Star regulator, etc.).

During operation, a voltage V IN 303 from an input source can be provided to inductor 308 . A current I L 312 passes through inductor 308 and a voltage V X 302 is present at the output (right) side of inductor 308 . One of switch 318 and 316 connect V X 302 to V SC_3:1 or V SC_1:1 . V SC_3:1 is close to 3×V OUT 304 , and V SC_1:1 is close to 1×V OUT 304 . Switches 318 and 316 can be turned on/off to make V X 302 switch between 3×V OUT 304 and 1×V OUT 304 . In a steady state, the voltage across inductor 308 (i.e., V IN 303 -V X 302 ) should be zero in average. Regulator 312 produces an output current I LOAD 306 that can be provided to any suitable load. Regulator 312 is also connected to a ground 310 .

FIG. 3 C shows a timing diagram of the H31 voltage regulator in accordance with some embodiments. As illustrated, from time 0 to time DT, switch 318 is off and switch 316 is on. During this time, V X 302 is connected to V SC_1:1 . From time DT to time T, switch 318 is on and switch 316 is off. During this time, V X 302 is connected to V SC_3:1 . As shown by line V IN in FIG. 3 C , V IN equals the average of V X . More particularly, V IN can be determined using the following equation:

V IN = D × V OUT + ( 1 - D ) × 3 × V OUT = 3 × V OUT - 2 × D × V OUT = V OUT ( 3 - 2 ⁢ D )

where D is the duty cycle of the timing diagram in FIG. 3 C and has value between 0 and 1, V IN is between V OUT and 3×V OUT , which means that the V IN :V OUT ratio is between 3:1 and 1:1.

Because the circuit of FIGS. 3 A- 3 C uses switches 318 and 316 that are separate from the switches in SC regulator 312 , the switching frequency and duty cycle for SC regulator 312 and the switching frequency and duty cycle for 318 and 316 (inductor switches) can be completely decoupled in some embodiments. A benefit of this is that the SC part and inductor part can be optimized for maximum efficiency. For example, the SC part can switch at 50% duty cycle (which is usually most efficient for SC regulators) while the inductor switches 318 and 316 can switch at a different duty cycle (D) depending on the desired V IN :V OUT ratio, as illustrated in FIG. 3 C . A downside is that this architecture potentially needs a larger number of switches (and larger chip area) than other designs (such as those described in connection with FIGS. 4 A- 4 C and FIGS. 5 A- 5 C ) because it needs separate switches for the inductors and the SC.

In some embodiments, SC regulator 312 can be a multi-phase SC regulator where multiple copies of SC regulators operate in a time-interleaved fashion. The inductor 312 and switches 318 and 316 can also be duplicated and time-interleaved (e.g., phase 0 and phase 1 operate 180 degrees out of phase). This way, the regulator can support a larger amount of current to the output (e.g., twice the current for two phases compared to one phase).

FIGS. 4 A- 4 C describe an example of another H31 hybrid regulator in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, this regulator can include an inductor 404 , a first flying capacitor C FLY1 406 , a second flying capacitor C FLY2 408 , and an output capacitor C OUT 414 . This regulator can also include a controller 401 for controlling switches in the regulator that are not shown for clarity. An input voltage V IN 402 can be connected to the input of inductor 404 and an output load can be connected in parallel with C OUT 414 . A voltage V X 450 is present at the output (or right side) of inductor 404 , an output voltage V OUT 414 is present across output capacitor 414 , and an output current I OUT 412 can be drawn by a load.

Inductor 404 can be any suitable inductor, such as a discrete inductor mounted on or embedded in a package or a printed circuit board (e.g., an inductor sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on) or a spiral inductor that can be drawn using metal layers on-chip, on-package, or on a printed circuit board. The switches not shown can be any suitable switches, such as MOSFETs. Capacitors C FLY1 406 and C FLY2 408 can be any suitable flying capacitors, such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (e.g., sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on), on-chip metal-insulator-metal (MIM) or metal-on-metal (MOM) capacitors, or on-chip dense capacitors (e.g., deep trench capacitors with high-k dielectric materials). Output capacitor C OUT 414 can be any suitable capacitor, such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (e.g., sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on), on-chip metal-insulator-metal (MIM) or metal-on-metal (MOM) capacitors, or on-chip dense capacitors (e.g., deep trench capacitors with high-k dielectric materials).

As shown in FIGS. 4 A and 4 B , assume that the two flying capacitors C FLY1 and C FLY2 are both very large, so their voltages, V CFLY1 and V CFLY2 , stay constant. In a State 0 ( FIG. 4 A ):

V CFLY2 =V OUT +V CFLY1

In a State 1 ( FIG. 4 B ):

V CFLY1 =V OUT

As a result:

V CFLY2 =2×V OUT

As shown in FIG. 4 C , in State 0 ( FIG. 4 A ), V X =3×V OUT , and, in State 1 ( FIG. 4 B ), V X =1×V OUT . Like with FIGS. 3 A- 3 C , V IN can be determined using the following equation:

In some embodiments, this regulator can be duplicated and time-interleaved. This way, the regulator can support a larger amount of current to the output (e.g. twice the current for two phases compared to one phase).

FIGS. 5 A- 5 C describe a more particular example of the H31 hybrid regulator of FIGS. 4 A- 4 C in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, this regulator can include an inductor 503 , a first flying capacitor C FLY1 540 , a second flying capacitor C FLY2 542 , an output capacitor C OUT 504 , and switches SW 1 512 , SW 2 514 , SW 3 516 , SW 4 518 , SW 5 520 , SW 6 522 , SW 7 502 , and SW 8 524 . This regulator can also include a controller 501 for controlling the switches. An input voltage V IN 510 can be connected to the input of inductor 503 and an output load can be connected in parallel with C OUT 504 . A voltage V X 550 is present at the output (or right side) of inductor 503 , an output voltage V OUT 508 is present across output capacitor 504 , and an output current I OUT 505 can be drawn by a load.

Inductor 503 can be any suitable inductor, such as a discrete inductor mounted on or embedded in a package or a printed circuit board (e.g., an inductor sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on) or a spiral inductor that can be drawn using metal layers on-chip, on-package, or on a printed circuit board. Capacitors C FLY1 540 and C FLY2 542 can be any suitable flying capacitors, such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (e.g., sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on), on-chip metal-insulator-metal (MIM) or metal-on-metal (MOM) capacitors, or on-chip dense capacitors (e.g., deep trench capacitors with high-k dielectric materials). Output capacitor C OUT 504 can be any suitable capacitor, such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (e.g., sized 0201, 0402, 0603, 0805 and so on), on-chip metal-insulator-metal (MIM) or metal-on-metal (MOM) capacitors, or on-chip dense capacitors (e.g., deep trench capacitors with high-k dielectric materials). Switches SW 1 512 , SW 2 514 , SW 3 516 , SW 4 518 , SW 5 520 , SW 6 522 , SW 7 502 , and SW 8 524 can be any suitable switches, such as MOSFETs.

FIG. 5 C shows a timing diagram for the regulator of FIGS. 5 A- 5 C . As shown, the regulator switches between a State 0 and a State 1 . In State 0 , switches SW 1 512 , SW 4 518 , SW 5 520 , and SW 8 524 are open, and switches SW 2 514 , SW 3 516 , SW 6 522 , and SW 7 502 are closed. In State 1 , switches SW 1 512 , SW 4 518 , SW 5 520 , and SW 8 524 are closed, and switches SW 2 514 , SW 3 516 , SW 6 522 , and SW 7 502 are open.

As shown in FIGS. 5 A and 5 B , assume that the two flying capacitors C FLY1 and C FLY2 are both very large, so their voltages, V CFLY1 and V CFLY2 , stay constant. In a State 0 ( FIG. 5 A ):

V CFLY2 =V OUT +V CFLY1

In a State 1 ( FIG. 5 B ):

V CFLY1 =V OUT

As a result:

V CFLY2 =2×V OUT

As shown in FIG. 5 C , in State 0 ( FIG. 5 A ), V X =3×V OUT , and, in State 1 ( FIG. 5 B ), V X =1×V OUT . Like with FIGS. 3 A- 3 C and 4 A- 4 C , V IN can be determined using the following equation:

In some embodiments, this regulator can be duplicated and time-interleaved. This way, the regulator can support a larger amount of current to the output (e.g. twice the current for two phases compared to one phase).

Accordingly, mechanisms (which can include circuits and methods) for hybrid 3:1 voltage regulators are provided.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated in the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in the details of implementation of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited only by the claims that follow. Features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined and rearranged in various ways.