This application is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2019/014970, filed Jan. 24, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/622,639, filed Jan. 26, 2018; 62/650,850, filed Mar. 30, 2018; and 62/687,683, filed Jun. 20, 2018, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties into this application.

›TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure features methods and compositions for treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with a PDE4 inhibitor.

›BACKGROUND · 1 of 2

There are eleven different families of phosphodiesterases (PDE) which differ in their tissue and cell expression. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is encoded by four gene families (A, B, C, and D). Through alternative mRNA splicing, there are different PDE4 isoforms; each with a different N-terminal region. PDE4 is predominantly expressed in inflammatory and immunomodulatory cells, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, T cells, monocytes, and macrophages (Vignola et al. (2004) Respiratory Medicine 98(6):495-503). PDE4 catalyzes the breakdown of 3,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Dysregulation of PDE4 has been associated with asthma, respiratory failure, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Inhibition of PDE4 leads to increased intracellular levels of cAMP, and anti-inflammatory effects. PDE4 inhibition has been shown to prevent neutrophil migration, adhesion to endothelial cells and the release of superoxides (Ichikawa et al. (2008) Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:1483-1490).

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract generally provides a therapeutic medium for an individual's body. One means of accessing the therapeutic medium of the GI tract is via oral administration, however, the convenience of per oral delivery is countered by well-established challenges. For instance, traditional oral delivery of a drug may lend itself to systemic exposure associated with undesirable or potentially harmful side effects. Another challenge associated with oral administration relates to potential instability of the drug upon exposure to the harsh chemical and/or enzymatic degradation conditions of the GI tract.

Yet at times, therapeutic drugs may need to be dispensed to specified locations within the small intestine or large intestine, which is more effective than traditional oral administration of the therapeutic drugs to cure or alleviate the symptoms of some medical conditions. For example, therapeutic drugs dispensed directly within the small intestine would not be contaminated, digested or otherwise compromised in the stomach, and thus allow a higher dose to be delivered at a specific location within the small intestine.

An effective way to provide topical/local delivery of a therapeutic drug to the GI tract (and/or to a particular portion or section of the GI tract) to treat the diseased tissue in the GI tract would be desirable, given the following advantages over systemic administration:

Reduced systemic exposure; Increase bioavailability at disease site; Potential to reduce the therapeutic dose relative to that required when delivered systemically; Supply drug to the biophase only when required; Maintain drug in intact form as close as possible to the target site; and Provide high residence time of the drug in an environment with low digestive enzymatic activity, particularly for delivery to the colon. [Van den Mooter & Kinget, Drug Delivery, 2, pp. 81-93 (1995].

In practice, however, there are several challenges to such an approach. To begin with, identifying a “go/no-go” trigger for delivery to a specific site is generally difficult (e.g., see Rubenstein A., “Approaches and Opportunities in Colon-Specific Drug Delivery,” Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 12(2&3), pp. 101-149 (1995), p. 106: “A successful delivery of a drug molecule to the colon means that most of it has been transported intact through the stomach and the small intestine. Practically, one cannot find a physiologic feature that may serve as a “go no-go” trigger for [delivery of] colonic-specific drugs.”). For example, dispensing therapeutic drugs directly within the small intestine inside a human body (e.g., the cecum, the ascending colon) can be difficult, because a device or mechanism or a particular formulation would be needed to transport a therapeutically effective dose of drug to a desired location within the small intestine and then automatically deliver the therapeutic drug at the desired location. Such a device or mechanism also would need to be operated in a safe manner in that the device or mechanism needs to physically enter the human body. Dispensing therapeutic drugs directly within other locations in the GI tract of the human body can be similarly difficult. For diseased tissue in the colon, an added challenge lies in the difficulty in reaching the site of disease due to its location.

A further hurdle exists when the drug is a biologic, such as a monoclonal antibody, in which case there is a need to achieve high concentrations of the therapeutic drug in the large intestine for diseases such as, for example, colitis, and Crohn's disease [Van den Mooter et al., Drug Delivery (1996)]. Monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) are typically delivered in single doses, generally 100 mg to 1 g protein per dose; since formulations of mAbs typically have concentrations up to about 50 mg/mL, administration of a relatively high volume of 2-20 mL per dose is required [Yang et al., PNAS, 2003]. At the relatively high concentrations required to deliver efficacious doses, mAbs have a tendency to aggregate; in addition, these high concentrations often result in very high viscosity and poor overall stability [Yang et al.]. Increasing protein concentrations may also result in opalescence, complicating the visual inspection [Puhl et al., Asian J. Pharm. Sci. II (2016), pp. 469-477]. While the use of more dilute formulations may help overcome these drawbacks, the resulting large volumes may not be practical for oral delivery to treat diseases and conditions of the GI tract, and may instead be conducive to IV infusion—which, in turn, may enhance unwanted systemic exposure.

Methods typically employed to deliver drugs locally all have their own drawbacks. For example, the usefulness of formulations relying on pH-mediated release (including but not limited to enteric coated formulations) may be limited by the high inter- and intra-patient variability of pH and microflora. The utility may be further limited in patient populations having highly variable motility (e.g., patients with ulcerative colitis), contributing to unpredictable transit times (times for transitioning from one portion of the GI tract to an adjacent portion). For example, budesonide formulated using Multi Matrix (MMX®) colonic delivery technology (budesonide MMX®) is a once-daily oral tablet designed for controlled release of budesonide throughout the colon for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The tablet relies on pH-mediated release. When 153 Sm labelled budesonide MMX® tablets were administered to 12 healthy subjects and evaluated for initial tablet disintegration (ITD) within the GI tract via pharmaco-scintigraphy, high variability in the location and time of ITD were observed, ranging from release in the ileum or small intestine/ileum after 6 to 12 hours (4 subjects) to release in the sigmoid colon after greater than 24 h (1 subject) [Brunner M. et al. “Gastrointestinal transit, release and plasma pharmacokinetics of a new oral budesonide formulation” Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2006) 61(1), pp. 31-38.]. Moreover, pH is dysregulated in ulcerative colitis patients, making MMX technology and other pH-dependent drug delivery technologies less predictable. Not only are release and emulsification of drug unpredictable, but such technologies also have poor compatibility with some preferred formulation systems, including emulsifying systems. Rectal delivery forms (suppositories and enemas) have varying effectiveness since here too high variability has been observed in the distribution of these forms. Suppositories are only effective in the rectum because of their confined spread, and enemas may only offer effective topical treatment only to the sigmoid colon and descending colon [Van den Mooter et al., Drug Delivery (1996)].

›BACKGROUND · 2 of 2

Additional proposed solutions to colonic delivery, and some associated disadvantages, are described in Van den Mooter et al., Drug Delivery (1995). For example, attempts have been made to modify the release profile of drugs using pH-sensitive polymers or bacterial-degradable polymers as coatings. The use of pH-sensitive polymers, however, is characterized by the ‘unsteadiness’ of the site where the polymer disintegration commences—so that polymer dissolution can be completed at the end of the ileum or deep in the colon, depending on the intensity of GI motility. Colonic pH reduction (e.g., to as low as about pH 6, due to the presence of short-chain fatty acids, bile acid residues, CO 2 or other fermentation products) can reduce the reliability of triggering drug release based on the colon pH. An additional disadvantage is the difficulty to formulate certain drugs in enteric coated delivery capsules. As for bacterial-degradable polymers, they suffer from variability in absorption rates, which may be attributed to intra- and inter-subject differences in microbial degradation of the coating. The same drawbacks apply to delivery of drugs through bacterial-degradable matrices.

Another approach involves the preparation of prodrugs of the therapeutic agent. This approach relies on selective cleavage of the prodrug to release the active form in the colon as a result of metabolic activity of the gut microflora. Once again, this approach relies on factors, such as the enzymatic activity in GI tract, that may be highly variable between and within subjects.

The use of a non-autonomous devices and/or procedures could be seen as offering a potential solution to the foregoing problems, but in practice this approach too faces several challenges, such as:

Focal CT, scintigraphy, magnetic marker monitoring used to identify the anatomical location of the device each require external equipment and/or clinician monitoring. Capsule-based devices that require external triggering (there is no autonomous system in current practice) are not practical from a clinical/commercial point of view. Devices relying on the pH in the GI tract or a portion thereof suffer from the drawbacks discussed above, including poor accuracy and high variability, compounded in certain disease populations. Devices that rely on electrical, or chemical principles or on pressure difference may be of conceptual interest but are mainly at the research stage at this time. Capsule endoscopy requires an expert read and is characterized by its high complexity and cost. According to Journal of Micro - Bio Robotics 11.1-4 (2016): 1-18, endoscopic capsules with enhanced diagnostic capabilities are available as a result of progress in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Endoscopic capsules, however, do not have the capability of accurately locating a disease site autonomously. They require doctor oversight over a period of hours in order to manually determine the location. The use of catheters, for example coupled to an endoscopic device, to place drug at or near the site if disease is highly invasive requiring patients need to be sedated, and regular dosing (e.g., daily, weekly) via spray catheter is not practical. Spray catheters also cannot readily access certain sections of GI tract such as the ascending colon, cecum and all portions of the small intestine.

In sum, there remains a significant unmet medical need for improved treatment regimens for gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including a need for regimens which can dispense therapeutics to specific locations within the GI tract, thereby reducing or avoiding the drawbacks of oral or other forms of systemic administration.

›SUMMARY · 1 of 6

The present disclosure provides devices and methods for the topical administration of drug/mAbs to the GI tract, and more particularly, to a section or subsection of the GI tract at or proximate to one or more disease sites.

The present disclosure provides one or more advantages:

autonomous topical delivery of a therapeutic drug to specific locations in the GI tract using a self-localizing device that does not require external triggering to release the drug; localization based on anatomy, not variable physiological conditions (not pH- or bacteria-dependent); reduced systemic absorption/exposure; possibility to deliver a higher local dose; possibility to employ novel combinations of active agents that otherwise may have a dangerous side effect profile if administered in combination; the ability to dispense the drug in virtually any form, e.g., liquid, non-solid, semi-solid or solid forms, or formulation, such as emulsions or formulations in charged excipients/carriers (e.g., micelles, surfactants) to enable even distribution in the colon and/or the targeting of inflamed tissues, and/or such as GI-specific formulations (to increase GI stability and/or GI tissue penetration); flexible dosing schedules, e.g., single (e.g., bolus) dosing, multiple dosing, continuous dosing; optimized local pharmacokinetic profiles at the site of disease through regular dosing; stability of the drug or formulation independent of the GI environment, since the drug or formulation remains in the device or in a reservoir until its site-specific release is triggered; and patient convenience.

The present disclosure provides novel treatment paradigms for inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The methods and compositions described herein allow for the regio-specific release of therapeutic drugs at or near the site of disease in the gastrointestinal tract. By releasing a therapeutic drug locally instead of systemically, the bioavailability of the drug can be increased at the site of injury and/or decreased in the systemic circulation, thereby resulting in improved overall safety and/or efficacy and fewer adverse side effects. Advantages may include one or more of increased drug engagement at the target, leading to new and more efficacious treatment regimens, and/or lower systemic drug levels, which can translate to reduced toxicity and reduced immunogenicity, e.g., in the case of biologics. In some instances, releasing a therapeutic drug locally also provides for new modes of action that may be unique to local delivery in the GI tract as opposed to systemic administration. For patients, clinicians and payors, this can mean an easier or simpler route of administration, fewer co-medicaments (e.g., immunomodulators), fewer side effects, and/or better outcomes.

For example, a patient may present to a physician with one or more symptoms of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease), and the physician can determine the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract, and then use any of the devices described herein to administer a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor proximate to, proximal to, or directly onto the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue in the patient.

In other examples, a patient may present to a physician with one or more symptoms of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease) and the physician can use any of the devices provided herein to identify the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract, and then use the same device or a different device (e.g., any of the devices described herein) to administer a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor proximate to, proximal to, or directly onto the specific discrete locations of diseased tissue in the patient.

As can be appreciated by those in the art, these methods may be performed periodically on a patient at periodic intervals, e.g., approximately twice a month, approximately once a month, approximately every two months, approximately every three months, approximately four months, approximately five months, or approximately every six months. In some examples, these methods can provide for increased efficacy of treatment (e.g., reduced negative side effects and/or increased reduction in the severity, frequency, or number of symptoms) as compared to a patient which is administered an oral dosage form of the same PDE4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the dosage of the PDE4 inhibitor administered using any of the devices described herein can differ between the different clinical visits based on an observation or measurement of the severity of disease at the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract at the time of each clinical visit, or based on one or more observations or measurements of systemic disease markers (e.g., inflammatory markers in the blood) or markers in stool (e.g., calprotectin and lactoferrin). In some examples, over time, new specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue may be detected or observed in the patient, and any of the devices described herein can be used to administer a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor onto or proximal to the new specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue in the patient's GI tract.

In some examples, the identification of the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract and the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor using any of the devices described herein can be performed in a single clinical visit.

In some examples, the diagnosis of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome), the identification of the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract, and the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor proximate to, proximal, to or directly onto the specific discrete locations of diseased tissue in the patient using any of the devices described herein, can be performed in a single clinical visit.

›SUMMARY · 2 of 6

Accordingly, described herein are methods for treating disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The methods can include one or more of:

diagnosing a GI disease in a subject; and/or mapping, sampling, and/or assessing the site, severity, pathology, and extent of a GI disease in the GI tract of a subject and/or mapping, sampling, and/or assessing a patient response to a therapeutic agent, e.g., in the patient's GI tract; and/or identifying, quantifying, and/or monitoring one or more markers of a GI disease in the GI tract of the subject and/or one or more markers of patient response to a therapeutic agent, e.g., in the patient's GI tract; and/or releasing a therapeutic agent, e.g., proximate to the site of a GI disease.

The present disclosure accordingly provides patients and physicians more personalized treatment options for GI disorders by facilitating regimens which can release a therapeutic agent according to desired (e.g., customized or optimized) dosage, timing, and/or location parameters. In some cases, the treatment methods can employ one or more ingestible devices to achieve the benefits disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, comprising:

administering to the subject a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is released at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, provided herein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered in an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is released from an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the ingestible device comprises a housing, a reservoir containing the pharmaceutical formulation, and a release mechanism for releasing the pharmaceutical formulation from the device,

wherein the reservoir is releasably or permanently attached to the exterior of the housing or internal to the housing.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, comprising:

administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising a housing, a reservoir containing a pharmaceutical formulation, and a release mechanism for releasing the pharmaceutical formulation from the device, wherein the reservoir is releasably or permanently attached to the exterior of the housing or internal to the housing; wherein the pharmaceutical formulation comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, and the ingestible device releases the pharmaceutical formulation at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, the housing is non-biodegradable in the GI tract. In some embodiments, the release of the formulation is triggered autonomously. In some embodiments, the device is programmed to release the formulation with one or more release profiles that may be the same or different at one or more locations. In some embodiments, the device is programmed to release the formulation at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the location of one or more sites of disease is predetermined.

In some embodiments, the reservoir is made of a material that allows the formulation to leave the reservoir, such as a biodegradable material.

In some embodiments, the release of the formulation is triggered by a pre-programmed algorithm. In some embodiments, the release of the formulation is triggered by data from a sensor or detector to identify the location of the device. In some more particular embodiments, the data is not based solely on a physiological parameter (such as pH, temperature, and/or transit time).

In some embodiments, the device comprises a detector configured to detect light reflectance from an environment external to the housing. In some more particular embodiments, the release is triggered autonomously or based on the detected reflectance.

In some embodiments, the device releases the formulation at substantially the same time as one or more sites of disease are detected. In some embodiments, the one or more sites of disease are detected by the device (e.g., by imaging the GI tract).

In some embodiments, the release mechanism is an actuation system. In some embodiments, the release mechanism is a chemical actuation system. In some embodiments, the release mechanism is a mechanical actuation system. In some embodiments, the release mechanism is an electrical actuation system. In some embodiments, the actuation system comprises a pump and releasing the formulation comprises pumping the formulation out of the reservoir. In some embodiments, the actuation system comprises a gas generating cell. In some embodiments, the device further comprises an anchoring mechanism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a human equivalent dose (HED) of the PDE4 inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the device is a device capable of releasing a solid PDE4 inhibitor or a solid formulation comprising the PDE4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the device is a device capable of releasing a liquid PDE4 inhibitor or a liquid formulation comprising the PDE4 inhibitor. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the methods herein, the pharmaceutical formulation release from the device is a solid formulation. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the methods herein, the pharmaceutical formulation release from the device is a liquid formulation.

The devices disclosed herein are capable of releasing a PDE4 inhibitor or a formulation comprising the PDE4 inhibitor irrespective of the particular type of PDE4 inhibitor. For example, the PDE4 inhibitor may be a small molecule or an inhibitory nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of releasing a PDE4 inhibitor into the gastrointestinal tract of a subject for treating one or more sites of disease within the gastrointestinal tract, the method comprising:

›SUMMARY · 3 of 6

administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor housed in an ingestible device, wherein the ingestible device comprises a detector configured to detect the presence of the one or more sites of disease, and a controller or processor configured to trigger the release of the PDE4 inhibitor proximate to the one or more sites of disease in response to the detector detecting the presence of the one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of releasing a PDE4 inhibitor into the gastrointestinal tract of a subject for treating one or more pre-determined sites of disease within the gastrointestinal tract, the method comprising:

administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor contained in an ingestible device, wherein the ingestible device comprises a detector configured to detect the location of the device within the gastrointestinal tract, and a controller or processor configured to trigger the release of the PDE4 inhibitor proximate to the one or more predetermined sites of disease in response to the detector detecting a location of the device that corresponds to the location of the one or more pre-determined sites of disease.

administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor contained in an ingestible device; receiving at an external receiver from the device a signal transmitting environmental data; assessing the environmental data to confirm the presence of the one or more sites of disease; and when the presence of the one or more sites of disease is confirmed, sending from an external transmitter to the device a signal triggering the release of the PDE4 inhibitor proximate to the one or more sites of disease.

administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor contained in an ingestible device; receiving at an external receiver from the device a signal transmitting environmental or optical data; assessing the environmental or optical data to confirm the location of the device within the gastrointestinal tract; and when the location of the device is confirmed, sending from an external transmitter to the device a signal triggering the release of the PDE4 inhibitor proximate to the one or more sites of disease.

Provided herein in one embodiment is a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, comprising:

delivering a PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor.

Provided herein in one embodiment is a method of treating a disease of the large intestine in a subject, comprising:

delivering a PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the proximal portion of the large intestine of the subject, wherein the method comprises administering endoscopically to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor.

Provided herein in one embodiment is a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, comprising:

releasing a PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device, and the method comprises administering orally to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

Provided herein in one embodiment is a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, comprising:

releasing a PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the method provides a concentration of the PDE4 inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 3 μg/mL.

Provided herein in one embodiment is a method of treating a disease of the large intestine in a subject, comprising:

releasing a PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the proximal portion of the large intestine of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the method comprises administering endoscopically to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a PDE4 inhibitor for use in a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, wherein the method comprises orally administering to the subject an ingestible device loaded with the PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of an ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, for use in a method of treatment, wherein the method comprises orally administering the composition to the subject, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

›SUMMARY · 4 of 6

In another aspect, the present invention provides an ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the device is controllable to release the PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease. The device may be for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body, for example, any method as described herein.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides an ingestible device for use in a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, wherein the method comprises orally administering to the subject the ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

An ingestible device as used in the present invention may comprise one or more mechanical and/or electrical mechanisms which actively control release of the PDE4 inhibitor. For example, in any of the above aspects and embodiments, the ingestible device as used in the present invention may comprise a release mechanism for release of the PDE4 inhibitor (e.g., from a reservoir comprising the PDE4 inhibitor) and an actuator controlling the release mechanism.

In one embodiment, the ingestible device comprises:

In one embodiment, the ingestible device comprises

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially opposite from the first end; a reservoir located within the housing and containing the PDE4 inhibitor wherein a first end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the housing; a mechanism for releasing the PDE4 inhibitor from the reservoir; and an exit valve configured to allow the PDE4 inhibitor to be released out of the housing from the reservoir.

Here, the exit valve can be considered as the release mechanism having a closed state which retains the PDE4 inhibitor in the reservoir and an open state which releases the PDE4 inhibitor from the reservoir to the exterior of the device, and the mechanism for releasing the PDE4 inhibitor from the reservoir can be considered as the actuator.

In some embodiments of methods of treatment as described herein, the one or more disease sites may have been pre-determined (e.g., determined in a step preceding the administration of the composition of the present invention). The disease site(s) may have been determined by imaging the gastrointestinal tract. For example, the disease site(s) may have been pre-determined by endoscopy (e.g., a step of colonoscopy, enteroscopy, or using a capsule endoscope). Determination that the device is proximate to the disease site may therefore comprise a determining that the device is in a location corresponding to this previously-determined disease site.

In some embodiments, the location of the device in the gut may be detected by tracking the device. For example, the device may comprise a localization mechanism which may be a communication system for transmitting localization data, e.g., by radiofrequency transmission. The device may additionally or alternatively comprise a communication system for receiving a signal remotely triggering the actuator and thus causing release of the PDE4 inhibitor. The signal may be sent when it is determined that the device is in the correct location in the gut.

Thus, the ingestible device may comprise:

In other embodiments, the ingestible device as used in the present invention may comprise an environmental sensor for detecting the location of the device in the gut and/or for detecting the presence of disease in the GI tract. For example, the environment sensor may be an image sensor for obtaining images in vivo.

Detecting the presence of disease may comprise, for example, detecting the presence of inflamed tissue, and/or lesions such as ulceration e.g., aphthoid ulcerations, “punched-out ulcers” and/or superficial ulcers of the mucosa, cobblestoning, stenosis, granulomas, crypt abscesses, fissures, e.g., extensive linear fissures, villous atrophy, fibrosis, and/or bleeding.

Detecting the presence of disease may also comprise molecular sensing, such as detecting the amount of an inflammatory cytokine or other marker of inflammation. Such a marker can be measured locally from a biopsy or systemically in the serum.

Where the ingestible device comprises an environmental sensor, actuation of the release mechanism may be triggered by a processor or controller communicably coupled to the environmental sensor. Thus, in some embodiments, the device may not require any external signal or control in order to release the drug.

In one embodiment, the ingestible device may comprise:

an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir having a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor stored therein; a release mechanism having a closed state which retains the PDE4 inhibitor in the reservoir and an open state which releases the PDE4 inhibitor from the reservoir to the exterior of the device; an actuator which controls the transition of the release mechanism from the closed to the open state; a detector for detecting the location of the device in the gut and/or the presence of diseased tissue; and a processor or controller which is coupled to the detector and to the actuator and which triggers the actuator to cause the release mechanism to transition from its closed state to its open state when it is determined that the device is in the presence of diseased tissue and/or in a location in the gut that has been predetermined to be proximal to diseased tissue.

›SUMMARY · 5 of 6

In another embodiment, there is provided:

an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir having a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor stored therein; a detector coupled to the ingestible housing, the detector configured to detect when the ingestible housing is proximate to a respective disease site of the one of the one or more sites of disease; a valve system in fluid communication with the reservoir system; and a controller communicably coupled to the valve system and the detector, the controller configured to cause the valve system to open in response to the detector detecting that the ingestible housing is proximate to the respective disease site so as to release the therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor at the respective disease site.

As above, detection that the ingestible housing is proximate to the respective disease site may be based on environmental data indicating the location of the device in the GI tract (and reference to a pre-determined disease site) or on environmental data directly indicating the presence of diseased tissue.

Additionally or alternatively, the device may further comprise a communication system adapted to transmit the environment data to an external receiver (e.g., outside of the body). This data may be used, for example, for diagnostic purposes. The external receiver may comprise means for displaying the data.

In some embodiments, this data may be analyzed externally to the device and used to determine when the drug should be released: an external signal may then be sent to the device to trigger release of the drug. Thus, the communication system may further be adapted to receive a signal remotely triggering the actuator and thus causing release of the PDE4 inhibitor. The signal may be sent from an external transmitter in response to receipt/analysis and/or assessment of the environmental data, e.g., data indicating that the device has reached the desired location of the gut (where the location of the diseased tissue has been pre-determined) and/or data indicating the presence of diseased tissue. “External” may be “outside of the body.”

Thus, in another embodiment, the ingestible device may comprise:

an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir having a therapeutically effective amount of the PDE4 inhibitor stored therein; a release mechanism having a closed state which retains the PDE4 inhibitor in the reservoir and an open state which releases the PDE4 inhibitor from the reservoir to the exterior of the device; an environmental detector for detecting environmental data indicating the location of the device in the gut and/or the presence of diseased tissue; a communication system for transmitting the environmental data to an external receiver and for receiving a signal from an external transmitter; and an actuator which controls the transition of the release mechanism from the closed to the open state in response to the signal.

It will be understood from the above that when the device comprises one or more environmental detectors, e.g., comprises an image detector, the compositions may be used both for disease detection and for disease treatment.

Accordingly, in a further embodiment, there is provided a PDE4 inhibitor for use in a method of detecting and treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, wherein the method comprises orally administering to the subject an ingestible device loaded with the PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the ingestible device comprises an environmental sensor for determining the presence of diseased tissue in the GI tract, and wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, as detected by the environmental sensor. The device may be according to any of the embodiments described herein.

In another embodiment, there is provided a composition for use in a method of detecting and treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject, wherein the composition comprises or consists of an ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the ingestible device comprises an environmental sensor for determining the presence of diseased tissue in the GI tract, and wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, as detected by the environmental sensor. Again, the device may be according to any of the embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments, where the ingestible device as used in the present invention comprises an environmental sensor for detecting the presence of disease in the GI tract and a communication system as described above, the method of treatment may comprise:

i) receiving at an external receiver from the ingestible device a signal transmitting the environmental data; ii) assessing the environmental data to confirm the presence of the disease; and iii) when the presence of the disease is confirmed, sending from an external transmitter to the ingestible device a signal triggering release of the PDE4 inhibitor.

For example, the presence of disease may be confirmed based on the presence of inflamed tissue and/or lesions associated with any of the disease states referred to herein. For example, the presence of disease may be confirmed based on the presence of inflammation, ulceration e.g., aphthoid ulcerations, “punched-out ulcers” and/or superficial ulcers of the mucosa, cobblestoning, stenosis, granulomas, crypt abscesses, fissures, e.g., extensive linear fissures, villous atrophy, fibrosis, and/or bleeding.

In some embodiments, the present invention may relate to a system comprising:

an ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, a release mechanism for release of the PDE4 inhibitor (e.g., from a reservoir comprising the PDE4 inhibitor), an actuator controlling the release mechanism, an environmental sensor for determining the location of the device in the gut and/or for detecting the presence of diseased tissue and a communication system adapted to transmit the environment data and receive a signal triggering the actuator; a receiver and display module for receiving and displaying outside of the body the environment data from the ingestible device; and a transmitter for sending to the ingestible device a signal triggering the actuator.

›SUMMARY · 6 of 6

In any of the above embodiments, the ingestible device may further comprise an anchoring system for anchoring the device or a portion thereof in a location and an actuator for the anchoring system. This may be triggered in response to a determination that the device is at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject proximate to one or more sites of disease. For instance, this may be detected by the environmental sensor. The triggering may be controlled by a processor in the device, that is, autonomously. A device where the triggering is controlled by a processor in the device is said to be an autonomous device. Alternatively, it may be controlled by a signal sent from outside of the body, as described above.

In any of the above aspects and embodiments, disease of the GI tract may be an inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments, the disease of the GI tract is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the disease of the GI tract is Crohn's disease.

In general, apparatuses, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Exemplary gastrointestinal tract diseases that can be treated include, without limitation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (e.g., active Crohn's disease, refractory Crohn's disease, or fistulizing Crohn's disease), ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, microscopic colitis, infectious colitis, drug or chemical-induced colitis, diverticulitis, and ischemic colitis, gastritis, peptic ulcers, stress ulcers, bleeding ulcers, gastric hyperacidity, dyspepsia, gastroparesis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, short-bowel (anastomosis) syndrome, a hypersecretory state associated with systemic mastocytosis or basophilic leukemia or hyperhistaminemia, Celiac disease (e.g., nontropical Sprue), enteropathy associated with seronegative arthropathies, microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, colitis associated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, colitis associated with disorders of innate immunity as in leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1, chronic granulomatous disease, food allergies, gastritis, infectious gastritis or enterocolitis (e.g., Helicobacter pylori -infected chronic active gastritis), other forms of gastrointestinal inflammation caused by an infectious agent, pseudomembranous colitis, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome colitis, diversion colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable colon syndrome, and pouchitis.

In some embodiments, apparatuses, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are used to treat one gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, apparatuses, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are used to treat more than one gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, apparatuses, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are used to treat multiple gastrointestinal diseases that occur in the same area of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., each disease can occur in the small intestine, large intestine, colon, or any sub-region thereof). In some embodiments, apparatuses, compositions, and methods disclosed herein are used to treat multiple gastrointestinal diseases that occur in different areas of the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, administration (e.g., local administration to the gastrointestinal tract) of PDE4 inhibitor is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases including, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or any of the other gastrointestinal diseases described herein.

Aspects and embodiments as described herein are intended to be freely combinable. For example, any details or embodiments described herein for methods of treatment apply equally to a PDE4 inhibitor, composition or ingestible device for use in said treatment. Any details or embodiments described for a device apply equally to methods of treatment using the device, or to a PDE4 inhibitor or composition for use in a method of treatment involving the device.

›BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS · 1 of 5

FIG. 1 is a view of an example embodiment of an ingestible device, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the ingestible device of FIG. 1 , in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transit through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transit through a jejunum, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting transitions from a stomach to a duodenum and from a duodenum back to a stomach, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a plot illustrating data collected during an example operation of an ingestible device, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is another plot illustrating data collected during an example operation of an ingestible device, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transition from a duodenum to a jejunum, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a plot illustrating data collected during an example operation of an ingestible device, which may be used when detecting a transition from a duodenum to a jejunum, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating muscle contractions detected by an ingestible device over time, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transition from a jejunum to an ileum, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transition from a jejunum to an ileum, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transition from an ileum to a cecum, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transition from a cecum to a colon, which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 illustrates an ingestible device for delivering a substance in the GI tract;

FIG. 17 illustrates aspects of a mechanism for an ingestible device with a gas generating cell configured to generate a gas to dispense a substance.

FIG. 18 illustrates an ingestible device having a piston to push for drug delivery.

FIG. 19 illustrates an ingestible device having a bellow structure for a storage reservoir of dispensable substances.

FIG. 20 illustrates an ingestible device having a flexible diaphragm to deform for drug delivery.

FIG. 21 shows an illustrative embodiment of an ingestible device with multiple openings in the housing.

FIG. 22 shows a highly cross-section of an ingestible device including a valve system and a sampling system.

FIG. 23 illustrates a valve system.

FIGS. 24 A and 24 B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system in its first and second stages, respectively.

FIGS. 25 A and 25 B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system in its first and second stages, respectively.

FIGS. 26 A and 26 B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system in its first and second stages, respectively.

FIG. 27 illustrates a more detailed view of an ingestible device including a valve system and a sampling system.

FIG. 28 illustrates a portion of an ingestible device including a sampling system and a two-stage valve system in its second stage.

FIG. 29 is a highly schematic illustrate of an ingestible device.

FIG. 30 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight at day 14 (±SEM) for DSS mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 antibody intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) daily (QD), when compared to mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 antibody intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) and vehicle control (Vehicle). Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 31 is a graph showing the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 rat IgG2A (μg/mL) in plasma of anti-IL-12 p40 intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) and intracecally (10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D) when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. ELISA analysis was used to determine the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 (IgG2A). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 32 is a graph showing the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody (IgG2A) (μg/mL) in the cecum and colon content of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) and intracecally (10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. ELISA analysis was used to determine the concentration of rat IgG2A. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

›BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS · 2 of 5

FIG. 33 is a graph showing the mean overall tissue immunolabel scores (intensity and extent) in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody intracecally-treated versus vehicle control-treated DSS mice. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 34 is a graph showing the mean location-specific immunolabel scores in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of anti-IL-12 p40 intracecally-treated versus vehicle control-treated DSS mice. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 35 is a graph showing the ratio of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody in the colon tissue to the plasma concentration of the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody in mice treated with the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody on day 0 (Q0) or day 3 (Q3D) of the study, when measured at the same time point after the initial dosing. An outlier animal was removed from Group 5.

FIG. 36 is a graph showing the concentration of Il-1β (μg/mL) in colon tissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 37 is a graph showing the concentration of 11-6 (μg/mL) in colon tissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.

FIG. 38 is a graph showing the concentration of Il-17A (μg/mL) in colon tissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 39 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight at day 14 (±SEM) for DSS mice treated with DATK32 (anti-α4137) antibody intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IC is compared to IP. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 40 is a graph showing the plasma concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/mL) of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) and intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 41 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A antibody (μg/mL) in cecum and colon content of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 42 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/mL) in the colon content of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD), and concentration over time (1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 43 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/g) in colon tissue of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 44 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/g) in the colon tissue of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD), and the concentration over time (1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours) was determined, where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 45 is a graph showing the mean overall tissue immunolabel scores (intensity and extent) in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of DATK32 (anti-α4137) antibody treated versus vehicle control (Vehicle) treated DSS mice. The data are presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 46 is a graph showing the mean location-specific immunolabel scores in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of DATK32 (anti-α4137) antibody-treated versus vehicle control (Vehicle)-treated DSS mice. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

›BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS · 3 of 5

FIG. 47 is a graph showing the ratio of the DATK-32 antibody in the colon tissue to the plasma concentration of the DATK-32 antibody in mice treated with the DATK-32 antibody on day 0 (Q0) or day 3 (Q3D) of the study (Groups 9-12), when measured after initial dosing.

FIG. 48 is a graph showing the mean percentage of Th memory cells (mean±SEM) in blood for DATK32 (anti-α4137) antibody intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. Mean percentage Th memory cells were measured using FACS analysis. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 49 is an exemplary image of a histological section of a distal transverse colon of Animal 1501 showing no significant lesions (i.e., normal colon).

FIG. 50 is an exemplary image of a histological section of a distal transverse colon of Animal 2501 (treated with TNBS) showing areas of necrosis and inflammation.

FIG. 51 is a representative graph of plasma adalimumab concentrations over time following a single subcutaneous (SQ) or topical administration of adalimumab. The plasma concentrations of adalimumab were determined 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration of adalimumab. N/D=not detectable.

FIG. 52 is a representative table of the plasma adalimumab concentrations (μg/mL) as shown in FIG. 4 . 6 .

FIG. 53 is a graph showing the concentration of TNFα (pg/mL per mg of total protein) in non-inflamed and inflamed colon tissue after intracecal administration of adalimumab, as measured 6, 12, 24, and 24 hours after the initial dosing.

FIG. 54 is a graph showing the concentration of TNFα (pg/mL per mg of total protein) in colon tissue after subcutaneous or intracecal (topical) administration of adalimumab, as measured 48 hours after the initial dosing.

FIG. 55 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight at day 14 (±SEM) in acute DSS colitis mice treated with cyclosporine A orally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 56 is a graph showing the plasma cyclosporine A (CsA) (ng/mL) concentration over time (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h) in acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 57 is a graph showing the colon tissue cyclosporine A (CsA) (ng/g) concentration over time (1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 24 h) in acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 58 is a graph showing the peak colon tissue cyclosporine A (CsA) (ng/g) concentration in acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 59 is a graph showing the trough tissue concentration of cyclosporine (CsA) (ng/g) in colon of acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 60 is a graph showing the interleukin-2 (Il-2) concentration (μg/mL) in colon tissue of acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA, where PO is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 61 is a graph showing the interleukin-6 (Il-6) concentration (μg/mL) in colon tissue of acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 62 illustrates a nonlimiting example of a system for collecting, communicating and/or analyzing data about a subject, using an ingestible device.

FIGS. 63 A- 63 F are graphs showing rat IgG2A concentration as measured in (A) colon homogenate, (B) mLN homogenate, (C) small intestine homogenate, (D) cecum contents, (E) colon contents, and (F) plasma by ELISA. Standards were prepared with plasma matrix. Samples were diluted 1:50 before analysis. Sample 20 was removed from cecum contents analysis graph (outlier). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ****p<0.001 were determined using the unpaired t test.

FIG. 64 illustrates a tapered silicon bellows.

FIG. 65 illustrates a tapered silicone bellows in the simulated device jig.

FIG. 66 illustrates a smooth PVC bellows.

FIG. 67 illustrates a smooth PVC bellows in the simulated device jig.

FIG. 68 demonstrates a principle of a competition assay performed in an experiment.

FIG. 69 shows AlphaLISA data.

FIG. 70 shows AlphaLISA data.

FIG. 71 shows AlphaLISA data.

FIG. 72 is a flowchart of illustrative steps of a clinical protocol, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 73 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide in the cecum tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The bars represent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experiment described in Example 9.

FIG. 74 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide in the colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The bars represent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experiment described in Example 9.

FIG. 75 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide in the cecum contents of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The bars represent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experiment described in Example 9.

›BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS · 4 of 5

FIG. 76 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the cecum tissue and the proximal colon tissue 12 hours after intra-cecal or oral administration of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 10.

FIG. 77 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the blood 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 78 is a graph showing the AUC 0-12 hours of tacrolimus in the blood after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus in swine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 79 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the cecum tissue, the proximal colon tissue, the spiral colon tissue, the transverse colon tissue, and the distal colon tissue after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus in swine as described in Example 13. ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001.

FIG. 80 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the cecum lumen, the proximal lumen, the spiral colon lumen, the transverse colon lumen, and the distal colon lumen in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus in swine as described in Example 13. ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001

FIG. 81 is a bar graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the rectal content 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 82 is a line graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the rectal content 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 83 is a graph showing the mean concentration of a SMAD7 antisense molecule (SMAD7-AS-FAM) in the cecum tissue in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 84 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in the colon tissue in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 85 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in the colon contents in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration(PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 86 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in the cecum contents in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 87 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the blood of swine 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 88 is a graph showing the AUC 0-12 hours of tacrolimus in the blood of swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 89 is a representative table showing the Tmax, Cmax, trough (at 12 hours post-administration), and AUC 0-12 hours of tacrolimus in swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) as described in Example 10.

FIG. 90 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the cecum, the proximal colon, the spiral colon, the transverse colon, and the distal colon of swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 91 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the cecum lumen, the proximal colon lumen, the spiral colon lumen, the transverse colon lumen, and the distal colon lumen of swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 92 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in the rectal content of swine at 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 93 is a representative table showing the quantitative histological grading of colitis as described in Example 11.

FIG. 94 is a graph showing the histopathological scores of two slides for animal 1502 (healthy control swine treated with placebo), animal 2501 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab), animal 2503 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab), and animal 2504 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) at the placebo or adalimumab administration site prior to administration of placebo or adalimumab, respectively. Absence of a bar for a particular parameter indicates that the value for this parameter was 0.

FIG. 95 is a representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained image of the transverse colon of animal 1501 (healthy control swine). M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Numerous intestinal crypts (asterisks) are present and the surface epithelium (top two arrows) is intact. Mononuclear inflammatory cells are prominent in the lamina propria (light arrows) of the mucosa and extend a short distance into the submucosa (bottom two arrows). This amount of inflammatory cell infiltrate was expected background change and considered unrelated to the experimental protocol.

FIG. 96 is a representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained image of the transverse colon of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swine administered 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) prior to administration of adalimumab. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Extensive loss (light asterisks) of intestinal crypts is present in the mucosa. Scattered crypts remain (dark asterisks) and are often dilated and filled with inflammatory cell debris and mucus. The luminal epithelium persists in some areas (upper left arrow), but is absent in others (erosion; top middle and top right arrows). Inflammatory cells in the mucosa (light arrow) are abundant and extend into the submucosa (bottom left and bottom middle arrows).

›BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS · 5 of 5

FIG. 97 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of the transverse colon of animal 1501 (healthy control swine) stained for human IgG. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Serosal surface (arrows) and loose connective mesentery tissue (asterisks) are indicated. Faint 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining in this tissue was considered a background effect and not indicative of human IgG.

FIG. 98 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of the transverse colon of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swine treated with 1.86 mg/kg dose of adalimumab) stained for human IgG. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. DAB staining demonstrates the presence of human IgG at the surface of luminal epithelium (two top right arrows) and at the luminal surface of an area of inflammation and erosion (top two left arrows). Intense staining is also present in the loose connective mesentery tissue (asterisks) and extends a short distance into the outer edge of the tunica muscularis (bottom left two arrows). This type of staining was considered strong (grade 4) or very strong (grade 5).

FIG. 99 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of the large intestine of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swine treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) stained for human IgG. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Lesions of DSS-induced colitis are present in this section. The luminal epithelium is absent (erosion) and diffuse loss of crypts (glands) is seen (top two asterisks). Very strong (grade 5) DAB (brown) staining demonstrates the presence of human IgG in the loose mesentery connective tissue (bottom two asterisks) and extending a short distance into the outer edge of the tunica muscularis (bottom two arrows). Strong (grade 4) staining for human IgG is seen at the eroded luminal surface (top two arrows pointing down) and within the inflammatory exudate. Weak (grade 2) staining for human IgG extends into the lamina propria (top two arrows pointing up) near the luminal surface.

FIG. 100 is a graph showing the presence of human IgG (adalimumab) at the specified locations (lumen/superficial mucosa, lamina propria, and tunica muscularis-outer/serosa) (scored level) in two slides from each of animal 1502 (placebo-treated healthy control swine), animal 2501 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab), animal 2503 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) and animal 2504 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) at the placebo or adalimumab administration site. Absence of a bar for a particular location indicates that the value for this location was 0. Scoring: 0=not present; 1=minimal; 2=weak; 3=moderate; 4=strong; and 5=very strong immunolabel.

FIG. 101 is a graph showing the mean of Th memory cells (mean±SEM) in Peyer's Patches (PP) for DATK32 antibody (anti-α4β7 integrin antibody) intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. Mean Th memory cells were measured using FACS analysis. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 102 is a graph showing the mean of Th memory cells (mean±SEM) in mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) for DATK32 antibody (anti-α4β7 integrin antibody) intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. Mean Th memory cells were measured using FACS analysis. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 103 is a graph showing the Disease Activity Index (DAI) of naïve mice (Group 1), mice administered vehicle only both intraperitoneally (IP) and intracecally (IC) (Group 2), mice administered an anti-TNFα antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 7), and mice administered an anti-TNFα antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) at Day 28 and Day 42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIG. 104 is a set of graphs showing the colonic tissue concentration of TNFα, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-22 in mice administered vehicle only both IP and IC (Group 2), mice administered IgG control antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 3), mice administered IgG control IC and vehicle IP (Group 4), mice administered anti-TNFα antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 7), and mice administered anti-TNFα antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) at Day 42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIG. 105 is a graph showing the Disease Activity Index (DAI) of naïve mice (Group 1), mice administered vehicle only both IP and IC (Group 2), mice administered an anti-IL12 p40 antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 5), and mice administered an anti-IL12 p40 antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 6) at Day 28 and Day 42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIG. 106 is a set of graphs showing the colonic tissue concentration of IFNgamma, IL-6, IL-17A, TNFα, IL-22, and IL-1b in naïve mice (Group 1), mice administered vehicle only both IP and IC (Group 2), mice administered anti-IL12 p40 antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 5), and mice administered anti-IL12 p40 antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) at Day 42 of the study described in Example 16.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 1 of 46

The present disclosure is directed to various methods and formulations for treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with a PDE4 inhibitor. For example, in an embodiment, a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a PDE4 inhibitor wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is released in the subject's gastrointestinal tract proximate to one or more sites of disease. For example, in an embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the formulation is contained in an ingestible device, and the device releases the formulation at a location proximate to the site of disease. The location of the site of disease may be predetermined. For example, an ingestible device, the location of which within the GI tract can be accurately determined as disclosed herein, may be used to sample one or more locations in the GI tract and to detect one or more analytes, including markers of the disease, in the GI tract of the subject. A pharmaceutical formulation may be then administered via an ingestible device and released at a location proximate to the predetermined site of disease. The release of the formulation may be triggered autonomously, as further described herein.

The following disclosure illustrates aspects of the formulations and methods embodied in the claims.

Formulations and Pharmaceutical Formulations

As used herein, a “formulation” of a PDE4 inhibitor may refer to either the PDE4 inhibitor in pure form, such as, for example, a lyophilized PDE4 inhibitor, or a mixture of the PDE4 inhibitor with one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers. Thus, therapeutic formulations or medicaments can be prepared by mixing the PDE4 inhibitor having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) antibody; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers herein further include interstitial drug dispersion agents such as soluble neutral-active hyaluronidase glycoproteins (sHASEGP), for example, human soluble PH-20 hyaluronidase glycoproteins, such as rHuPH20 (HYLENEX®, Baxter International, Inc.). Certain exemplary sHASEGPs and methods of use, including rHuPH20, are described in US Patent Publication Nos. 2005/0260186 and 2006/0104968. In one aspect, a sHASEGP is combined with one or more additional glycosaminoglycanases such as chondroitinases. Exemplary lyophilized formulations are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,958. Aqueous formulations include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,586 and WO 2006/044908, the latter formulations including a histidine-acetate buffer.

A formulation of a PDE4 inhibitor as disclosed herein, e.g., sustained-release formulations, can further include a mucoadhesive agent, e.g., one or more of polyvinyl pyrrolidine, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, carbopol, a polyacrylate, chitosan, a eudragit analogue, a polymer, and a thiomer. Additional examples of mucoadhesive agents that can be included in a formulation with a PDE4 inhibitor are described in, e.g., Peppas et al., Biomaterials 17(16):1553-1561, 1996; Kharenko et al., Pharmaceutical Chemistry J. 43(4):200-208, 2009; Salamat-Miller et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Reviews 57(11): 1666-1691, 2005; Bernkop-Schnurch, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57(11): 1569-1582, 2005; and Harding et al., Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. News 16(1):41-86, 1999.

In some embodiments, components of a formulation may include any one of the following components, or any combination thereof: Acacia, Alginate, Alginic Acid, Aluminum Acetate, an antiseptic, Benzyl Alcohol, Butyl Paraben, Butylated Hydroxy Toluene, an antioxidant, Citric acid, Calcium carbonate, Candelilla wax, a binder, Croscarmellose sodium, Confectioner sugar, Colloidal silicone dioxide, Cellulose, Carnauba wax, Corn starch, Carboxymethylcellulose calcium, Calcium stearate, Calcium disodium EDTA, Chelation agents, Copolyvidone, Castor oil hydrogenated, Calcium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate, Cetylpyridine chloride, Cysteine HCl, Crosspovidone, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Dimethicone, Erythrosine Sodium, Ethyl Cellulose, Gelatin, Glyceryl monooleate, Glycerin, Glycine, Glyceryl monostearate, Glyceryl behenate, Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, Hypromellose, HPMC Phthalate, Iron oxides or ferric oxide, Iron oxide yellow, Iron oxide red or ferric oxide, Lactose (hydrous or anhydrous or monohydrate or spray dried), Magnesium stearate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Mannitol, Methyl cellulose, Magnesium carbonate, Mineral oil, Methacrylic acid copolymer, Magnesium oxide, Methyl paraben, PEG, Polysorbate 80, Propylene glycol, Polyethylene oxide, Propylene paraben, Poloxamer 407 or 188 or plain, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium sorbate, Potato starch, Phosphoric acid, Polyoxyl 40 stearate, Sodium starch glycolate, Starch pregelatinized, Sodium crossmellose, Sodium lauryl sulfate, Starch, Silicon dioxide, Sodium benzoate, Stearic acid, Sucrose base for medicated confectionery, a granulating agent, Sorbic acid, Sodium carbonate, Saccharin sodium, Sodium alginate, Silica gel, Sorbiton monooleate, Sodium stearyl fumarate, Sodium chloride, Sodium metabisulfite, Sodium citrate dehydrate, Sodium starch, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Succinic acid, Sodium propionate, Titanium dioxide, Talc, Triacetin, Triethyl citrate.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 2 of 46

Accordingly, in some embodiments of the method of treating a disease as disclosed herein, the method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition that is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments the formulation is a dosage form, which may be, as an example, a solid form such as, for example, a capsule, a tablet, a sachet, or a lozenge; or which may be, as an example, a liquid form such as, for example, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a foam, or a syrup.

In some embodiments, the formulation is not comprised in an ingestible device. In some embodiments wherein the formulation is not comprised in an ingestible device, the formulation may be suitable for oral administration. The formulation may be, for example, a solid dosage form or a liquid dosage form as disclosed herein. In some embodiments wherein the formulation is not comprised in an ingestible device, the formulation may be suitable for rectal administration. The formulation may be, for example, a dosage form such as a suppository or an enema. In embodiments where the formulation is not comprised in an ingestible device, the formulation releases the PDE4 inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease. Such localized release may be achieved, for example, with a formulation comprising an enteric coating. Such localized release may be achieved, an another example, with a formulation comprising a core comprising one or more polymers suitable for controlled release of an active substance. A non-limiting list of such polymers includes: poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(-aminoethyl methacrylate), (2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, poly(β-benzyl-1-aspartate), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and cellulose derivatives.

In some embodiments, the formulation is comprised in an ingestible device as disclosed herein. In some embodiments wherein the formulation is comprised in an ingestible device, the formulation may be suitable for oral administration. The formulation may be, for example, a solid dosage form or a liquid dosage form as disclosed herein. In some embodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction and optionally for storage in the device. In some embodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction and optionally for storage in a reservoir comprised in the device. In some embodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction and optionally for storage in a reservoir comprised in the device. Thus, in some embodiments, provided herein is a reservoir comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, wherein the reservoir is configured to fit into an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the reservoir comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor is attachable to an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the reservoir comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor is capable of anchoring itself to the subject's tissue. As an example, the reservoir capable of anchoring itself to the subject's tissue comprises silicone. As an example, the reservoir capable of anchoring itself to the subject's tissue comprises polyvinyl chloride.

In some embodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction in a spray catheter, as disclosed herein.

The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, for example, those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. For instance, the formulation may further comprise another PDE4 inhibitor or a chemotherapeutic agent. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.

The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the PDE4 inhibitor, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and γ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated PDE4 inhibitors remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S—S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 3 of 46

Pharmaceutical formulations may contain one or more PDE4 inhibitors. The pharmaceutical formulations may be formulated in any manner known in the art. In some embodiments the formulations include one or more of the following components: a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline), a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose), polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol), or salts (e.g., sodium chloride), or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The formulations can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required, proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Controlled release of the PDE4 inhibitor can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc.).

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is present in a pharmaceutical formulation within the device.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is present in solution within the device.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is present in a suspension in a liquid medium within the device.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is present as a pure, powder (e.g., lyophilized) form of the PDE4 inhibitor.

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable formulations can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc. a therapeutic agent provided herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier (e.g., water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol or the like) to form a solution, colloid, liposome, emulsion, complexes, coacervate or suspension. If desired, to the pharmaceutical formulation can also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, co-solvents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents and the like (e.g., sodium acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrin derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and the like).

Small Molecule Drug Formulations—General Properties

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises a small molecule drug. In some embodiments, the small molecule drug formulation is suitable for topical delivery to the GI tract, especially for topical delivery to the small intestine, including the duodenum, the jejunum and/or the ileum; the large intestine; the cecum; and/or the colon. In a further embodiment, the formulation is suitable for topical delivery of the drug to one or more sites of disease in the GI tract. In some aspects, the small molecule drug formulation, when released into the GI tract, is dispersed such that the formulation and/or the drug is topically administered to one or more tissues of the GI tract, including diseased tissue. In some embodiments, the drug formulation when released in the GI tract, is dispersed into the mucosa, and the formulation and/or the drug is distributed locally to the site of administration and or/distal to the site of administration, thereby providing topical administration of the drug to the disease site(s).

Preferably, the formulation provides one or more of the following characteristics: substantial distribution of the formulation and/or drug in the target tissue; highly localized drug tissue concentration; low systemic drug exposure; stability of the formulation and/or drug in the drug product (e.g., stability within a delivery device, such as an ingestible device as described herein, prior to and/or after administration); stability of the formulation and/or drug in the GI environment upon administration, including a disease state GI environment (for example, temperature stability, pH stability, oxidative stability); and the ability of the formulation and/or drug to permeate into disease tissue.

In some aspects, the drug substance is provided as a solid for direct use in a drug delivery system (for example, in an ingestible device as described herein), or for combination with one or more excipients to provide a formulation suitable for delivery to the GI tract. In some embodiments, the drug substance is provided in amorphous form. In other embodiments, the drug substance is provided in crystalline form.

In some embodiments, the drug substance is provided as micronized drug particles. In some aspects, the micronized drug particles have been sized to enhance absorption and/or penetration in the GI tract and/or at the disease site. In other aspects, the micronized drug particles have been sized to optimize topical administration and absorption of the drug to the mucosal layer. In yet other aspects, the micronized drug particles have been sized to increase the dispersion loading of a suspension, i.e., to increase the concentration of the drug in the suspension in order to increase the drug load to the site of delivery upon dispersion. In some embodiments, the drug is provided as a lyophilized powder. In some aspects, the lyophilized drug powder comprises, consists of or consists essentially of the drug.

In some embodiments, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a liquid. Preferably, the liquid formulation has a viscosity that does not exceed 5000 cps. In some embodiments, the liquid formulation has a viscosity ranging from about 0.8 to about 1000 cps.

Preferably, the small molecule drug formulation is a high concentration formulation. In some embodiments, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is expressed in units of mg/mL, for example, when the formulation is a solution formulation. In some aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at least 3 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at least 5 mg/mL. In yet other aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation ranges from about 5 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 5 mg/mL to about 15 mg/mL, or from about 10 mg/mL to about 15 mg/mL. Preferably, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, or at least about 15 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is expressed in units of mg/g, for example, when the formulation is a solid formulation or a suspension or dispersion formulation. In some aspects, the concentration of drug in the formulation is at least 3 mg/g. In other aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at least 5 mg/g. In yet other aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation ranges from about 5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 5 mg/g to about 15 mg/g, or from about 10 mg/g to about 15 mg/g. Preferably, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/g, or at least about 15 mg/g.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 4 of 46

In one embodiment, the small molecule formulation is provided as a solution formulation, such as a fully solubilized formulation or a stabilized solution formulation. In another embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a solid formulation, for example a solid drug alone or in combination with one or more excipients. In yet another embodiment, the small molecule formulation is provided as a dispersion or suspension formulation. In another embodiment, the formulation is provided as an emulsion formulation, including but not limited to a micelle-solubilized formulation, a lipid-based or liposomal formulation, a self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) or a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). The foregoing categories are also not intended to be mutually exclusive. Thus, for example, a stabilized solution, a suspension or an emulsion formulation may incorporate micelles or liposomes.

In some aspects, the formulations in the foregoing categories further comprise one or more additional excipients to enhance performance, such as GI penetration/absorption and/or stability. Excipients that may be incorporated to enhance absorption by the GI tract and/or at the disease site within the GI tract include bile salts, chelators, surfactants, anti-oxidants, fatty acids and derivatives thereof, cationic polymers, anionic polymers, and acylcarnitines.

Bile salts may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to form reverse micelles, disrupt a cell membrane, open up tight junctions between cells, and/or to inhibit enzymes and/or mucolytic activity. Non-limiting examples of suitable bile salts include sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, and sodium glycodihydrofudisate.

Chelators may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to interfere with calcium ions, disrupt intracellular junctions and/or decrease transepithelial electrical resistance. Non-limiting examples of suitable chelators include EDTA, citric acid, succinic acid and salycilates.

Surfactants may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to perturb intercellular lipids, lipid order, orientation and/or fluidity, and/or to inhibit efflux mechanisms. Non-limiting examples of suitable surfactants include sodium lauryl sulfate, laureth-9, sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, polyoxyethylene ethers, polysorbate (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, for example, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80); TRITON (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, nonionic detergent, Union Carbide subsidiary of Dow Chemical Co., Midland Mich.); sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or stearyl-sulfobetaine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or stearyl-sarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine; lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-, myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-betaine (e.g., lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl-, or disodium methyl oleyl-taurate; sorbitan monopalmitate; and the MONAQUAT series (Mona Industries, Inc., Paterson, N.J.); polyethyl glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and copolymers of poloxyethylene and poloxypropylene glycol (e.g., Pluronics/Poloxamer, PF68, etc.); etc.

Fatty acids or derivatives thereof (for example, salts, esters or ethers thereof) may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to increase the fluidity of phospholipid membranes, contraction of actin myofilaments and/or the opening of tight junctions. Non-limiting examples of suitable fatty acids or derivatives thereof include oleic acid, linoleic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, acyl carnitines, mono-glyceride and di-glycerides.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one adhesive agent, such as a mucoadhesive agent, In some embodiments, the formulation containing the mucoadhesive agent is particularly useful in the topical treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions. Non-limiting examples of the at least one adhesive agent for incorporation into formulations of the present invention include alginate, gelatin, collagen, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(L-lysine), poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogel microparticles, lectin-conjugated alginate microparticles, thiolated polymer, natural oligosaccharides gum, drum dried waxy maize starch, Carbopol 974P, chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethyl chitosan), sea curve 240, scleroglucan, HE-starch, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, pectin, xanthan gum, polycarbophil, amino dextran, DEAE-dextran, aminocaprylate, hyaluronic acid and/or a hyaluronate salt, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), cellulose derivatives such as cellulose sodium glycolate, methyl cellulose, carboxy methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, 3-O-ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose, 6-O-alkylated cellulose, cellulose octanoate sulfate, cellulose lauroate sulfate, cellulose stearate sulfate, and cationic derivatives thereof, 6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-methylcellulose, 2,3,6-tri-O-benzylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, O-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl cellulose, sodium alginate, starch, dextrin, a polyvinyl alcohol, a (poly)vinyl resin, sodium silicate, poloxamers, and the like. When the adhesive agent is sodium alginate, a compound containing divalent ions, such as CaCl 2 , is preferably present in the composition. Other mucoadhesive agents include cationic and anionic polymers, as described below.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 5 of 46

Cationic polymers may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to enhance mucoadhesion, to open tight junctions, or both, for example, via ionic interactions with cell membrane(s). Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic polymers include chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethyl chitosan). Anionic polymers may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to inhibit enzymes, to open tight junctions, or both, for example, via removal of extracellular calcium ions. Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic polymers include polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol (e.g., Carbopol®) and polyacrylic acid derivatives, including salts, esters and ethers thereof.

Acylcarnities may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to disrupt membranes and/or open tight junctions via a calcium-independent mechanism. Non-limiting examples of suitable acylcarnitines include lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride and palmitoylcarnitine chloride.

Antioxidants may be incorporated into a formulation of the present invention, for example, in order to reduce the viscosity of the mucus layer, which may involve breaking and/or preventing the formation of disulfide bonds. In a non-limiting embodiment, the antioxidant is N-acetylcysteine.

Other excipients that may be incorporated to enhance drug and/or drug formulation stability include antioxidants, reducing agents and preservatives. Non-limiting examples of these agents include those present in some commercial drug products listed in the tables below. The concentration ranges are illustrative and non-limiting.

Solution Formulations

Solutions

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a solution. In some aspects, the solution formulation comprises the drug dissolved in one or more solvents, i.e., the drug is fully solubilized in the one or more solvents. Preferably, the one or more solvents is generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Non-limiting examples of solvents suitable for providing the small molecule solution formulation include water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjusted water), one or more aqueous buffers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500 or PEG 600), ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and combinations of any two or more of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the solution formulation consists of or consists essentially of the drug and the one or more solvents.

Non-limiting examples of aqueous buffers for use as a solution formulation solvent include a phosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer. In some aspects, the pH of the aqueous buffer, and/or the pH of the final solution formulation containing the buffer, ranges from about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.5, or about pH 6 to about pH 8; preferably, the pH ranges from about pH 6.5 to about pH 7.2. In some embodiments, the buffer and/or final solution formulation pH is about 7.

In some embodiments, the solution formulation comprises a co-solvent system, wherein the co-solvent system consists of or consists essentially of a mixture of an organic solvent (such as ethanol) and an aqueous solvent (such as water, water for injection (WFI), a pH-adjusted water, a saline solution (e.g., normal saline), a dextrose solution (e.g., dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueous buffer, such as phosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an IVIES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer.

In one embodiment, the formulation is an ethanolic solution formulation. In some aspects, the ethanolic solution formulation comprises at least about 50% ethanol, at least about 60% ethanol, at least about 70% ethanol, at least about 75% ethanol, or at least 80% ethanol, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s). In yet further aspects, the ethanolic solution formulation comprises an aqueous medium (e.g., water, water for injection (WFI), a pH-adjusted water, a saline solution (e.g., normal saline), a dextrose solution (e.g., dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueous buffer (e.g., a phosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer). In some embodiments, the ethanolic solution formulation comprises at most about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40% or about 50% water (e.g., WFI or pH-adjusted water) or aqueous buffer, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s).

In some embodiments, the small molecule drug formulation is a solution comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500, or PEG 600). In some embodiments, the solution further comprises an aqueous vehicle. For example, the aqueous vehicle can be water, water-for-injection (WFI), pH-adjusted water, or a buffer, such as an aqueous buffer, for example, a phosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an IVIES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 6 of 46

Stabilized Solutions

In another embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a stabilized solution. In some aspects, the stabilized solution comprises the drug, one or more solvents and a stabilizing agent. The stabilizing agent may facilitate and maintain the dissolution of the drug in the one or more solvents. Non-limiting examples of solvents suitable for providing the stabilized solution formulation include water (e.g., WFI or pH-adjusted water), one or more aqueous buffers, polyethylene glycol 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500 or PEG 600), ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of aqueous buffers for use in a small molecule stabilized solution formulation solvent include a phosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer. In some aspects, the pH of the aqueous buffer, and/or the pH of the final solution formulation containing the buffer, ranges from about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.5, or about pH 6 to about pH 8; preferably, the pH ranges from about pH 6.5 to about pH 7.2. In some embodiments, the buffer and/or final solution formulation pH is about 7.

Non-limiting examples of a stabilizing agent to be combined with the one or more solvents to provide the small molecule drug stabilized solution formulation include surfactants, water-insoluble lipids, organic liquids or semi-solids, cyclodextrins, phospholipids, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a surfactant. Non-limiting examples of surfactants for incorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407, Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14, Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400 or 1750; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a water-insoluble lipid. Non-limiting examples of water-insoluble lipids for incorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil and palm seed oil; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is an organic liquid or semi-solid. Non-limiting examples of an organic liquid or semi-solid for incorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a cyclodextrin. Non-limiting examples of a cyclodextrin for incorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a phospholipid. Non-limiting examples of a phospholipid for incorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol, L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In one embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents (such as ethanol), and a water insoluble lipid; optionally, the formulation further comprises a polyol, such as a sugar or sugar alcohol; in some embodiments, the polyol is sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents, and an organic liquid or semi-solid.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents, and a cyclodextrin.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents, and a phospholipid.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents, and a surfactant.

In one embodiment, the formulation is a stabilized ethanolic solution formulation comprising the drug, ethanol, a stabilizing agent, and optionally, a second solvent. In further aspects of this embodiment, the ethanolic formulation comprises at least about 50% ethanol, at least about 60% ethanol, at least about 70% ethanol, at least about 75% ethanol, at least 80% ethanol, at least about 85% ethanol, or at least about 90% ethanol, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s) and the stabilizing agent. In yet further aspects, the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation further comprises water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjusted water) or an aqueous buffer as the second solvent. In some embodiments, the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation comprises at most about 20%, at most about 25%, at most about 30%, at most about 40% or at most about 50% water or aqueous buffer, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s) and the stabilizing agent. In some embodiments, the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation comprises between about 0.1% and about 50% of the stabilizing agent, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s) and the stabilizing agent. Non-limiting examples of a stabilizing agent suitable for providing the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation include surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407, Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14, Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750), water-insoluble lipids (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil), organic liquids or semi-solids (e.g., beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides), cyclodextrins (e.g., (alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin), phospholipids (e.g., hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol, L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 7 of 46

In another embodiment, the formulation is a stabilized ethanolic solution formulation comprising the drug, ethanol, a stabilizing agent or carrier, and optionally, a second solvent. In further aspects of this embodiment, the ethanolic formulation comprises from 0.1 to 99.9% of the stabilizing agent or carrier, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s) and the stabilizing agent. In yet further aspects, the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation further comprises water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjusted water) or an aqueous buffer as the second solvent. Non-limiting examples of a stabilizing agent or carrier suitable for providing the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation include surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407, Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14, Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750), water-insoluble lipids (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil), organic liquids or semi-solids (e.g., beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides), cyclodextrins (e.g., (alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin), phospholipids (e.g., hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol, L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In a particular embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, ethanol, and a surfactant, such as Labrasol or a polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil such as Cremophor. In a more particular embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, ethanol, and a polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., Cremophor).

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the drug, ethanol and Cremophor. In one such embodiment, the formulation is Prograf® 5 mg/mL Concentrate for Solution for Infusion (Astellas Pharma Ltd.), wherein 1 mL of the Prograf® contains 5 mg tacrolimus, 200 mg of polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil and 638 mg of dehydrated alcohol, and wherein any suitable volume of the Prograf® may be incorporated into the ingestible device (for example, about 0.3 mL or about 0.4 mL). Optionally, each of the foregoing formulations comprising the drug, the ethanol and the Cremophor further comprises water, thereby optionally providing the formulation as a micelle-solubilized formulation.

Solid Formulations

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a solid. In some aspects, the solid formulation, upon administration, is released into the GI tract where it is dispersed and distributed locally and or/distal to the site of administration. In some embodiments, the solid drug formulation is dispersed into the mucosa and distributed locally and or/distal to the site of administration. In a non-limiting example, the solid drug formulation is released in the cecum, dispersed into the mucosa, and distributed to the colon. In some embodiments, the solid drug formulation is loaded into an ingestible device for release into the GI tract. In some aspects, upon administration, the solid drug formulation is emulsified in the GI tract via contact with one or more substances present in the local environment, for example, with bile salts present in the GI tract; in further aspects, the emulsification enhances drug distribution to and/or absorption by the surrounding tissues, and/or enhances the stability of the formulation.

In one embodiment, the solid drug formulation comprises, consists of or consists essentially of the drug. In some aspects, the drug is in crystalline form. In other aspects, the drug is in amorphous form. In some embodiments, the drug is provided in as micronized drug particles, a lyophilized powder or in extruded form.

In another embodiment, the solid formulation comprises the drug and one or more excipients. In some aspects, the drug (which may be crystalline or amorphous, micronized or lyophilized) is physically admixed with the one or more excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more excipients is selected from the group consisting of preservatives and anti-oxidants. In some embodiments, the drug is physically admixed with an excipient such as a solvent (for example, PEG) and extruded.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation is an enteric-coated formulation.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation is not an enteric-coated formulation.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation does not contain a pH-dependent drug release matrix.

Dispersion or Suspension Formulations

Dispersion Formulations

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as a dispersion formulation. Typically, the dispersion formulation comprises at least two phases, a dispersed phase and a dispersion medium or vehicle. In one embodiment, solid drug particles (the dispersed phase) are dispersed in a continuous dispersion vehicle, which is preferably a solution in which the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble, and throughout which the drug particles are distributed.

In some embodiments, the solid drug particles comprise micronized drug particles; advantageously, the micronized drug particles increase dispersion loading. In other embodiments, the solid drug is provided in an extruded form, for example, the drug may be admixed with an excipient (for example, a solvent such as PEG and extruded; advantageously, the extruded drug formulation increases dispersion loading. In other embodiments, the solid drug is provided in a lyophilized form; advantageously, the lyophilized drug formulation increases dispersion loading.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 8 of 46

In some aspects, the dispersion formulation is prepared using solvent evaporation techniques, which may increase dispersion loading.

In other embodiments, the drug is a liquid or a semi-solid, and the dispersion formulation comprises the drug in the form of droplets dispersed throughout the dispersion vehicle, which may be a solution phase in which the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble, and throughout which the drug droplets are distributed.

Suspension Formulations

In one embodiment, the formulation is provided as a suspension. In some aspects, the suspension formulation comprises the drug suspended via a suspending agent in an aqueous media, such as an aqueous buffer.

Non-limiting examples of suitable suspending agents include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), PEGs (e.g., PEG 100-1000, PEG 3350), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and combinations thereof. The formulation may further comprise one or more excipients, such as castor oil, modified starch, sorbitol, cellulose, pectin, sucrose, citric acid, poloxamers, tetrasodium edetate (EDTA), PEG(s), cocamide DE, glycerol, Cremophor RH40, dextrose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, gums (various), propylene glycol alginate, methyl paraben, povidone, water, and surfactants (such as polysorbate 20, 40, 60 or 80).

In one example, the suspension formulation comprises the drug solubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in an aqueous vehicle (e.g., WIFI, a pH-adjusted water, or an aqueous buffer). In another example, the suspension formulation comprises micronized drug substance suspended in an excipient, such as an excipient suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein. In another example, the suspension formulation comprises micronized drug substance suspended in a solvent, such as a solvent suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein. In a further example, the suspension formulation comprises drug solubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in an excipient, such as an excipient suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein. In another example, the suspension formulation comprises drug solubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in a solvent, such as a solvent suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein.

Emulsion Formulations

In one embodiment, the formulation is provided as an emulsion.

Water-in-Oil Emulsions

In some aspects, the emulsion formulation is a water-in-oil emulsion formulation. In further aspects, the water-in-oil emulsion formulation comprises a water-insoluble excipient, a triglyceride and one or more surfactants. Typically, the water-in-oil emulsion will contain two (2) surfactants.

In one embodiment, the emulsion comprises a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant contains the following functionality or agent: ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol; polyoxyethylene surfactants; carboxylic esters; polyethylene glycol esters; anhydrosorbitol ester and its ethoxylated derivatives; glycol esters of fatty acids; amides; monoalkanolamine condensates; polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides.

In one embodiment, the emulsion comprises an amphoteric surfactant. In some embodiments, the amphoteric surfactant contains the following functionality or agent: n-coco 3-aminopropionic acid/sodium salt; n-tallow 3-iminodipropionate, disodium salt; n-carboxymethyl n-dimethyl n-9 octadecenyl ammonium hydroxide; n-cocoamidethyl n-hydroxyethylglycine, sodium salt.

In other embodiments, the emulsion is a cationic emulsion, which preferably interacts with negatively charged tissue of the GI tract, thereby facilitating the topical administration of the drug to the GI tissue. In some embodiments, the cationic emulsion comprises one or more excipients comprising one or more of the following functional groups: quaternary ammonium salts; amines with amide linkages; polyoxyethylene alkyl and alicyclic amines; N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis substituted ethylenediamines; 2-alkyl 1-hydroxethyl 2-imidazolines.

In some embodiments, the emulsion is an anionic emulsion, which preferably interacts with positively charged inflamed tissue at a disease site, thereby facilitating the targeted topical administration of the drug to the disease site. In some embodiments, the anionic emulsion comprises one or more excipients comprising one or more of the following functional groups: carboxylates; sulfonates; petroleum sulfonates; alkylbenzenesulfonates; naphthalenesulfonates; olefin sulfonates; alkyl sulfates; sulfates; sulfated natural oils and/or fats; sulfated esters; sulfated alkanolamides; and alkylphenols, ethoxylated and/or sulfated.

Non-limiting examples of water-insoluble excipients for incorporation into the emulsion formulation include bees wax, oleic acid, soy fatty acids, d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), corn oil monoglycerides, corn oil diglycerides, corn oil triglycerides, medium chain (C8-C10) monoglycerides, medium chain (C8-C10) diglycerides, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of triglycerides for incorporation into the emulsion formulation include long-chain triglycerides, such as hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil; and medium-chain triglycerides, such as caprylic/capric triglycerides, triglycerides derived from coconut oil or palm seed oil; and combinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of surfactants for incorporation into the emulsion formulation include polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), sorbitanmonolaurate (Span 20), d-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1000 succinate (TPGS), glycerylmonoolate, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH40), polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH60), PEG 300 oleic glycerides (Labrafil® M-1944CS), PEG 300 linoleic glycerides (Labrafil® M-2125CS), PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol®), PEG 1500 lauric glycerides (Gelucire® 44/14); and combinations thereof.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 9 of 46

Lipid-Based Emulsions

In some embodiments, the formulation is a lipid-based formulation comprising the drug, an aqueous phase (e.g., water, water for injection (WFI), a pH-adjusted water, a saline solution (e.g., normal saline), a dextrose solution (e.g., dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueous buffer) and an emulsifier. Non-limiting examples of the emulsifiers suitable for use in the lipid-based emulsion formulations are listed in Table 3 below. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a non-aqueous co-solvent; non-limiting examples of the cosolvent include ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, and a PEG (e.g., PEG400). Suitable combinations of agents used to formulate the small molecule drug are found in Table 4, which discloses some commercial lipid-based formulations.

Formulations for Delivery of Antibodies and Other Therapeutic Proteins

In some aspects, a PDE4 inhibitor is administered in combination with a second agent, wherein the second agent is an antibody or other therapeutic protein. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor itself is an antibody or other therapeutic protein. The antibody or other therapeutic protein (i.e., the PDE4 inhibitor itself or the second agent) can be delivered systemically, for example, via intravenous or subcutaneous administration, or can be administered using the devices and methods described herein, including an ingestible device as disclosed herein. The antibodies or other therapeutic proteins can be incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations, which may be loaded into a device for release and delivery to a subject, or more particularly, for topical delivery of the formulation and/or antibody or therapeutic protein to the gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The formulations can be liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulations, and typically comprise the agent and a physiologically acceptable carrier. Exemplary carriers include water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like. Polyamines or polyols, including sugars and polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol), may be incorporated into the present formulations, for example, for use as stabilizing agents, e.g., to preserve the biological activity of an antibody or other therapeutic protein under various stress conditions. Formulations can include other substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, buffers, and/or mucoadhesive agents, which can enhance the shelf life and/or effectiveness of the agent. Formulations that are particularly useful for the methods and compositions described herein are described in detail below. Some formulations disclosed herein, which may be commercially or otherwise available for IV or subcutaneous delivery, and which may be available in pre-loaded syringes or pens, may alternatively be incorporated or loaded into a device, such as an ingestible device, as disclosed herein, for release and topical delivery of the formulation and/or antibody or therapeutic protein to the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.

General Description of Formulations and Ingredients

An antibody or other therapeutic protein can be formulated in a solution (e.g., aqueous formulation), dry formulation (e.g., lyophilized solid formulation), microemulsion, nanoemulsion, solid composition, semi-solid composition, dispersion, liposome, or a particulate composition containing a micro- or nanoencapsulated antibody or other therapeutic protein. In some embodiments, the formulation can be suitable for high antibody concentration (e.g., about 150 mg/mL and greater). Solutions can be prepared, e.g., by incorporating an antibody in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with at least one, or a combination of, ingredients described above. Generally, dispersions can be prepared by incorporating an antibody into a vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those described above. In some embodiments, proper fluidity of a solution may be maintained, for example, using a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and/or gelatin. In some embodiments, formulations containing an antibody or therapeutic protein further comprises one or more additional excipients to enhance performance, such as GI penetration/absorption and/or stability. Excipients that may be incorporated to enhance absorption by the GI tract and/or at the disease site within the GI tract include bile salts, chelators, surfactants, anti-oxidants, fatty acids and derivatives thereof, cationic polymers, anionic polymers, and acylcarnitines, such as lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride or palmitoylcarnitine chloride.

Polyols

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a formulation comprising a polyol. As used herein, the term “polyol” refers an excipient with multiple hydroxyl groups, and includes sugars (e.g., reducing and nonreducing sugars), sugar alcohols and sugar acids. Preferably, the polyol is a small molecule. A “reducing sugar” is one which contains a hemiacetal group that can reduce metal ions or react covalently with lysine and other amino groups in proteins. A “nonreducing sugar” is one which does not have these properties of a reducing sugar. Polyols that are suitable for use in formulations of the present application include, for example, polyols selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, maltose, xylitol, raffinose, stachyose, melezitose, dextran, palatinit, glycerol, lactitol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, inositol, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising an antibody and a polyol, which may be a sugar (e.g., a non-reducing sugar). In one example, these excipients increase stability of an antibody or another therapeutic protein in the formulation that is susceptible to deamidation, oxidation, isomerization and/or aggregation. Hence, inclusion of a sugar in the formulation improves stability, reduces aggregate formation, and retards degradation of the therapeutic protein therein. Suitable examples of polyols include mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 10 of 46

A molar ratio of the polyol to the antibody or other therapeutic protein can be, e.g., at least about 600:1; about 625:1; about 650:1; about 675:1, about 700:1; about 750:1, about 800:1, about 1000:1, about 1200:1, about 1400:1, about 1500:1, about 1600:1, about 1700:1, about 1800:1, about 1900:1, or about 2000:1. In some embodiments, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, or any combination thereof, is the non-reducing sugar for use in an antibody formulation (solid or liquid). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the non-reducing sugar to the antibody (mole:mole) is at least about 600:1.

Amino Acids

In some embodiments, a formulation can include any desired free amino acid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof, which can be in the L-form, the D-form or any desired mixture of these forms. Free amino acids that can be included in the formulation include, for example, any one of the 20 essential amino acids, or more particular amino acids, such as histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, lysine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, methionine, and any combination thereof. The amino acids can stabilize an antibody against degradation during manufacturing, drying, lyophilization and/or storage, e.g., through hydrogen bonds, salt bridges antioxidant properties or hydrophobic interactions or by exclusion from the protein surface. Amino acids can act as tonicity modifiers or can act to decrease viscosity of the formulation. Free amino acids, such as histidine and arginine, can act as cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants, and do not crystallize when lyophilized as components of the formulation.

Free amino acids, such as glutamic acid and histidine, alone or in combination, can act as buffering agents in an aqueous formulation in the pH range of about 5 to about 7.5, or about 4.7 to about 5.7. In some embodiments, when a combination of amino acids, such as histidine and arginine, is used in a formulation, the molar ratio of total amino acid amount to antibody ratio can be at least about 200:1, about 200:1 to about 500:1, or at least about 400:1. In some embodiments, the free amino acid in the formulation is histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, or any combination thereof. The molar ratio of free amino acid to antibody may be at least about 200:1, about 250:1, about 300:1, about 400:1, or about 500:1.

Surfactants

In some embodiments, a formulation may contain a surfactant. When present, the surfactant is generally included in an amount which reduces formation of insoluble aggregates of an antibody, e.g., during bottling, freezing, drying, lyophilization and/or reconstitution. A “surfactant” herein refers to an agent that lowers surface tension of a liquid. The surfactant can be a nonionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of useful surfactants include polysorbate (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, for example, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80); TRITON (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, nonionic detergent); sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium laurel sulfate; sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or stearyl-sulfobetaine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or stearylsarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine; lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-, myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropylbetaine (e.g., lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl-, or disodium methyl oleyl-taurate; sorbitan monopalmitate; and the MONAQUAT series; polyethyl glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and copolymers of poloxyethylene and polyoxypropylene glycol (e.g., pluronics/poloxamer, PF68, etc.); etc. In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the surfactant: antibody molar ratio is about 1:1.

Bile Salts

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one bile salt. When present, the one or more bile salts is generally included in an amount enhances absorption of the formulation and/or antibody by the GI tract and/or at the disease site within the GI tract include. Non-limiting examples of bile salts for incorporation into a formulation of the present invention include sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, sodium glycodihydrofusidate.

Mucoadhesive Agents

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one adhesive agent, such as a mucoadhesive agent, wherein the adhesive agent is optionally a thermoreversible adhesive agent. In some embodiments, the formulation is particularly useful in the topical treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions. Non-limiting examples of the at least one adhesive agent for incorporation into formulations of the present invention include alginate, gelatin, collagen, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(L-lysine), poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogel microparticles, lectin-conjugated alginate microparticles, thiolated polymer, natural oligosaccharides gum, drum dried waxy maize starch, Carbopol 974P, chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethyl chitosan), sea curve 240, scleroglucan, HE-starch, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, pectin, xanthan gum, polycarbophil, amino dextran, DEAE-dextran, aminocaprylate, hyaluronic acid and/or a hyaluronate salt, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), cellulose derivatives such as cellulose sodium glycolate, methyl cellulose, carboxy methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, 3-O-ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose, 6-O-alkylated cellulose, cellulose octanoate sulfate, cellulose lauroate sulfate, cellulose stearate sulfate, and cationic derivatives thereof, 6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-methylcellulose, 2,3,6-tri-O-benzylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, O-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl cellulose, sodium alginate, starch, dextrin, a polyvinyl alcohol, a (poly)vinyl resin, sodium silicate, poloxamers, and the like. When the adhesive agent is sodium alginate, a compound containing divalent ions, such as CaCl2, is preferably present in the composition.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 11 of 46

In some embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent is a cationic polymer. When present, the cationic polymer is generally included in an amount which enhances mucoadhesion, opens tight junctions between cells, or both, for example, via ionic interactions with cell membrane(s). Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic polymers include chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethyl chitosan).

In some embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent is an anionic polymer. When present, the anionic polymer is generally included in an amount which enhances mucoadhesion, opens tight junctions between cells, or both. Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic polymers include polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol (e.g., Carbopol®), polyacrylic acid derivatives, including salts, esters and ethers thereof, and hyaluronic acid, including salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the antibody and one or more adhesive agents, such as a poloxamer, a hyaluronic acid and/or hyaluronate salt, or a combination thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the one or more adhesive agents includes a thermoreversible adhesive agent, and the formulation comprising the thermoreversible adhesive agent may be a thermoreversible formulation, essentially as described in WO 2018/019881, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a formulation of the present invention comprises the antibody, a hyaluronic acid or a salt thereof and two thermoreversible adhesive agents, wherein one of the two thermoreversible agents is a poloxamer, and wherein the poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof are present in a specific ratio. In some embodiments, the weight ratio between the poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or its salt is from 60:1 to 10:1. In more particular embodiments, the weight ratio between the poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or its salt is from 60:1 to 20:1, more particularly from 50:1 to 30:1, more particularly is from 45:1 to 35:1, and even more particularly about 40:1. In some more particular embodiments, the weight ratio between the poloxamer and the second thermoreversible adhesive agent is from about 4:1 to about 25:1, more particularly from about 8:1 to about 12:1, more particularly still from about 9:1 to about 11:1, even more particularly the ratio is 10:1. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the antibody, the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof, and the one or more mucoadhesive agents, wherein one of the two thermoreversible agents is a poloxamer. In other embodiments, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the antibody, the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof, the one or more mucoadhesive agents, wherein one of the two thermoreversible agents is a poloxamer, and an aqueous medium, such as water, a pH-adjusted water or an aqueous buffer. In some more particular embodiments, the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2% (w/w), about 0.25 to about 1.5%, about 0.3 to about 0.8% (w/w), or more particularly about 0.4% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of all formulation excipients (including the aqueous medium), or with respect to the total mass of the formulation, including the antibody. In some further embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 10 to about 25% (w/w) of two thermoreversible adhesive agents, with respect to the total weight of all formulation excipients (including the aqueous medium), or with respect to the total mass of the formulation, including the antibody; wherein one of the thermoreversible adhesive agents is a poloxamer.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the antibody and one or more thermoreversible adhesive agents, such as a poloxamer, and does not contain a hyaluronic acid or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody; optionally, the monoclonal antibody is selected from the group consisting of adalimumab, vedolizumab, infliximab, etrolizumab, golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol, ustekinumab, risankizumab, etanercept, brazikumab, natalizumab, PF-00547659, guselkumab, mirikizumab, or any antigen-binding fragment thereof, glycosylation variant thereof, or biosimilar thereof.

Other Excipients

Metal chelators may be a useful component to a formulation. Suitable metal chelators include, for example, methylamine, ethylenediamine, desferoxamine, trientine, histidine, malate, succinate, phosphonate compounds, e.g., etidronic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, salicylates, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA), and the like.

Formulations may include an anti-oxidant. Suitable anti-oxidants include, for example, citric acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, lipoic acid, glutathione, methionine, tocopherol, carotene, lycopene, cysteine and the like.

A preservative may be a useful addition to a formulation. Suitable examples of preservatives include benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol and benzethonium Cl.

In some embodiments, a formulation can include an antibody and at least one amphiphilic polysaccharide. Suitable examples of amphiphilic polysaccharides are described, for example, in US 2011/0014189, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a formulation can include an antibody and at least one alkylglycoside. Alkylglycoside may have a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of less than about 1 mM. Presence of an alkylglycoside may reduce aggregation and immunogenicity of the antibody in the formulation. Suitable examples of alkylglycosides include dodecyl maltoside, tridecyl maltoside, tetradecyl maltoside, sucrose mono-dodecanoate, sucrose mono-tridecanoate, and sucrose mono-tetradecanoate. Examples of formulations containing an alkylglycoside are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,226,949, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 12 of 46

A formulation may include N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Concentration of N-methyl pyrrolidone may be, for example, from about 1 mM to about 1000 mM. N-methyl pyrrolidone provides reduced viscosity of the formulation. Exemplary concentrations of NMP include about 50 mM, about 60 mM, about 70 mM, about 80 mM, about 90 mM, about 100 mM, about 110 mM, about 120 mM, about 130 mM, about 140 mM, about 150 mM, about 160 mM, about 170 mM, about 180 mM, about 190 mM, about 200 mM, about 250 mM, about 275 mM, about 300 mM, about 325 mM, about 350 mM, about 375 mM, about 400 mM, about 425 mM, about 450 mM, about 475 mM, about 500 mM, about 525 mM, about 550 mM, about 575 mM, about 600 mM, about 625 mM, about 650 mM, about 675 mM, or about 700 mM. Ranges of amounts of NMP include, but are not limited to, about 50 mM to about 600 mM, about 50 mM to about 150 mM, about 50 mM to about 200 mM, and about 370-600 mM. Additional examples of NMP formulations are disclosed, for example, in WO 2018/067987, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Effective Dose

In some embodiments, a formulation can include a dose of about 30-90 mg, about 70-90 mg, about 30-110 mg, about 70-110 mg, about 150-450 mg, or about 300-1200 mg of an antibody, an antigen-binding portion or a biosimilar thereof, or other therapeutic protein. In some embodiments, an effective dose of an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion or a biosimilar thereof, or other therapeutic protein, in a formulation is about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 750 mg, about 1000 mg, or about 1200 mg. In some embodiments, the dose is an induction dose. In other embodiments, the dose is a maintenance dose.

Exemplary Antibodies for Formulations

A formulation described herein may include any antibody or fragment thereof, or other therapeutic protein (e.g., a recombinant protein, therapeutic enzyme, etc.). Antibodies can be of any type, e.g., a human, humanized, chimeric, or murine antibody (e.g., a human IgG1 kappa antibody). For example, a formulation described herein may include an anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Exemplary antibodies useful for inclusion in a formulation described herein include adalimumab, vedolizumab, infliximab, etrolizumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, ustekinumab, risankizumab, etanercept, brazikumab, natalizumab, PF-00547659, guselkumab, mirikizumab, or any antigen-binding fragment thereof, glycosylation variant thereof, or biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, a formulation includes an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, selected from the group consisting of: adalimumab, vedolizumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, and ustekinumab, any antigen binding fragment thereof or a biosimilar thereof. Additional pharmaceutical formulations of antibodies potentially useful in the presently described compositions and methods are disclosed in US Publication Nos. 2012/0282249, US 2009/0291062; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,420,081 and 8,883,146; and PCT Publication No. WO 02/072636, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Antibodies in Crystalline Form

In some embodiments, an antibody or other therapeutic protein is crystalline. Advantages afforded by crystalline protein particles include their dense packing, allowing high drug loading; reduced surface area, which reducing interactions with solvent and polymeric scaffolds and thus may show improved stability over amorphous formulations; potential for controlled/sustained release, which may be attributable to delayed dissolution of crystals even absent polymeric encapsulation (Puhl et al., “Recent Advances in Crystalline and Amorphous Particulate Protein Formulations for Controlled Delivery,” Asian J. Pharm. Sci. II (2016), pp. 469-477; the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments, antibody crystals are prepared by batch crystallization. Suitable methods for batch crystallization of antibodies and crystals obtained by those methods include those described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,034,906 and 8,436,149; and US Patent Publication No. 2010/0034823, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety; examples of needle morphology of the antibody crystals include needles with a maximum length 1 of about 2-500 μm or about 100-300 μm and an l/d ratio of about 3 to 30. In a more particular embodiment, the antibody is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof. Other suitable methods for antibody batch crystallization are disclosed in Yang et al., “Crystalline monoclonal antibodies for subcutaneous delivery,” PNAS, 100(12), 2003, 6934-6939, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Exemplary Formulations

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and a polyol. In one example, the polyol in the formulation is selected from: sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and any combination thereof. In another example, the polyol in the formulation is sucrose. In yet another example, the polyol in the formulation is mannitol. In yet another example, the polyol in the formulation is sorbitol.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and a surfactant. In one example, the surfactant in the formulation is non-ionic. In one example, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate. The polysorbate is typically selected from polysorbate 80, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 20. In another example, the non-ionic surfactant is a poloxamer such as poloxamer 188.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and at least one amino acid (e.g., one, two, or three amino acids). In one example, the amino acid in the formulation is selected from arginine, histidine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, and methionine. In another example, the formulation comprises L-arginine hydrochloride. In yet another example, the formulation comprises arginine and histidine (e.g., L-arginine and L-histidine). In yet another example, the formulation comprises L-histidine and L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate. In yet another example, the formulation comprises L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and L-methionine. In yet another example, the formulation comprises L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and L-arginine.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 13 of 46

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and sodium chloride.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and a buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises a phosphate. In one example, the phosphate is selected from: monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, and sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises a citrate. In one example, the citrate is selected from: sodium citrate and citric acid monohydrate. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises an acetate. In one example, the acetate is sodium acetate trihydrate. In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and a buffer which is not phosphate or citrate. In one example, an amount of phosphate or citrate in the formulation is negligible or non-detectable.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, and a surfactant. In other embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, a surfactant, and at least one amino acid. In yet other embodiments, the formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, a surfactant, and a buffer. In yet other embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, a surfactant, at least one amino acid, and a buffer.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containing sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate), and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate and/or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containing sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof), L-arginine hydrochloride, and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containing sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof), a citrate buffer (for example, containing sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof), mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate and/or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from: mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose; and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a phosphate buffer (for example, containing monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate), sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from arginine, histidine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution). In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 14 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and/or a salt thereof (for example, wherein the L-histidine salt is L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, a L-histidine salt (for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), L-methionine, and a combination of any two or more of the foregoing, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and a L-histidine salt (for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components. In other embodiments, the formulation further comprises water for injection (WFI), or a pH-adjusted water (e.g., pH-adjusted WFI). In further embodiments, the pH-adjusted water is pH-adjusted to pH 5.8.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, a L-histidine salt (for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), a L-arginine salt (for example, L-arginine hydrochloride), and a combination of any two or more of the foregoing, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody (for example, at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, or at least about 110 mg/mL or 125 mg/mL), mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 20 or 80) and a poloxamer (for example, poloxamer 188); and wherein the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of salt, and a negligible or non-detectable amount of buffer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and has low conductivity. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a mineral salt such as sodium chloride and an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation which comprises a water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a salt, a buffer system, a polyol and a non-ionic surfactant. The formulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form. In more particular embodiments, the buffer system includes a citrate buffer system (for example, sodium citrate and citric acid monohydrate), a phosphate buffer system (for example, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate and dibasic sodium phosphate) or both. In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof. In more particular embodiments still, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188). In some embodiments, the salt is sodium chloride. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about 5 to about 8. In other embodiments, the pH ranges from about 5 to about 5.5, from about 5.1 to about 5.3, or is about 5.2. Optionally, the monoclonal antibody is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, an acetate salt, a polyol, a non-ionic surfactant, one or more amino acids, and negligible or non-detectable levels of salts other than the acetate salt (e.g., the formulation may exclude sodium chloride); the formulation contains negligible or non-detectable levels of citrate and phosphate buffer systems. The formulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form. The aqueous formulation or the reconstituted dry powder has an acidic pH, e.g., less than 6. In more particular embodiments, the acetate salt is sodium acetate trihydrate. In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof; preferably, the polyol is sorbitol. In more particular embodiments still, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188); preferably, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. In yet more particular embodiments, the one or more amino acids is histidine or a salt thereof, optionally further including arginine or a salt thereof. Optionally, the monoclonal antibody is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about 5 to about 8.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 15 of 46

In another embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a polyol, a non-ionic surfactant and one or more free amino acids; the formulation contains negligible or non-detectable levels of ionic excipients, and thus negligible or non-detectable levels of an acetate buffer or salt, negligible or non-detectable levels a citrate buffering system and negligible or non-detectable levels of a phosphate buffering system. The formulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form. Accordingly, when the formulation is in an aqueous media or the dry powder form is reconstituted or exposed to an aqueous media, the resulting composition has a low conductivity. In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof; preferably, the polyol is mannitol or sucrose. In more particular embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188); preferably, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. In yet more particular embodiments, the one or more free amino acids is selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and combinations of any two or more of the foregoing; preferably, the amino acid is histidine and/or arginine. Preferably, the monoclonal antibody is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about 5 to about 8.

In another embodiment, the formulation consists essentially of or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a polyol, and a non-ionic surfactant; the formulation contains low, negligible or non-detectable levels of salts and/or buffering systems; for example, the formulation contains negligible or non-detectable levels of acetate salt, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers, and amino acids salts. The formulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form. In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof; preferably, the polyol is mannitol. In more particular embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188); preferably, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. Preferably, the monoclonal antibody is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

Aqueous/Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a liquid pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody, which is a solution, suspension, or a dispersion (e.g., a buffered aqueous solution). A buffered solution can include a citrate buffer or a phosphate buffer, e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate, disodium phosphate dihydrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate; polyols, such as mannitol or sucrose; salts, such as sodium chloride or sodium acetate; a detergent, such as a non-ionic surfactant, including polysorbate 20 or 80; and a mineral base or acid, such as sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid, for pH adjustment.

pH of Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, the pH of a liquid composition can be from about 4 to about 8, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. In some embodiments, the pH of a liquid composition can be from about 5 to about 8, from about 5.5 to about 7.5, about 6.0 to about 7.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.5, such as about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4 or about 6.5.

Concentration of Antibody in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation can include a high concentration of an antibody, e.g., ranging from about 40 to about 400 mg/mL, about 1 to about 150 mg/mL, or about 50 to about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation is stable without the need for any additional agents. Concentration of an antibody in a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation may for example be greater than about 45 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, or about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion or a biosimilar, or other therapeutic protein, can remain soluble at a high protein concentration (e.g., at least about 40 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 85 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 96 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 105 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, or more) and does not contain a buffer or a salt. In some embodiments, the concentration of an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment or a biosimilar thereof, in the formulation can be about 90-110 mg/mL, about 95-105 mg/mL, or about 75-125 mg/mL.

Preferably, the formulation is a high concentration formulation wherein the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is greater than 100 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL or at least about or at least about 125 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 150 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 175 mg/mL. In yet other aspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation ranges from about 100 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, from about 110 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, from about 125 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or from about 150 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In some aspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation ranges from about 140 mg/mL to about 180 mg/mL. In some aspects, the concentration of the antibody is about 150 mg/mL. In some aspects, the concentration of the antibody is about 175 mg/mL.

Concentration of Surfactant in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, a surfactant used in a liquid formulation is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 80). For example, the concentration of a surfactant (such as polysorbate) in a liquid formulation may be about 0.1-1.5 mg/mL, about 0.2-1.4 mg/mL, about 0.3-1.3 mg/mL, about 0.4-1.2 mg/mL, about 0.5-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.0 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.7-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.8-1.1 mg/mL, or about 0.9-1.1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the polysorbate in a liquid formulation is at a concentration of about 0.1-10 mg/mL, about 0.5-5 mg/mL, about 0.1-2 mg/mL, or about 1 mg/mL. In another example, the concentration of the surfactant in a formulation may be from about 10 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, such as for example about 20 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, about 120 mg/mL, about 130 mg/mL, about 140 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 180 mg/mL, or about 200 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 16 of 46

Concentration of a Polyol in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, the concentration of a polyol in a liquid formulation is less than about 50 mg/mL or about 45 mg/mL. In others, a liquid formulation contains about 38-46 mg/mL of the polyol (e.g., mannitol). That is, a liquid formulation can include about 35 mg/mL, about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, or about 55 mg/mL of the polyol. In addition, ranges of values using a combination of any of the above recited values as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included, e.g., there may be about 39-45 mg/mL, about 40-44 mg/mL, or about 37-47 mg/mL of polyol in the composition. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation includes about 12-72 mg/mL of polyol, e.g., mannitol. A liquid formulation may include mannitol or sorbitol.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises an antibody, or an antigen binding portion or a biosimilar thereof, at a concentration of more than about 50 mg/mL, less than about 50 mg/mL of a polyol (such as mannitol), and a surfactant, such as polysorbate. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises an antibody at a concentration of about 90-110 mg/mL, and a polyol at a concentration of less than about 50 mg/mL, and a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80).

In some embodiments, the concentration of polyol (e.g., non-reducing sugar) in a liquid antibody formulation (e.g., pre-drying or post-reconstitution) can be in the range from about 10 mM to about 1 M, for example, from about 60 mM to about 600 mM, about 100 mM to about 450 mM, about 200 mM to about 350 mM, about 250 mM to about 325 mM, or about 275 mM to about 300 mM.

Amino Acids in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation can include one or more amino acids and/or salts thereof, such as histidine or a combination of histidine and arginine, or more particularly, L-histidine and/or L-arginine. In some embodiments, the concentrations of the amino acid and/or salts thereof for liquid formulations are in the range from about 10 mM to about 0.5 M, about 15 mM to about 300 mM, about 20 mM to about 200 mM, about 25 mM to about 150 mM, about 50 mM, or about 125 mM.

Exemplary Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), a surfactant, and a polyol, and does not contain a buffer or a salt. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises less than 50 mg/mL of a polyol. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), a surfactant, and a polyol; wherein the concentration of the antibody, or antigen-binding portion or a biosimilar thereof, is at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, or greater than about 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, or greater than about 150 mg/mL, a surfactant, and a polyol; wherein the formulation does not contain a buffer and a salt. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation consists essentially of a surfactant and about 30-90 mg of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), wherein concentration of the antibody is about 90-110 mg/mL.

In one example, the polyol is mannitol and the surfactant is polysorbate 80. In another example, the liquid composition includes about 5-20 mg/mL of mannitol and about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises at least about 50 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of an antibody, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), and at least about 9% (w/w) of a non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol). In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises at least about 50 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL (or about 60 mg/mL) of an antibody, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), a free amino acid (e.g., arginine) and at least about 9% or 10% (w/w) of a non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol). In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises at least about 60 mg/mL of an antibody, at least about 10% (w/v) of a non-reducing sugar, and at least about 125 mM of one or more free amino acids. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises at least about 60 mg/mL of an antibody, at least about 10% (w/v) of a non-reducing sugar, and at least about 175 mM of one or more free amino acids. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 60 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL of an antibody, a buffering agent and at least about 10% (w/w) of a sugar. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 60 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL of an antibody, histidine and at least about 10% (w/w) of sucrose.

Special Properties of Liquid Formulations/Conductivity

An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), may be formulated in an aqueous formulation essentially as described in US 2009/0291062 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,420,081, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some cases, despite the high concentration of protein, the formulation can have minimal aggregation and can be stored using various methods and forms, e.g., freezing, without deleterious effects that might be expected with high protein formulations. Formulations of the disclosure may in some embodiments not require excipients, such as, for example, surfactants and buffering systems, which are used in traditional formulations to stabilize proteins in solution. However, the formulations may contain these excipients for enhanced stability.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 17 of 46

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation of the disclosure can include low levels of ionic excipients, and thus has low conductivity, e.g., less than 2 mS/cm. The methods and compositions also provide aqueous antibody formulations having low osmolality, e.g., no greater than 30 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, a formulation has a low conductivity, including, for example, a conductivity of less than about 2.5 mS/cm, about 2 mS/cm, about 1.5 mS/cm, about 1 mS/cm, about 0.9 mS/cm, or about 0.5 mS/cm. In some embodiments, a formulation has an osmolality of no more than about 15 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an aqueous formulation comprising an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the protein has a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) of less than about 5 μm, about 4 μm, about 3 μm, about 2 μm, or about 1 μm.

In some embodiments, the liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, a surfactant and a polyol, wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm. In some embodiments, the liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein) at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, a surfactant, and a polyol; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), has a hydrodynamic diameter of less than about 5 nm, about 4 nm, or about 3 nm in the formulation. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), a surfactant, and less than about 50 mg/mL of a polyol, wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm, a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) which is at least about 50% less than the D h of the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration; and a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) of less than about 4 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 1 mS/cm, or about 0.9 mS/cm.

Water-based formulations may comprise non-ionizable excipients that improve, for example, the osmolality or viscosity features of the formulation. Examples of non-ionizable excipients which may be included in aqueous formulations for altering desired characteristics of the formulation include, but are not limited to, mannitol, sorbitol, a non-ionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 or polysorbate 80), sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and maltose.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an aqueous formulation comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein) at a concentration of at least 20 mg/mL and water, wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2.5 mS/cm and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), has a molecular weight greater than about 47 kDa. In some embodiments, the concentration of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is at least 50 mg/mL, and the formulation has an osmolality of no more than about 30 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) which is at least about 50% less than the D h of the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, in a buffered solution at the same concentration; more particularly, wherein the buffered solution is PBS.

Methods of Making Aqueous Formulations

Skilled practitioners will appreciate that any number of methods may be used to make an aqueous formulation. Methods of making aqueous formulations, as disclosed in US 2009/0291062 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,420,081, may be based on a diafiltration process wherein a first solution containing a protein is diafiltered using water as a diafiltration medium. Protein production operations often involve final diafiltration of a protein solution into a formulation buffer once the protein has been purified from impurities resulting from its expression. For example, an aqueous formulation may be made by subjecting a protein solution to diafiltration using water alone as a diafiltration solution. Proteins may be transferred into pure water for use in a stable formulation, wherein the protein remains in solution and can be concentrated at high levels without the use of other agents to maintain its stability. Diafiltration uses membranes to remove, replace, or lower the concentration of salts or solvents from the protein solutions. Diafiltration or diafiltration/ultrafiltration (DF/UF) selectively utilizes permeable (porous) membrane filters to separate the components of solutions and suspensions based on their molecular size. One parameter for selecting a membrane for concentration is its retention characteristics for the sample to be concentrated. To assure complete retention, the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane should be about ⅓ rd to about ⅙ th of the molecular weight of the molecule to be retained. In order to prepare a low-ionic protein formulation, the protein solution (which may be solubilized in a buffered formulation) is subjected to a DF/UF process, whereby water is used as a DF/UF medium. In some embodiments, the DF/UF medium consists of water and does not include any other excipients. Any water can be used in the DF/UF process, although particularly useful water is purified or deionized water. The process may be performed such that there is at least a determined volume exchange, e.g., a five-fold volume exchange, with the water. The resulting aqueous formulation has a significant decrease in the overall percentage of excipients in comparison to the initial protein solution. For example, 95-99% less excipients may be found in the aqueous formulation in comparison to the initial protein solution. Despite the decrease in excipients, the protein can remain soluble and retain its biological activity, even at high concentrations. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure result in compositions comprising an increase in concentration of the protein while decreasing additional components, such as ionic excipients. As such, the hydrodynamic diameter of the protein in the aqueous formulation is smaller relative to the same protein in a standard buffering solution, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Methods may include diafiltering a protein solution using water as a diafiltration medium and subsequently concentrating the resulting aqueous solution. Concentration following diafiltration results in an aqueous formulation containing water and an increased protein concentration relative to the first protein solution. Concentration of the diafiltered protein solution may be achieved through means known in the art, including centrifugation. There are two forms of DF/UF, including DF/UF in discontinuous mode and DF/UF in continuous mode. Useful methods described herein may be performed according to either mode.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 18 of 46

In some embodiments, the first protein solution is subjected to a repeated volume exchange with the water, such that an aqueous formulation, which is essentially water and protein, is achieved. The diafiltration step may be performed any number of times, depending on the protein in solution, wherein one diafiltration step equals one total volume exchange. As a result of the diafiltration methods, the concentration of solutes in the first protein solution is significantly reduced in the final aqueous formulation comprising essentially water and protein. For example, the aqueous formulation may have a final concentration of excipients which is at least 95% less than the first protein solution, and preferably at least 99% less than the first protein solution. For example, in one embodiment, to dissolve a protein in WFI is a process that creates a theoretical final excipient concentration, reached by constant volume diafiltration with five diafiltration volumes, that is equal or approximate to Ci e=0.00674, i.e., an approximate 99.3% maximum excipient reduction.

The terms “excipient-free” or “free of excipients” indicate that the formulation is essentially free of excipients. In some embodiments, excipient-free indicates buffer-free, salt free, sugar-free, amino acid-free, surfactant-free, and/or polyol free. In some embodiments, the term “essentially free of excipients” indicates that the solution or formulation is at least 99% free of excipients. It should be noted, however, that in certain embodiments, a formulation may comprise a certain specified non-ionic excipient, e.g., sucrose or mannitol, and yet the formulation is otherwise excipient free. For example, a formulation may comprise water, a protein, and mannitol, wherein the formulation is otherwise excipient free. In another example, a formulation may comprise water, a protein, and polysorbate 80, wherein the formulation is otherwise excipient free. In yet another example, the formulation may comprise water, a protein, a sorbitol, and polysorbate 80, wherein the formulation is otherwise excipient free.

In some embodiments, certain characteristics of the formulation may be adjusted, such as the osmolality and/or viscosity, as desired in high protein concentration-water solutions, by adding non-ionic excipients (e.g., mannitol) without changing other desired features, such as non-opalescence. As such, either during or following the transfer of the protein to water or during the course of the diafiltration, excipients may be added that improve, for example, the osmolality or viscosity features of the formulation. Such non-ionic excipients could be added during the process of the transfer of the protein into the final low ionic formulation. Examples of non-ionizable excipients that may be added to the aqueous formulation for altering desired characteristics of the formulation include, but are not limited to, mannitol, sorbitol, a non-ionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60 or polysorbate 80), sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and maltose.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation can be a solution or suspension prepared in a suitable aqueous solvent, e.g., water or aqueous/organic mixture, such as a water/alcohol mixture. Liquid formulations may be refrigerated (e.g., 2-8° C.) or frozen (e.g., at −20° C. or −80° C.) for storage.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for generating a high concentration, aqueous protein suspension preparation, wherein proteins can be therapeutic antibodies. The suspension comprises a protein and a polyamino acid, which serves as a precipitant. The protein and polyamino acid (e.g., poly-L-lysine or poly-L-glutamic acid) form a complex at low ionic strength that is suspended in the buffer. In one example, proteins at about 1.0 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL are fully precipitated by the addition of about 0.05-0.3 mg/mL poly(amino acid). The protein is stabilized and can be concentrated by removing water or supernatant from the aqueous suspension, for example, following centrifugation of the precipitates. The precipitates are then dissolved by addition of a buffer with salt, for example, at physiological ionic strength of 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl).

These methods result in redissolved proteins that retain the original activity and native secondary structure of the protein. Also, the method of the present disclosure eliminates the need for the addition of additives that may be necessary for other formulations. In some embodiments, the suspension preparation does not need a dissolving step. The preparation method also has the advantage of producing a concentrated suspension with a relatively low viscosity as compared to other high concentration protein formulations. Exemplary methods and preparations for generating high concentration protein formulations via precipitation and re-dissolution using polyamino acid are described, for example, in US application publication No. 2016/0206752 and Kurinomaru, Takaaki, et al., “Protein-poly (amino acid) complex precipitation for high-concentration protein formulation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 103.8 (2014):2248-2254, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Solid Formulations

In some aspects, the antibody is provide as a solid. In some aspects, the antibody is provided in crystalline form. In other embodiments, the antibody is provided in amorphous form. In some embodiments, the drug is provided as a lyophilized powder or in extruded form. In one embodiment, the solid drug formulation comprises, consists of or consists essentially of the antibody.

In the case of such solid formulations, such as powders (e.g., for direct incorporation into a device as disclosed herein, or for the preparation of solutions for incorporation into a device as disclosed herein), useful methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the antibody plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously prepared solution thereof. In some embodiments, a solid formulation (e.g., in a dried state) can be stable for at least three months at about 40° C. and 75% relative humidity (RH). A solid formulation may also have a moisture content of no more than about 5%, about 4.5%, about 4%, about 3.5%, about 3%, about 2.5%, about 2%, about 1.5%, or about 1%; or the solid formulation is substantially anhydrous.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 19 of 46

Amount of Antibody in Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a lyophile after the lyophilization contains, for example, from about 50 wt. % to about 100 wt. %, from about 55 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, from about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, or from about 70 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of an antibody. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation can be reconstituted from a solid lyophilized formulation (e.g., reconstituted to comprise a stable liquid formulation as described herein).

Amount of Polyol in Solid Formulations

The amount of a polyol (e.g., mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, etc.), in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) antibody formulation can be, e.g., in the range from about 40% to about 70% (w/w of dry formulation). More particularly, an amount of the polyol in the dry (e.g., lyophilized) antibody formulation can be in the range from about 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 55% or about 51% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount of the polyol in the dry (e.g., lyophilized) antibody formulation is greater than about 51% (w/w of dry formulation) when the antibody amount is about 31% (w/w of dry formulation) or greater than about a 1.6:1 mass ratio of the polyol (e.g., non-reducing sugar) to the antibody in the dry formulation.

Amount of Amino Acid in Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, an amount of a free amino acid (and/or salt thereof) in a dry, (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be in the range from about 1% to about 10% (w/w of dry formulation), or from about 3% to about 6% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount of amino acid in a dry, (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be greater than about 4% (w/w of the dry formulation) when the antibody amount is about 31% (w/w of the dry formulation) or greater than about a 0.15:1 mass ratio of the amino acid to protein in the dry formulation. In still yet another embodiment, an amount of free amino acid in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be in the range from about 4% to about 20% (w/w of dry formulation), or from about 10% to about 15% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount of amino acid in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be greater than about 13% (w/w of the dry formulation) when the protein amount is about 31% (w/w of the dry formulation) or greater than about a 0.4:1 mass ratio of amino acid to protein in the dry formulation. In some embodiments, the amino acid is histidine or arginine or a combination of both.

Amount of Surfactant in Solid Formulations

A surfactant concentration, e.g., in a pre-drying, (e.g., before lyophilization) or post-reconstitution formulation, can be, e.g., from about 0.0001% to about 1.0%, from about 0.01% to about 0.1%, for example about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08,%, about 0.09% (w/v), about 0.05% to about 0.07%, or about 0.06% (w/v). A surfactant amount, e.g., in a dry, (e.g., lyophilized) formulation, can generally be from about 0.01% to about 3.0% (w/w), from about 0.10% to about 1.0%, for example about 0.15%, about 0.20%, about 0.25%, about 0.30%, about 0.35%, about 0.40%, or about 0.50% (w/w). In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate 80.

Exemplary Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a solid (e.g., lyophilized) formulation comprises a mixture of a polyol, such as a non-reducing sugar, an antibody, histidine, arginine, and polysorbate 80, and the molar ratio of polyol (e.g., non-reducing sugar) to the antibody (mole:mole) is greater than about 600:1. In some embodiments, a solid (e.g., lyophilized) formulation comprises a mixture of a polyol, such as a non-reducing sugar, an antibody, histidine, arginine, and polysorbate 80, molar ratio of non-reducing sugar to the antibody (mole:mole) is greater than about 600:1, and the molar ratio of arginine to the antibody (mole:mole) in the formulation is greater than 250:1.

Methods of Making Solid Formulations

Freeze-drying is a commonly employed technique for preserving proteins; freeze-drying serves to remove water from the protein preparation of interest. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process by which the material to be dried is first frozen and then the ice or frozen solvent is removed by sublimation under vacuum. Excipients can be included in the pre-lyophilized formulation to stabilize proteins during the lyophilization process and/or to improve the stability of the lyophilized protein formulation (Pikal M., Biopharm. 3(9)26-30 (1990) and Arakawa et al. Pharm. Res. 8(3):285-291 (1991)).

Amorphous proteins can be obtained by any suitable means, including freeze drying, spray-drying, spray-freeze drying, or precipitation, for example, from supercritical fluids. The foregoing processes, being relatively mild, advantageously provide the biologic protein in stable form with retention of the therapeutic activity.

Reconstitution of Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a solid formulation can be dissolved (e.g., reconstituted) in a suitable medium or solvent to become a liquid formulation as described herein, suitable for administration to a patient by any suitable route, including incorporation into a device as disclosed herein. Suitable examples of solvents for reconstituting the solid formulation include water, isotonic saline, buffer, e.g., phosphate-buffered saline, citrate-buffered saline, Ringer's (lactated or dextrose) solution, minimal essential medium, alcohol/aqueous solutions, dextrose solution, etc. The amount of solvent can result in an antibody concentration higher, the same, or lower than the concentration of the antibody in the composition prior to drying.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation is lyophilized and stored as a single dose in a container which may contain at least about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 240 mg, about 300 mg, about 360 mg, about 540 mg, or about 900 mg of an antibody. The final dosage form, e.g., after dilution of the reconstituted antibody (e.g., in a saline or 5% dextrose), concentration of the antibody can be from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL, for example, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 175 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or greater.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 20 of 46

Controlled-Release Formulations and Formulations with Encapsulated Therapeutic Proteins

An antibody or another therapeutic protein may be prepared with a carrier that will protect it against rapid release, such as in a controlled-release formulation, including microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used in these formulations, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for preparing such formulations are known to skilled practitioners. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.

In some embodiments, when antibody is crystalline, the protein crystals in the formulation can be embedded in, or encapsulated by, an excipient. Suitable examples of such excipients include any one or more of the polymers described herein. In some embodiments, crystals can then be embedded by drying the crystals and combining these dried crystals with a carrier, e.g., by compression, melt dispersion, etc. In some embodiments, crystals may be encapsulated/embedded by combining a crystal suspension with a carrier solution that is not miscible with water. The carrier precipitates after removal of the solvent of the carrier. Subsequently, the material is dried. In some embodiments, antibody crystals are encapsulated/embedded by combining a crystal suspension with a water miscible carrier solution. The carrier precipitates as its solubility limit is exceeded in the mixture. In some embodiments, antibody crystals are embedded by combining dried crystals or a crystal suspension with a water miscible carrier solution.

Antibody crystals may be encapsulated within a polymeric carrier to form coated particles. The coated particles of an antibody crystal formulation may have a spherical morphology and be microspheres of up to 500 micrometers in diameter or they may have some other morphology and be microparticulates. Formulations and methods of preparing the formulations comprising antibody crystals are described in WO 02/072636, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Also useful are formulations comprising an antibody or other therapeutic protein, and a controlled release matrix comprising at least one lipid or lipophilic vehicle; at least one hydrophilic polymer; at least one hygroscopic polymer; and at least one non-ionic surfactant. In one example, the matrix dissolves in the colon. Suitable examples of liquid lipid or lipophilic vehicle include, e.g., olive oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, paraffin oil, and mineral oil. Suitable examples of hygroscopic polymers include, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, copovidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and polyethylene oxide. Suitable examples of non-ionic surfactants include, e.g., pluronic, lutrol, tween 80, span 80, egetal, and triton X-100. Additional examples of extended release matrixes are provided, for example, in US 2016/0287525, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

A formulation may comprise a semi-crystalline matrix, and an antibody or other therapeutic protein in microparticulate or nanoparticulate form entrapped in the matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix can comprise at least one semi-crystalline water soluble polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight of the total mass of the matrix. In one example, the matrix is characterized by a melting point of at least about 40° C. and is water soluble. Suitable examples of semi-crystalline water soluble polymers include, e.g., polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycol copolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene stearates, carrageenans, and alginates, and mixtures thereof. Other examples of such formulations are described in US2017/0273909, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Exemplified Controlled-Release Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of the present disclosure comprises oleic acid; a polyethylene glycol glyceride ester; a poloxamer non-ionic surfactant; a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl acetate; a carbomer polymer; dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer; and an antibody.

In some embodiments, a formulation of the present disclosure comprises a controlled release matrix comprising about 40% to about 55% oleic acid; about 5% to about 20% GELUCIRE® 43/01; about 1% to about 10% LUTROL® 127U; about 2% to about 8% KOLLIDON® SR; about 1% to about 6% CARBOPOL® 971 A; about 2% to about 8% EUDRAGIT® EPO; and about 25% to about 33% of an antibody.

Formulations Containing Adalimumab

In some embodiments, the present application provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising adalimumab (also known as antibody D2E7). The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “adalimumab” includes antibody or monoclonal adalimumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Low Acidic Species of Adalimumab in Liquid and Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, formulations of adalimumab comprise the antibody having a percentage of acidic species (AR) that is not the same as the percentage of AR present in adalimumab formulated as HUMIRA® as currently approved and described in the “Highlights of Prescribing Information” for HUMIRA® (adalimumab) Injection (Revised January 2008), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In one example, the low AR adalimumab has a percentage of AR that is lower than the percentage of AR present in adalimumab formulated as HUMIRA®. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises any one of the low acidic species described, e.g., in US 2015/0110799, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab can include less than about 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic species of adalimumab have a net negative charge relative to the adalimumab main species and the acidic species comprise species selected from the group consisting of charge variants, structure variants, fragmentation variants and any combinations thereof, and wherein the acidic species of adalimumab do not include process-related impurities selected from the group consisting of host cell proteins, host cell nucleic acids, chromatographic materials and media components.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 21 of 46

Formulations containing Crystalline Forms of Adalimumab

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises the antibody in a crystalline form. In one example, the formulation comprises a crystal of adalimumab wherein the crystal has a needle morphology with a length of about 2-500 μm, or about 100-300 μm, and an 1/d ratio of about 3 to 30. Crystals may be obtained from a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, or both.

The crystal of the antibody may be obtained by a batch crystallization method, which may include (a) combining an aqueous solution of adalimumab, an inorganic phosphate salt, and an acetate buffer to obtain an aqueous crystallization mixture, wherein the aqueous crystallization mixture has a pH about 3 to about 5, has an acetate buffer concentration of about 0 M to about 0.5 M, has an inorganic phosphate salt concentration of about 1 M to about 6 M, and has an antibody concentration of about 0.5 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; and incubating the aqueous crystallization mixture at a temperature of about 4° C. to 37° C. until a crystal of the antibody is formed. In some embodiments, the formulation is a crystal slurry, having adalimumab concentration greater than about 100 mg/mL or 100 mg/g.

pH of Aqueous Formulation of Adalimumab

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab is a liquid pharmaceutical formulation as described herein. The pH of such a formulation can be, e.g., from about 4 to about 8, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2, inclusive. In some embodiments, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8.

Concentration of Adalimumab in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab contains a high concentration of adalimumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, or up to 100 mg/mL. In other embodiments, the liquid formulation of adalimumab contains an even higher concentration of adalimumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, or greater than 175 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation is an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising adalimumab, a polyol, a surfactant, and a buffer system comprising citrate and/or phosphate with a pH of about 4 to 8, in amounts sufficient to formulate the antibody for therapeutic use at a concentration of greater than 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises the antibody at a concentration of at least about 110 mg/mL, at least about 125 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL or at least about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation is between about 1 mg to about 150 mg, inclusive, of antibody per mL of a liquid formulation. In others, the concentration of is between about 5 mg to about 80 mg per mL. In still others, the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation is between about 25 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, inclusive. In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in a liquid formulation is about 1-150 mg/mL, about 5-145 mg/mL, about 10-140 mg/mL, about 15-135 mg/mL, about 20-130 mg/mL, about 25-125 mg/mL, about 30-120 mg/mL, about 35-115 mg/mL, about 40-110 mg/mL, about 45-105 mg/mL, about 50-100 mg/mL, about 55-95 mg/mL, about 60-90 mg/mL, about 65-85 mg/mL, about 70-80 mg/mL, or about 75 mg/mL. Ranges intermediate to the above recited concentrations, e.g., about 6-144 mg/mL, are also intended to be part of this disclosure. For example, ranges of values using a combination of any of the above recited values as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included. In some embodiments, the formulation of adalimumab contains a high antibody concentration, such as for example about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 85 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 95 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 105 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, about 115 mg/mL (or higher) of adalimumab. In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in a liquid formulation is about 40-125 mg/mL, about 50-150 mg/mL, about 55-150 mg/mL, about 60-150 mg/mL, about 65-150 mg/mL, about 70-150 mg/mL, about 75-150 mg/mL, about 80-150 mg/mL, about 85-150 mg/mL, about 90-150 mg/mL, about 90-110 mg/mL, about 95-105 mg/mL, about 95-150 mg/mL, about 100-150 mg/mL, about 105-150 mg/mL, about 110-150 mg/mL, about 115-150 mg/mL, about 120-150 mg/mL, about 125-150 mg/mL, about 125-200 mg/mL, about 50-130 mg/mL, about 95-105 mg/mL, about 75-125 mg/mL of adalimumab, or at least about 200 mg/mL.

Buffering Agents in Aqueous Solutions of Adalimumab

The present disclosure provides an aqueous formulation comprising adalimumab in a pH-buffered solution. In one example, a liquid formulation comprises adalimumab in combination with mannitol, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, disodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, sodium chloride, polysorbate 80, water, and sodium hydroxide. The buffer may have a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. Suitable examples of buffers that will control the pH within the above ranges include acetate (e.g., sodium acetate), succinate (such as sodium succinate), gluconate, histidine, citrate and other organic acid buffers.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation may be buffered with histidine (and optionally arginine) amino acids and an acetate, while minimizing sodium chloride, with the buffers enhancing the thermal and colloidal stability of the antibody, even more so than formulations of adalimumab currently approved for patient use (e.g., currently approved injectable solutions). In some embodiments, the formulation contains a fine balance of an acidic pH of about 5.2 with the appropriate salts and buffer components. High levels of salt may induce aggregation and degradation, which could be improved by lowering the salt level. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a buffered formulation of adalimumab comprising an aqueous carrier comprising buffer comprising histidine (and optionally arginine) amino acids and an acetate, and comprising mannitol, a non-ionic surfactant, and a minimal amount of sodium chloride.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 22 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises a buffer system that contains citrate and phosphate to maintain the pH in a range of about 4 to about 8, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. In one example, the buffer system includes citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, disodium phosphate dihydrate, and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate. In another example, the buffer system includes about 1.3 mg/mL of citric acid (e.g., 1.305 mg/mL), about 0.3 mg/mL of sodium citrate (e.g., 0.305 mg/mL), about 1.5 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate (e.g., 1.53 mg/mL), about 0.9 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (e.g., 0.86), and about 6.2 mg/mL of sodium chloride (e.g., 6.165 mg/mL). In additional examples, the buffer system includes about 1-1.5 mg/mL of citric acid, about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL of sodium citrate, about 1.25 mg/mL to about 1.75 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.7 mg/mL to about 1.1 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and about 6.0 mg/mL to about 6.4 mg/mL of sodium chloride. The pH of a formulation can be adjusted with an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, a liquid pharmaceutical formulation of adalimumab comprises about 1.3 mg/mL of citric acid, about 0.3 mg/mL of sodium citrate, about 1.5 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.9 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and about 6.2 mg/mL of sodium chloride. In other embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation of adalimumab comprises about 1.305 mg/mL of citric acid, about 0.305 mg/mL of sodium citrate, about 1.53 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.86 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and about 6.165 mg/mL of sodium chloride.

Polyols in Solid and Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab

A polyol, which acts as a tonicifier and may stabilize adalimumab, may be included in a formulation of adalimumab. The polyol can be added to the formulation in an amount that may vary with respect to the desired isotonicity of the formulation. In some embodiments, the aqueous formulation is isotonic. The amount of polyol added may also vary with respect to the molecular weight of the polyol. For example, a lower amount of a monosaccharide (e.g., mannitol) may be added, compared to a disaccharide (such as trehalose). In some embodiments, the polyol used in the formulation as a tonicity agent can be mannitol. For example, the mannitol concentration can be about 5-20 mg/mL, about 7.5-15 mg/mL, about 10-14 mg/mL, or about 12 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the polyol sorbitol is included in the formulation.

Surfactants in Solid and Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab

A detergent or surfactant may be added to a formulation of adalimumab. Exemplary detergents include nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates (e.g., polysorbates 20, 80, etc.) or poloxamers (e.g., poloxamer 188 or 407). The amount of detergent added can be such that it reduces aggregation of adalimumab, minimizes the formation of particulates in the formulation and reduces adsorption. In some embodiments, the formulation includes a surfactant which is a polysorbate such as polysorbate 80 or Tween 80. Tween 80 is a term used to describe polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonooleate (see Fiedler, Lexikon der Hifsstoffe, Editio Cantor Verlag Aulendorf, 4th edi., 1996). In some embodiments, the formulation can be liquid and contain from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, about 0.1%, or about 0.2% of polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation of adalimumab contains about 0.1-2 mg/mL, about 0.1-1.5 mg/mL, about 0.2-1.4 mg/mL, about 0.3-1.3 mg/mL, about 0.4-1.2 mg/mL, about 0.5-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.0 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.7-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.8-1.1 mg/mL, or about 0.9-1.1 mg/mL of a surfactant such as polysorbate 80.

Exemplary Dosage of Adalimumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab can include about 20-100 mg, about 20-110 mg, about 20-90 mg, about 30-80 mg, about 30-90 mg, about 30-100 mg, about 60-100 mg, about 40-90 mg, or about 40-100 mg of adalimumab. In some embodiments, the formulation includes about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about 80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg. 85 mg, about 86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg, about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about 97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 101 mg, about 102 mg, about 103 mg, about 104 mg, about 105 mg, about 106 mg, about 107 mg, about 108 mg, about 109 mg, or about 110 mg of adalimumab. Ranges including the aforementioned numbers are also included in the disclosure, e.g., about 70-90 mg, about 65-95 mg, about 75-85 mg, or about 60-85 mg of adalimumab. In some embodiments, an effective amount of adalimumab is about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg, about 95 mg, or about 100 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab can include about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of adalimumab. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction dose of about 160 mg of adalimumab. In other embodiments, the formulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, or about 40 mg to about 80 mg of adalimumab.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 23 of 46

Special Properties of Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab/Conductivity

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab does not contain any buffer(s) (e.g., citrate and phosphate) or salt(s). It should be noted, however, that although said formulation may not contain buffer or salt (e.g., NaCl), a small trace amount of a buffer and/or a salt may be present in the formulation. In some embodiments, the formulations do not contain detectable levels of a buffer(s) and/or a salt.

In some embodiments, the formulation contains adalimumab at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL (or about 75-125 mg/mL), a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80), and has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm. In one example, the formulation also contains a polyol (e.g., sorbitol or mannitol).

In some embodiments, a formulation contains adalimumab at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL (or about 75-125 mg/mL), about 0.8-1.3 mg/mL of a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80), and has a conductivity of less than 2 mS/cm. In one example, the formulation also contains less than about 50 mg/mL of a polyol (e.g., sorbitol or mannitol).

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation of adalimumab comprises adalimumab, a surfactant, and less than 50 mg/mL of a polyol, where the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm and a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) which is at least about 50% less than the D h of the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration.

Formulations of Adalimumab for Administration in Combination with Methotrexate

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab is administered to a patient in combination with methotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one example, the formulation of adalimumab and methotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are administered to a patient simultaneously or consecutively, for example, in separate dosage forms. In another example, a formulation of adalimumab is administered to the subject in a device as described herein, and methotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to the subject in a conventional dosage form, such as a tablet or gelatin capsule. In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab and a therapeutically effective amount of methotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a patient in the same dosage form (e.g., in a device as described herein).

Exemplified Adalimumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises adalimumab, polysorbate 80, mannitol, and water for injection. In some more particular embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, polysorbate 80, mannitol, and water for injection. In even more particular embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation is about 100 mg/mL. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is HUMIRA® 40 mg concentrate for injection, as provided in commercially available pre-filled syringes or pens (AbbVie Limited, Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 2 May 2018). In other embodiments, the formulation comprises, consists of or consists essentially of adalimumab, polysorbate 80, mannitol and water for injection, and the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation is greater than about 100 mg/mL. In yet other embodiments, the formulation comprises, consists of or consists essentially of adalimumab, polysorbate 80, mannitol and water for injection, and the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, at least about 125 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL or at least about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of or consists of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2. In one embodiment, the formulation is HUMIRA® (adalimumab) for injection, for subcutaneous use, for example, as initially approved in the U.S. in 2002. In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the adalimumab in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 24 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In one embodiment, the formulation is HUMIRA® 40 mg concentrate for injection, as provided in commercially available pre-filled syringes or pens (AbbVie Limited, Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 2 May 2018).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an adalimumab concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 80 mg of adalimumab, water for injection, about 42 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 1 mg/mL of polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 80 mg of adalimumab, water for injection, and about 1 mg/mL polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 1-150 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 5-20 mg/mL of mannitol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of Tween-80, and a buffer system comprising citrate and/or phosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8. In one example, the formulation comprises about 40 mg of adalimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 50 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 12 mg/mL of mannitol, about 1 mg/mL of Tween-80, and a buffer system comprising citrate and/or phosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8. In one example, the formulation comprises about 40 mg of adalimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation of adalimumab consists essentially of a surfactant and about 30-90 mg of adalimumab, where the formulation has an antibody concentration of about 90-110 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation consists essentially of about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42 mg/mL of mannitol, where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to 5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42 mg/mL of mannitol; where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about 5.7, and where the formulation has a characteristic selected from the group consisting of a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm; a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) which is at least about 50% less than the D h of the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration; and a hydrodynamic diameter (D h ) of less than about 4 nm.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 25 of 46

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation consists essentially of about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80 and about 40 mg of adalimumab, where the concentration of adalimumab is about 100 mg/mL, and the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about 5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 20 to about 150 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 5-20 mg/mL of mannitol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate-80, and a buffer system comprising citrate and phosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprises about 40 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5 to about 15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5 to about 5 mg/mL of polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50-100 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5-15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5-5 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, wherein the pH of the formulation is about 5.0-6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5-15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5-5 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, wherein the pH of the formulation is about 4.5 to about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45-105 mg/mL of adalimumab, a polyol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, and a buffer system having a pH of about 4.5 to 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45-150 mg/mL of adalimumab, a polyol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, and a buffer system having a pH of about 4.5 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab, trehalose, and about 0.5-5 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, where the formulation has a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45 to about 105 mg/mL of adalimumab, trehalose, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, and a buffer system comprising acetate and having a pH of about 4.5 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80, and about 42 mg/mL of mannitol, where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about 5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50 to about 100 mg/mL adalimumab, trehalose, and about 0.5-5 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, where the formulation has a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises an aqueous buffer comprising from about 10 mM to about 30 mM of acetate or an acetate salt (e.g., sodium acetate trihydrate), from about 15 mM to about 20 mM of histidine and/or a histidine salt and from about 0 mM to about 30 mM of arginine, from about 200 mM to about 206 mM of sorbitol, and about 0.07% (v/v) to about 0.15% (v/v) of a non-ionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80). In these embodiments, the formulation has a pH of from about 5.1 to about 5.3 (e.g., about 5.2).

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises a buffer comprising from about 1 mM to about 30 mM of an acetate salt, from about 10 mM to about 30 mM of histidine and/or a histidine salt, about 201 mM to about 205 mM of sorbitol, and about 0.08% (v/v) to about 0.12% (v/v) of polysorbate 80. In one example, the antibody formulation has a pH of from about 5.1 to about 5.3 (e.g., about 5.2). In another example, the buffer comprises from about 0.1 to about 30 mM of arginine and/or an arginine salt. In another example, the acetate salt comprises sodium acetate trihydrate. In another example, the formulation comprises from about 35 mg to about 45 mg of adalimumab, e.g., from about 37 mg to about 43 mg, or about 40 mg of adalimumab. In another example, the formulation does not comprise NaCl, a citrate, or a phosphate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises adalimumab, sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation (e.g., aqueous solution) or a solid formulation (e.g., lyophilized cake).

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises adalimumab, sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, mannitol, polysorbate 80, and water.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation of adalimumab comprises about 0.8 mL of a solution for injection comprising:

In some embodiments, the density of the solution for injection is about 1.022 g/mL. In some embodiments, smaller volumes may be used, for example, for incorporation into a device of the present invention, for example, a volume of about 0.4 mg/mL may be incorporated into the device or device reservoir.

In some embodiments, each 0.8 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises about 40 mg adalimumab, about 4.93 mg sodium chloride, about 0.69 mg monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 1.22 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.24 mg sodium citrate, about 1.04 mg citric acid monohydrate, about 9.6 mg mannitol, about 0.8 mg polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of the liquid formulation is about 5.2.

In some embodiments, each 0.2 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises about 20 mg adalimumab, mannitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also comprises citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of adalimumab are disclosed, for example, in US Publication Nos. US 2015/0110799, US 2012/026373, US 2012/0263731, US 2010/0034823; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,821,865, 8,034,906, and 8,436,149; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/016286 and WO 2017/136433, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 26 of 46

Formulations Containing Vedolizumab

In some embodiments, the present application provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising vedolizumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “vedolizumab” includes antibody or monoclonal vedolizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises vedolizumab, at least one amino acid, a sugar, and a surfactant. In one example, the amino acid is histidine, arginine, or a combination thereof. In other aspects, the sugar is sucrose. In yet other aspects, the surfactant is polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab is stable for a prolonged period of time. A dry, (e.g., lyophilized) formulation of vedolizumab may be stable at about 40° C., at about 75% RH for at least about 2-4 weeks, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months, or at least about 18 months. In some embodiments, a formulation (liquid or dry (e.g., lyophilized)) of vedolizumab is stable at about 5° C. and/or 25° C. and about 60% RH for at least about 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 18 months, at least about 24 months, at least about 30 months, at least about 36 months, or at least about 48 months. In another example, a formulation (liquid or dry (e.g., lyophilized)) of vedolizumab is stable at about −20° C. for at least about 3 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 18 months, at least about 24 months, at least about 30 months, at least about 36 months, at least about 42 months, or at least about 48 months. Furthermore, the liquid formulation may, in some embodiments, be stable following freezing (to, e.g., −80° C.) and thawing, such as, for example, following 1, 2 or 3 cycles of freezing and thawing.

Concentration of Vedolizumab in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid (e.g., aqueous) formulation of vedolizumab contains a high concentration of the antibody, for example, from about 1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL of vedolizumab. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of vedolizumab contains a high concentration of vedolizumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, or greater than about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the pH of the liquid formulation of vedolizumab is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Polyols in Solid and Liquid Vedolizumab Formulations

A polyol or sugar in the vedolizumab composition can be a non-reducing sugar. In some embodiments, the polyol or sugar is selected from the group consisting of: mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, melezitose, dextran, maltitol, lactitol, isomaltulose, palatinit, and a combination thereof. A molar ratio of the sugar to vedolizumab can be at least about 600:1; about 625:1; about 650:1; about 675:1, about 700:1; about 750:1, about 800:1, about 1000:1, about 1200:1, about 1400:1, about 1500:1, about 1600:1, about 1700:1, about 1800:1, about 1900:1, or about 2000:1. In some embodiments, the non-reducing sugar concentration in a liquid vedolizumab formulation (e.g., pre-drying or post-reconstitution) is in the range from about 10 mM to about 1 M, for example, from about 60 mM to about 600 mM, about 100 mM to about 450 mM, about 200 mM to about 350 mM, about 250 mM to about 325 mM, or about 275 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, the amount of non-reducing sugar in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) vedolizumab formulation is in the range from about 40% to about 70% (w/w of dry formulation). In some embodiments, an amount of non-reducing sugar in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) vedolizumab formulation is in the range from about 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 55% or about 51% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount of non-reducing sugar in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) vedolizumab formulation is greater than about 51% (w/w of dry formulation) when the vedolizumab amount is about 31% (w/w of dry formulation) or greater than about a 1.6:1 mass ratio of the non-reducing sugar to the antibody in the dry formulation. In some embodiments, sucrose is the non-reducing sugar for use in the vedolizumab formulation.

Methods of preparation of Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

A formulation of vedolizumab may be prepared, for example, as follows. Bottles of frozen, high concentration antibody preparation (vedolizumab, 50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3) are thawed at room temperature for about 16-24 hours. Thawed bottles are pooled into a stainless steel compounding vessel and mixed. The preparation is then diluted with dilution buffer A (50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3) to 80 mg/mL of vedolizumab and mixed. Sucrose is then added by diluting the preparation with dilution buffer B, which contains sucrose (50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 40% sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3). This step dilutes the antibody preparation to a liquid formulation of 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, 50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 10% sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, the pre-lyophilization vedolizumab formulation volume is the same as the pre-administration reconstituted solution volume. For example, a formulation that is about 5.5 mL pre-lyophilization can be reconstituted to a volume of about 5.5 mL, by adding an amount of liquid, e.g., water or saline, that takes into account the volume of the dry solids. In other embodiments, it may be desirable to lyophilize the formulation in a different volume than the reconstituted solution volume. For example, the vedolizumab formulation can be lyophilized as a dilute solution, e.g., 0.25×, 0.5×, or 0.75× and reconstituted to 1× by adding less liquid, e.g., 75% less, half, or 25% less than the pre-lyophilization volume. In some embodiments, a 300 mg dose of vedolizumab can be lyophilized as a 30 mg/mL antibody solution in 5% sucrose and reconstituted to a 60 mg/mL antibody solution in 10% sucrose. Alternatively, a lyophilized vedolizumab formulation can be reconstituted into a more dilute solution than the pre-lyophilized formulation.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 27 of 46

Exemplary Dosage of Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab as described herein is administered to a patient, for example in a device as described herein, to achieve a therapeutically effective dose of about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 6.0 mg/kg, or about 10.0 mg/kg. In some embodiments, effective dose of vedolizumab in the formulation is about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, or about 750 mg. In some embodiments, a 750 mg dose is about 2.5 times the recommended dose for administration to a patient. In some embodiments, the effective dose is about 0.2-10 mg/kg, or about 1-100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the effective dose of vedolizumab is about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about 10.0 mg/kg body weight per treatment, for example about 2 mg/kg to about 7 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg to about 6 mg/kg, or about 3.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the dose administered is about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 9 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg. In some embodiments, vedolizumab is administered at a dose of about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 300 mg, about 500 mg or about 600 mg. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab is administered at a dose of about 108 mg, about 216 mg, about 160 mg, about 165 mg, about 155 to about 180 mg, about 170 mg or about 180 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of vedolizumab.

Exemplary Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 28 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is ENTYVIO®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab is a liquid formulation comprising at least about 50 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of vedolizumab, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), and at least about 9% (w/w) non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least about 50 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL (e.g., about 60 mg/mL) of vedolizumab, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), a free amino acid (e.g., arginine) and at least about 9% or about 10% (w/w) non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol).

A formulation of vedolizumab can be lyophilized and stored as a single dose in one container (e.g., a device as described herein). The container can be stored at about 2-8° C. until it is administered to a subject in need thereof. The container may contain, for example, a 60 mg/mL dose of vedolizumab. The container may contain at least about 120 mg, about 180 mg, about 240 mg, about 300 mg, about 360 mg, about 540 mg, or about 900 mg of the total amount of vedolizumab.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises vedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, and the pH of the formulation is about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous composition comprises about 5 mg/mL of vedolizumab, about 20 mM of citrate/citric acid, about 125 mM of sodium chloride, and about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.0. This formulation may be stored long term at about −70° C. and up to 3 months at about −20° C.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 25 mM histidine, about 75 mM arginine, about 2% sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 25 mM histidine, about 75 mM arginine, about 4% sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.9.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 2% sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.7.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 4% sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.9.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 6% sucrose, about 1.5% mannitol, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mL vedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 9% sucrose, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, a single dose of a liquid formulation can contain about 300 mg vedolizumab, about 23 mg L-histidine, about 21.4 mg L-histidine monohydrochloride, about 131.7 mg L-arginine hydrochloride, about 500 mg sucrose and about 3 mg polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, this formulation is a lyophilized cake, and when reconstituted with about 4.8 mL of water for injection, the pH of the formulation is about 6.3. The formulation may be stored for up to about four hours at about 2-8° C. (about 36° F. to about 46° F.) without freezing.

In some embodiments, a dosage form (e.g., a container as described herein) contains about 1-20 mL of a 60 mg/mL solution of vedolizumab for a total dose of the antibody of about 60-1200 mg, for example about 300 mg. In some embodiments, the formulation is lyophilized and stored as a single dose in one container at about 2-8° C. until it is administered to a subject in need thereof.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of vedolizumab are disclosed, for example, in US Publication Nos. US 2012/0282249, US 2017/0002078; U.S. Pat. No. 9,764,033; and PCT Publication Nos. 2012/151248, 2016/086147, and 2016/105572, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing Infliximab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation described herein includes infliximab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. The term “infliximab” includes antibody or monoclonal infliximab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 29 of 46

Exemplary Dosage of Infliximab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of infliximab as described herein is administered to a patient, for example in a device as described herein, to achieve a therapeutically effective dose of, e.g., about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 3.0 mg/kg, about 6.0 mg/kg, about 10.0 mg/kg, about 20.0 mg/kg, or about 40.0 mg/kg. In some embodiments, infliximab is administered at a dose of, e.g., about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of infliximab contains a high concentration of infliximab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of infliximab is liquid and the pH of the liquid formulation is, e.g., from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Infliximab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation is REMICADE®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 30 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a single dose of a formulation of infliximab (e.g., in a device as described herein) includes about 100 mg infliximab, about 500 mg sucrose, about 0.5 mg polysorbate 80, about 2.2 mg monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate, and about 6.1 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 7.2. In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain any preservatives. In some embodiments, a formulation of infliximab is a lyophilized powder that may be reconstituted. Infliximab may be supplied in a single container (e.g., a device as described herein) as a liquid formulation containing about 10 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 100 mg infliximab, sucrose, polysorbate 80, monobasic sodium phosphate, monohydrate, and dibasic sodium phosphate.

Formulations Containing Etrolizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation includes etrolizumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “etrolizumab” includes antibody or monoclonal etrolizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary dosage of Etrolizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, etrolizumab is administered at a dose of about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 120 mg, about 150, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg. In some embodiments, an effective dose of etrolizumab is about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, or about 450 mg. In certain embodiments, the effective dose is about 105 mg or about 210 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etrolizumab includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of etrolizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etrolizumab contains a high concentration of etrolizumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of etrolizumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is, e.g., from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Etrolizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 31 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etrolizumab is a liquid formulation comprising about 105 mg at a concentration of the antibody of about 150 mg/mL. Additional pharmaceutical formulations of etrolizumab are disclosed, for example, in PCT Publication No. 2016/138207, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Formulations Containing Golimumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises golimumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “golimumab” includes antibody or monoclonal golimumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Golimumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, golimumab is administered to a patient at a dose of about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation of golimumab includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of golimumab. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction dose of about 160 mg of golimumab. In other embodiments, the formulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, or about 40 mg to about 80 mg of golimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of golimumab contains a high concentration of golimumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of golimumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Golimumab

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 32 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is SIMPONI® 50 mg solution for injection (e.g., the solution as commercially provided in pre-filled syringes).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of golimumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 33 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 50 mg of the golimumab antibody, about 0.44 mg of L-histidine and L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 20.5 mg of sorbitol, about 0.08 mg of polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.5. In some embodiments, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, neither the liquid nor the solid formulation contains preservatives.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 100 mg of the golimumab antibody, about 0.87 mg of L-histidine and L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 41.0 mg of sorbitol, about 0.15 mg of polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.5. In some embodiments, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, neither the liquid nor the solid formulation contains preservatives.

In some embodiments, a single container (e.g., a device as described herein) comprises about 50 mg or about 100 mg of golimumab, sorbitol, L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and polysorbate 80.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of golimumab are disclosed, for example, in US Publication Nos. 2011/0014189, 2012/0263731, 2014/0127227, and 2016/0287525, and 2017/0273909; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,226,949 and 8,420,081; and PCT Publication Nos. 2017/106595 and 2018/067987, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Formulations Containing Certolizumab Pegol

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation includes certolizumab pegol. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “certolizumab pegol” includes antibody or monoclonal certolizumab pegol, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Certolizumab Pegol in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, certolizumab pegol is administered at a dose of about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation of certolizumab pegol includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of certolizumab pegol. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction dose of about 160 mg of certolizumab pegol. In other embodiments, the formulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, or about 40 mg to about 80 mg of certolizumab pegol.

In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the concentration of certolizumab pegol in the formulation is about 200 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a single dosage form (e.g., a device as described herein) comprises about 200 mg of a liquid formulation comprising about 200 mg/mL concentration of certolizumab pegol. In some embodiments, an effective dose of certolizumab pegol is about 10-20 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of certolizumab pegol contains a high concentration of certolizumab pegol, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of certolizumab pegol is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Certolizumab Pegol

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 34 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is CIMZIA®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 200 mg certolizumab pegol, about 0.9 mg lactic acid, about 0.1 mg polysorbate, and about 100 mg sucrose. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.2. In some embodiments, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, a formulation is a liquid formulation which comprises about 200 mg certolizumab pegol, about 1.36 mg sodium acetate, about 7.31 mg sodium chloride, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 4.7.

Formulations Containing Ustekinumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises ustekinumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “ustekinumab” includes antibody or monoclonal ustekinumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Ustekinumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, ustekinumab is administered at a dose of about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 260 mg, about 300 mg, 390 mg, about 500 mg, about 520 mg, or about 600 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation of ustekinumab includes about 1 mg to about 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of ustekinumab.

In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the concentration of ustekinumab in the formulation is from about 5 mg/mL to about 90 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a single dosage form (e.g., a device as described herein) comprises about 130 mg of a liquid formulation comprising about 5 mg/mL concentration of ustekinumab. In some embodiments, an effective dose of ustekinumab can be about 1-50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, an effective dose of ustekinumab can be about 6 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of ustekinumab contains a high concentration of ustekinumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 35 of 46

In some embodiments, the formulation of ustekinumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Ustekinumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is STELARA®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 36 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, each 0.5 mL of a liquid formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 45 mg ustekinumab, about 0.5 mg of L-histidine and L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.02 mg of polysorbate 80, and about 38 mg of sucrose.

In some embodiments, each 1 mL of a liquid formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 90 mg ustekinumab, about 1 mg of L-histidine and L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.04 mg of polysorbate 80, and about 76 mg of sucrose.

In some embodiments, a formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 130 mg of ustekinumab, about 0.52 mg of EDTA disodium salt dihydrate, about 20 mg of L-histidine, about 27 mg of L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate, about 10.4 mg of L-methionine, about 10.4 mg of polysorbate 80 and about 2210 mg of sucrose. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid. In others, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 130 mg, about 260 mg, about 390 mg, or about 520 mg of ustekinumab, L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, polysorbate 80, and sucrose. In one example, when the formulation is a liquid formulation, the formulation comprises water for injection.

Formulations Containing Risankizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises risankizumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “risankizumab” includes antibody or monoclonal risankizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Risankizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, risankizumab is administered at a dose of about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 36 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 500 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation of risankizumab includes about 1 mg to about 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of risankizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of risankizumab contains a high concentration of risankizumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of risankizumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Risankizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 37 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

Formulations Containing Etanercept

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises etanercept. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “etanercept” includes antibody or monoclonal etanercept, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Etanercept in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, etanercept is administered to a patient at a dose of about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, or about 100 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of etanercept. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction dose of about 160 mg of etanercept. In other embodiments, the formulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, or about 40 mg to about 80 mg of etanercept.

In some embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the formulation comprises about 10 mg, about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etanercept contains a high concentration of etanercept, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of etanercept is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Etanercept

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 38 of 46

In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is ENBREL®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of etanercept, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etanercept comprises from about 25 to about 50 mg/mL of etanercept, about 25 mM L-arginine, about 25 mM sodium phosphate, about 100 mM sodium chloride, and about 1% sucrose. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 10 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of etanercept, and further comprises L-arginine, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride and sucrose.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 39 of 46

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 10 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL etanercept, from about 10 mM to about 75 mM of L-arginine, from about 5 mM to about 100 mM of sodium phosphate, from about 5 mM to about 200 mM of sodium chloride, from about 0.5% to about 1.5% of sucrose. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is from about 5.5 to about 7.8.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 25 mg to about 50 mg of etanercept, from about 10 mM to about 100 mM of L-arginine, from about 10 mM to about 50 mM of sodium phosphate, from about 0.75% to about 1.25% of sucrose, from about 50 mM to about 150 mM of NaCl, and the pH of the formulation is from about 6.0 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 50 mg etanercept, about 1% sucrose, about 100 mM sodium chloride, about 25 mM L-arginine hydrochloride, and about 25 mM sodium phosphate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 25 mg etanercept, about 1% sucrose, about 100 mM sodium chloride, about 25 mM L-arginine hydrochloride, and about 25 mM sodium phosphate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 25 mg etanercept, about 40 mg mannitol, about 10 mg sucrose, and about 1.2 mg tromethamine. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation or a solid (e.g., lyophilized cake) formulation.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept comprises about 10 mg, about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept, mannitol, sucrose, and tromethamine. In some embodiments, when the formulation is a liquid formulation, the formulation also comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept comprises about 10 mg, about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept, sucrose, sodium chloride, L-arginine hydrochloride, sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, and sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. In some embodiments, when the formulation is a liquid formulation, the formulation also comprises water for injection.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of etanercept are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,648,702, 8,163,522, and 8,063,182; and EP Patent No. 1,478,394, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing Brazikumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises brazikumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “brazikumab” includes antibody or monoclonal brazikumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Brazikumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, brazikumab is administered at a dose of about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 500 mg, about 700 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation of brazikumab includes about 1 mg to about 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of brazikumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of brazikumab contains a high concentration of brazikumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of brazikumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Brazikumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 40 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

Formulations Containing Natalizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises natalizumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “natalizumab” includes antibody or monoclonal natalizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Natalizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises an effective amount of natalizumab of about 1 mg, about 1.7 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, or about 1000 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of natalizumab includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg of natalizumab.

Natalizumab may be administered to a subject (e.g., a human) at a concentration of about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. For example, natalizumab may range in concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. However, embodiments exist when greater concentrations are required for administration to a patient, e.g., about 15 to about 200 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL to 150 mg/mL, about 20 to about 50 mg/mL, or about 20 mg/mL of natalizumab, and any integer value in between. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of natalizumab contains a high concentration of natalizumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of natalizumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Natalizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is TYSABRI®.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 41 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 300 mg of natalizumab at a concentration of about 20 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 20 mg/mL of natalizumab, about 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, about 8.18 mg/mL of sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.1.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 42 of 46

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 20.0 mg/mL of natalizumab, about 140 mM NaCl, about 0.02% polysorbate 80 (w/v), and about 10 mM sodium phosphate. In these embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 10.0 mg or natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg of sodium chloride, and about 0.1 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 10.0 mg or natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg of sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 5.0 mg/mL natalizumab, about 140 mM NaCl, about 0.02% polysorbate 80 (w/v), and about 10 mM sodium phosphate. In these embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 50.0 mg of natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 20.0 mg of natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 5.0 mg of natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 1.7 mg of natalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 20 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL of natalizumab, about 10 mM phosphate buffer, about 140 mM sodium chloride, and from about 0.001% to about 2% (w/v) of polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 300 mg natalizumab, about 123 mg sodium chloride, about 17.0 mg sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, about 7.24 mg sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and about 3.0 mg polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid (e.g., an aqueous solution). In other embodiments, the formulation is solid (e.g., a lyophilized cake).

In some embodiments, each 15 mL unit dose (e.g., in a device as described herein) comprises about 300 mg natalizumab, about 123 mg sodium chloride, about 17.0 mg sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, about 7.24 mg sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, about 3.0 mg polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.1.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises natalizumab at a concentration of about 2.6 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 300 mg of natalizumab, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium chloride, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid (e.g., an aqueous solution). In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized cake).

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of natalizumab are disclosed, for example, in US Publication No. 2015/0044206; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,349,321, 8,815,236, and 8,900,577; the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing PF-00547659

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises PF-00547659. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “PF-00547659” includes antibody or monoclonal PF-00547659, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of PF-00547659 in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises an effective amount of PF-00547659 of about 7.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 22.5 mg, about 45 mg, about 75 mg, about 150 mg, about 225 mg, about 450 mg, or about 900 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of PF-00547659 contains a high concentration of PF-00547659, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of PF-00547659 is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of PF-00547659

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 43 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659 at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

Formulations Containing Guselkumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation may comprise guselkumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “guselkumab” includes antibody or monoclonal guselkumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Guselkumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, guselkumab is administered at a dose of about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 500 mg, about 700 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, a dosage form (e.g., a device as described herein) comprises a liquid formulation of guselkumab at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of guselkumab contains a high concentration of guselkumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 44 of 46

In some embodiments, the formulation of guselkumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Guselkumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 45 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 100 mg guselkumab, about 0.6 mg of L-histidine, about 1.5 mg of L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.5 mg of polysorbate 80, and about 79 mg of sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.8.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 100 mg of guselkumab, histidine, histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, polysorbate 80, and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation or a solid formulation (e.g., lyophilized cake) as described herein.

Formulations Containing Mirikizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises mirikizumab. The formulation may be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “mirikizumab” includes antibody or monoclonal mirikizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Mirikizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, an effective dose of mirikizumab is about 5 mg, about 20 mg, about 60 mg, about 120 mg, about 200 mg, about 350 mg, or about 600 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of mirikizumab contains a high concentration of mirikizumab, including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of mirikizumab is liquid, and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation may include a buffer having a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Mirikizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and a non-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected from monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, the formulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

›DETAILED DESCRIPTION · 46 of 46

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof, sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and a combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, a buffer containing a negligible or non-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbate and a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of or consists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodium acetate.

›Definitions · 1 of 18

By “ingestible,” it is meant that the device can be swallowed whole.

“Gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders” are a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation and/or ulceration in the mucous membrane. These disorders include, for example, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis and infectious colitis), mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis, gastrointestinal mucositis, nasal mucositis and proctitis), necrotizing enterocolitis and esophagitis.

“Inflammatory Bowel Disease” or “IBD” is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract can be divided into four main different sections, the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine or colon. The small intestine possesses three main subcompartments: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Similarly, the large intestine consists of six sections: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The small intestine is about 6 m long, its diameter is 2.5 to 3 cm and the transit time through it is typically 3 hours. The duodenum has a C-shape, and is 30 cm long. Due to its direct connection with the stomach, it is physically more stable than the jejunum and ileum, which are sections that can freely move. The jejunum is 2.4 m in length and the ileum is 3.6 m in length and their surface areas are 180 m 2 and 280 m 2 respectively. The large intestine is 1.5 m long, its diameter is between 6.3 and 6.5 cm, the transit time though this section is 20 hours and has a reduced surface area of approximately 150 m 2 . The higher surface area of the small intestine enhances its capacity for systemic drug absorption.

The etiology of IBD is complex, and many aspects of the pathogenesis remain unclear. The treatment of moderate to severe IBD poses significant challenges to treating physicians, because conventional therapy with corticosteroids and immunomodulator therapy (e.g., azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate administered via traditional routes such as tablet form, oral suspension, or intravenously) is associated with side effects and intolerance and has not shown proven benefit in maintenance therapy (steroids). Monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), such as infliximab (a chimeric antibody) and adalimumab (a fully human antibody), are currently used in the management of CD. Infliximab has also shown efficacy and has been approved for use in UC. However, approximately 10%-20% of patients with CD are primary nonresponders to anti TNF therapy, and another ˜20%-30% of CD patients lose response over time (Schnitzler et al., Gut 58:492-500 (2009)). Other adverse events (AEs) associated with anti TNFs include elevated rates of bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, and, more rarely, lymphoma and demyelination (Chang et al., Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatology 3:220 (2006); Hoentjen et al., World J. Gastroenterol. 15(17):2067 (2009)). No currently available therapy achieves sustained remission in more than 20%-30% of IBD patients with chronic disease (Hanauer et al., Lancet 359:1541-49 (2002); Sandborn et al., N Engl J Med 353:1912-25 (2005)). In addition, most patients do not achieve sustained steroid-free remission and mucosal healing, clinical outcomes that correlate with true disease modification.

Although the cause of IBD remains unknown, several factors such as genetic, infectious and immunologic susceptibility have been implicated. IBD is much more common in Caucasians, especially those of Jewish descent. The chronic inflammatory nature of the condition has prompted an intense search for a possible infectious cause. Although agents have been found which stimulate acute inflammation, none has been found to cause the chronic inflammation associated with IBD. The hypothesis that IBD is an autoimmune disease is supported by the previously mentioned extraintestinal manifestation of IBD as joint arthritis, and the known positive response to IBD by treatment with therapeutic agents such as adrenal glucocorticoids, cyclosporine and azathioprine, which are known to suppress immune response. In addition, the GI tract, more than any other organ of the body, is continuously exposed to potential antigenic substances such as proteins from food, bacterial byproducts (LPS), etc.

A chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents clinically as either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). Both IBD conditions are associated with an increased risk for malignancy of the GI tract.

“Crohn's disease” (“CD”) is a chronic transmural inflammatory disease with the potential to affect any part of the entire GI tract, and UC is a mucosal inflammation of the colon. Both conditions are characterized clinically by frequent bowel motions, malnutrition, and dehydration, with disruption in the activities of daily living.

CD is frequently complicated by the development of malabsorption, strictures, and fistulae and may require repeated surgery. UC, less frequently, may be complicated by severe bloody diarrhea and toxic megacolon, also requiring surgery. The most prominent feature Crohn's disease is the granular, reddish-purple edematous thickening of the bowel wall. With the development of inflammation, these granulomas often lose their circumscribed borders and integrate with the surrounding tissue. Diarrhea and obstruction of the bowel are the predominant clinical features. As with ulcerative colitis, the course of Crohn's disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe, but unlike ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease is not curable by resection of the involved segment of bowel. Most patients with Crohn's disease require surgery at some point, but subsequent relapse is common and continuous medical treatment is usual. Crohn's disease may involve any part of the alimentary tract from the mouth to the anus, although typically it appears in the ileocolic, small-intestinal or colonic-anorectal regions. Histopathologically, the disease manifests by discontinuous granulomatomas, crypt abscesses, fissures and aphthous ulcers. The inflammatory infiltrate is mixed, consisting of lymphocytes (both T and B cells), plasma cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. There is a disproportionate increase in IgM- and IgG-secreting plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophils.

›Definitions · 2 of 18

To date, the primary outcome measure in Crohn's Disease clinical trials is the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), which has served as the basis for approval of multiple drug treatments, including for example, vedolizumab and natalizumab. The CDAI was developed by regressing clinician global assessment of disease activity on eighteen potential items representing patient reported outcomes (PROs) (i.e., abdominal pain, pain awakening patient from sleep, appetite), physical signs (i.e., average daily temperature, abdominal mass), medication use (i.e., loperamide or opiate use for diarrhea) and a laboratory test (i.e., hematocrit). Backward stepwise regression analysis identified eight independent predictors which are the number of liquid or soft stools, severity of abdominal pain, general well-being, occurrence of extra-intestinal symptoms, need for anti-diarrheal drugs, presence of an abdominal mass, hematocrit, and body weight. The final score is a composite of these eight items, adjusted using regression coefficients and standardization to construct an overall CDAI score, ranging from 0 to 600 with higher score indicating greater disease activity. Widely used benchmarks are: CDAI<150 is defined as clinical remission, 150 to 219 is defined as mildly active disease, 220 to 450 is defined as moderately active disease, and above 450 is defined as very severe disease (Best W R, et al., Gastroenterology 77:843-6, 1979). Vedolizumab and natalizumab have been approved on the basis of demonstrated clinical remission, i.e., CDAI<150.

Although the CDAI has been in use for over 40 years, and has served as the basis for drug approval, it has several limitations as an outcome measure for clinical trials. For example, most of the overall score comes from the patient diary card items (pain, number of liquid bowel movements, and general well-being), which are vaguely defined and not standardized terms (Sandler et al., J. Clin. Epidemiol 41:451-8, 1988; Thia et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:105-11, 2011). In addition, measurement of pain is based on a four-point scale rather than an updated seven-point scale. The remaining 5 index items contribute very little to identifying an efficacy signal and may be a source of measurement noise. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about poor criterion validity for the CDAI, a reported lack of correlation between the CDAI and endoscopic measures of inflammation (which may render the CDAI as a poor discriminator of active CD and irritable bowel syndrome) and high reported placebo rates (Korzenik et al., N Engl J Med. 352:2193-201, 2005; Sandborn W J, et al., N Engl J Med 353:1912-25, 2005; Sandborn W J, et al., Ann Intern 19; 146:829-38, 2007, Epub 2007 Apr. 30; Kim et al., Gastroenterology 146:(5 supplement 1)S-368, 2014).

It is, thus, generally recognized that additional or alternative measures of CD symptoms are needed, such as new PRO tools or adaptations of the CDAI to derive a new PRO. The PRO2 and PRO3 tools are such adaptations of the CDAI and have been recently described in Khanna et al., Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 41:77-86, 2015. The PRO2 evaluates the frequency of loose/liquid stools and abdominal pain (Id). These items are derived and weighted accordingly from the CDAI and are the CDAI diary card items, along with general well-being, that contribute most to the observed clinical benefit measured by CDAI (Sandler et al., J. Clin. Epidemiol 41:451-8, 1988; Thia et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:105-11, 2011; Kim et al., Gastroenterology 146:(5 supplement 1) S-368, 2014). The remission score of <11 is the CDAI-weighted sum of the average stool frequency and pain scores in a 7-day period, which yielded optimum sensitivity and specificity for identification of CDAI remission (score of <150) in a retrospective data analysis of ustekinumab induction treatment for moderate to severe CD in a Phase II clinical study (Gasink C, et al., abstract, ACG Annual Meeting 2014). The PRO2 was shown to be sensitive and responsive when used as a continuous outcome measure in a retrospective data analysis of MTX treatment in active CD (Khanna R, et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:1850-61, 2014) measured by CDAI. Additional outcome measures include the Mayo Clinic Score, the Crohn disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS), and the Ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS). Additional outcome measures include Clinical remission, Mucosal healing, Histological healing (transmural), MRI or ultrasound for measurement or evaluation of bowel wall thickness, abscesses, fistula and histology.

An additional means of assessing the extent and severity of Crohn's Disease is endoscopy. Endoscopic lesions typical of Crohn's disease have been described in numerous studies and include, e.g., aphthoid ulcerations, “punched-out ulcers,” cobblestoning and stenosis. Endoscopic evaluation of such lesions was used to develop the first validated endoscopic score, the Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) (Mary et al., Gut 39:983-9, 1989). More recently, because the CDEIS is time-consuming, complicated and impractical for routine use, a Simplified Endoscopic Activity Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD) was developed and validated (Daperno et al., Gastrointest. Endosc. 60(4):505-12, 2004). The SES-CD consists of four endoscopic variables (size of ulcers, proportion of surface covered by ulcers, proportion of surface with any other lesions (e.g., inflammation), and presence of narrowings [stenosis]) that are scored in five ileocolonic segments, with each variable, or assessment, rated from 0 to 3.

To date, there is no cure for CD. Accordingly, the current treatment goals for CD are to induce and maintain symptom improvement, induce mucosal healing, avoid surgery, and improve quality of life (Lichtenstein G R, et al., Am J Gastroenterol 104:465-83, 2009; Van Assche G, et al., J Crohns Colitis. 4:63-101, 2010). The current therapy of IBD usually involves the administration of antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive agents, such as sulfasalazine, corticosteroids, 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine, or cyclosporine, all of which are not typically delivered by localized release of a drug at the site or location of disease. More recently, biologics like TNF-alpha inhibitors and IL-12/IL-23 blockers, are used to treat IBD. If anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive/biologic therapies fail, colectomies are the last line of defense. The typical operation for CD not involving the rectum is resection (removal of a diseased segment of bowel) and anastomosis (reconnection) without an ostomy. Sections of the small or large intestine may be removed. About 30% of CD patients will need surgery within the first year after diagnosis. In the subsequent years, the rate is about 5% per year. Unfortunately, CD is characterized by a high rate of recurrence; about 5% of patients need a second surgery each year after initial surgery.

›Definitions · 3 of 18

Refining a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves evaluating the progression status of the diseases using standard classification criteria. The classification systems used in IBD include the Truelove and Witts Index (Truelove S. C. and Witts, L. J., Br Med J. 1955, 2:1041-1048), which classifies colitis as mild, moderate, or severe, as well as Lennard-Jones (Lennard-Jones J E., Scand J Gastroenterol, Suppl 1989, 170:2-6) and the simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI) (Walmsley et al., Gut. 1998, 43:29-32). These systems track such variables as daily bowel movements, rectal bleeding, temperature, heart rate, hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, weight, hematocrit score, and the level of serum albumin.

There is sufficient overlap in the diagnostic criteria for UC and CD that it is sometimes impossible to say which a given patient has; however, the type of lesion typically seen is different, as is the localization. UC mostly appears in the colon, proximal to the rectum, and the characteristic lesion is a superficial ulcer of the mucosa; CD can appear anywhere in the bowel, with occasional involvement of stomach, esophagus and duodenum, and the lesions are usually described as extensive linear fissures.

In approximately 10-15% of cases, a definitive diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease cannot be made and such cases are often referred to as “indeterminate colitis.” Two antibody detection tests are available that can help the diagnosis, each of which assays for antibodies in the blood. The antibodies are “perinuclear anti-neutrophil antibody” (pANCA) and “anti- Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody” (ASCA). Most patients with ulcerative colitis have the pANCA antibody but not the ASCA antibody, while most patients with Crohn's disease have the ASCA antibody but not the pANCA antibody. However, these two tests have shortcomings as some patients have neither antibody and some Crohn's disease patients may have only the pANCA antibody. A third test, which measures the presence and accumulation of circulating anti-microbial antibodies—particularly flagellin antibodies, has proven to be useful for detecting susceptibility to Crohn's Disease before disease development. See Choung, R. S., et al., “Serologic microbial associated markers can predict Crohn's disease behaviour years before disease diagnosis,” Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 43.12 (2016):1300-1310.

“Ulcerative colitis (UC)” afflicts the large intestine. The course of the disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe. The earliest lesion is an inflammatory infiltration with abscess formation at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Coalescence of these distended and ruptured crypts tends to separate the overlying mucosa from its blood supply, leading to ulceration. Symptoms of the disease include cramping, lower abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and frequent, loose discharges consisting mainly of blood, pus and mucus with scanty fecal particles. A total colectomy may be required for acute, severe or chronic, unremitting ulcerative colitis.

The clinical features of UC are highly variable, and the onset may be insidious or abrupt, and may include diarrhea, tenesmus and relapsing rectal bleeding. With fulminant involvement of the entire colon, toxic megacolon, a life-threatening emergency, may occur. Extraintestinal manifestations include arthritis, pyoderma gangrenoum, uveitis, and erythema nodosum.

An “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific binding to a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide, etc., through at least one antigen recognition site, located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. The terms “antibody” and “immunoglobulin” are used interchangeably in the broadest sense. As used herein, the terms encompass monoclonal antibodies (for example, full length or intact monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies (for example, full length or intact polyclonal antibodies), and fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv), single chain (ScFv) and domain antibodies), fusion proteins including an antibody portion, multivalent antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific, trispecific, etc. antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity), and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that includes an antigen recognition site. An antibody can be human, humanized and/or affinity matured.

The term antibody includes antibody fragments (e.g., antigen-binding fragments) such as an Fv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, and a Fab′ fragment. “Antibody fragments” comprise only a portion of an intact antibody, where in certain embodiments, the portion retains at least one, and typically most or all, of the functions normally associated with that portion when present in an intact antibody. In one embodiment, an antibody fragment comprises an antigen binding site of the intact antibody and thus retains the ability to bind antigen. In another embodiment, an antibody fragment, for example one that comprises the Fc region, retains at least one of the biological functions normally associated with the Fc region when present in an intact antibody, such as FcRn binding, antibody half-life modulation, ADCC function and complement binding. In one embodiment, an antibody fragment is a monovalent antibody that has an in vivo half-life substantially similar to an intact antibody. For example, such an antibody fragment may comprise on antigen binding arm linked to an Fc sequence capable of conferring in vivo stability to the fragment. Additional examples of antigen-binding fragments include an antigen-binding fragment of an IgG (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgG, e.g., human or humanized IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgA (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgA1 or IgA2) (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgA, e.g., a human or humanized IgA1 or IgA2); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgD (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgD); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgE (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgE); or an antigen-binding fragment of an IgM (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgM). An antibody includes an antibody of any class, such as IgG, IgA, or IgM (or sub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particular class. Depending on the antibody amino acid sequence of the constant domain of its heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.

›Definitions · 4 of 18

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigen or antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations that typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. The monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., 1990, Nature 348:552-554, for example.

The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984)).

A “variable region” of an antibody refers to the variable region of the antibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. As known in the art, the variable regions of the heavy and light chain each consist of four framework regions (FR) connected by three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that contain hypervariable regions. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies. There are at least two techniques for determining CDRs: (1) an approach based on cross-species sequence variability (i.e., Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, (5th ed., 1991, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Md.)); and (2) an approach based on crystallographic studies of antigen-antibody complexes (Al-Lazikani et al., 1997, J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948). As used herein, a CDR may refer to CDRs defined by either approach or by a combination of both approaches.

As known in the art, a “constant region” of an antibody refers to the constant region of the antibody light chain or the constant region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination.

“Treatment regimen” refers to a combination of dosage, frequency of administration, or duration of treatment, with or without addition of a second medication.

“Effective treatment regimen” refers to a treatment regimen that will offer beneficial response to a patient receiving the treatment.

“Effective amount” refers to an amount of drug that offers beneficial response to a patient receiving the treatment. For example, an effective amount may be a Human Equivalent Dose (HED).

“Dispensable,” with reference to any substance, refers to any substance that may be released from an ingestible device as disclosed herein, or from a component of the device such as a reservoir. For example, a dispensable substance may be a PDE4 inhibitor, and/or a formulation comprising a PDE4 inhibitor.

“Patient response” or “patient responsiveness” can be assessed using any endpoint indicating a benefit to the patient, including, without limitation, (1) inhibition, to some extent, of disease progression, including slowing down and complete arrest; (2) reduction in the number of disease episodes and/or symptoms; (3) reduction in lesional size; (4) inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or complete stopping) of disease cell infiltration into adjacent peripheral organs and/or tissues; (5) inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or complete stopping) of disease spread; (6) decrease of auto-immune response, which may, but does not have to, result in the regression or ablation of the disease lesion; (7) relief, to some extent, of one or more symptoms associated with the disorder; (8) increase in the length of disease-free presentation following treatment; and/or (9) decreased mortality at a given point of time following treatment. The term “responsiveness” refers to a measurable response, including complete response (CR) and partial response (PR).

As used herein, “complete response” or “CR” means the disappearance of all signs of inflammation or remission in response to treatment. This does not necessarily mean the disease has been cured.

“Partial response” or “PR” refers to a decrease of at least 50% in the severity of inflammation, in response to treatment.

A “beneficial response” of a patient to treatment with a therapeutic agent and similar wording refers to the clinical or therapeutic benefit imparted to a patient at risk for or suffering from a gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder from or as a result of the treatment with the agent. Such benefit includes cellular or biological responses, a complete response, a partial response, a stable disease (without progression or relapse), or a response with a later relapse of the patient from or as a result of the treatment with the agent.

As used herein, “non-response” or “lack of response” or similar wording means an absence of a complete response, a partial response, or a beneficial response to treatment with a therapeutic agent.

›Definitions · 5 of 18

“A patient maintains responsiveness to a treatment” when the patient's responsiveness does not decrease with time during the course of a treatment.

A “symptom” of a disease or disorder (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) is any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in structure, function, or sensation, experienced by a subject and indicative of disease.

As used herein, “accuracy,” when disclosed in connection with a specified location of a device within the GI tract of a subject, refers to the degree to which the location determined by the device conforms to the correct location, wherein the correct location is based on a generally accepted standard. The location within the GI tract of the subject determined by the device can be based on data, for example, light reflectance data, collected by the ingestible device. In some embodiments, the correct location can be based on external imaging devices, such as computer-aided tomography (CT), interpreted, for example, by a qualified clinician or physician. Therefore, percent accuracy (“% accuracy”) can refer to the percentage agreement between the location of the device in the GI tract as determined by the device, and the correct location, for example, as determined by CT, e.g., expressed as [(number of devices in which location determined by the device agrees with location as determined by CT/total devices administered to the subject or subjects)×100%], or, where only one device is administered per subject, [(number of subjects in which location determined by the device agrees with location as determined by CT/total number of subjects)×100%]. The latter formula for determining % accuracy was used in Example 14. In some embodiments, the accuracy with which the device determines a location refers to the accuracy with which the device determines that it is at a location pre-selected for drug release.

As used herein, an “autonomous device” refers to a device comprising one or more processors configured to independently control certain mechanisms or operations of the device while in the GI tract of a subject. Preferably, an autonomous device of the invention has no external electrical or wireless connections that control device mechanisms or operations, although connections such as wireless connections may be present to enable alternative device functions, such as transmitting data collected by the device to an external (ex vivo) system or receiver. The independently controlled mechanisms or operations of the autonomous device include, for example, triggering the release of a drug (or the formulation comprising the drug), triggering collection of one or more samples, and/or triggering the analysis of one or more samples; and/or determining the location of the device within the GI tract of the subject. Such mechanisms are referred to herein as “autonomous mechanisms,” or for example, an “autonomous triggering mechanism” or an “autonomous localization mechanism,” respectively. Actively implementing such an autonomous triggering or autonomous localization mechanism is referred to as “autonomous triggering” or “autonomous localizing,” respectively. An “autonomous localization mechanism” is synonymous with a “self-localization mechanism.”

As used herein, a “housing” is a portion of an ingestible device that defines the boundary between the interior of the device and the environment exterior to the device.

As used herein, a “self-localizing device” refers to a device comprising a mechanism or system that can be implemented autonomously to determine the location of the ingestible device in vivo, e.g., within the GI tract of a subject. Such a mechanism is referred to as a “self-localization mechanism.” A “self-localization mechanism” is synonymous with an “autonomous localization mechanism.” A self-localizing device does not require ex vivo visualization devices or systems, for example, using scintigraphy or computer-aided tomography (CT), to localize in the GI tract.

As used herein, “localizing the device” refers to determining a location of the device.

As used herein, “sensor” refers to a mechanism or portion of a mechanism configured to collect information regarding the surroundings of the ingestible device. Examples of “sensors” include environmental sensors and light sensors. Examples of environmental sensors include pH sensors and sensors capable to identifying muscle contractions and/or peristalsis.

As used herein, “time following transition” refers to elapsed time after passage of the device from one portion, section or subsection of the GI tract into an adjacent portion, section or subsection of the GI tract.

As used herein, “proximate” as disclosed in connection with release of a drug from a device to one or more disease sites, refers to a location that is sufficiently spatially close to the one or more disease sites such that releasing the drug at the location treats the disease. For example, when the drug is released proximate to the one or more disease sites, the drug may be released 150 cm or less, such as 125 cm or less, such as 100 cm or less, such as 50 cm or less, such as 40 cm or less, such as 30 cm or less, such as 20 cm or less, such as 10 cm or less, such as 5 cm or less, such as 2 cm or less, from the one or more sites of disease. The proximate location for drug release may be in the same section or subsection of the gastrointestinal tract as the one or more disease sites. In the alternative, the proximate location for drug release may be in a different section or subsection of the GI tract than the one or more disease sites; for example, the drug release may be proximal to the one or more disease sites. In a non-limiting example, the drug may be released in the cecum to treat a site of disease tissue in the ascending colon (i.e., distal to the cecum). In another non-limiting example, the drug may be released in the cecum to treat a site of disease tissue in one or more of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, or rectum. Thus, where the present application refers to release of a drug proximate to a site of disease, this may in some embodiments refer to release in a section or subsection of the GI tract which has been determined to contain a site of disease. The section may be selected from esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. The subsection may be selected from proximal duodenum, proximal jejunum, proximal ileum, proximal cecum, proximal ascending colon, proximal transverse colon, proximal descending colon, distal duodenum, distal jejunum, distal ileum, distal cecum, distal ascending colon, distal transverse colon, distal descending colon.

›Definitions · 6 of 18

As used herein, the “total induction dose” is the sum of induction doses over a given time period.

As used herein, “proximal,” when used in connection with an anatomical structure, refers to a portion, section, or subsection that precedes, or is upstream of, an adjacent portion, section, or subsection of the anatomical structure. In some embodiments, proximal refers to a portion, section, or subsection that immediately precedes, or is immediately upstream of, an immediately adjacent portion, section, or subsection of the anatomical structure.

As used herein, “distal,” when used in connection with an anatomical structure, refers to a portion, section, or subsection that follows, or is downstream of, an adjacent portion, section, or subsection of the anatomical structure. In some embodiments, distal refers to a portion, section, or subsection that immediately follows, or is immediately downstream of, an immediately adjacent portion, section, or subsection of the anatomical structure.

As used herein, the term “adhesion” refers to the ability of the formulations of the invention to bind to the site of topical administration, e.g., mucoses (e.g., a mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject), upon contact, whereby when they are brought into contact work must be done in order to separate them. The adhesion can be measured by a texture analyzer, e.g., TA.XT Plus (Texture Technologies). For example, a 40-mm diameter disk can be compressed into the gel and redrawn. The method settings, including speed rate at 1 mm/second and distance (depth of the insertion) of 9-mm can be assessed at the desired temperature, e.g., at 22° C., 25° C. or at 37° C. The adhesion is measured in mN/s units. The more negative the value in mN/s, the more adhesive the composition will be. Thus, for example a composition showing a measurement value of −100 mN/s is more adhesive than a composition showing a lower measurement value of e.g., −50 mN/s.

As used herein, the term “thermoreversible” or equivalent expressions thereof such as “thermally reversible” applied to the composition means that it exhibits reverse thermogellation, i.e., it undergoes a change in viscosity when the temperature varies. In some embodiments, the composition is liquid at room temperature and forms a gel at body temperature. The liquid state at room temperature facilitates the administration of the composition when it is to be administered e.g., to the gastrointestinal mucosa, by using an appropriate delivery device, such as for example an ingestible device as disclosed herein. When the composition is released from the device and comes into contact with the mucosa at body temperature, its viscosity increases to a higher viscosity state, hence acquiring the consistency of a gel. This has the advantage that the composition remains on the surface of the affected area.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent” and “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” include any and all solvents, co-solvents, complexing agents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic formulations is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the formulations. In addition, various adjuvants such as are commonly used in the art may be included. These and other such therapeutic agents are described in the literature, e.g., in the Merck Index, Merck & Company, Rahway, N.J. Considerations for the inclusion of various components in pharmaceutical formulations are described, e.g., in Gilman et al. (Eds.) (2010); Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Ed., The McGraw-Hill Companies.

As used herein, a reference to a drug's international nonproprietary name (INN) is to be interpreted as including generic, bioequivalent and biosimilar versions of that drug, including but not limited to any drug that has received abbreviated regulatory approval by reference to an earlier regulatory approval of that drug. Additionally, all drugs disclosed herein optionally include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates of the drugs thereof, unless expressly indicated otherwise.

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) Inhibitor

The term “PDE4 inhibitor” refers to an agent which decreases PDE4 activity in vitro or in a mammalian cell, e.g., as compared to the level of PDE4 activity in the absence of the agent; and/or decreases the level of a PDE4 protein in a mammalian cell contacted with the agent, e.g., as compared to the same mammalian cell not contacted with the agent. A non-limiting example of PDE4 activity is the degradation of cAMP.

In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor can decrease PDE4 activity and/or the level of PDE4 protein in a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor can decrease PDE4 activity and/or the level of PDE4 protein in a mammalian cell contacted with the PDE4 inhibitor, e.g., as compared to the level of PDE4 activity or PDE4 protein in the same mammalian cell not contacted with the PDE4 inhibitor, respectively (e.g., by about 1% to about 99%, by about 1% to about 95%, by about 1% to about 90%, by about 1% to about 85%, by about 1% to about 80%, by about 1% to about 75%, by about 1% to about 70%, by about 1% to about 65%, by about 1% to about 60%, by about 1% to about 55%, by about 1% to about 50%, by about 1% to about 45%, by about 1% to about 40%, by about 1% to about 35%, by about 1% to about 30%, by about 1% to about 25%, by about 1% to about 20%, by about 1% to about 20%, by about 1% to about 15%, by about 1% to about 10%, by about 1% to about 5%, by about 5% to about 99%, by about 5% to about 90%, by about 5% to about 85%, by about 5% to about 80%, by about 5% to about 75%, by about 5% to about 70%, by about 5% to about 65%, by about 5% to about 60%, by about 5% to about 55%, by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 45%, by about 5% to about 40%, by about 5% to about 35%, by about 5% to about 30%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 5% to about 20%, by about 5% to about 15%, by about 5% to about 10%, by about 10% to about 99%, about 10% to about 95%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 85%, by about 10% to about 80%, by about 10% to about 75%, by about 10% to about 70%, by about 10% to about 65%, by about 10% to about 60%, by about 10% to about 55%, by about 10% to about 50%, by about 10% to about 45%, by about 10% to about 40%, by about 10% to about 35%, by about 10% to about 30%, by about 10% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 15%, by about 15% to about 99%, by about 15% to about 95%, by about 15% to about 90%, by about 15% to about 85%, by about 15% to about 80%, by about 15% to about 75%, by about 15% to about 70%, by about 15% to about 65%, by about 15% to about 60%, by about 15% to about 55%, by about 15% to about 50%, by about 15% to about 45%, by about 15% to about 40%, by about 15% to about 35%, by about 15% to about 30%, by about 15% to about 25%, by about 15% to about 20%, by about 20% to about 99%, by about 20% to about 95%, by about 20% to about 90%, by about 20% to about 85%, by about 20% to about 80%, by about 20% to about 75%, by about 20% to about 70%, by about 20% to about 65%, by about 20% to about 60%, by about 20% to about 55%, by about 20% to about 50%, by about 20% to about 45%, by about 20% to about 40%, by about 20% to about 35%, by about 20% to about 30%, by about 20% to about 25%, by about 25% to about 99%, about 25% to about 95%, by about 25% to about 90%, by about 25% to about 85%, by about 25% to about 80%, by about 25% to about 75%, by about 25% to about 70%, by about 25% to about 65%, by about 25% to about 60%, by about 25% to about 55%, by about 25% to about 50%, by about 25% to about 45%, by about 25% to about 40%, by about 25% to about 35%, by about 25% to about 30%, by about 30% to about 99%, by about 30% to about 95%, by about 30% to about 90%, by about 30% to about 85%, by about 30% to about 80%, by about 30% to about 75%, by about 30% to about 70%, by about 30% to about 65%, by about 30% to about 60%, by about 30% to about 55%, by about 30% to about 50%, by about 30% to about 45%, by about 30% to about 40%, by about 30% to about 35%, by about 35% to about 99%, by about 35% to about 95%, by about 35% to about 90%, by about 35% to about 85%, by about 35% to about 80%, by about 35% to about 75%, by about 35% to about 70%, by about 35% to about 65%, by about 35% to about 60%, by about 35% to about 55%, by about 35% to about 50%, by about 35% to about 45%, by about 35% to about 40%, by about 40% to about 99%, by about 40% to about 95%, by about 40% to about 90%, by about 40% to about 85%, by about 40% to about 80%, by about 40% to about 75%, by about 40% to about 70%, by about 40% to about 65%, by about 40% to about 60%, by about 40% to about 55%, by about 40% to about 50%, by about 40% to about 45%, by about 45% to about 99%, by about 45% to about 95%, by about 45% to about 90%, by about 45% to about 85%, by about 45% to about 80%, by about 45% to about 75%, by about 45% to about 70%, by about 45% to about 65%, by about 45% to about 60%, by about 45% to about 55%, by about 45% to about 50%, by about 50% to about 99%, by about 50% to about 95%, by about 50% to about 90%, by about 50% to about 85%, by about 50% to about 80%, by about 50% to about 75%, by about 50% to about 70%, by about 50% to about 65%, by about 50% to about 60%, by about 50% to about 55%, by about 55% to about 99%, by about 55% to about 95%, by about 55% to about 90%, by about 55% to about 85%, by about 55% to about 80%, by about 55% to about 75%, by about 55% to about 70%, by about 55% to about 65%, by about 55% to about 60%, by about 60% to about 99%, by about 60% to about 95%, by about 60% to about 90%, by about 60% to about 85%, by about 60% to about 80%, by about 60% to about 75%, by about 60% to about 70%, by about 60% to about 65%, by about 65% to about 99%, by about 65% to about 95%, by about 65% to about 90%, by about 65% to about 85%, by about 65% to about 80%, by about 65% to about 75%, by about 65% to about 70%, by about 70% to about 99%, by about 70% to about 95%, by about 70% to about 90%, by about 70% to about 85%, by about 70% to about 80%, by about 70% to about 75%, by about 75% to about 99%, by about 75% to about 95%, by about 75% to about 90%, by about 75% to about 85%, by about 75% to about 80%, by about 80% to about 99%, by about 80% to about 95%, by about 80% to about 90%, by about 80% to about 85%, by about 85% to about 99%, by about 85% to about 95%, by about 85% to about 90%, by about 90% to about 99%, by about 90% to about 95%, or by about 95% to about 99%).

›Definitions · 7 of 18

In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor can inhibit PDE4 activity with an IC 50 of about 1 pM to about 100 μM, about 1 pM to about 95 about 1 pM to about 90 μM, about 1 pM to about 85 μM, about 1 pM to about 80 μM, about 1 pM to about 75 μM, about 1 pM to about 70 about 1 pM to about 65 μM, about 1 pM to about 60 μM, about 1 pM to about 55 μM, about 1 pM to about 50 μM, about 1 pM to about 45 about 1 pM to about 40 μM, about 1 pM to about 35 μM, about 1 pM to about 30 μM, about 1 pM to about 25 μM, about 1 pM to about 20 about 1 pM to about 15 μM, about 1 pM to about 10 μM, about 1 pM to about 5 about 1 pM to about 1 μM, about 1 pM to about 900 nM, about 1 pM to about 800 nM, about 1 pM to about 700 nM, about 1 pM to about 600 nM, about 1 pM to about 500 nM, about 1 pM to about 400 nM, about 1 pM to about 300 nM, about 1 pM to about 200 nM, about 1 pM to about 100 nM, about 1 pM to about 50 nM, about 1 pM to about 1 nM, about 1 pM to about 800 pM, about 1 pM to about 600 pM, about 1 pM to about 400 pM, about 1 pM to about 200 pM, about 200 pM to about 100 μM, about 200 pM to about 95 μM, about 200 pM to about 90 μM, about 200 pM to about 85 μM, about 200 pM to about 80 μM, about 200 pM to about 75 μM, about 200 pM to about 70 μM, about 200 pM to about 65 μM, about 200 pM to about 60 μM, about 200 pM to about 55 μM, about 200 pM to about 50 μM, about 200 pM to about 45 μM, about 200 pM to about 40 μM, about 200 pM to about 35 μM, about 200 pM to about 30 μM, about 200 pM to about 25 μM, about 200 pM to about 20 μM, about 200 pM to about 15 μM, about 200 pM to about 10 μM, about 200 pM to about 5 μM, about 200 pM to about 1 μM, about 200 pM to about 900 nM, about 200 pM to about 800 nM, about 200 pM to about 700 nM, about 200 pM to about 600 nM, about 200 pM to about 500 nM, about 200 pM to about 400 nM, about 200 pM to about 300 nM, about 200 pM to about 200 nM, about 200 pM to about 100 nM, about 200 pM to about 50 nM, about 200 pM to about 1 nM, about 200 pM to about 800 pM, about 200 pM to about 600 pM, about 200 pM to about 400 pM, about 400 pM to about 100 μM, about 400 pM to about 95 μM, about 400 pM to about 90 μM, about 400 pM to about 85 μM, about 400 pM to about 80 μM, about 400 pM to about 75 μM, about 400 pM to about 70 μM, about 400 pM to about 65 μM, about 400 pM to about 60 μM, about 400 pM to about 55 μM, about 400 pM to about 50 μM, about 400 pM to about 45 μM, about 400 pM to about 40 μM, about 400 pM to about 35 μM, about 400 pM to about 30 μM, about 400 pM to about 25 μM, about 400 pM to about 20 μM, about 400 pM to about 15 μM, about 400 pM to about 10 μM, about 400 pM to about 5 μM, about 400 pM to about 1 μM, about 400 pM to about 900 nM, about 400 pM to about 800 nM, about 400 pM to about 700 nM, about 400 pM to about 600 nM, about 400 pM to about 500 nM, about 400 pM to about 400 nM, about 400 pM to about 300 nM, about 400 pM to about 200 nM, about 400 pM to about 100 nM, about 400 pM to about 50 nM, about 400 pM to about 1 nM, about 400 pM to about 800 pM, 400 pM to about 600 pM, about 600 pM to about 100 μM, about 600 pM to about 95 μM, about 600 pM to about 90 μM, about 600 pM to about 85 μM, about 600 pM to about 80 μM, about 600 pM to about 75 μM, about 600 pM to about 70 μM, about 600 pM to about 65 μM, about 600 pM to about 60 μM, about 600 pM to about 55 μM, about 600 pM to about 50 μM, about 600 pM to about 45 μM, about 600 pM to about 40 μM, about 600 pM to about 35 μM, about 600 pM to about 30 μM, about 600 pM to about 25 μM, about 600 pM to about 20 μM, about 600 pM to about 15 μM, about 600 pM to about 10 μM, about 600 pM to about 5 μM, about 600 pM to about 1 μM, about 600 pM to about 900 nM, about 600 pM to about 800 nM, about 600 pM to about 700 nM, about 600 pM to about 600 nM, about 600 pM to about 500 nM, about 600 pM to about 400 nM, about 600 pM to about 300 nM, about 600 pM to about 200 nM, about 600 pM to about 100 nM, about 600 pM to about 50 nM, about 600 pM to about 1 nM, about 600 pM to about 800 pM, about 800 pM to about 100 μM, about 800 pM to about 95 μM, about 800 pM to about 90 μM, about 800 pM to about 85 μM, about 800 pM to about 80 μM, about 800 pM to about 75 μM, about 800 pM to about 70 μM, about 800 pM to about 65 μM, about 800 pM to about 60 μM, about 800 pM to about 55 μM, about 800 pM to about 50 μM, about 800 pM to about 45 μM, about 800 pM to about 40 μM, about 800 pM to about 35 μM, about 800 pM to about 30 μM, about 800 pM to about 25 μM, about 800 pM to about 20 μM, about 800 pM to about 15 μM, about 800 pM to about 10 μM, about 800 pM to about 5 μM, about 800 pM to about 1 μM, about 800 pM to about 900 nM, about 800 pM to about 800 nM, about 800 pM to about 700 nM, about 800 pM to about 600 nM, about 800 pM to about 500 nM, about 800 pM to about 400 nM, about 800 pM to about 300 nM, about 800 pM to about 200 nM, about 800 pM to about 100 nM, about 800 pM to about 50 nM, about 800 pM to about 1 nM, about 1 nM to about 100 μM, about 1 nM to about 95 μM, about 1 nM to about 90 μM, about 1 nM to about 85 μM, about 1 nM to about 80 μM, about 1 nM to about 75 μM, about 1 nM to about 70 μM, about 1 nM to about 65 μM, about 1 nM to about 60 μM, about 1 nM to about 55 μM, about 1 nM to about 50 μM, about 1 nM to about 45 μM, about 1 nM to about 40 μM, about 1 nM to about 35 μM, about 1 nM to about 30 μM, about 1 nM to about 25 μM, about 1 nM to about 20 μM, about 1 nM to about 15 μM, about 1 nM to about 10 μM, about 1 nM to about 5 μM, about 1 nM to about 1 μM, about 1 nM to about 900 nM, about 1 nM to about 800 nM, about 1 nM to about 700 nM, about 1 nM to about 600 nM, about 1 nM to about 500 nM, about 1 nM to about 400 nM, about 1 nM to about 300 nM, about 1 nM to about 200 nM, about 1 nM to about 100 nM, about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 100 μM, about 50 nM to about 95 μM, about 50 nM to about 90 μM, about 50 nM to about 85 μM, about 50 nM to about 80 μM, about 50 nM to about 75 μM, about 50 nM to about 70 μM, about 50 nM to about 65 μM, about 50 nM to about 60 μM, about 50 nM to about 55 μM, about 50 nM to about 50 μM, about 50 nM to about 45 μM, about 50 nM to about 40 μM, about 50 nM to about 35 μM, about 50 nM to about 30 μM, about 50 nM to about 25 μM, about 50 nM to about 20 μM, about 50 nM to about 15 μM, about 50 nM to about 10 μM, about 50 nM to about 5 μM, about 50 nM to about 1 μM, about 50 nM to about 900 nM, about 50 nM to about 800 nM, about 50 nM to about 700 nM, about 50 nM to about 600 nM, about 50 nM to about 500 nM, about 50 nM to about 400 nM, about 50 nM to about 300 nM, about 50 nM to about 200 nM, about 50 nM to about 100 nM, about 100 nM to about 100 μM, about 100 nM to about 95 μM, about 100 nM to about 90 μM, about 100 nM to about 85 μM, about 100 nM to about 80 μM, about 100 nM to about 75 μM, about 100 nM to about 70 μM, about 100 nM to about 65 μM, about 100 nM to about 60 μM, about 100 nM to about 55 μM, about 100 nM to about 50 μM, about 100 nM to about 45 μM, about 100 nM to about 40 μM, about 100 nM to about 35 μM, about 100 nM to about 30 μM, about 100 nM to about 25 μM, about 100 nM to about 20 μM, about 100 nM to about 15 μM, about 100 nM to about 10 μM, about 100 nM to about 5 μM, about 100 nM to about 1 μM, about 100 nM to about 900 nM, about 100 nM to about 800 nM, about 100 nM to about 700 nM, about 100 nM to about 600 nM, about 100 nM to about 500 nM, about 100 nM to about 400 nM, about 100 nM to about 300 nM, about 100 nM to about 200 nM, about 200 nM to about 100 μM, about 200 nM to about 95 μM, about 200 nM to about 90 μM, about 200 nM to about 85 μM, about 200 nM to about 80 μM, about 200 nM to about 75 μM, about 200 nM to about 70 μM, about 200 nM to about 65 μM, about 200 nM to about 60 μM, about 200 nM to about 55 μM, about 200 nM to about 50 μM, about 200 nM to about 45 μM, about 200 nM to about 40 μM, about 200 nM to about 35 μM, about 200 nM to about 30 μM, about 200 nM to about 25 μM, about 200 nM to about 20 μM, about 200 nM to about 15 μM, about 200 nM to about 10 μM, about 200 nM to about 5 μM, about 200 nM to about 1 μM, about 200 nM to about 900 nM, about 200 nM to about 800 nM, about 200 nM to about 700 nM, about 200 nM to about 600 nM, about 200 nM to about 500 nM, about 200 nM to about 400 nM, about 200 nM to about 300 nM, about 300 nM to about 100 μM, about 300 nM to about 95 μM, about 300 nM to about 90 μM, about 300 nM to about 85 μM, about 300 nM to about 80 μM, about 300 nM to about 75 μM, about 300 nM to about 70 μM, about 300 nM to about 65 μM, about 300 nM to about 60 μM, about 300 nM to about 55 μM, about 300 nM to about 50 μM, about 300 nM to about 45 μM, about 300 nM to about 40 μM, about 300 nM to about 35 μM, about 300 nM to about 30 μM, about 300 nM to about 25 μM, about 300 nM to about 20 μM, about 300 nM to about 15 μM, about 300 nM to about 10 μM, about 300 nM to about 5 μM, about 300 nM to about 1 μM, about 300 nM to about 900 nM, about 300 nM to about 800 nM, about 300 nM to about 700 nM, about 300 nM to about 600 nM, about 300 nM to about 500 nM, about 300 nM to about 400 nM, about 400 nM to about 100 μM, about 400 nM to about 95 μM, about 400 nM to about 90 μM, about 400 nM to about 85 μM, about 400 nM to about 80 μM, about 400 nM to about 75 μM, about 400 nM to about 70 μM, about 400 nM to about 65 μM, about 400 nM to about 60 μM, about 400 nM to about 55 μM, about 400 nM to about 50 μM, about 400 nM to about 45 μM, about 400 nM to about 40 μM, about 400 nM to about 35 μM, about 400 nM to about 30 μM, about 400 nM to about 25 μM, about 400 nM to about 20 μM, about 400 nM to about 15 μM, about 400 nM to about 10 μM, about 400 nM to about 5 μM, about 400 nM to about 1 μM, about 400 nM to about 900 nM, about 400 nM to about 800 nM, about 400 nM to about 700 nM, about 400 nM to about 600 nM, about 400 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 100 μM, about 500 nM to about 95 μM, about 500 nM to about 90 μM, about 500 nM to about 85 μM, about 500 nM to about 80 μM, about 500 nM to about 75 μM, about 500 nM to about 70 μM, about 500 nM to about 65 μM, about 500 nM to about 60 μM, about 500 nM to about 55 μM, about 500 nM to about 50 μM, about 500 nM to about 45 μM, about 500 nM to about 40 μM, about 500 nM to about 35 μM, about 500 nM to about 30 μM, about 500 nM to about 25 μM, about 500 nM to about 20 μM, about 500 nM to about 15 μM, about 500 nM to about 10 μM, about 500 nM to about 5 μM, about 500 nM to about 1 μM, about 500 nM to about 900 nM, about 500 nM to about 800 nM, about 500 nM to about 700 nM, about 500 nM to about 600 nM, about 600 nM to about 100 μM, about 600 nM to about 95 μM, about 600 nM to about 90 μM, about 600 nM to about 85 μM, about 600 nM to about 80 μM, about 600 nM to about 75 μM, about 600 nM to about 70 μM, about 600 nM to about 65 μM, about 600 nM to about 60 μM, about 600 nM to about 55 μM, about 600 nM to about 50 μM, about 600 nM to about 45 μM, about 600 nM to about 40 μM, about 600 nM to about 35 μM, about 600 nM to about 30 μM, about 600 nM to about 25 μM, about 600 nM to about 20 μM, about 600 nM to about 15 μM, about 600 nM to about 10 μM, about 600 nM to about 5 μM, about 600 nM to about 1 μM, about 600 nM to about 900 nM, about 600 nM to about 800 nM, about 600 nM to about 700 nM, about 700 nM to about 100 μM, about 700 nM to about 95 μM, about 700 nM to about 90 μM, about 700 nM to about 85 μM, about 700 nM to about 80 μM, about 700 nM to about 75 μM, about 700 nM to about 70 μM, about 700 nM to about 65 μM, about 700 nM to about 60 μM, about 700 nM to about 55 μM, about 700 nM to about 50 μM, about 700 nM to about 45 μM, about 700 nM to about 40 μM, about 700 nM to about 35 μM, about 700 nM to about 30 μM, about 700 nM to about 25 μM, about 700 nM to about 20 μM, about 700 nM to about 15 μM, about 700 nM to about 10 μM, about 700 nM to about 5 μM, about 700 nM to about 1 μM, about 700 nM to about 900 nM, about 700 nM to about 800 nM, about 800 nM to about 100 μM, about 800 nM to about 95 μM, about 800 nM to about 90 μM, about 800 nM to about 85 μM, about 800 nM to about 80 μM, about 800 nM to about 75 μM, about 800 nM to about 70 μM, about 800 nM to about 65 μM, about 800 nM to about 60 μM, about 800 nM to about 55 μM, about 800 nM to about 50 μM, about 800 nM to about 45 μM, about 800 nM to about 40 μM, about 800 nM to about 35 μM, about 800 nM to about 30 μM, about 800 nM to about 25 μM, about 800 nM to about 20 μM, about 800 nM to about 15 μM, about 800 nM to about 10 μM, about 800 nM to about 5 μM, about 800 nM to about 1 μM, about 800 nM to about 900 nM, about 900 nM to about 100 μM, about 900 nM to about 95 μM, about 900 nM to about 90 μM, about 900 nM to about 85 μM, about 900 nM to about 80 μM, about 900 nM to about 75 μM, about 900 nM to about 70 μM, about 900 nM to about 65 μM, about 900 nM to about 60 μM, about 900 nM to about 55 μM, about 900 nM to about 50 μM, about 900 nM to about 45 μM, about 900 nM to about 40 μM, about 900 nM to about 35 μM, about 900 nM to about 30 μM, about 900 nM to about 25 μM, about 900 nM to about 20 μM, about 900 nM to about 15 μM, about 900 nM to about 10 μM, about 900 nM to about 5 μM, about 900 nM to about 1 μM, about 1 μM to about 100 μM, about 1 μM to about 95 μM, about 1 μM to about 90 μM, about 1 μM to about 85 μM, about 1 μM to about 80 μM, about 1 μM to about 75 μM, about 1 μM to about 70 μM, about 1 μM to about 65 μM, about 1 μM to about 60 μM, about 1 μM to about 55 μM, about 1 μM to about 50 μM, about 1 μM to about 45 μM, about 1 μM to about 40 μM, about 1 μM to about 35 μM, about 1 μM to about 30 μM, about 1 μM to about 25 μM, about 1 μM to about 20 μM, about 1 μM to about 15 μM, about 1 μM to about 10 μM, about 1 μM to about 5 μM, about 5 μM to about 100 μM, about 5 μM to about 95 μM, about 5 μM to about 90 μM, about 5 μM to about 85 μM, about 5 μM to about 80 μM, about 5 μM to about 75 μM, about 5 μM to about 70 μM, about 5 μM to about 65 μM, about 5 μM to about 60 μM, about 5 μM to about 55 μM, about 5 μM to about 50 μM, about 5 μM to about 45 μM, about 5 μM to about 40 μM, about 5 μM to about 35 μM, about 5 μM to about 30 μM, about 5 μM to about 25 μM, about 5 μM to about 20 μM, about 5 μM to about 15 μM, about 5 μM to about 10 μM, about 10 μM to about 100 μM, about 10 μM to about 95 μM, about 10 μM to about 90 μM, about 10 μM to about 85 μM, about 10 μM to about 80 μM, about 10 μM to about 75 μM, about 10 μM to about 70 μM, about 10 μM to about 65 μM, about 10 μM to about 60 μM, about 10 μM to about 55 μM, about 10 μM to about 50 μM, about 10 μM to about 45 μM, about 10 μM to about 40 μM, about 10 μM to about 35 μM, about 10 μM to about 30 μM, about 10 μM to about 25 μM, about 10 μM to about 20 μM, about 10 μM to about 15 μM, about 15 μM to about 100 μM, about 15 μM to about 95 μM, about 15 μM to about 90 μM, about 15 μM to about 85 μM, about 15 μM to about 80 μM, about 15 μM to about 75 μM, about 15 μM to about 70 μM, about 15 μM to about 65 μM, about 15 μM to about 60 μM, about 15 μM to about 55 μM, about 15 μM to about 50 μM, about 15 μM to about 45 μM, about 15 μM to about 40 μM, about 15 μM to about 35 μM, about 15 μM to about 30 μM, about 15 μM to about 25 μM, about 15 μM to about 20 μM, about 20 μM to about 100 μM, about 20 μM to about 95 μM, about 20 μM to about 90 μM, about 20 μM to about 85 μM, about 20 μM to about 80 μM, about 20 μM to about 75 μM, about 20 μM to about 70 μM, about 20 μM to about 65 μM, about 20 μM to about 60 μM, about 20 μM to about 55 μM, about 20 μM to about 50 μM, about 20 μM to about 45 μM, about 20 μM to about 40 μM, about 20 μM to about 35 μM, about 20 μM to about 30 μM, about 20 μM to about 25 μM, about 25 μM to about 100 μM, about 25 μM to about 95 μM, about 25 μM to about 90 μM, about 25 μM to about 85 μM, about 25 μM to about 80 μM, about 25 μM to about 75 μM, about 25 μM to about 70 μM, about 25 μM to about 65 μM, about 25 μM to about 60 μM, about 25 μM to about 55 μM, about 25 μM to about 50 μM, about 25 μM to about 45 μM, about 25 μM to about 40 μM, about 25 μM to about 35 μM, about 25 μM to about 30 μM, about 30 μM to about 100 μM, about 30 μM to about 95 μM, about 30 μM to about 90 μM, about 30 μM to about 85 μM, about 30 μM to about 80 μM, about 30 μM to about 75 μM, about 30 μM to about 70 μM, about 30 μM to about 65 μM, about 30 μM to about 60 μM, about 30 μM to about 55 μM, about 30 μM to about 50 μM, about 30 μM to about 45 μM, about 30 μM to about 40 μM, about 30 μM to about 35 μM, about 35 μM to about 100 μM, about 35 μM to about 95 μM, about 35 μM to about 90 μM, about 35 μM to about 85 μM, about 35 μM to about 80 μM, about 35 μM to about 75 μM, about 35 μM to about 70 μM, about 35 μM to about 65 μM, about 35 μM to about 60 μM, about 35 μM to about 55 μM, about 35 μM to about 50 μM, about 35 μM to about 45 μM, about 35 μM to about 40 μM, about 40 μM to about 100 μM, about 40 μM to about 95 μM, about 40 μM to about 90 μM, about 40 μM to about 85 μM, about 40 μM to about 80 μM, about 40 μM to about 75 μM, about 40 μM to about 70 μM, about 40 μM to about 65 μM, about 40 μM to about 60 μM, about 40 μM to about 55 μM, about 40 μM to about 50 μM, about 40 μM to about 45 μM, about 45 μM to about 100 μM, about 45 μM to about 95 μM, about 45 μM to about 90 μM, about 45 μM to about 85 μM, about 45 μM to about 80 μM, about 45 μM to about 75 μM, about 45 μM to about 70 μM, about 45 μM to about 65 μM, about 45 μM to about 60 μM, about 45 μM to about 55 μM, about 45 μM to about 50 μM, about 50 μM to about 100 μM, about 50 μM to about 95 μM, about 50 μM to about 90 μM, about 50 μM to about 85 μM, about 50 μM to about 80 μM, about 50 μM to about 75 μM, about 50 μM to about 70 μM, about 50 μM to about 65 μM, about 50 μM to about 60 μM, about 50 μM to about 55 μM, about 55 μM to about 100 μM, about 55 μM to about 95 μM, about 55 μM to about 90 μM, about 55 μM to about 85 μM, about 55 μM to about 80 μM, about 55 μM to about 75 μM, about 55 μM to about 70 μM, about 55 μM to about 65 μM, about 55 μM to about 60 μM, about 60 μM to about 100 μM, about 60 μM to about 95 μM, about 60 μM to about 90 μM, about 60 μM to about 85 μM, about 60 μM to about 80 μM, about 60 μM to about 75 μM, about 60 μM to about 70 μM, about 60 μM to about 65 μM, about 65 μM to about 100 μM, about 65 μM to about 95 μM, about 65 μM to about 90 μM, about 65 μM to about 85 μM, about 65 μM to about 80 μM, about 65 μM to about 75 μM, about 65 μM to about 70 μM, about 70 μM to about 100 μM, about 70 μM to about 95 μM, about 70 μM to about 90 μM, about 70 μM to about 85 μM, about 70 μM to about 80 μM, about 70 μM to about 75 μM, about 75 μM to about 100 μM, about 75 μM to about 95 μM, about 75 μM to about 90 μM, about 75 μM to about 85 μM, about 75 μM to about 80 μM, about 80 μM to about 100 μM, about 80 μM to about 95 μM, about 80 μM to about 90 μM, about 80 μM to about 85 μM, about 85 μM to about 100 μM, about 85 μM to about 95 μM, about 85 μM to about 90 μM, about 90 μM to about 100 μM, about 90 μM to about 95 μM, or about 95 μM to about 100 μM.

›Definitions · 8 of 18

In some more particular embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a small molecule, an antibody, a peptide fragment, or a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a small molecule (e.g., an organic, an inorganic, or bioinorganic molecule) having a molecule weight of about or less than about 1000 Daltons, for example, about or less than about 900 Daltons, or about or less than about 500 Daltons. In some more particular embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor can be an inhibitory nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor can be an anti-PDE4 antibody.

Small Molecules

In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor is a small molecule. Non-limiting examples of small molecules that are PDE4 inhibitors are shown in Table 5.

Additional examples of a small molecule that is a PDE4 inhibitor include: Apremilast (CC-10004; CC-110004; CDC-104; Otezla®; lead selCID (2); selCID); CC-1088 (CC-1088; CC-5048; CC-801; CDC-801; lead SelCID (1)); Tetomilast (OPC-6535); KF-19514; PF-06266047; SKF-107806; PDB-093; Tolafentrine (BY-4070); TAK-648; CH-928; CH-673; CH-422; ABI-4 (18F-PF-06445974; Fluorine-18-PF-06445974); roflumilast; Roflumilast N-oxide (APTA-2217; B9302-107; BY-217; BYK-20860; Daliresp®; Dalveza; Daxas®; Libertek; Xevex; roflumist); NVP-ABE-171; BYK-321084; WAY-127093B; NCS-613; SDZ-ISQ-844; GS-5759; Ro-20-1724; Hemay-005; KCA-1490; TVX-2706; Nitraquazone; Filaminast (PDA-641; WAY-PDA-641); LASSBio-596; ASP-3258; TAS-203; AN-2889; AN-5322; AN-6414; AN-6415; Iotamilast (E-6005; RVT-501); GPD-1116; Cipamfylline (BRL-61063; HEP-688); MNP-001; MS-23; MSP-001; K-34; KF-66490; AL-38583 (cilomast); ZL-N-91; Almirall; CDP-840; GSK-356728; Cilomilast (Ariflo; SB-207499); OCID-2987; AN-2898; CBS-3595; ASP-9831 (ASP9831); E-4021 (4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, 1-[4-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-6-chloro-2-quinazolinyl]); Piclamilast (RP-73401; RPR-73401); CD-160130; GSK-256066 (256066); 4AZA-PDE4; YM-393059; Revamilast (GRC-4039); AN-2728 (PF-06930164; crisaborole (Eucrisa™)); MK-0952 (MK-952); Ibudilast (AV-411; MN-166; KC-404); GP-0203; ELB-526; Theophylline (Teonova); CHF-6001 (CHF-5480); Elbimilast (AWD-12-353; ELB-353; ronomilast); AWD-12-281 (842470); OS-0217; Oglemilast (GRC-3886); R-1627; ND-1510; ND-1251; WAY-122331; GRC-3566; Tofimilast (CP-325366); BAY-61-9987; Rolipram (ME-3167; ZK-62711); MEM-1414 (R-1533); Adenosine A3 antagonists (CGH-2466); RPL-554 (RPL-565; VMX-554; VMX-565; VRP-554; trequinsin analog); CT-5357; Etazolate (EHT-0202; SQ-20009; etazolate hydrochloride); Z-15370 (Z-15370A); Org-30029; Org-20241; Arofylline (LAS-31025); Arofylline derivatives; KW-4490; HT-0712 (IPL-455903); HT-0712; IPL-455903; CT-2450; CT-2820; CT-3883; CT-5210; L-454560; L-787258; L-791943; L-826141; L-869298; MK-0359; OX-914 (BLX-028914; BLX-914; IPL-4088; IPL-4182; IPL-4722); SDZ-PDI-747; AP-0679; Sch-351591 (D-4396; Sch-365351); TA-7906 (T-2585; TA-7906); HMR-1571; Lirimilast (BAY-19-8004); Daxalipram (Mesopram; SH-636; ZK-117137); SelCIs (CC-10036; CC-10083; CC-110007; CC-110036; CC-110037; CC-110038; CC-110049; CC-110052; CC-110083; CC-11069; CC-111050; CC-13039; CC-14046; CC-17034; CC-17035; CC-17075; CC-17085; CC-18062; CC-7075); RPR-117658; AWD-12-281 (842470; AWD-12-343; GW842470X); 256066 (GSK-256066; SB-207499); RPR-132294 (RPR-132703); CI-1018; CI-1044; PD-168787; PD-189659; PD-190036; PD-190749; YM-976; XT-611; Losartan derivatives; DWP-205 derivatives (DWP-205297); WAY-126120; YM-58997; CP-293321; V-11294A; CH-3697; CP-353164; Atizoram (CP-80633); D-4418; RPR-114597; IC-197; IC-246; IC-247; IC-485; IC-86518; IC-86518/IC-86521; IC-86521; CP-220629; ZL-n-91; D-22888 (AWD-12-232); GW-3600; GSK356278; TPI 1100; BPN14770; and MK-0873. See, e.g., Schafter et al. (2014) Cellular Signaling 26(9):2016-2029); Gurney et al. (2011) Handb Exp Pharmacol 204:167-192; Spadaccini et al. (2017) Intl J Mol Sciences 18:1276; Bickston et al. (2012) Expert Opinion Invest Drugs 21:12, 1845-1849; Keshavarzian et al. (2007) Expert Opinion Invest Drugs 16:9, 1489-1506.

Additional examples of small molecules that are PDE4 inhibitors are described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2017/0348311, 20176/0319558, 2016/0213642, 2015/0328187, 2015/0306079, 2015/0272949, 2015/0272936, 2015/0080359, 2015/0051254, 2014/0350035, 2014/0148420, 2014/0121221, 2013/0252928, 2013/0237527, 2013/0225609, 2012/0309726, 2012/0196867, 2012/0088743, 2012/0059031, 2012/0035143, 2012/0028932, 2011/0021478, 2011/0021476, 2010/0234382, 2010/0129363, 2010/0069392, 2010/0056604, 2010/0048616, 2010/0048615, 2009/0099148, 2009/0093503, 2008/0287522, 2008/0255209, 2008/0255186, 2008/0221111, 2007/0232637, 2007/0208181, 2007/0167489, 2006/0269600, 2006/0183764, 2006/0154934, 2006/0094723, 2006/0079540, 2005/0267135, 2005/0234238, 2005/0033521, 2003/0229134, 2003/0220352, 2003/0212112, 2003/0158189, 2003/0069260, 2003/0050329, 2002/0058687, and 2002/0028842. Additional examples of small molecules that are PDE4 inhibitors are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound disclosed in Li et al., Front. Pharmacol., 9:1048 (2018); Burgin et al., Nature Biotechnol., 28 (1): 63-72 (2010); Fox et al., Cell. Signal., 26:657-663 (2014); Naganuma et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19:3174-3176 (2009); or Zhang et al., Sci. Reports, 7:40115 (2017), each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is selected from a compound listed Table 6, and any optical isomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some ebodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is the compound tested in clinical trials NCT01993446, NCT01993420, and NCT01993433, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, also known as DRM02 (Dermira, Menlo Park, CA). See also, Li et al., Front. Pharmacol., 9:1048 (2018), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

›Definitions · 9 of 18

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound selected from among:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the general structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R 1 and R 2 are as defined in Table 7 below.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the general structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R 3 is as defined in Table 8.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the general structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R 3 and R 4 are as defined in Table 9.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the general structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined in Table 10.

In a more particular embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is a compound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, also known as brilacidin (or PMX-30063).

Inhibitory Nucleic Acids

In some embodiments, a PDE4 inhibitor is an inhibitory nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is an antisense nucleic acid, a ribozyme, and a small interfering RNA (siRNA). Examples of aspects of these different oligonucleotides are described below. Any of the examples of inhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease expression of PDE4 mRNA in a mammalian cell can be synthesized in vitro.

Inhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease the expression of PDE4 mRNA expression in a mammalian cell include antisense nucleic acid molecules, i.e., nucleic acid molecules whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to all or part of a PDE4 mRNA (e.g., complementary to all or a part of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5).

An antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to all or part of a non-coding region of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding a PDE4 protein. Non-coding regions (5′ and 3′ untranslated regions) are the 5′ and 3′ sequences that flank the coding region in a gene and are not translated into amino acids.

Based upon the sequences disclosed herein, one of skill in the art can easily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisense nucleic acids to target a nucleic acid encoding a PDE4 described herein. Antisense nucleic acids targeting a nucleic acid encoding a PDE4 can be designed using the software available at the Integrated DNA Technologies website.

An antisense nucleic acid can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 nucleotides or more in length. An antisense oligonucleotide can be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used.

Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate an antisense nucleic acid include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethyl aminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest).

The antisense nucleic acid molecules described herein can be prepared in vitro and administered to a mammal, e.g., a human. Alternatively, they can be generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding a PDE4 protein to thereby inhibit expression, e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarities to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can be delivered to a mammalian cell using a vector (e.g., a lentivirus, a retrovirus, or an adenovirus vector).

An antisense nucleic acid can be an α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual, β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6625-6641, 1987). The antisense nucleic acid can also comprise a 2′-O-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148, 1987) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analog (Inoue et al., FEBS Lett. 215:327-330, 1987).

Another example of an inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme that has specificity for a nucleic acid encoding a PDE4 protein (e.g., specificity for a PDE4 mRNA, e.g., specificity for SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes (described in Haselhoff and Gerlach, Nature 334:585-591, 1988)) can be used to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of the protein encoded by the mRNA. A ribozyme having specificity for a PDE4 mRNA can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of any of the PDE4 mRNA sequences disclosed herein. For example, a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in a PDE4 mRNA (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,987,071 and 5,116,742). Alternatively, a PDE4 mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel et al., Science 261:1411-1418, 1993.

›Definitions · 10 of 18

An inhibitor nucleic acid can also be a nucleic acid molecule that forms triple helical structures. For example, expression of a PDE4 polypeptide can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the gene encoding the PDE4 polypeptide (e.g., the promoter and/or enhancer, e.g., a sequence that is at least 1 kb, 2 kb, 3 kb, 4 kb, or 5 kb upstream of the transcription initiation start state) to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene in target cells. See generally Helene, Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84, 1991; Helene, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36, 1992; and Maher, Bioassays 14(12):807-15, 1992.

In various embodiments, inhibitory nucleic acids can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the stability, hybridization, or solubility of the molecule. For example, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids (see, e.g., Hyrup et al., Bioorganic Medicinal Chem. 4(1):5-23, 1996). Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are nucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAs allows for specific hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic strength. The synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed using standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols (see, e.g., Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:14670-675, 1996). PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication.

PNAs can be modified, e.g., to enhance their stability or cellular uptake, by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or other techniques of drug delivery known in the art. For example, PNA-DNA chimeras can be generated which may combine the advantageous properties of PNA and DNA. Such chimeras allow DNA recognition enzymes, e.g., RNAse H and DNA polymerases, to interact with the DNA portion while the PNA portion would provide high binding affinity and specificity. PNA-DNA chimeras can be linked using linkers of appropriate lengths selected in terms of base stacking, number of bonds between the nucleobases, and orientation.

The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed as described in Finn et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3357-63, 1996. For example, a DNA chain can be synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramidite coupling chemistry and modified nucleoside analogs. Compounds such as 5′-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5′-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite can be used as a link between the PNA and the 5′ end of DNA (Mag et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 17:5973-88, 1989). PNA monomers are then coupled in a stepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a 5′ PNA segment and a 3′ DNA segment (Finn et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3357-63, 1996). Alternatively, chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a 5′ DNA segment and a 3′ PNA segment (Peterser et al., Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 5:1119-11124, 1975).

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acids can include other appended groups such as peptides, or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6553-6556, 1989; Lemaitre et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:648-652, 1989; and WO 88/09810). In addition, the inhibitory nucleic acids can be modified with hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (see, e.g., Krol et al., Bio/Techniques 6:958-976, 1988) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, Pharm. Res. 5:539-549, 1988). To this end, the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport agent, hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc.

Another means by which expression of a PDE4 mRNA can be decreased in a mammalian cell is by RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a process in which mRNA is degraded in host cells. To inhibit an mRNA, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) corresponding to a portion of the gene to be silenced (e.g., a gene encoding a PDE4 polypeptide) is introduced into a mammalian cell. The dsRNA is digested into 21-23 nucleotide-long duplexes called short interfering RNAs (or siRNAs), which bind to a nuclease complex to form what is known as the RNA-induced silencing complex (or RISC). The RISC targets the homologous transcript by base pairing interactions between one of the siRNA strands and the endogenous mRNA. It then cleaves the mRNA about 12 nucleotides from the 3′ terminus of the siRNA (see Sharp et al., Genes Dev. 15:485-490, 2001, and Hammond et al., Nature Rev. Gen. 2:110-119, 2001).

RNA-mediated gene silencing can be induced in a mammalian cell in many ways, e.g., by enforcing endogenous expression of RNA hairpins (see, Paddison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:1443-1448, 2002) or, as noted above, by transfection of small (21-23 nt) dsRNA (reviewed in Caplen, Trends Biotech. 20:49-51, 2002). Methods for modulating gene expression with RNAi are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 and US 2003/0056235, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Standard molecular biology techniques can be used to generate siRNAs. Short interfering RNAs can be chemically synthesized, recombinantly produced, e.g., by expressing RNA from a template DNA, such as a plasmid, or obtained from commercial vendors, such as Dharmacon. The RNA used to mediate RNAi can include synthetic or modified nucleotides, such as phosphorothioate nucleotides. Methods of transfecting cells with siRNA or with plasmids engineered to make siRNA are routine in the art.

The siRNA molecules used to decrease expression of a PDE4 mRNA can vary in a number of ways. For example, they can include a 3′ hydroxyl group and strands of 21, 22, or 23 consecutive nucleotides. They can be blunt ended or include an overhanging end at either the 3′ end, the 5′ end, or both ends. For example, at least one strand of the RNA molecule can have a 3′ overhang from about 1 to about 6 nucleotides (e.g., 1-5, 1-3, 2-4 or 3-5 nucleotides (whether pyrimidine or purine nucleotides) in length. Where both strands include an overhang, the length of the overhangs may be the same or different for each strand.

›Definitions · 11 of 18

To further enhance the stability of the RNA duplexes, the 3′ overhangs can be stabilized against degradation (by, e.g., including purine nucleotides, such as adenosine or guanosine nucleotides or replacing pyrimidine nucleotides by modified analogues (e.g., substitution of uridine 2-nucleotide 3′ overhangs by 2′-deoxythymidine is tolerated and does not affect the efficiency of RNAi). Any siRNA can be used in the methods of decreasing PDE4 mRNA, provided it has sufficient homology to the target of interest (e.g., a sequence present in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5, e.g., a target sequence encompassing the translation start site or the first exon of the mRNA). There is no upper limit on the length of the siRNA that can be used (e.g., the siRNA can range from about 21 base pairs of the gene to the full length of the gene or more (e.g., about 20 to about 30 base pairs, about 50 to about 60 base pairs, about 60 to about 70 base pairs, about 70 to about 80 base pairs, about 80 to about 90 base pairs, or about 90 to about 100 base pairs).

Non-limiting examples of siRNAs targeting PDE4 are described in Takakura et al., PLosOne 10(12):e0142981, 2015; Watanabe et al., Cell Signal 27(7):1517-1524, 2015; Suzuki et al., PLos One 11(7):e0158967, 2016; Kai et al., Mol. Ther. Nucl. Acids 6: 163-172, 2017). See, e.g., Cheng et al. Exp Ther Med 12(4): 2257-2264, 2016; Peter et al., J Immunol 178)8): 4820-4831; and Lynch et al. J Biolog Chem 280: 33178-33189. Additional examples of PDE4 inhibitory nucleic acids are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2010/0216703 and 2014/0171487, which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitory nucleic acid targeting PDE4 can be administered to a subject (e.g., a human subject) in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be about 10 nucleotides to about 40 nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to about 30 nucleotides, about 10 to about 25 nucleotides, about 10 to about 20 nucleotides, about 10 to about 15 nucleotides, 10 nucleotides, 11 nucleotides, 12 nucleotides, 13 nucleotides, 14 nucleotides, 15 nucleotides, 16 nucleotides, 17 nucleotides, 18 nucleotides, 19 nucleotides, 20 nucleotides, 21 nucleotides, 22 nucleotides, 23 nucleotides, 24 nucleotides, 25 nucleotides, 26 nucleotides, 27 nucleotides, 28 nucleotides, 29 nucleotides, 30 nucleotides, 31 nucleotides, 32 nucleotides, 33 nucleotides, 34 nucleotides, 35 nucleotides, 36 nucleotides, 37 nucleotides, 38 nucleotides, 39 nucleotides, or 40 nucleotides) in length. One skilled in the art will appreciate that inhibitory nucleic acids may comprise at least one modified nucleic acid at either the 5′ or 3′ end of DNA or RNA.

Any of the inhibitor nucleic acids described herein can be formulated for administration to the gastrointestinal tract. See, e.g., the formulation methods described in US 2016/0090598 and Schoellhammer et al., Gastroenterology, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.002, 2017.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be formulated in a nanoparticle (e.g., a nanoparticle including one or more synthetic polymers, e.g., Patil et al., Pharmaceutical Nanotechnol. 367:195-203, 2009). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle can be a mucoadhesive particle (e.g., nanoparticles having a positively-charged exterior surface) (Andersen et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 555:77-86, 2009). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle can have a neutrally-charged exterior surface.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid can be formulated, e.g., as a liposome (Buyens et al., J. Control Release 158(3): 362-370, 2012), a micelle (e.g., a mixed micelle) (Tangsangasaksri et al., BioMacromolecules 17:246-255, 2016), a microemulsion (WO 11/004395), a nanoemulsion, or a solid lipid nanoparticle (Sahay et al., Nature Biotechnol. 31:653-658, 2013; Lin et al., Nanomedicine 9(1):105-120, 2014).

Exemplary Methods of Treating a Disease or Condition of the Gastrointestinal Tract with a PDE4 Inhibitor

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into, or proximal to, a portion of the subject's GI tract containing one or more sites of inflammatory disease.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is an inflammatory bowel disease. In other embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease or condition. In other embodiments, the disease or condition is inflammatory bowel disease. In other embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

›Definitions · 12 of 18

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at the location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

In some embodiments, the localized device, or pre-selected location, is proximal to the section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing the one or more sites of the inflammatory disease. In a further embodiment, the proximal location immediately precedes the section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing the one or more sites of the inflammatory disease sites. In yet a further embodiment, the immediately proximal location does not contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

Localization of the Device

In some more particular embodiments, the device is a self-localizing device configured to determine a device location within the subject's GI tract. In some exemplary embodiments, the method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject comprises using a self-localizing device. The self-localizing device comprises at least one sensor configured to collect data, such as optical data, from the portions of the GI tract through which the device has travelled, including the portion of the GI tract in which the device is presently located. Thus, in some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location based on data collected by at least one sensor. In some more particular embodiments, the sensor comprises a light sensor and the data comprises optical data. In some more particular embodiments, the optical data is data collected by a system that includes at least one light detector. In some more particular embodiments, the light detector comprises a light sensor.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location based on (a) optical data; (b) a period of elapsed time following transition of the device into a portion of the GI tract; or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location based on (a) optical data; (b) a period of elapsed time following transition of the device into the GI tract or following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract; or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location based on optical data. In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location based on the period of elapsed time following transition of the device into the GI tract or following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract. As used herein, the time period “following transition of the device into the GI tract” refers to the time period following ingestion of the device. In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location to the stomach about one (1) minute following transition of the device into the GI tract (i.e., following oral ingestion of the device). In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location to the jejunum about three (3) minutes following transition of the device from the stomach to the duodenum. In some more particular embodiments, the device is also localized in response to detection of a temperature change in the GI tract or in the portion of the GI tract where the device is located, relative to a portion of the GI trace where the device was previously located. In some more particular embodiments, the device is also localized upon detection of a pH change in the GI tract or in the portion of the GI tract where the device is located, relative to a portion of the GI trace where the device was previously located. In other more particular embodiments, localizing the device does not comprise measuring the pH in the GI tract or in the portion of the GI tract where the device is or was previously located. In some more particular embodiments, the device includes one or more machine readable hardware storage devices that store instructions that are executable by one or more processing devices to determine the location of the device. In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location within the GI tract of the subject with an accuracy of at least 85%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract is determined by the device with an accuracy of at least 85%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device from the stomach to the duodenum is determined with an accuracy of at least 90%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device from the duodenum to the jejunum is determined with an accuracy of at least 90%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device from the jejunum to the ileum is determined with an accuracy of at least 80%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device from the ileum to the cecum is determined with an accuracy of at least 80%.

›Definitions · 13 of 18

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more sites of inflammatory disease; wherein the device comprises a system that comprises at least one light source and at least one light detector, and the device is self-localized based on optical data collected by the system; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more sites of inflammatory disease; wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device into the GI tract or following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at the location proximate to the one or more sites of disease, wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device into the GI tract or following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more sites of inflammatory disease; wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device into the GI tract; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some even more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device into the GI tract.

Thus, in some even more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract, wherein at least one site of disease is in said adjacent portion of the GI tract.

›Definitions · 14 of 18

Thus, in some even more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the device determines its location based on the time following transition of the device from one portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract, wherein at least one site of disease is in a portion of the GI tract that is distal to said adjacent portion of the GI tract.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at the location proximate to the one or more sites of disease, wherein the device determines its location based on reflectance that is external to the device and present in the GI tract, and that is detected by a light sensor in the device.

In another more particular embodiment, the reflectance includes green light and blue light, wherein an increase in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance indicates that the device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum.

In other more particular embodiments, the reflectance includes red light, wherein a decrease in red light reflectance indicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum.

In other more particular embodiments, the reflectance includes red, green light and blue light, wherein a change in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, and/or a change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the detected blue reflectance, indicates that the device has transitioned from the cecum further into the colon.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more sites of inflammatory disease; wherein localizing the device in the subject's GI tract comprises detecting a device transition between the stomach and duodenum, between duodenum and jejunum, between jejunum and ileum, between ileum and cecum, between ileum and colon, or between cecum and colon, or a combination of any two or more of the foregoing device transitions; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein localizing the device in the subject's GI tract comprises detecting a device transition between the stomach and duodenum, between duodenum and jejunum, between jejunum and ileum, between ileum and cecum, between ileum and colon, or between cecum and colon, or a combination of any two or more of the foregoing device transitions.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the stomach, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the stomach; wherein the device localization comprises monitoring elapsed time following the oral administration; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

›Definitions · 15 of 18

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the stomach, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the stomach, wherein the device localization comprises monitoring elapsed time following the oral administration.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the duodenum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the duodenum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the stomach to the duodenum; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the duodenum, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the duodenum, wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the stomach to the duodenum.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the stomach to the duodenum comprises detecting green and blue light reflectance, wherein an increase in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance indicates that the device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the jejunum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the jejunum, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the duodenum to the jejunum comprises (i) detecting green light and blue light, wherein an increase in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance indicates that the device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum; and (ii) measuring a period of elapsed time after the transition to the duodenum; thereby determining that the device has transitioned from the duodenum to the jejunum. Preferably, the period of elapsed time is about 3 minutes. In a further embodiment, the device localization further comprises obtaining peristaltic contraction frequency data.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the ileum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the ileum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the jejunum to the ileum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

›Definitions · 16 of 18

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the jejunum to the ileum comprises detecting red light reflectance, wherein a decrease in red light indicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the cecum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the cecum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the ileum to the cecum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the ileum to the cecum comprises detecting red, green and blue light reflectance, wherein a decrease in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, together with a decrease in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance, indicates that the device has transitioned from the ileum to the cecum.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the colon, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the cecum to the colon; and optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the cecum to the colon comprises detecting red, green and blue light reflectance, wherein a change in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, and/or a change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the detected blue reflectance, indicates that the device has transitioned from the cecum to the colon.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the duodenum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the jejunum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the stomach to the duodenum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the jejunum, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the duodenum, wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the stomach to the duodenum.

›Definitions · 17 of 18

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the ileum and at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the ileum and at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the ileum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the ileum, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the jejunum, wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the ileum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the cecum; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the jejunum to the ileum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

›Definitions · 18 of 18

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition from the jejunum to the ileum comprises detecting red light reflectance, wherein a decrease in red light reflectance indicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum,

Thus in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor, localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of the subject, and releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the cecum, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon; wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the ileum to the cecum; optionally, wherein the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, comprising

orally administering to the subject a self-localizing ingestible device comprising (i) a PDE4 inhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a PDE4 inhibitor,

localizing the device in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject at a location proximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon, and

releasing the PDE4 inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the PDE4 inhibitor from the ingestible device into the cecum,

wherein the device localization comprises detecting a transition from the ileum to the cecum.

Determination of the Site of Disease

In some more particular embodiments, a site of disease is pre-determined. In some more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises imaging the GI tract of the subject. In some more particular embodiments, the imaging comprises still imaging, video imaging, or a combination thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy. In more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy. In more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy with imaging. In more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy with a biopsy. In more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy with imaging and a biopsy.

In more particular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease is preceded by identifying symptoms or signs indicative of Crohn's disease in a subject, for example, according to American Gastroenterology Association (AGA) clinical guidelines. In some particular embodiments such one or more symptoms or signs are selected from fever, abdominal pain, GI bleeding, localized tenderness, weight loss, joint pain, and cutaneous signs.

In more particular embodiments, the subject is further evaluated by determining the level of one or more inflammatory markers, for example, according to AGA guidelines. In some particular embodiments such one or more markers are selected from CBC, CRP, CMP, fecal calprotectin, and ESR.

In some particular embodiments, the subject, having undergone evaluation for symptoms and signs of disease and evaluation for one or more disease markers, is identified as a candidate for further evaluation, e.g., such that imaging is indicated. In some such embodiments, the subject further undergoes CT-enterograp

›Tables in the description — 30

TABLE 1 — Antioxidants and reducing agents and usage in some commercial products

Excipient	Range	Example
Ascorbate (sodium/acid)	0.1-4.8%	w/v	Vibramycin ® (Roerig) 4.8%
Bisulfite sodium	0.02-0.66%	w/v	Amikin ® (Bristol Myers) 0.66%
Butylated hydroxy	0.00028-0.03%	w/v	Aquasol ® (Astra) 0.03%
anisole (BRA)
Butylated hydroxy	0.00116-0.03%	w/v	Aquasol ® (Astra) 0.03%
toluene (BHT)
Cystein/Cysteinate, HCl	0.07-0.10%	w/v	Acthar Gel ® (Rhone-Poulanc) 0.1% w/v
Dithionite sodium (Na	0.10%	Nurorphan ® (DuPont) 0.10%
hydrosulfite,
Na sulfoxylate)
Gentisic acid	0.02%	w/v	OctreoScan ® (Mallinckrodt)
Gentisic acid ethanolamine	2%	M.V.I. 12 ® (Astra) 2%
Glutamate monosodium	0.1%	w/v	Varivas ® (Merck) 0.1% w/v
Formaldehyde sulfoxylate	0.075-0.5%	w/v	Terramycin Solution (Roerig) 0.5%
sodium
Metabisulfite potassium	0.10%	Vasoxyl ® (Glaxo-Wellcome) 0.10%
Metabisulfite sodium	0.02-1%	w/v	Intropin ® (DuPont) 1% w/v
Monothioglycerol	0.1-1%	Terramycin Solution (Roerig) 1%
(Thioglycerol)
Propyl gallate	0.02%	Navane ® (Roerig)
Sulfite, sodium	0.05-0.2%	w/v	Enion ® (Ohmeda) 0.2% w/v
Thioglycolate, sodium	0.66%	w/v	Sus-Phrine ® (Forest) 0.66% w/v

TABLE 3 — Emulsifiers used in lipid-based formulations Low hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) (<10) emulsifier

	Phosphatidylcholine and	Phosphatidylcholine,
	phosphatidylcholine/	phosphatidylcholine
	solvent mixtures	in propylene glycol,
		phosphatidylcholine in
		medium chain triglycerides,
		and phosphatidylcholine in
		safflower oil/ethanol
	Unsaturated	Oleoyl macrogolglycerides,
	polyglycolized	linoleoyl macrogolglycerides
	glycerides
	Sorbitan esters	Sorbitan monooleate,
		sorbitan monostearate,
		sorbitan monolaurate, and
		sorbitan monopalmitate
High HLB (>10) emulsifier
	Polyoxyethylene	Polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,
	sorbitan esters	polysorbate 60, and
		polysorbate 80
	Polyoxyl castor	Polyoxyl 35 castor oil,
	oil derivatives	polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated
		castor oil
	Polyoxyethylene	Poloxamer 188,
	polyoxypropylene	poloxamer 407
	block copolymer
	Saturated polyglycolized	Lauroyl macrogolglycerides,
	glycerides	stearoyl
		macrogolglycerides
	PEG-8 caprylic/	Caprylocaproyl
	capric glycerides	macrogolglycerides
	Vitamin E derivative	Tocopherol PEG succinate

Name of ingredient	Quantity	Function
Adalimumab	40.0	mg	40.0 mg
(used as a concentrate)			Active substance
Mannitol	9.6	mg	Tonicity agent
Citric acid monohydrate	1.044	mg	Buffer
Citric acid
Sodium citrate	0.244	mg	Buffer
Sodium phosphate	1.224	mg	Buffer
dihydrate
Dibasic sodium
phosphate dihydrate
Sodium dihydrogen	0.688	mg	Buffer
phosphate dihydrate
Monobasic sodium
phosphate dihydrate
Sodium chloride	4.932	mg	Tonicity agent
Polysorbate 80	0.8	mg	Detergent
Water for injection	759.028-759.048	mg	Solvent
Sodium hydroxide	0.02-0.04	mg	pH adjustment
(1M solution)
total	817.6	mg

TABLE 5 — Exemplary Small Molecules that are PDE4 Inhibitors

	Originator		Other Drug
Drug Name	Company	Structure	Names	Indications
apremilast	Celgene Corp
CC-10004; CC-110004; CDC-104; Otezla; apremilast; lead selCID (2), Celgene; selCID (COPD), Celgene	Asthma; Atopic dermatitis; Crohns disease; Inflammatory disease; Rheumatoid arthritis
CC-1088	Celgene Corp
CC-1088; CC-5048; CC-801; CDC-801; lead SelCID (1), Celgene	Crohns disease; Inflammatory disease; Myelodysplastic syndrome
tetomilast	Otsuka Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
OPC-6535; tetomilast	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Crohns disease; Inflammatory bowel disease;
				Respiratory
				disease;
				Ulcerative colitis
KF-19514	Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd
KF-19514; PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Kyowa	Allergic rhinitis; Asthma; Respiratory disease
PF-06266047	Pfizer Inc		PF-06266047	Schizophrenia
SKF-107806	SmithKline		SKF-107806	Asthma
	Beecham
	plc
PDB-093	Wyeth- Ayerst Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
PDB-093	Asthma
PDE4 inhibitors (inhalant formulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), AstraZeneca	AstraZeneca plc
PDE4 inhibitors (inhalant formulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), AstraZeneca	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
tolafentrine	Takeda GmbH
BY-4070; tolafentrine	Asthma
TAK-648	Takeda		TAK-648	Diabetic
	Pharmaceuti-			nephropathy;
	cal Co Ltd			Non-insulin
				dependent
				diabetes
CH-928	UCB		CH-928	Asthma
	Celltech
CH-673	UCB		CH-673	Asthma
	Celltech
CH-422	UCB		CH-422	Asthma
	Celltech
ABI-4	Pfizer Inc
18F-PF-06445974; ABI-4; Fluorine-18-PF- 06445974; PDE4 inhibitor (psychotic disorders), Pfizer/Northeastern University; PF-06445974-[18F]
roflumilast N- oxide (inhalant formulation, airway disorders), Incozen	Incozen Therapeutics Pvt Ltd
roflumilast N- oxide; roflumilast N-oxide (inhalant formulation, airway disorders), Incozen	Respiratory disease
PDE4 allosteric	Tetra		PDE4 allosteric
inhibitors (mild	Discovery		inhibitors (mild
cognitive	Partners		cognitive
impairment/trau-	LLC		impairment/traumatic
matic brain			brain injury),
injury), Tetra			Tetra Discovery
Discovery
PDE4 inhibitors (inflammatory disorders), Kyorin Pharmaceuticals	Kyorin Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
PDE4 inhibitors (inflammatory disorders), Kyorin Pharmaceuticals	Inflammatory disease
BYK-321084	Takeda		BYK-321084	Psoriasis
	Pharma A/S
WAY-127093B	Wyeth- Ayerst Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
WAY-127093B	Asthma
NCS-613	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NCS-613	Cardiac failure
SDZ-ISQ-844	Novartis AG
SDZ-ISQ-844	Asthma
dual long-acting beta2- adrenoceptor agonists/PDE4 inhibitors (inhalant, COPD), Gilead	Gilead Sciences Inc
GS-5759; dual long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists/PDE4 inhibitors (inhalant, COPD), Gilead	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Ro-20-1724	Roche Holding AG
Ro-20-1724	Asthma; Psoriasis
Hemay-005	Tianjin		Hemay-005;
	Hemay Bio-		TNF alpha and IL-
	Tech Co Ltd		1 dual antagonist
			(inflammation),
			Tianjin Hemay Bio-
			Tech/Hainan
			Hailing
			Chemipharma
			Corporation
PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors, Kyorin	Kyorin Holdings Inc
KCA-1490; PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors, Kyorin	Respiratory disease
phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Syntex	Roche Palo Alto
PDE4 inhibitors, Syntex; TVX-2706; nitraquazone; phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Syntex	Inflammatory disease
filaminast	Wyeth- Ayerst Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
PDA-641; WAY-PDA-641; filaminast	Asthma; Inflammatory disease
LASSBio-596	LASSBio
LASSBio-596; PDE4/PDE5 inhibitor (acute lung injury/asthma), LASSBio	Asthma
ASP-3258	Astellas Pharma Inc
ASP-3258; PDE 4 inhibitor (airway inflammation), Astellas; phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (airway inflammation), Astellas	Respiratory tract inflammation
TAS-203	Taiho Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
PDE 4 inhibitor (airway inflammation), Taiho; TAS-203; phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (airway inflammation), Taiho	Respiratory tract inflammation
PDE4 inhibitor (inflammatory disease/autoim- mune disease), Anacor Pharmaceuticals	Anacor Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
AN-3889; AN-5322; AN-6414; AN-6415; PDE4 inhibitor (inflammatory disease/autoimmune disease), Anacor Pharmaceuticals
lotamilast	Eisai Co Ltd
E-6005; RVT-501; lotamilast
GPD-1116	ASKA Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
GPD-1116	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary Emphysema
cipamfylline	SmithKline Beecham plc
BRL-61063; HEP-688; cipamfylline	Asthma; Atopic dermatitis
Phosphodiesterase	Spring Bank		Phosphodiesterase	Chronic
3, 4 and 7	Pharmaceuti-		3, 4 and 7	obstructive
inhibitors (oral,	cals Inc		inhibitors (oral,	pulmonary
COPD), Spring			COPD), Spring	disease
Bank			Bank
Pharmaceuticals			Pharmaceuticals;
			SMNH compounds
			(oral, COPD),
			Spring Bank
			Pharmaceuticals;
			nucleotide based
			program (oral,
			COPD), Spring
			Bank
			Pharmaceuticals;
			small molecule
			nucleic acid
			hybrids (oral,
			COPD), Spring
			Bank
			Pharmaceuticals
ZL-N-91	Zhejiang		ZL-N-91	Lung
	University			inflammation
PDE 4 inhibitors (inflammation), Almirall	Almirall Prodesfarma SA
PDE 4 inhibitors (inflammation), Almirall	Inflammatory disease
CDP-840	UCB Celltech
CDP-840	Asthma
GSK-356278	GlaxoSmith Kline plc
356278; GSK-356278; PDE4 inhibitor (oral, depression/anxiety, GlaxoSmithKline	Anxiety disorder; Depression; Huntingtons chorea
cilomilast	SmithKline Beecham plc
Ariflo; SB-207499; cilomilast; oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (asthma/COPD), GSK	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PDE4 inhibitors (oral, COPD), GlaxoSmithKline	GlaxoSmith Kline plc
PDE4 inhibitors (oral, COPD), GlaxoSmithKline	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
dual PDE4/L- type calcium channel inhibitors (hypertension), University of South Carolina	University of South Carolina
MNP-001; MS-23; MSP-001; dual PDE4/L-type calcium channel inhibitors (hypertension), University of South Carolina	Hypertension
PDE-4 inhibitor	Crystal		PDE-4 inhibitor	Asthma
(asthma),	Genomics		(asthma),
CrystalGenomics	Inc		CrystalGenomics
PDE 4 inhibitors (dermatitis/rheu- matoid arthritis), Kyowa Hakko Kirin	Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd
K-34; KF-66490; PDE 4 inhibitors (dermatitis/rheuma- toid arthritis), Kyowa Hakko Kirin	Atopic dermatitis; Rheumatoid arthritis
cilomilast (ophthalmic disease), Alcon	GlaxoSmith Kline plc
AL-38583; cilomilast; cilomilast (ophthalmic disease), Alcon; cilomilast (ophthalmic disease), GSK	Allergic conjunctivitis; Ocular disease; Xerophthalmia
OCID-2987	Orchid		OCID-2987;	Asthma;
	Pharma Ltd		PDE IV inhibitor	Chronic
			(inflammation),	obstructive
			Orchid; PDE4	pulmonary
			inhibitor	disease;
			(inflammation),	Inflammatory
			Orchid;	disease
			phosphodiesterase
			IV inhibitor
			(inflammation),
			Orchid
roflumilast (dermatological, psoriasis/atopic dermatitis), Nycomed	Takeda Pharmaceuti- cals International GmbH
roflumilast; roflumilast (dermatological, psoriasis/atopic dermatitis), Nycomed	Atopic dermatitis; Psoriasis
PDE 4 inhibitor	Takeda		PDE 4 inhibitor	Inflammatory
(inflammation),	Pharmaceuti-		(inflammation),	disease
Takeda	cals		Takeda
Pharmaceuticals	International		Pharmaceuticals
International	GmbH		International
AN-2898	Anacor Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
AN-2898; PDE4 inhibitor (topical, psoriasis/atopic dermatitis), Anacor	Atopic dermatitis; Psoriasis
dual p38/PDE4 inhibitors (inflammation), c-a-i-r biosciences	c-a-i-r biosciences GmbH
CBS-3595; dual p38/PDE4 inhibitors (inflammation), c-a-i-r biosciences; dual p38/phosphodiester- ase 4 inhibitors (inflammation), c-a-i-r biosciences	Inflammatory disease
ASP-9831	Astellas Pharma Inc
ASP-9831; PDE4 inhibitor (hepatitis), Astellas; PDE4 inhibitor (non- alcoholic steatohepatitis), Astellas	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
phosphodiesterase	VIA		phosphodiesterase	Vasculitis
4 inhibitors	Pharmaceuti-		4 inhibitors
(vascular	cals Inc		(vascular
inflammation),			inflammation), VIA
VIA			Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals
E-4021	Eisai Co Ltd
4- Piperidinecarboxylic acid, 1-[4-[(1,3- benzodioxol-5- ylmethyl)amino]-6- chloro-2- quinazolinyl]-; E- 4021	Angina; Cardiac failure
piclamilast	Rhone- Poulenc SA
RP-73401; RPR-73401; piclamilast	Arthritis; Asthma
CD-160130	Curacyte		CD-160130;	Chronic
	AG		PDE-4 inhibitor	lymphocytic
			(oral, B-CLL),	leukemia
			Black Swan
			Pharma;
			PDE-4 inhibitor
			(oral, B-CLL),
			Curacyte
			Discovery;
			PDE-4 inhibitor
			(oral, B-cell
			chronic
			lymphocytic
			leukemia),
			Curacyte Discovery
GSK-256066 (allergic rhinitis, intranasal formulation), GlaxoSmithKline	GlaxoSmith Kline plc
256066; 256066 (allergic rhinitis, intranasal formulation), GlaxoSmithKline; GSK-256066; GSK-256066 (allergic rhinitis, intranasal formulation), GlaxoSmithKline	Allergic rhinitis
4AZA-PDE4	4 AZA		4AZA-PDE4	Immune disorder
	Bioscience
	NV
YM-393059	Astellas Pharma Inc
YM-393059; dual PDE7A/PDE4 inhibitors (immune disorder), Astellas	Immune disorder
revamilast	Glenmark Pharmaceuti- cals Ltd
GRC-4039; PDE 4 inhibitor (inflammation), Glenmark; phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (inflammation), Glenmark; revamilast; revamilast (inflammation), Glenmark	Asthma; Inflammatory disease; Multiple sclerosis; Rheumatoid arthritis
crisaborole	Anacor Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
AN-2728; EUCRISA; EUCRISA; Eucrysa; Eucrysa; PF- 06930164
MK-0952	Merck & Co Inc
MK-0952; MK-952; PDE4 inhibitor (AD), Merck & Co; phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor (Alzheimer's disease), Merck & Co	Alzheimer's disease
ibudilast (oral, neuropathic pain/opiate dependence/neuro- degeneration/ TBI/drug dependence), MediciNova	Avigen Inc
AV-411; MN-166; glial activation inhibitor (oral, neuropathic pain/opiate dependence), Avigen; ibudilast; ibudilast (oral, neuropathic pain/opiate
			dependence/
			alcohol
			dependence),
			Avigen;
			ibudilast (oral,
			neuropathic
			pain/opiate
			dependence/neuro-
			degeneration/TBI/drug
			dependence),
			MediciNova;
			neurodegeneration
			disease therapy,
			Avigen;
			neuropathic pain
			therapy, Avigen
GP-0203	Centre		GP-0203;	Asthma;
	National de		PDE 4 inhibitor	Chronic
	la		(COPD/asthma),	obstructive
	Recherche		CNRS	pulmonary
	Scientifique			disease
	(CNRS)
dual PDE 3/4	Scottish		dual PDE 3/4	Asthma
inhibitors (oral,	Biomedical		inhibitors (oral,
asthma), Scottish	Ltd		asthma), Scottish
Biomedical			Biomedical; dual
			phosphodiesterase
			3/4 inhibitors (oral,
			asthma), Scottish
			Biomedical
ELB-526	elbion AG		ELB-526;	Lung
			inhaled PDE 4	inflammation
			inhibitor (lung
			inflammation),
			elbion; inhaled
			phosphodiesterase
			4 inhibitor (lung
			inflammation),
			elbion
theophylline (SODAS/Pharma Zome), Elan	Elan Corp plc
Teonova; Theolan; once- daily theophylline (SODAS), Elan; theophylline; theophylline (PharmaZome), Elan; theophylline (SODAS), Elan;
			theophylline
			(SODAS/
			PharmaZome), Elan;
			theophylline, Elan;
			twice-daily
			theophylline
			(PharmaZone),
			Elan
CHF-6001	Chiesi Farmaceutic i SpA
CHF-5480; CHF-6001; PDE 4 inhibitors (inhalant formulation, COPD/asthma), Chiesi
elbimilast	elbion AG
AWD-12-353; ELB-353; PDE4 inhibitor, BioTie; PDE4 inhibitor, elbion; elbimilast; ronomilast
AWD-12-281 (topical cream), elbion/GlaxoSmith- Kline	elbion AG
842470; AWD-12-281; AWD-12-281 (dermatitis), elbion/GlaxoSmith Kline; AWD-12-281 (topical cream), elbion/GlaxoSmith Kline; GW-842470	Atopic dermatitis
ibudilast (multiple sclerosis/amyo- trophic lateral sclerosis), MediciNova	Kyorin Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
Ketas; MN-166; ibudilast; ibudilast (multiple sclerosis), MediciNova; ibudilast (multiple sclerosis/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis),	Neurological disease
			MediciNova
PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Dainippon Sumitomo	Dainippon Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
OS-0217; PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Dainippon; PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Dainippon Sumitomo	Asthma
oglemilast	Glenmark Pharmaceuti- cals Ltd
GRC-3886; oglemilast; oglemilast (oral, COPD/asthma), Glenmark	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Rheumatoid arthritis
R-1627	Roche		R-1627	Alzheimers
	Holding AG		disease
ND-1510	Neuro3d SA		ND-1510	Depression
ND-1251	Neuro3d SA		ND-1251	Depression
PDE4 inhibitors	Purdue		PDE4 inhibitors	Asthma
(asthma), Purdue	Pharma LP		(asthma), Purdue
WAY-122331	Wyeth- Ayerst Pharmaceuti- cals Inc
WAY-122331	Cardiac failure
GRC-3566	Glenmark		GRC-3566	Asthma;
	Pharmaceuti-			Chronic
	cals Ltd			obstructive
				pulmonary
				disease
tofimilast	Pfizer Inc
CP-325366; tofimilast	Allergy; Respiratory disease
BAY-61-9987	Bayer AG		BAY-61-9987;	Chronic
			low affinity	obstructive
			phosphodiesterase	pulmonary
			4 inhibitor, Bayer	disease;
				Respiratory
				disease
rolipram	Bayer Schering Pharma AG
ME-3167; ZK-62711; rolipram	Asthma; Depression; HIV infection; Multiple sclerosis; Neurodegenerative disease; Tardive dyskinesia
MEM-1414	Memory		MEM-1414;	Alzheimers
	Pharmaceuti-		PDE 4 inhibitor	disease;
	cals Corp		(Alzheimer's),	Asthma
			Memory;
			PDE 4 inhibitor
			(Alzheimer's),
			Memory/Roche;
			R-1533
adenosine A3 antagonists, Novartis	Novartis AG
CGH-2466; CGS-2466; adenosine A3 antagonists, Novartis	Asthma
RPL-554	King's College London
PDE 3/PDE 4 inhibitors, Kings College; PDE3/4 inhibitors (nasal, respiratory disease), Verona Pharma; PDE3/4 inhibitors (respiratory therapeutics), Rhinopharma; RPL-554; RPL-565; VMX-554; VMX-565; VRP-554; dual MRP4 and PDE3/4 inhibitors (nasal, respiratory	Allergic rhinitis
			disease), Verona
			Pharma; trequinsin
			analogs (respiratory
			therapeutics),
			Kings
			College/Vernalis/
			Rhinopharma
CT-5357	UCB Celltech
CT-5357	Inflammatory disease
etazolate	Diaxonhit
EHT-0202; SQ-20009; etazolate; etazolate hydrochloride	Alzheimers disease; Motor neurone disease; Neurodegenerative disease
Org-30029	MSD OSS BV
Org-30029	Asthma; Cardiac failure
PDE4 inhibitors (respiratory tract inflammation), Zambon	Zambon Co SpA
PDE4 inhibitors (respiratory tract inflammation), Zambon; Z-15370; Z-15370A	Respiratory tract inflammation
Org-20241	MSD OSS BV
Org-20241	Asthma
PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors (inflammatory diseases), Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research/Altana	Leiden/ Amsterdam Center for Drug Research
PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors (inflammatory diseases), Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research/Altana; PDE3/PDE4 inhibitors (inflammatory diseases), Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research/Byk Gulden	Asthma; Rheumatoid arthritis
arofylline	Almirall Prodesfarma SA
LAS-31025; arofylline	Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic obstructive airway disease
KW-4490	Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd
KW-4490	Asthma
HT-0712	Inflazyme Pharmaceuti- cals
HT-0712; IPL-455903; small-molecule PDE4 inhibitors (memory disorders), Inflazyme/Helicon	Amnesia; Cognitive disorder
PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma/COPD/ rheumatoid arthritis), Merck Frosst	UCB Celltech
CT-2450; CT-2820; CT- 3883; CT-5210; L-454560; L-787258; L- 791943; L-826141; L- 869298; MK-0359; PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma/COPD/rheu- matoid arthritis), Merck Frosst; PDE 4 inhibitors, Celltech/Merck Frosst	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Rheumatoid arthritis
PDE inhibitors,	VIVUS Inc		PDE 3 inhibitors,	Erectile
Vivus			Vivus;	dysfunction
			PDE 4 inhibitors,
			Vivus; PDE
			inhibitors, Vivus;
			PDE5 inhibitors,
			Vivus; erectile
			dysfunction
			therapy, Vivus
OX-914	Inflazyme		BLX-028914;	Asthma;
	Pharmaceuti-		BLX-914;	Chronic
	cals		IPL-4088;	obstructive
			IPL-4182;	pulmonary
			IPL-42 series;	disease;
			IPL-4722;	Inflammatory
			OX-914; PDE4	disease;
			inhibitors	Seasonal allergic
			(inflammation),	rhinitis
			Biolipox;
			PDE4 inhibitors
			(inflammation),
			Inflazyme;
			PDE4 inhibitors
			(inflammation),
			Orexo
SDZ-PDI-747	Novartis AG
SDZ-PDI-747	Atopic dermatitis
AP-0679	The Green		AP-0679	Asthma
	Cross Corp
Sch-351591	UCB Celltech
D-4396; PDE 4 inhibitors, Schering- Plough/Celltech; PDE 4 inhibitors, Schering- Plough/Chiroscience Sch-351591; Sch-365351	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Inflammatory disease
TA-7906	Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd
PDE4 inhibitor (skin disease), Maruho; PDE4 inhibitors (inflammation), Tanabe Seiyaku; T-2585; T-2585•HCl; TA-7906	Atopic dermatitis; Dermatological disease; Inflammatory disease
PDE4/MMP inhibitors, Rhone-Poulenc	Rhone- Poulenc Rorer Inc
HMR-1571; PDE4/MMP inhibitors, Rhone- Poulenc	Atherosclerosis; Atopic dermatitis; Multiple sclerosis; Psoriasis; Rheumatoid arthritis
lirimilast	Bayer AG
BAY-19-8004; lirimilast	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
daxalipram	Bayer Schering Pharma AG
Mesopram; PDE 4 inhibitor (multiple sclerosis), Schering AG; SH-636; ZK-117137; daxalipram	Multiple sclerosis
roflumilast	Takeda GmbH
APTA-2217; B9302-107; BY-217; BYK-20869; Daliresp; Dalveza; Daxas; Libertek; Xevex; roflumilast; roflumist	Non-insulin dependent diabetes; Pulmonary fibrosis
PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Novartis	Novartis UK Ltd
NVP-ABE-171; PDE 4 inhibitors (asthma), Novartis; rolipram analogs, Novartis	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
PDE III/IV	Novartis		PDE III/IV	Asthma;
inhibitors,	Pharma AG		inhibitors, Novartis	Inflammatory
Novartis				disease
SelCIDs, Celgene	Celgene Corp
CC-10036; CC-10083; CC-110007; CC-110036; CC-110037; CC-110038; CC-110049; CC-110052; CC-110083; CC-11069; CC-111050; CC-13039; CC-14046; CC-17034;	Autoimmune disease; Cancer; Congestive heart failure; Inflammatory disease; Respiratory disease
			CC-17035;
			CC-17075;
			CC-17085;
			CC-18062;
			CC-7075;
			PDE4/TNFalpha
			inhibitors, Celgene;
			SelCIDs, Celgene;
			selective cytokine
			inhibitory drugs,
			Celgene
RPR-117658	Rhone- Poulenc Rorer Ltd
RPR-117658	Inflammatory disease
AWD-12-281 (inhaled), elbion/GlaxoSmith- Kline	ASTA Medica AG
842470; AWD-12-281; AWD-12-281 (COPD), elbion/GlaxoSmith Kline; AWD-12-281 (asthma), elbion/GlaxoSmith Kline; AWD-12-281 (inhaled), elbion/GlaxoSmith Kline;	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
			AWD-12-343;
			GW-842470
256066 (asthma, COPD, inhalant formulation), GlaxoSmithKline	SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuti- cals
256066; 256066 (asthma, COPD, inhalant formulation), GlaxoSmithKline; GSK-256066; GSK-256066 (asthma, COPD, inhalant formulation), GlaxoSmithKline; PDE 4 inhibitors (inhaled, COPD/asthma/aller- gic rhinitis), GlaxoSmithKline;	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Inflammatory disease
			SB-207499
			analogs, GSK
PDE4 inhibitors,	Aventis		PDE4 inhibitors,	Autoimmune
Aventis	Pharma AG		Aventis;	disease
			PDE4 inhibitors,
			RPR; PDE4
			inhibitors, Rhone-
			Poulenc Rorer
arofylline derivatives, Almirall	Almirall Prodesfarma SA
arofylline derivatives, Almirall	Asthma; Inflammatory disease
RPR-132294	Rhone- Poulenc Rorer Ltd
RPR-132294; RPR-132703	Respiratory disease
ibudilast eye drops (ocular allergy), MSD Japan/Kyorin	Kyorin Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
Eyevinal; KC-404; Ketas (ocular); ibudilast; ibudilast eye drops (ocular allergy), Banyu/Kyorin; ibudilast eye drops (ocular allergy),
			MSD Japan/Kyorin
PDE 4 inhibitors (2), Pfizer	Pfizer Inc
CI-1018; CI-1044; PD-168787; PD-189659; PD-190036; PD-190749; PDE 4 inhibitors (2), Pfizer	Asthma; Inflammatory disease
YM-976	Yamanouchi Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
PDE IV inhibitors, Yamanouchi; YM-976; phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Yamanouchi	Asthma
XT-611	Kanazawa University
PDE IV inhibitor, Kanazawa University; XT-611	Osteoporosis
losartan	Almirall		losartan	Asthma
derivatives,	Prodesfarma		derivatives,
Almirall	SA		Almirall
DWP-205 derivatives, Daewoong	Daewoong Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
DWP-205 derivatives, Daewoong; DWP-205297; phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, Daewoong	Arthritis; Asthma
WAY-126120	Wyeth-		PDE IV inhibitor,	Asthma
	Ayerst		Wyeth-Ayerst;
	Pharmaceuti-		WAY-126120
	cals Inc
YM-58997	Yamanouchi Pharmaceuti- cal Co Ltd
YM-58997	Asthma
CP-293321	Pfizer Inc		CP-293321	Inflammatory
				disease
V-11294A	Napp Pharmaceuti- cal Group Ltd
V-11294A; rolipram derivatives, Napp	Depression; Inflammatory disease
CH-3697	Chiroscience		CH-3697	Asthma
	R&D Ltd
CP-353164	Pfizer Inc
CP-353164	Rheumatoid arthritis
atizoram	Pfizer Inc
CP-80633; atizoram	Asthma; Dermatitis
D-4418	Chiroscience R&D Ltd
D-4418	Asthma; Inflammatory disease
RPR-114597	Rhone- Poulenc Rorer Inc
RPR-114597	Inflammatory disease
PDE 4 inhibitors (inflammation), Eli Lilly	ICOS Corp		IC-197; IC-246; IC-247; IC-485; IC-86518; IC-86518/IC- 86521; IC-86521; PDE 4 inhibitors (inflammation), Eli Lilly; PDE 4 inhibitors, ICOS	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Inflammatory disease; Rheumatoid arthritis
PDE 4 inhibitors, Pfizer	Pfizer Inc
BHN; CP-220629; PDE 4 inhibitors, Pfizer; UK-500001	Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
ZL-n-91	Guangzhou		ZL-n-91,
Guangzhou	Sinogen		Guangzhou
Sinogen	Pharmaceuti-		Sinogen
Pharmaceutical	cal Co Ltd		Pharmaceutical
D-22888	ASTA Medica AG
AWD-12-232; D-22888	Allergy; Asthma
PDE4 inhibitor	Takeda		PDE4 inhibitor
(diabetic	Pharmaceuti-		(diabetic
nephropathy),	cal Co Ltd		nephropathy),
Takeda			Takeda
Pharmaceutical			Pharmaceutical
GW-3600	GlaxoSmith Kline Inc
GW-3600; phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, Glaxo	Asthma; Inflammatory disease; Rheumatoid arthritis

TABLE 7

R 1	R 2
—CH 2 CH═CH 2	Me
Me	Me
Et	Me
n-Pr	Me
i-Pr	Me
n-Bu	Me
Bn	Me
—CN	Me
—CH 2 NH 2	Me
—CHO	Me
—CH 2 OH	Me
—CH 2 CH═CH 2	Et
—CH 2 CH═CH 2	i-Pr
—CH 2 CH═CH 2	n-Pr

TABLE 10

R 5	R 6	R 7
SCH 3	H	H
Br	H	H
Cl	H	H
CH 3	Br	H
F	H	F.

Human PDE4 mRNA Transcript Variant 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1)

1	cggccgggcg cacccgcggg gccctgggct cgctggcttg cgcgcagctg agcggggtgt
61	aggttggaag ggccagggcc ccctggggcg caagtggggg ccggcgccat ggaacccccg
121	accgtcccct cggaaaggag cctgtctctg tcactgcccg ggccccggga gggccaggcc
181	accctgaagc ctcccccgca gcacctgtgg cggcagcctc ggacccccat ccgtatccag
241	cagcgcggct actccgacag cgcggagcgc gccgagcggg agcggcagcc gcaccggccc
301	atagagcgcg ccgatgccat ggacaccagc gaccggcccg gcctgcgcac gacccgcatg
361	tcctggccct cgtccttcca tggcactggc accggcagcg gcggcgcggg cggaggcagc
421	agcaggcgct tcgaggcaga gaatgggccg acaccatctc ctggccgcag ccccctggac
481	tcgcaggcga gcccaggact cgtgctgcac gccggggcgg ccaccagcca gcgccgggag
541	tccttcctgt accgctcaga cagcgactat gacatgtcac ccaagaccat gtcccggaac
601	tcatcggtca ccagcgaggc gcacgctgaa gacctcatcg taacaccatt tgctcaggtg
661	ctggccagcc tccggagcgt ccgtagcaac ttctcactcc tgaccaatgt gcccgttccc
721	agtaacaagc ggtccccgct gggcggcccc acccctgtct gcaaggccac gctgtcagaa
781	gaaacgtgtc agcagttggc ccgggagact ctggaggagc tggactggtg tctggagcag
841	ctggagacca tgcagaccta tcgctctgtc agcgagatgg cctcgcacaa gttcaaaagg
901	atgttgaacc gtgagctcac acacctgtca gaaatgagca ggtccggaaa ccaggtctca
961	gagtacattt ccacaacatt cctggacaaa cagaatgaag tggagatccc atcacccacg
1021	atgaaggaac gagaaaaaca gcaagcgccg cgaccaagac cctcccagcc gcccccgccc
1081	cctgtaccac acttacagcc catgtcccaa atcacagggt tgaaaaagtt gatgcatagt
1141	aacagcctga acaactctaa cattccccga tttggggtga agaccgatca agaagagctc
1201	ctggcccaag aactggagaa cctgaacaag tggggcctga acatcttttg cgtgtcggat
1261	tacgctggag gccgctcact cacctgcatc atgtacatga tattccagga gcgggacctg
1321	ctgaagaaat tccgcatccc tgtggacacg atggtgacat acatgctgac gctggaggat
1381	cactaccacg ctgacgtggc ctaccataac agcctgcacg cagctgacgt gctgcagtcc
1441	acccacgtac tgctggccac gcctgcacta gatgcagtgt tcacggacct ggagattctc
1501	gccgccctct tcgcggctgc catccacgat gtggatcacc ctggggtctc caaccagttc
1561	ctcatcaaca ccaattcgga gctggcgctc atgtacaacg atgagtcggt gctcgagaat
1621	caccacctgg ccgtgggctt caagctgctg caggaggaca actgcgacat cttccagaac
1681	ctcagcaagc gccagcggca gagcctacgc aagatggtca tcgacatggt gctggccacg
1741	gacatgtcca agcacatgac cctcctggct gacctgaaga ccatggtgga gaccaagaaa
1801	gtgaccagct caggggtcct cctgctagat aactactccg accgcatcca ggtcctccgg
1861	aacatggtgc actgtgccga cctcagcaac cccaccaagc cgctggagct gtaccgccag
1921	tggacagacc gcatcatggc cgagttcttc cagcagggtg accgagagcg cgagcgtggc
1981	atggaaatca gccccatgtg tgacaagcac actgcctccg tggagaagtc tcaggtgggt
2041	tttattgact acattgtgca cccattgtgg gagacctggg cggaccttgt ccacccagat
2101	gcccaggaga tcttggacac tttggaggac aaccgggact ggtactacag cgccatccgg
2161	cagagcccat ctccgccacc cgaggaggag tcaagggggc caggccaccc acccctgcct
2221	gacaagttcc agtttgagct gacgctggag gaggaagagg aggaagaaat atcaatggcc
2281	cagataccgt gcacagccca agaggcattg actgcgcagg gattgtcagg agtcgaggaa
2341	gctctggatg caaccatagc ctgggaggca tccccggccc aggagtcgtt ggaagttatg
2401	gcacaggaag catccctgga ggccgagctg gaggcagtgt atttgacaca gcaggcacag
2461	tccacaggca gtgcacctgt ggctccggat gagttctcgt cccgggagga attcgtggtt
2521	gctgtaagcc acagcagccc ctctgccctg gctcttcaaa gcccccttct ccctgcttgg
2581	aggaccctgt ctgtttcaga gcatgccccg ggcctcccgg gcctcccctc cacggcggcc
2641	gaggtggagg cccaacgaga gcaccaggct gccaagaggg cttgcagtgc ctgcgcaggg
2701	acatttgggg aggacacatc cgcactccca gctcctggtg gcggggggtc aggtggagac
2761	cctacctgat ccccagacct ctgtccctgt tcccctccac tcctcccctc actcccctgc
2821	tcccccgacc acctcctcct ctgcctcaaa gactcttgtc ctcttgtccc tcctgagaaa
2881	aaagaaaacg aaaagtgggg tttttttctg ttttcttttt ttcccetttc cccctgcccc
2941	cacccacggg gccttttttt ggaggtgggg gctggggaat gaggggctga ggtcccggaa
3001	gggattttat ttttttgaat tttaattgta acatttttag aaaaagaaca aaaaaagaaa
3061	aaaaaaagaa agaaacacag caactgtaga tgctcctgtt cctggttccc gctttccact
3121	tccaaatccc tcccctcacc ttcccccact gccccccaag ttccaggctc agtcttccag
3181	ccgcctgggg agtctctacc tgggcccaag caggtgtggg gcctccttct gggcttttct
3241	tctgaattta gaggatttct agaacgtggt caggaatagc cattctaggc ggggctgggg
3301	ccagggtggg gggcagtcac tgtgggaggt cccagctcca gcccccctct ggtttgctgc
3361	ctcctctccc ctctaaaaaa gtcttccgct tgattttgca caatcccggc gatactcctg
3421	gcgatactga ctagaaagtc agggagctgg gggagctgtt cactttagga tacgggggtg
3481	gtatggaagg gagcgttcac accgccagcc tcgggcctgg gatttgagga gggccctaga
3541	cctcctccac tctccatccc ctttcccttc cactttgggt tcactttgaa ttttctccgt
3601	tttttggggc agtggctctg atccactcac ccccccgccc cccgccccac ttctagctgc
3661	ttctectett gtttctgcct taataattcc cacggccaca ggcaaggggg ttgcagtggc
3721	cgcctgcacc ttggatgagg cagggccagg cgcccagaac ccccatcctg gccgcacccc
3781	cctttccagg gtcctccgga ccccaccttc cacactctga tcacagcccc cctacctttt
3841	gccctaggag gaagcaataa tggtgtatac cctcattctc attcctgggc agcccttcct
3901	tccaccctgg caccaaaata atttctcctc catccgtacc ttgcctagcc tctccctctc
3961	ccccagctag tccctgagca atacggcaga cagatgcaag accatttttc tccaagccat
4021	gggggactgt ttggaaggaa agccccctct ctccctcctc ccctcgccct cggcctggtt
4081	ctgcagctgg accgacctca ttcatcgcct gccccctacc caattctgag cacacggtac
4141	tgtagccccc agttcctccc tagccttcca tccctctgtc caccccaggg ggaggtaacc
4201	ccgcactcac actcccttga tgctgtctgt acagggttca tattttgtag cgaaagtcgt
4261	ttttgtccca gccggcgatc ggagtgggcc ttttctttct ttttgttcat tctttacctt
4321	tttttctttt ctttctttct tttttgtaca tactgtaagg ttggtttgta aattattcta
4381	cggaggcaaa aagggaaaat aaaaacttgc ccttccctgg ctgacccagt cgggaaggta
4441	gggaaggagg tctcccgttg ggagagtctc tgttcctgct gtattataca aactgtacca
4501	tagtcctggg aaaagggtgg actcaccgct gttgttttat gggaagtcgt gtcatcctag
4561	gggttggggc tgggcagagc ctgtcccctc cccccttctc caggagccag ggggtgactg
4621	gagagacaga cccaccccca agcagggctc ctctccccag ggtgagcaca ggacctctgt
4681	aagctgcttg tgtattgtcc actttgacga tcagtcattc ggtccgttga tcaataatcc
4741	ttcgatcttg tctccaatta aaccgaggct ttcaccgata aaaaaaaaaa aaaa
Human PDE4 mRNA Transcript Variant 2
(SEQ ID NO: 2)
1	atggcgcggc cgcgcggcct aggccgcatc ccggagctgc aactggtggc cttcccggtg
61	gcggtggcgg ctgaggacga ggcgttcctg cccgagcccc tggccccgcg cgcgccccgc
121	cgcccgcgtt cgccgccctc ctcgcccgtc ttcttcgcca gcccgtcccc aactttccgc
181	agacgccttc ggcttctccg cagctgccag gatttgggcc gccaggcttg ggctggggct
241	ggcttcgagg cagagaatgg gccgacacca tctcctggcc gcagccccct ggactcgcag
301	gcgagcccag gactcgtgct gcacgccggg gcggccacca gccagcgccg ggagtccttc
361	ctgtaccgct cagacagcga ctatgacatg tcacccaaga ccatgtcccg gaactcatcg
421	gtcaccagcg aggcgcacgc tgaagacctc atcgtaacac catttgctca ggtgctggcc
481	agcctccgga gcgtccgtag caacttctca ctcctgacca atgtgcccgt tcccagtaac
541	aagcggtccc cgctgggcgg ccccacccct gtctgcaagg ccacgctgtc agaagaaacg
601	tgtcagcagt tggcccggga gactctggag gagctggact ggtgtctgga gcagctggag
661	accatgcaga cctatcgctc tgtcagcgag atggcctcgc acaagttcaa aaggatgttg
721	aaccgtgagc tcacacacct gtcagaaatg agcaggtccg gaaaccaggt ctcagagtac
781	atttccacaa cattcctgga caaacagaat gaagtggaga tcccatcacc cacgatgaag
841	gaacgagaaa aacagcaagc gccgcgacca agaccctccc agccgccccc gccccctgta
901	ccacacttac agcccatgtc ccaaatcaca gggttgaaaa agttgatgca tagtaacagc
961	ctgaacaact ctaacattcc ccgatttggg gtgaagaccg atcaagaaga gctcctggcc
1021	caagaactgg agaacctgaa caagtggggc ctgaacatct tttgcgtgtc ggattacgct
1081	ggaggccgct cactcacctg catcatgtac atgatattcc aggagcggga cctgctgaag
1141	aaattccgca tccctgtgga cacgatggtg acatacatgc tgacgctgga ggatcactac
1201	cacgctgacg tggcctacca taacagcctg cacgcagctg acgtgctgca gtccacccac
1261	gtactgctgg ccacgcctgc actagatgca gtgttcacgg acctggagat tctcgccgcc
1321	ctcttcgcgg ctgccatcca cgatgtggat caccctgggg tctccaacca gttcctcatc
1381	aacaccaatt cggagctggc gctcatgtac aacgatgagt cggtgctcga gaatcaccac
1441	ctggccgtgg gcttcaagct gctgcaggag gacaactgcg acatcttcca gaacctcagc
1501	aagcgccagc ggcagagcct acgcaagatg gtcatcgaca tggtgctggc cacggacatg
1561	tccaagcaca tgaccctcct ggctgacctg aagaccatgg tggagaccaa gaaagtgacc
1621	agctcagggg tcctcctgct agataactac tccgaccgca tccaggtcct ccggaacatg
1681	gtgcactgtg ccgacctcag caaccccacc aagccgctgg agctgtaccg ccagtggaca
1741	gaccgcatca tggccgagtt cttccagcag ggtgaccgag agcgcgagcg tggcatggaa
1801	atcagcccca tgtgtgacaa gcacactgcc tccgtggaga agtctcaggt gggttttatt
1861	gactacattg tgcacccatt gtgggagacc tgggcggacc ttgtccaccc agatgcccag
1921	gagatcttgg acactttgga ggacaaccgg gactggtact acagcgccat ccggcagagc
1981	ccatctccgc cacccgagga ggagtcaagg gggccaggcc acccacccct gcctgacaag
2041	ttccagtttg agctgacgct ggaggaggaa gaggaggaag aaatatcaat ggcccagata
2101	ccgtgcacag cccaagaggc attgactgcg cagggattgt caggagtcga ggaagctctg
2161	gatgcaacca tagcctggga ggcatccccg gcccaggagt cgttggaagt tatggcacag
2221	gaagcatccc tggaggccga gctggaggca gtgtatttga cacagcaggc acagtccaca
2281	ggcagtgcac ctgtggctcc ggatgagttc tcgtcccggg aggaattcgt ggttgctgta
2341	agccacagca gcccctctgc cctggctctt caaagccccc ttctccctgc ttggaggacc
2401	ctgtctgttt cagagcatgc cccgggcctc ccgggcctcc cctccacggc ggccgaggtg
2461	gaggcccaac gagagcacca ggctgccaag agggcttgca gtgcctgcgc agggacattt
2521	ggggaggaca catccgcact cccagctcct ggtggcgggg ggtcaggtgg agaccctacc
2581	tgatccccag acctctgtcc ctgttcccct ccactcctcc cctcactccc ctgctccccc
2641	gaccacctcc tcctctgcct caaagactct tgtcctcttg tccctcctga gaaaaaagaa
2701	aacgaaaagt ggggtttttt tctgttttct ttttttcccc tttccccctg cccccaccca
2761	cggggccttt ttttggaggt gggggctggg gaatgagggg ctgaggtccc ggaagggatt
2821	ttattttttt gaattttaat tgtaacattt ttagaaaaag aacaaaaaaa gaaaaaaaaa
2881	agaaagaaac acagcaactg tagatgctcc tgttcctggt tcccgctttc cacttccaaa
2941	tccctcccct caccttcccc cactgccccc caagttccag gctcagtctt ccagccgcct
3001	ggggagtctc tacctgggcc caagcaggtg tggggcctcc ttctgggctt ttcttctgaa
3061	tttagaggat ttctagaacg tggtcaggaa tagccattct aggcggggct ggggccaggg
3121	tggggggcag tcactgtggg aggtcccagc tccagccccc ctctggtttg ctgcctcctc
3181	tcccctctaa aaaagtcttc cgcttgattt tgcacaatcc cggcgatact cctggcgata
3241	ctgactagaa agtcagggag ctgggggagc tgttcacttt aggatacggg ggtggtatgg
3301	aagggagcgt tcacaccgcc agcctcgggc ctgggatttg aggagggccc tagacctcct
3361	ccactctcca tcccctttcc cttccacttt gggttcactt tgaattttct ccgttttttg
3421	gggcagtggc tctgatccac tcaccccccc gccccccgcc ccacttctag ctgcttctcc
3481	tcttgtttct gccttaataa ttcccacggc cacaggcaag ggggttgcag tggccgcctg
3541	caccttggat gaggcagggc caggcgccca gaacccccat cctggccgca cccccctttc
3601	cagggtcctc cggaccccac cttccacact ctgatcacag cccccctacc ttttgcccta
3661	ggaggaagca ataatggtgt ataccctcat tctcattcct gggcagccct tccttccacc
3721	ctggcaccaa aataatttct cctccatccg taccttgcct agcctctccc tctcccccag
3781	ctagtccctg agcaatacgg cagacagatg caagaccatt tttctccaag ccatggggga
3841	ctgtttggaa ggaaagcccc ctctctccct cctcccctcg ccctcggcct ggttctgcag
3901	ctggaccgac ctcattcatc gcctgccccc tacccaattc tgagcacacg gtactgtagc
3961	ccccagttcc tccctagcct tccatccctc tgtccacccc agggggaggt aaccccgcac
4021	tcacactccc ttgatgctgt ctgtacaggg ttcatatttt gtagcgaaag tcgtttttgt
4081	cccagccggc gatcggagtg ggccttttct ttctttttgt tcattcttta cctttttttc
4141	ttttctttct ttcttttttg tacatactgt aaggttggtt tgtaaattat tctacggagg
4201	caaaaaggga aaataaaaac ttgcccttcc ctggctgacc cagtcgggaa ggtagggaag
4261	gaggtctccc gttgggagag tctctgttcc tgctgtatta tacaaactgt accatagtcc
4321	tgggaaaagg gtggactcac cgctgttgtt ttatgggaag tcgtgtcatc ctaggggttg
4381	gggctgggca gagcctgtcc cctcccccct tctccaggag ccagggggtg actggagaga
4441	cagacccacc cccaagcagg gctcctctcc ccagggtgag cacaggacct ctgtaagctg
4501	cttgtgtatt gtccactttg acgatcagtc attcggtccg ttgatcaata atccttcgat
4561	cttgtctcca attaaaccga ggctttcacc gataaaaaaa aaaaaaaa
Human PDE4 mRNA Transcript Variant 3
(SEQ ID NO: 3)
1	atgcgctccg gtgcagcgcc ccgggcccgg ccccggcccc ctgccctggc actgcccccc
61	acgggccccg agtccctgac ccacttcccc ttcagcgatg aggacacccg tcggcaccct
121	ccgggcagat ctgtcagctt cgaggcagag aatgggccga caccatctcc tggccgcagc
181	cccctggact cgcaggcgag cccaggactc gtgctgcacg ccggggcggc caccagccag
241	cgccgggagt ccttcctgta ccgctcagac agcgactatg acatgtcacc caagaccatg
301	tcccggaact catcggtcac cagcgaggcg cacgctgaag acctcatcgt aacaccattt
361	gctcaggtgc tggccagcct ccggagcgtc cgtagcaact tctcactcct gaccaatgtg
421	cccgttccca gtaacaagcg gtccccgctg ggcggcccca cccctgtctg caaggccacg
481	ctgtcagaag aaacgtgtca gcagttggcc cgggagactc tggaggagct ggactggtgt
541	ctggagcagc tggagaccat gcagacctat cgctctgtca gcgagatggc ctcgcacaag
601	ttcaaaagga tgttgaaccg tgagctcaca cacctgtcag aaatgagcag gtccggaaac
661	caggtctcag agtacatttc cacaacattc ctggacaaac agaatgaagt ggagatccca
721	tcacccacga tgaaggaacg agaaaaacag caagcgccgc gaccaagacc ctcccagccg
781	cccccgcccc ctgtaccaca cttacagccc atgtcccaaa tcacagggtt gaaaaagttg
841	atgcatagta acagcctgaa caactctaac attccccgat ttggggtgaa gaccgatcaa
901	gaagagctcc tggcccaaga actggagaac ctgaacaagt ggggcctgaa catcttttgc
961	gtgtcggatt acgctggagg ccgctcactc acctgcatca tgtacatgat attccaggag
1021	cgggacctgc tgaagaaatt ccgcatccct gtggacacga tggtgacata catgctgacg
1081	ctggaggatc actaccacgc tgacgtggcc taccataaca gcctgcacgc agctgacgtg
1141	ctgcagtcca cccacgtact gctggccacg cctgcactag atgcagtgtt cacggacctg
1201	gagattctcg ccgccctctt cgcggctgcc atccacgatg tggatcaccc tggggtctcc
1261	aaccagttcc tcatcaacac caattcggag ctggcgctca tgtacaacga tgagtcggtg
1321	ctcgagaatc accacctggc cgtgggcttc aagctgctgc aggaggacaa ctgcgacatc
1381	ttccagaacc tcagcaagcg ccagcggcag agcctacgca agatggtcat cgacatggtg
1441	ctggccacgg acatgtccaa gcacatgacc ctcctggctg acctgaagac catggtggag
1501	accaagaaag tgaccagctc aggggtcctc ctgctagata actactccga ccgcatccag
1561	gtcctccgga acatggtgca ctgtgccgac ctcagcaacc ccaccaagcc gctggagctg
1621	taccgccagt ggacagaccg catcatggcc gagttcttcc agcagggtga ccgagagcgc
1681	gagcgtggca tggaaatcag ccccatgtgt gacaagcaca ctgcctccgt ggagaagtct
1741	caggtgggtt ttattgacta cattgtgcac ccattgtggg agacctgggc ggaccttgtc
1801	cacccagatg cccaggagat cttggacact ttggaggaca accgggactg gtactacagc
1861	gccatccggc agagcccatc tccgccaccc gaggaggagt caagggggcc aggccaccca
1921	cccctgcctg acaagttcca gtttgagctg acgctggagg aggaagagga ggaagaaata
1981	tcaatggccc agataccgtg cacagcccaa gaggcattga ctgcgcaggg attgtcagga
2041	gtcgaggaag ctctggatgc aaccatagcc tgggaggcat ccccggccca ggagtcgttg
2101	gaagttatgg cacaggaagc atccctggag gccgagctgg aggcagtgta tttgacacag
2161	caggcacagt ccacaggcag tgcacctgtg gctccggatg agttctcgtc ccgggaggaa
2221	ttcgtggttg ctgtaagcca cagcagcccc tctgccctgg ctcttcaaag cccccttctc
2281	cctgcttgga ggaccctgtc tgtttcagag catgccccgg gcctcccggg cctcccctcc
2341	acggcggccg aggtggaggc ccaacgagag caccaggctg ccaagagggc ttgcagtgcc
2401	tgcgcaggga catttgggga ggacacatcc gcactcccag ctcctggtgg cggggggtca
2461	ggtggagacc ctacctgatc cccagacctc tgtccctgtt cccctccact cctcccctca
2521	ctcccctgct cccccgacca cctcctcctc tgcctcaaag actcttgtcc tcttgtccct
2581	cctgagaaaa aagaaaacga aaagtggggt ttttttctgt tttctttttt tcccctttcc
2641	ccctgccccc acccacgggg cctttttttg gaggtggggg ctggggaatg aggggctgag
2701	gtcccggaag ggattttatt tttttgaatt ttaattgtaa catttttaga aaaagaacaa
2761	aaaaagaaaa aaaaaagaaa gaaacacagc aactgtagat gctcctgttc ctggttcccg
2821	ctttccactt ccaaatccct cccctcacct tcccccactg ccccccaagt tccaggctca
2881	gtcttccagc cgcctgggga gtctctacct gggcccaagc aggtgtgggg cctccttctg
2941	ggettttett ctgaatttag aggatttcta gaacgtggtc aggaatagcc attctaggcg
3001	gggctggggc cagggtgggg ggcagtcact gtgggaggtc ccagctccag cccccctctg
3061	gtttgctgcc tcctctcccc tctaaaaaag tcttccgctt gattttgcac aatcccggcg
3121	atactcctgg cgatactgac tagaaagtca gggagctggg ggagctgttc actttaggat
3181	acgggggtgg tatggaaggg agcgttcaca ccgccagcct cgggcctggg atttgaggag
3241	ggccctagac ctcctccact ctccatcccc tttcccttcc actttgggtt cactttgaat
3301	tttctccgtt ttttggggca gtggctctga tccactcacc cccccgcccc ccgccccact
3361	tctagctgct tctcctcttg tttctgcctt aataattccc acggccacag gcaagggggt
3421	tgcagtggcc gcctgcacct tggatgaggc agggccaggc gcccagaacc cccatcctgg
3481	ccgcaccccc ctttccaggg tcctccggac cccaccttcc acactctgat cacagccccc
3541	ctaccttttg ccctaggagg aagcaataat ggtgtatacc ctcattctca ttcctgggca
3601	gcccttcctt ccaccctggc accaaaataa tttctcctcc atccgtacct tgcctagcct
3661	ctccctctcc cccagctagt ccctgagcaa tacggcagac agatgcaaga ccatttttct
3721	ccaagccatg ggggactgtt tggaaggaaa gccccctctc tccctcctcc cctcgccctc
3781	ggcctggttc tgcagctgga ccgacctcat tcatcgcctg ccccctaccc aattctgagc
3841	acacggtact gtagccccca gttcctccct agccttccat ccctctgtcc accccagggg
3901	gaggtaaccc cgcactcaca ctcccttgat gctgtctgta cagggttcat attttgtagc
3961	gaaagtcgtt tttgtcccag ccggcgatcg gagtgggcct tttetttett tttgttcatt
4021	ctttaccttt ttttcttttc tttetttett ttttgtacat actgtaaggt tggtttgtaa
4081	attattctac ggaggcaaaa agggaaaata aaaacttgcc cttccctggc tgacccagtc
4141	gggaaggtag ggaaggaggt ctcccgttgg gagagtctct gttcctgctg tattatacaa
4201	actgtaccat agtcctggga aaagggtgga ctcaccgctg ttgttttatg ggaagtcgtg
4261	tcatcctagg ggttggggct gggcagagcc tgtcccctcc ccccttctcc aggagccagg
4321	gggtgactgg agagacagac ccacccccaa gcagggctcc tctccccagg gtgagcacag
4381	gacctctgta agctgcttgt gtattgtcca ctttgacgat cagtcattcg gtccgttgat
4441	caataatcct tcgatcttgt ctccaattaa accgaggctt tcaccgataa aaaaaaaaaa
4501	aaa
Human PDE4 mRNA Transcript Variant 4
(SEQ ID NO: 4)
1	tccgcagcct cctcctggga cccttgccct gcccccctcc catgggcacg gaccccccac
61	cgcctccacc cactgccgcg ggggggcccg ttggggccca gggctggcgg gccatgtaac
121	cagggctgct gctgggagcg cggaggggaa gggagccccc agccctgctg ggccggccca
181	ggcccctccg cggctccccc ttccactacc cacctgcccg gcaccccctc cccagtggtt
241	gttaaccccg ggactcccca agcccagcct ctgtgtgcag cagccccagg cgggctaagt
301	ctccaagatg cccttggtgg atttcttctg cgagacctgc tctaagcctt ggctggtggg
361	ctggtgggac cagttcaaaa ggatgttgaa ccgtgagctc acacacctgt cagaaatgag
421	caggtccgga aaccaggtct cagagtacat ttccacaaca ttcctggaca aacagaatga
481	agtggagatc ccatcaccca cgatgaagga acgagaaaaa cagcaagcgc cgcgaccaag
541	accctcccag ccgcccccgc cccctgtacc acacttacag cccatgtccc aaatcacagg
601	gttgaaaaag ttgatgcata gtaacagcct gaacaactct aacattcccc gatttggggt
661	gaagaccgat caagaagagc tcctggccca agaactggag aacctgaaca agtggggcct
721	gaacatcttt tgcgtgtcgg attacgctgg aggccgctca ctcacctgca tcatgtacat
781	gatattccag gagcgggacc tgctgaagaa attccgcatc cctgtggaca cgatggtgac
841	atacatgctg acgctggagg atcactacca cgctgacgtg gcctaccata acagcctgca
901	cgcagctgac gtgctgcagt ccacccacgt actgctggcc acgcctgcac tagatgcagt
961	gttcacggac ctggagattc tcgccgccct cttcgcggct gccatccacg atgtggatca
1021	ccctggggtc tccaaccagt tcctcatcaa caccaattcg gagctggcgc tcatgtacaa
1081	cgatgagtcg gtgctcgaga atcaccacct ggccgtgggc ttcaagctgc tgcaggagga
1141	caactgcgac atcttccaga acctcagcaa gcgccagcgg cagagcctac gcaagatggt
1201	catcgacatg gtgctggcca cggacatgtc caagcacatg accctcctgg ctgacctgaa
1261	gaccatggtg gagaccaaga aagtgaccag ctcaggggtc ctcctgctag ataactactc
1321	cgaccgcatc caggtcctcc ggaacatggt gcactgtgcc gacctcagca accccaccaa
1381	gccgctggag ctgtaccgcc agtggacaga ccgcatcatg gccgagttct tccagcaggg
1441	tgaccgagag cgcgagcgtg gcatggaaat cagccccatg tgtgacaagc acactgcctc
1501	cgtggagaag tctcaggtgg gttttattga ctacattgtg cacccattgt gggagacctg
1561	ggcggacctt gtccacccag atgcccagga gatcttggac actttggagg acaaccggga
1621	ctggtactac agcgccatcc ggcagagccc atctccgcca cccgaggagg agtcaagggg
1681	gccaggccac ccacccctgc ctgacaagtt ccagtttgag ctgacgctgg aggaggaaga
1741	ggaggaagaa atatcaatgg cccagatacc gtgcacagcc caagaggcat tgactgcgca
1801	gggattgtca ggagtcgagg aagctctgga tgcaaccata gcctgggagg catccccggc
1861	ccaggagtcg ttggaagtta tggcacagga agcatccctg gaggccgagc tggaggcagt
1921	gtatttgaca cagcaggcac agtccacagg cagtgcacct gtggctccgg atgagttctc
1981	gtcccgggag gaattcgtgg ttgctgtaag ccacagcagc ccctctgccc tggctcttca
2041	aagccccctt ctccctgctt ggaggaccct gtctgtttca gagcatgccc cgggcctccc
2101	gggcctcccc tccacggcgg ccgaggtgga ggcccaacga gagcaccagg ctgccaagag
2161	ggcttgcagt gcctgcgcag ggacatttgg ggaggacaca tccgcactcc cagctcctgg
2221	tggcgggggg tcaggtggag accctacctg atccccagac ctctgtccct gttcccctcc
2281	actcctcccc tcactcccct gctcccccga ccacctcctc ctctgcctca aagactcttg
2341	tcctcttgtc cctcctgaga aaaaagaaaa cgaaaagtgg ggtttttttc tgttttcttt
2401	ttttcccctt tccccctgcc cccacccacg gggccttttt ttggaggtgg gggctgggga
2461	atgaggggct gaggtcccgg aagggatttt atttttttga attttaattg taacattttt
2521	agaaaaagaa caaaaaaaga aaaaaaaaag aaagaaacac agcaactgta gatgctcctg
2581	ttcctggttc ccgctttcca cttccaaatc cctcccctca ccttccccca ctgcccccca
2641	agttccaggc tcagtcttcc agccgcctgg ggagtctcta cctgggccca agcaggtgtg
2701	gggcctcctt ctgggctttt cttctgaatt tagaggattt ctagaacgtg gtcaggaata
2761	gccattctag gcggggctgg ggccagggtg gggggcagtc actgtgggag gtcccagctc
2821	cagcccccct ctggtttgct gcctcctctc ccctctaaaa aagtcttccg cttgattttg
2881	cacaatcccg gcgatactcc tggcgatact gactagaaag tcagggagct gggggagctg
2941	ttcactttag gatacggggg tggtatggaa gggagcgttc acaccgccag cctcgggcct
3001	gggatttgag gagggcccta gacctcctcc actctccatc ccctttccct tccactttgg
3061	gttcactttg aattttctcc gttttttggg gcagtggctc tgatccactc acccccccgc
3121	cccccgcccc acttctagct gcttctcctc ttgtttctgc cttaataatt cccacggcca
3181	caggcaaggg ggttgcagtg gccgcctgca ccttggatga ggcagggcca ggcgcccaga
3241	acccccatcc tggccgcacc cccetttcca gggtcctccg gaccccacct tccacactct
3301	gatcacagcc cccctacctt ttgccctagg aggaagcaat aatggtgtat accctcattc
3361	tcattcctgg gcagcccttc cttccaccct ggcaccaaaa taatttctcc tccatccgta
3421	ccttgcctag cctctccctc tcccccagct agtccctgag caatacggca gacagatgca
3481	agaccatttt tctccaagcc atgggggact gtttggaagg aaagccccct ctctccctcc
3541	tcccctcgcc ctcggcctgg ttctgcagct ggaccgacct cattcatcgc ctgcccccta
3601	cccaattctg agcacacggt actgtagccc ccagttcctc cctagccttc catccctctg
3661	tccaccccag ggggaggtaa ccccgcactc acactccctt gatgctgtct gtacagggtt
3721	catattttgt agcgaaagtc gtttttgtcc cagccggcga tcggagtggg ccttttcttt
3781	ctttttgttc attctttacc tttttttctt ttctttcttt cifitttgta catactgtaa
3841	ggttggtttg taaattattc tacggaggca aaaagggaaa ataaaaactt gcccttccct
3901	ggctgaccca gtcgggaagg tagggaagga ggtctcccgt tgggagagtc tctgttcctg
3961	ctgtattata caaactgtac catagtcctg ggaaaagggt ggactcaccg ctgttgtttt
4021	atgggaagtc gtgtcatcct aggggttggg gctgggcaga gcctgtcccc tccccccttc
4081	tccaggagcc agggggtgac tggagagaca gacccacccc caagcagggc tcctctcccc
4141	agggtgagca caggacctct gtaagctgct tgtgtattgt ccactttgac gatcagtcat
4201	tcggtccgtt gatcaataat ccttcgatct tgtctccaat taaaccgagg ctttcaccga
4261	taaaaaaaaa aaaaaa
Human PDE4 mRNA Transcript Variant 5
(SEQ ID NO: 5)
1	cgtcacgccc caggagaggc aataggaggc cctggccctg ccgacatggc caccgcagtc
61	ccaacggcgc gctaggttgg cgagatgaag aggagtcgca gtgccctgtc cgtggcaggg
121	accggggacg agaggtcgag ggagaccccc gaatccgacc gtgccaacat gctgggggcc
181	gacctgcgtc gccctcgccg ccgcctctcg tccggtcctg gcctgggctg ggcccagcct
241	gagccctcgg accctggggt ccctctgccg ccacggccca ccaccctgcc gctgctgatc
301	ccaccgcgga tttccatcac cagggccgag aacgacagct tcgaggcaga gaatgggccg
361	acaccatctc ctggccgcag ccccctggac tcgcaggcga gcccaggact cgtgctgcac
421	gccggggcgg ccaccagcca gcgccgggag tccttcctgt accgctcaga cagcgactat
481	gacatgtcac ccaagaccat gtcccggaac tcatcggtca ccagcgaggc gcacgctgaa
541	gacctcatcg taacaccatt tgctcaggtg ctggccagcc tccggagcgt ccgtagcaac
601	ttctcactcc tgaccaatgt gcccgttccc agtaacaagc ggtccccgct gggcggcccc
661	acccctgtct gcaaggccac gctgtcagaa gaaacgtgtc agcagttggc ccgggagact
721	ctggaggagc tggactggtg tctggagcag ctggagacca tgcagaccta tcgctctgtc
781	agcgagatgg cctcgcacaa gttcaaaagg atgttgaacc gtgagctcac acacctgtca
841	gaaatgagca ggtccggaaa ccaggtctca gagtacattt ccacaacatt cctggacaaa
901	cagaatgaag tggagatccc atcacccacg atgaaggaac gagaaaaaca gcaagcgccg
961	cgaccaagac cctcccagcc gcccccgccc cctgtaccac acttacagcc catgtcccaa
1021	atcacagggt tgaaaaagtt gatgcatagt aacagcctga acaactctaa cattccccga
1081	tttggggtga agaccgatca agaagagctc ctggcccaag aactggagaa cctgaacaag
1141	tggggcctga acatcttttg cgtgtcggat tacgctggag gccgctcact cacctgcatc
1201	atgtacatga tattccagga gcgggacctg ctgaagaaat tccgcatccc tgtggacacg
1261	atggtgacat acatgctgac gctggaggat cactaccacg ctgacgtggc ctaccataac
1321	agcctgcacg cagctgacgt gctgcagtcc acccacgtac tgctggccac gcctgcacta
1381	gatgcagtgt tcacggacct ggagattctc gccgccctct tcgcggctgc catccacgat
1441	gtggatcacc ctggggtctc caaccagttc ctcatcaaca ccaattcgga gctggcgctc
1501	atgtacaacg atgagtcggt gctcgagaat caccacctgg ccgtgggctt caagctgctg
1561	caggaggaca actgcgacat cttccagaac ctcagcaagc gccagcggca gagcctacgc
1621	aagatggtca tcgacatggt gctggccacg gacatgtcca agcacatgac cctcctggct
1681	gacctgaaga ccatggtgga gaccaagaaa gtgaccagct caggggtcct cctgctagat
1741	aactactccg accgcatcca ggtcctccgg aacatggtgc actgtgccga cctcagcaac
1801	cccaccaagc cgctggagct gtaccgccag tggacagacc gcatcatggc cgagttcttc
1861	cagcagggtg accgagagcg cgagcgtggc atggaaatca gccccatgtg tgacaagcac
1921	actgcctccg tggagaagtc tcaggtgggt tttattgact acattgtgca cccattgtgg
1981	gagacctggg cggaccttgt ccacccagat gcccaggaga tcttggacac tttggaggac
2041	aaccgggact ggtactacag cgccatccgg cagagcccat ctccgccacc cgaggaggag
2101	tcaagggggc caggccaccc acccctgcct gacaagttcc agtttgagct gacgctggag
2161	gaggaagagg aggaagaaat atcaatggcc cagataccgt gcacagccca agaggcattg
2221	actgcgcagg gattgtcagg agtcgaggaa gctctggatg caaccatagc ctgggaggca
2281	tccccggccc aggagtcgtt ggaagttatg gcacaggaag catccctgga ggccgagctg
2341	gaggcagtgt atttgacaca gcaggcacag tccacaggca gtgcacctgt ggctccggat
2401	gagttctcgt cccgggagga attcgtggtt gctgtaagcc acagcagccc ctctgccctg
2461	gctcttcaaa gcccccttct ccctgcttgg aggaccctgt ctgtttcaga gcatgccccg
2521	ggcctcccgg gcctcccctc cacggcggcc gaggtggagg cccaacgaga gcaccaggct
2581	gccaagaggg cttgcagtgc ctgcgcaggg acatttgggg aggacacatc cgcactccca
2641	gctcctggtg gcggggggtc aggtggagac cctacctgat ccccagacct ctgtccctgt
2701	tcccctccac tcctcccctc actcccctgc tcccccgacc acctcctcct ctgcctcaaa
2761	gactcttgtc ctcttgtccc tcctgagaaa aaagaaaacg aaaagtgggg tttttttctg
2821	ttttcttttt ttcccdtttc cccctgcccc cacccacggg gccttttttt ggaggtgggg
2881	gctggggaat gaggggctga ggtcccggaa gggattttat ttttttgaat tttaattgta
2941	acatttttag aaaaagaaca aaaaaagaaa aaaaaaagaa agaaacacag caactgtaga
3001	tgctcctgtt cctggttccc gctttccact tccaaatccc tcccctcacc ttcccccact
3061	gccccccaag ttccaggctc agtcttccag ccgcctgggg agtctctacc tgggcccaag
3121	caggtgtggg gcctccttct gggcttttct tctgaattta gaggatttct agaacgtggt
3181	caggaatagc cattctaggc ggggctgggg ccagggtggg gggcagtcac tgtgggaggt
3241	cccagctcca gcccccctct ggtttgctgc ctcctctccc ctctaaaaaa gtcttccgct
3301	tgattttgca caatcccggc gatactcctg gcgatactga ctagaaagtc agggagctgg
3361	gggagctgtt cactttagga tacgggggtg gtatggaagg gagcgttcac accgccagcc
3421	tcgggcctgg gatttgagga gggccctaga cctcctccac tctccatccc ctttcccttc
3481	cactttgggt tcactttgaa ttttctccgt tttttggggc agtggctctg atccactcac
3541	ccccccgccc cccgccccac ttctagctgc ttctcctctt gtttctgcct taataattcc
3601	cacggccaca ggcaaggggg ttgcagtggc cgcctgcacc ttggatgagg cagggccagg
3661	cgcccagaac ccccatcctg gccgcacccc cctttccagg gtcctccgga ccccaccttc
3721	cacactctga tcacagcccc cctacctttt gccctaggag gaagcaataa tggtgtatac
3781	cctcattctc attcctgggc agcccttcct tccaccctgg caccaaaata atttctcctc
3841	catccgtacc ttgcctagcc tctccctctc ccccagctag tccctgagca atacggcaga
3901	cagatgcaag accatttttc tccaagccat gggggactgt ttggaaggaa agccccctct
3961	ctccctcctc ccctcgccct cggcctggtt ctgcagctgg accgacctca ttcatcgcct
4021	gccccctacc caattctgag cacacggtac tgtagccccc agttcctccc tagccttcca
4081	tccctctgtc caccccaggg ggaggtaacc ccgcactcac actcccttga tgctgtctgt
4141	acagggttca tattttgtag cgaaagtcgt ttttgtccca gccggcgatc ggagtgggcc
4201	ttttctttct ttttgttcat tctttacctt tttttctttt ctttctttct tttttgtaca
4261	tactgtaagg ttggtttgta aattattcta cggaggcaaa aagggaaaat aaaaacttgc
4321	ccttccctgg ctgacccagt cgggaaggta gggaaggagg tctcccgttg ggagagtctc
4381	tgttcctgct gtattataca aactgtacca tagtcctggg aaaagggtgg actcaccgct
4441	gttgttttat gggaagtcgt gtcatcctag gggttggggc tgggcagagc ctgtcccctc
4501	cccccttctc caggagccag ggggtgactg gagagacaga cccaccccca agcagggctc
4561	ctctccccag ggtgagcaca ggacctctgt aagctgcttg tgtattgtcc actttgacga
4621	tcagtcattc ggtccgttga tcaataatcc ttcgatcttg tctccaatta aaccgaggct
4681	ttcaccgata aaaaaaaaaa aaaa

International designation	Name
I	Fibrinogen
II	Prothrombin
IIA	Thrombin
III	Tissue thromboplasin
V and VI	Proaccelerin, accelerator
	globulin
VII	Proconvertin
VIII	Antihemophilic globulin (AHG)
IX	Christmas factor
	plasma thromboplastin
	component (PTC)
X	Stuart-Prower factor,
	autoprothrombin III
XI	Plasma thromboplastin
	antecedent (PTA)
XII	Hagemann factor
XIII	Fibrin-stabilizing factor

Chemiluminescent	Half-Life	Emission Max
Thioxene + Diphenyl anthracence:	0.6	seconds	430	nm
Thioxene + Umbelliferone derivative	0.6	seconds	500	nm
Thioxene + Europium chelate	0.6	seconds	615	nm
Thioxene + Samarium Chelate	0.6	seconds	648	nm
Thioxene + terbium Chelate	0.6	seconds	540	nm
N-Phenyl Oxazine + Umbelliferone derivative	30	seconds	500	nm
N-Phenyl Oxazine + Europium chelate	30	seconds	613	nm
N-phenyl Oxazine + Samarium Chelate	30	seconds	648	nm
N-phenyl Oxazine + terbium Chelate	30	seconds	540	nm
Dioxene + Umbelliferone derivative	300	seconds	500	nm
Dioxene + Europium chelate	300	seconds	613	nm
Dioxene + Samarium Chelate	300	seconds	648	nm
N-phenyl Oxazine + terbium Chelate	300	seconds	540	nm

TABLE 11

Sample

Days

Hours

size

Dose

Route

−7

−6

−5

−4

−3

−2

−1

0.5

General

Fast

•

Food/Water

ad libidum

oral

•

Observations

clinical observations

•

body weight

•

Treatments (groups)

TNBS (all animals)

intra rectal

•

1. Vehicle control

n = 2

1.6 mL saline

intra rectal

•

(vehicle)

euthanized

n = 1

2. Treated control

n = 2

40 mg in

sub-cutaneous

1.6 mL saline

euthanized

n = 1

3. Adalimumab (low)

n = 4

40 mg in

intra rectal

•

1.6 mL saline

euthanized

n = 1

4. Adalimumab (med)

n = 4

80 mg in

intra rectal

•

1.6 mL saline

euthanized

n = 1

5. Adalimumab (high)

n = 4

160 mg in

intra rectal

•

1.6 mL saline

euthanized

n = 1

Adalimumab (required)

1200

Samples

Blood

cephalic, jugular

•

or catheter

Fecal

rectal

•

Tissue

necropsy

•

TABLE 12 — Endoscopy Scoring

Score	Description of Endoscopy Score
0	Normal
1	Loss of vascularity
2	Loss of vascularity and friability
3	Friability and erosions
4	Ulcerations and bleeding

TABLE 15 — Endoscopy Score

Score	Description of Endoscopy Score
0	Normal
1	Loss of vascularity
2	Loss of vascularity and friability
3	Friability and erosions
4	Ulcerations and bleeding

TABLE 24 — (human TNFα)

		Vol. of	Vol. of	in standard curve
	human	diluent	(g/mL	(pg/mL
Tube	TNFα (μL)	(μL) *	in 5 μL)	in 5 μL)
A	10 μL of reconstituted	90	1E-07	100000
	human TNFα
B	60 μL of tube A	140	3E-08	30000
C	60 μL of tube B	120	1E-08	10000
D	60 μL of tube C	140	3E-09	3000
E	60 μL of tube D	120	1E-09	1000
F	60 μL of tube E	140	3E-10	300
G	60 μL of tube F	120	1E-10	100
H	60 pL of tube G	140	3E-11	30
I	60 μL of tube H	120	1E-11	10
J	60μL of tube I	140	3E-12	3
K	60 μL of tube J	120	1E-12	1
L	60 μL of tube K	140	3E-13	0.3
M ** (background)	0	100	0	0
N ** (background)	0	100	0	0
O ** (background)	0	100	0	0
P ** (background)	0	100	0	0

TABLE 25

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
A	STD2		STD10	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250
	1.00E+05		10	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
B
C	STD3		STD11	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125
	30000		3	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
D
E	STD4		STD12	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
	10000		1	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
F
G	STD5		STD13	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
	3000		0.333	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
H
I	STD6		Blank	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
	1000		0	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
J
K	STD7		Blank	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025
	300		0	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
L
M	STD8		Blank	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013
	100		0	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
N
O	STD9		Blank	0.003 0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
	30		0	A	A	A	A	A	B Si	B Si	B Si	B Si
P
		13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
	A	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250	250
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	B
	C	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125	125
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	D
	E	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	F
	G	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	H
	I	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	J
	K	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	L
	M	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013	0.013
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	N
	O	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
		B Si	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	B PVC	C	C	C	C	C
	P

TABLE 26

	Needle control (A)	Silicone Bellows (B)	PVC Bellows (C)
4 Hours	0.0174	0.0169	0.0172
24 Hours	0.0180	0.0180	0.0180
336 Hours	0.0144	0.0159	0.0163

TABLE 27 — Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, for significance p < 0.05)

Drug	Needle control (A)	Needle control (A)	Silicone
(micrograms)	vs. Silicone (B)	vs. PVC	vs. PVC
0.0001	0.911	0.008*	0.268
0.0025	0.138	0.390	0.822
0.0125	0.122	0.118	0.771
0.025	0.143	0.465	0.020*
0.25	0.591	0.984	0.350
2.5	0.243	0.124	0.169
125	0.867	0.688	0.182
250	0.681	0.184	0.108
*p < 0.5 data set

TABLE 28 — Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, for significance p < 0.05)

Drug	Needle control (A)	Needle control (A)	Silicone
(micrograms)	vs. Silicone (B)	vs. PVC	vs. PVC
0.0001	0.132	0.038*	0.292
0.0025	0.003*	0.076	0.575
0.0125	0.161	0.022*	0.783
0.025	0.058	0.078	0.538
0.25	0.974	0.384	0.198
2.5	0.714	0.080	0.017*
125	0.873	0.731	0.269
250	0.798	0.956	0.903
*p < 0.5 data set

TABLE 29 — Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, for significance p < 0.05)

Drug	Needle control (A)	Needle control (A)	Silicone
(micrograms)	vs. Silicone (B)	vs. PVC	vs. PVC
0.0001	0.858449	0.036847*	0.026444*
0.0025	0.087379	0.280302	0.046767*
0.0125	0.469282	0.057232	0.117194
0.025	0.02758*	0.078234	0.373419
0.25	0.411548	0.258928	0.400498
2.5	0.368959	0.156574	0.006719*
125	0.948649	0.246702	0.463735
250	0.485046	0.128993	0.705543
*p < 0.5 data set

TABLE 30 — Study design Terminal *Per mouse. TA is administered in 0.075 mL/animal. **Animals are dosed on Day 9 and collections are performed 12 hours later.

Cecal	Colitis				Collections
Group	Animals	Cannula	Induction	Treatment	Route	Schedule	Day 10
1	6	NO	—	—	—	—	Whole blood,
2	6	NO		Fluorescently	PO	QD	plasma, cecal
3	6	YES		labeled	IC	Day 9**	contents, colon
4	6	NO	3% DSS	SMAD7	PO		contents, cecal
5	6	YES	Days 0-5	antisense	IC		tissue, colon
				50 μg*			tissue

TABLE 31 — Study Design Table *Animal weight was ~45-50 kg for drug doses proposed. **Surgical placement of IC port in all animals to control. ***Tissue samples [drug] (five GI section cecum (CAC); proximal colon (PCN); transverse colon (TCN); distal colon (DCN); rectum (RTM), plus mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s Patch). ****Luminal contents (cecum (CAC); proximal colon (PCN); transverse colon (TCN); distal colon (DCN); rectum (RTM)).

Group

Days Pre-Dose

Hours Post-dose

Size

Dose

Route

−11

−10

−5

−1

0.5

General

Fast

•

Food/Water

ad libidum

•

Observations

clinical observations

daily from Day

•

−10 ~ −5

body weight*

•

Treatments (Groups)

1. Vehicle control

n = 3

0.8 mL (20%

HCO-60, 80% EtOH)

Surgical placement

•

of IC port**

Euthanized

(1 Capsule)

n = 3

2. Tacrolimus (PO)

n = 3

4 mg in 0.8 mL

oral

•

Surgical placement

~0.08 mg/kg

•

of IC port**

Euthanized

(solution)

n = 3

3. Tacrolimus (IC)

n = 3

1 mg in 0.8 mL

•

Surgical placement

~0.02 mg/kg

•

of IC port**

Euthanized

(1 capsule)

n = 3

4. Tacrolimus (IC)

n = 3

2 mg in 0.8 mL

•

Surgical placement

~0.04/kg

•

of IC port**

Euthanized

(1 capsule)

n = 3

5. Tacrolimus (IC)

n = 3

4 mg in 0.8 mL

•

Surgical placement

~0.08/kg

•

of IC port**

Euthanized

(1 capsule)

n = 3

Samples*****

Plasma

cephalic, jugular

•

or catheter

Rectal contents

rectal

•

Tissue***

necropsy

•

Luminal contents****

necropsy

•

Analysis (Agrilus

Chales River)

Total Samples

Plasma

[Tacrolimus]

105

Rectal contents

[Tacrolimus]

Tissue (intact)***

[Tacrolimus]

Luminal contents

[Tacrolimus]

Tissue after removing

luminal content

[Tacrolimus]

TABLE 32 — Study Table Total 5. 5-cm length opened tissue samples harvested for immunohistochemistry from terminal ileum, cecum, proximal colon; spiral colon, transverse colon; distal colon, rectum, and included other gastrointestinal sites of inflammation depending on the necropsy results. 6. ~3 g of punch biopsy sample and ~200 mg luminal content snap frozen for adalimumab measurement and three extra 5-cm length open tissue samples taking down for immunohistochemistry staining of ADA at the site where ADA was administrated. Additional tissue biopsy samples were collected from 3 different areas at proximal colon and proximal region of transverse colon in each animal.

		Animal	DSS %	mg/	Vol.	Total			DSS	ADA	End
Group	Route	# 1	w/v	mL	(mL)	g 2	g/kg	Freq. 3	needed	treatment 4	points 5,6,7
1	oral/	1	0	0	105	0	0	QD, 7	0	Day 8	Body
(Animal	gastric							day		(Vehicle)	weights,
1501)	intubation										clinical
											signs, &
											necropsy
											and IHC
											at 3hr
											post
											ADA
2	oral/	3	8.5%	85	105	8.925	1.275	QD, 7	187.425	Day 8	Body
(Animals	gastric							day		(rectal	weights,
2501,	intubation									13 mg)	clinical
2502,											signs, &
and											necropsy
2504)											and IHC
											at 3hr
											post
											ADA
3	oral/	3	15%	150	105	15.75	2.25	QD, 7	330.75	Day 8	Body
	gastric							day		(rectal	weights,
	intubation									13 mg)	clinical
											signs, &
											necropsy
											and IHC
											at 3hr
											post
											ADA
1. Animal weighed around 6.5-7.5 kg
2. Daily clinical signs and body weight were closely monitored throughout the study. If severe clinical signs or body weight loss is observed at day 1~3 after dosing, the DSS dosing was shortened to 5 days.
3. 0.8 mL, of ADA solution was dosed rectally to the colon via an endoscope
4. Necropsy was done to observe GI inflammation and overall histopathology

TABLE 33 — Study Design

	Dosage	HED
Treatments	mg/kg	mg	Route	Endpoints
Group	Vehicle	n = 3	0	0	Intra-cecal	[Tacrolimus] in
1	control				capsule	blood and rectal
Group	Tacrolimus	n = 3	0.09	6.60	Oral solution	content at 1~12
2						hr post dose, and
Group	Tacrolimus	n = 3	0.02	1.65	Intra-cecal	GI tissue & GI
3					capsule	content at 12 hr
Group	Tacrolimus	n = 3	0.04	3.30	Intra-cecal	post dose
4					capsule
Group	Tacrolimus	n = 3	0.09	6.60	Intra-cecal
5					capsule

TABLE 34 — Summary of Results

Route	PO	IC	IC	IC
Dosage	0.09	0.02	0.04	0.09
(mg/kg)
Cmax	3.53 ± 3.84	2.39 ± 0.57	9.197 ± 3.30	21.8 ± 4.73
(ng/mL)
Trough (12 hr)	0.568 ± 0.291	0.746 ± 0.038	1.96 ± 0.491	4.35 ± 0.561
(ng/mL)
AUC 0-12 hr	16.83 ± 3.641	15.29 ± 2.36	51.35 ± 4.04	129.6 ± 7.83
(ng · hr/mL)

TABLE 35 — Tissue (mean) (ng/g)/AUG (0-12 hr) (ng · hr/mL) ratios

	Group 2 PO (0.09 mg/kg)	Group 3 IC (0.02 mg/kg)
	Tissue	AUC 0-12 hr		Tissue	AUC 0-12 hr
	(ng/g)	(ng · hr/mL)	Ratio	(ng/g)	(ng · hr/mL)	Ratio
Cecum		16.83	0		15.29	0.00
Proximal		16.83	0	50.20	15.29	3.28
Colon
Spiral colon		16.83	0	204.00	15.29	13.34
Transverse		16.83	0	128.20	15.29	8.38
colon
Distal Colon		16.83	0	44.70	15.29	2.92

TABLE 35 — Tissue (mean) (ng/g)/AUG (0-12 hr) (ng · hr/mL) ratios

	Group 4 IC (0.04 mg/kg)	Group 5 IC (0.09 mg/kg)
	Tissue	AUC 0-12 hr		Tissue	AUC 0-12 hr
	(ng/g)	(ng · hr/mL)	Ratio	(ng/g)	(ng · hr/mL)	Ratio
Cecum	52.3	51.35	1.019	77.3	129.6	0.60
Proximal	98.3	51.35	1.914	157.0	129.6	1.21
Colon
Spiral colon	342.3	51.35	6.667	783.3	129.6	6.04
Transverse	85.8	51.35	1.670	272.0	129.6	2.10
colon
Distal Colon	28.7	51.35	0.559	67.7	129.6	0.52

TABLE 36 — Tissue (mean) (ng/g)/Trough (12 hr) (ng/mL)

	Group 2 PO (0.09 mg/kg)	Group 3 IC (0.02 mg/kg)
	Tissue	Trough		Tissue	Trough
	(ng/g)	level (12 hr)	Ratio	(ng/g)	level (12 hr)	Ratio
Cecum		0.568	0		0.746	0.00
Proximal		0.568	0	50.20	0.746	67.29
Colon
Spiral colon		0.568	0	204.00	0.746	273.46
Transverse		0.568	0	128.20	0.746	171.85
colon
Distal Colon		0.568	0	44.70	0.746	59.92

TABLE 36 — Tissue (mean) (ng/g)/Trough (12 hr) (ng/mL)

	Group 4 IC (0.04 mg/kg)	Group 5 IC (0.09 mg/kg)
	Tissue	Trough		Tissue	Trough
	(ng/g)	level (12 hr)	Ratio	(ng/g)	level (12 hr)	Ratio
Cecum	52.3	1.96	26.684	77.3	4.35	17.78
Proximal	98.3	1.96	50.136	157.0	4.35	36.09
Colon
Spiral	342.3	1.96	174.660	783.3	4.35	180.08
Transverse	85.8	1.96	43.759	272.0	4.35	62.53
colon
Distal Colon	28.7	1.96	14.643	67.7	4.35	15.56

	Transition	TLC1	PillCam
Stomach-Duodenum	100%	(17/17)	89% (48/54)
Duodenum-Jejunum	94%	(16/17)	N/A
Ileum-Cecum	89%	(16/18)	75% (39/52)
Ileum-terminal	100%	(18/18)	92% (48/52)
ileum/cecum/colon

TABLE 37 — Study Design

			Cell					Blood
Cecal	Transfer				Schedule	Collection		Endpoints
Group	Animals	Cannula	(Day 0)	Treatment	Dose*	Route	(Days 0-42)	(RO)	Endoscopy	(Day 42)
1	8	YES	—	—	—	—	—	Day 13	Days 14, 28,	3 Hours
2	15		0.5 × 10 6	Vehicle (PBS; IP)	—	IP; IC	IP: 3x/week		42	Post Dose:
			naïve	Vehicle (PBS; IC)			IC: QD			Colon weight/
3	15		T H cells	IgG Control (IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			Length, stool
				Vehicle (PBS; IC)			IC: QD			score Terminal
4	15			Vehicle (PBS; IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			collection
				IgG Control (IC)			IC: QD			(all groups):
5	15			Anti-IL 12p40 (IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			Cecal Contents,
				Vehicle (PBS; IC)			IC: QD			Colon Contents,
6	15			Vehicle (PBS; IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			Plasma, small
				Anti-IL 12p40 (IC)			IC: QD			intestinal
7	15			Anti-TNFα (IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			tissue, colon
				Vehicle (PBS; IC)			IC: QD			tissue, mLN,
8	15			Vehicle (PBS; IP)	625 μg		IP: 3x/week			and Peyer’s
				Anti-TNFα (IC)			IC: QD			Patches
9	8	NO	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Disease Activity Index	Description	Score
Colitis Severity	Normal	0
	Loss of vascularity	1
	Loss of vascularity and friability	2
	Friability and erosions	3
	Ulcerations and bleeding	4
Stool Consistency	Normal	0
	Loose stool, soft, staying in shape	1
	Abnormal form with excess moisture	2
	Watery or diarrhea	3
	Bloody diarrhea	4
Body Weight Loss (%)	X < 0% or gain weight	0
	2% ≤ X < 5%	1
	5% ≤ X < 10%	2
	10% ≤ X <15%	3
	15% ≤ X < 20%	4
	20% ≤ X < 25%	5
	25% ≤ X < 30%	6
	X ≥ 35%	7
Total Score		15

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IPC · International Patent Classification

Section A — Human necessities

A61P1/04
A61P1/00
A61K45/06
A61K31/519
A61K9/00
A61B5/07
A61B1/04
A61M31/00

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