LED driver circuit

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/684,567, filed Nov. 14, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

This disclosure is directed to electronic circuits, and more particularly, to driver circuits.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in a wide variety of modern electronic devices. One common use of LEDs is backlighting for liquid crystal displays. A backlight may be formed of a number of LED strings and supplied from, e.g., a local boost converter. The LEDs within a string may be connected to one another in series.

During operation, the LEDs may be fully on when the display of which the backlight is part is in use. When the display is not in use, the LEDs may be dimmed. Control of the LEDs in both their fully on and dimmed states may be conducted under the control of correspondingly coupled LED driver circuits.

An LED driver circuit is disclosed. In one embodiment, the LED driver circuit includes an amplifier having a first input coupled to receive a reference voltage and a second input coupled to receive a feedback voltage. The circuit further includes first and second transistors each having respective gate terminals coupled to an output of the first amplifier. In a first mode, a first switch alternately couples a source terminal of the first transistor to the second input of the amplifier (when the pulse is asserted) and a source terminal of the second transistor to the second input (when the pulse is de-asserted). A third transistor includes a gate terminal that is coupled to ground, by a second switch, when operating in the first mode. When operating in the second mode, the switch couples the third transistor to the output of the amplifier, while the pulse remains asserted.

In one embodiment, the LED driver circuit further includes a fourth transistor having a source terminal coupled to a drain of the first transistor. The drains of the third and fourth transistors are each coupled to an LED drive node, to which the cathode of at least one LED may be coupled. During the first mode, the fourth transistor may become active responsive to receiving a pulse, and thus both the first and fourth transistors may drive the one or more LEDs coupled (e.g., in series) to the LED drive node for the duration of the pulse. The third transistor is inactive during operation in the first mode, with its gate terminal coupled to a ground node. In the second mode, the third transistor is active, along with the first and fourth transistors (since the pulse remains asserted), thereby providing a constant current that results in LEDs coupled to the circuit being continuously in the on state.

The following detailed description makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which are now briefly described.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an LED driver circuit.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of one embodiment an LED driver circuit in a first mode of operation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of one embodiment an LED driver circuit in a second mode of operation.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a backlight assembly.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for operating an LED driver circuit.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an example system.

Although the embodiments disclosed herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments are shown by way of example in the drawings and are described herein in detail. It should be understood, however, that drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the particular forms disclosed. On the contrary, this application is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure of the present application as defined by the appended claims.

This disclosure includes references to “one embodiment,” “a particular embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “various embodiments,” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in a particular embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” “in various embodiments,” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure.

Within this disclosure, different entities (which may variously be referred to as “units,” “circuits,” other components, etc.) may be described or claimed as “configured” to perform one or more tasks or operations. This formulation—[entity] configured to [perform one or more tasks]—is used herein to refer to structure (i.e., something physical, such as an electronic circuit). More specifically, this formulation is used to indicate that this structure is arranged to perform the one or more tasks during operation. A structure can be said to be “configured to” perform some task even if the structure is not currently being operated. A “credit distribution circuit configured to distribute credits to a plurality of processor cores” is intended to cover, for example, an integrated circuit that has circuitry that performs this function during operation, even if the integrated circuit in question is not currently being used (e.g., a power supply is not connected to it). Thus, an entity described or recited as “configured to” perform some task refers to something physical, such as a device, circuit, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the task, etc. This phrase is not used herein to refer to something intangible.

The term “configured to” is not intended to mean “configurable to.” An unprogrammed FPGA, for example, would not be considered to be “configured to” perform some specific function, although it may be “configurable to” perform that function after programming.

Reciting in the appended claims that a structure is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) for that claim element. Accordingly, none of the claims in this application as filed are intended to be interpreted as having means-plus-function elements. Should Applicant wish to invoke Section 112(f) during prosecution, it will recite claim elements using the “means for” [performing a function] construct.

As used herein, the term “based on” is used to describe one or more factors that affect a determination. This term does not foreclose the possibility that additional factors may affect the determination. That is, a determination may be solely based on specified factors or based on the specified factors as well as other, unspecified factors. Consider the phrase “determine A based on B.” This phrase specifies that B is a factor that is used to determine A or that affects the determination of A. This phrase does not foreclose that the determination of A may also be based on some other factor, such as C. This phrase is also intended to cover an embodiment in which A is determined based solely on B. As used herein, the phrase “based on” is synonymous with the phrase “based at least in part on.”

As used herein, the phrase “in response to” describes one or more factors that trigger an effect. This phrase does not foreclose the possibility that additional factors may affect or otherwise trigger the effect. That is, an effect may be solely in response to those factors, or may be in response to the specified factors as well as other, unspecified factors. Consider the phrase “perform A in response to B.” This phrase specifies that B is a factor that triggers the performance of A. This phrase does not foreclose that performing A may also be in response to some other factor, such as C. This phrase is also intended to cover an embodiment in which A is performed solely in response to B.

As used herein, the terms “first,” “second,” etc. are used as labels for nouns that they precede, and do not imply any type of ordering (e.g., spatial, temporal, logical, etc.), unless stated otherwise. For example, in a register file having eight registers, the terms “first register” and “second register” can be used to refer to any two of the eight registers, and not, for example, just logical registers 0 and 1 .

When used in the claims, the term “or” is used as an inclusive or and not as an exclusive or. For example, the phrase “at least one of x, y, or z” means any one of x, y, and z, as well as any combination thereof.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. One having ordinary skill in the art, however, should recognize that aspects of disclosed embodiments might be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known circuits, structures, signals, computer program instruction, and techniques have not been shown in detail to avoid obscuring the disclosed embodiments.

The present disclosure is directed to an LED driver circuit that may, among other applications, be used in a backlight of a display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD). When used in such a display, the apparent brightness produced by the LEDs may depend on the mode of operation. To dim the LEDs below a maximum brightness level, the driver circuit may operate in a pulse width modulation (PWM) mode, where the apparent brightness of the LEDs may vary with the width of the received pulses. For maximum brightness, the LED driver circuit may provide DC operation.

The LED driver circuit of the present disclosure may operate in order to meet a number of different parameters. In various embodiments, the LED driver circuit of the present disclosure may sink a substantially a minimum value of current independent of the circuit output voltage. The circuit may also exhibit low drop-out behavior that may minimize wasted power. Furthermore, the driver circuit of the present disclosure may be designed to provide a high ratio between the minimum and maximum current. When operating in a PWM mode, the circuit may exhibit a very fast turn-on and turn-off response. A low quiescent current may also be achieved by the LED driver circuit of the present disclosure. The circuit may also exhibit a low mismatch on a sample-to-sample basis.

As disclosed herein, the LED driver circuit includes first and second transistors each having respective gate terminals coupled to an output of an amplifier. The amplifier includes a first input coupled to receive a reference voltage, and a second input coupled to receive, via a first switch, a feedback voltage. Responsive to receiving a pulse when operating in the first mode (which may be referred to as the pulse width modulation, or PWM mode), a source terminal of the first transistor is coupled to the second input of the amplifier, via the first switch. Accordingly, the first transistor, when active in the first mode, regulates the output current of the circuit, with the feedback voltage depending on the gate-source voltage of the first transistor. During operation in the first mode, the first switch may also couple the source terminal of the second transistor to the second input of the amplifier (while decoupling the source terminal of the first transistor) when no pulse is received. Thus, the second transistor may regulate the current through the circuit in the absence of a pulse during operation in the PWM mode. Generally speaking, the first switch may alternate between coupling the respective source terminals of the first and second transistors to the second input of the amplifier, with the amount of time for each depending on the width of the respective pulses received.

In the second mode (which may also be referred to as a continuous mode), the pulse remains asserted, and thus the source terminal of the first transistor may also remain coupled to the second input of the amplifier. Additionally, a third transistor may also be activated. The first and third transistors (along with a fourth transistor, discussed below) draw a substantially continuous current through the circuit, which may also be the maximum amount of current through the circuit. Various embodiments of an LED driver circuit in accordance with the above are now discussed in more detail.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an LED driver circuit. In the embodiment shown, LED driver circuit 100 includes an amplifier A 1 having first and second inputs. The first input to A 1 (which is a non-inverting input in this embodiment) is a reference voltage that may be generated by any suitable reference voltage generation circuit (e.g., a bandgap circuit). The second input to A 1 (which is an inverting input in this embodiment) is coupled to receive a feedback voltage via switch S 1 . The output terminal of amplifier A 1 is coupled to respective gate terminals of transistors M 1 and M 2 , and is also coupled to switch S 2 . A source terminal of transistor M 1 is coupled to a resistor R 1 . As shown here, resistor R 1 may be a variable resistor, or, alternatively, may be a trimmed resistor. A source terminal of transistor M 2 is coupled to a current source I 1 . This current source may be implemented using any suitable type of current sourcing circuitry.

Transistor M 3 has a gate terminal coupled to switch S 2 . Depending on the position of this switch (which, in turn, depends on the operational mode), the gate terminal of transistor M 3 may be coupled to either the output of amplifier A 1 , or to ground. The source terminal of M 3 is coupled to the source terminal of M 1 . A fourth transistor, M 4 , includes a source terminal coupled a drain terminal of transistor M 1 . The gate terminal of transistor M 4 in this embodiment is coupled to an optional buffer B 1 , which in turn is coupled to receive a pulse, indicated here as PWM. The source terminals of both transistor M 3 and M 4 are coupled to an output pad which in turn, may be coupled to a cathode of an LED that may be part of a series-coupled string of LEDs.

Control of the particular mode of operation may be performed by control circuit 105 , which is shown here as providing the pulse, PWM, and the PWM_EN control signal (or enable signal) as outputs. The pulse may be received by buffer B 1 and switch S 1 , while the enable signal, PWM_EN, may be received by switch S 2 . Embodiments are possible and contemplated where no buffer is present, and thus the PWM pulse signal is provided directly to the gate terminal of M 4 . To operate in the first mode, control circuit 105 asserts the PWM_EN signal (which causes M 3 to be turned off) and then provides pulses from its PWM output, with the pulses modulated in width (duration) to control the apparent brightness of the LEDs. To operate in the second mode, control circuit de-asserts the PWM_EN signal, and holds the PWM output as asserted (PWM=1 in the embodiment shown). When PWM_EN is de-asserted, transistor M 3 is turned on, while both M 1 and M 4 are also active. This results in a substantially constant current through this device, resulting in the LEDs being in a continuous on state.

Switch S 1 in the embodiment shown is arranged to provide one of two inputs to the second input of amplifier A 1 . Responsive to receiving a pulse (PWM=1) when operating in a first mode, the PWM mode, switch S 1 is coupled to the source terminal of M 1 . When no pulse is received, or when operating in the second mode, the source terminal of transistor M 1 is decoupled from the second input of A 1 , which switch S 1 being in the PWM=0 position. Instead, when PWM=0, the source terminal of M 2 is coupled to the second input of amplifier A 1 . Additionally, switch S 2 operates to couple the gate terminal of M 3 to ground during operation in the PWM mode (when PWM_EN=1), and couples the gate terminal of M 3 to the output of amplifier A 1 during operation in the non-PWM (continuous) mode (when PWM_EN=0). When operating in the second mode, control circuit 105 provides PWM as a persistently asserted signal, (PWM=1).

One or two current paths may be provided from a cathode of a coupled LED to ground, depending on the mode of operation. A first of these current paths is through transistors M 1 and M 4 , which is created during operation in PWM mode and in response to receiving a pulse, as both M 1 and M 4 may be active for the duration of each pulse. The second current path is added, through transistor M 3 , during operation in the second mode. Both of these paths converge at the junction of the source terminals of M 1 and M 3 and the correspondingly coupled terminal of R 1 , which is further coupled to the ground node as shown. During operation in the first mode, when no pulse is received (PWM=0), no current path provided between the pad and ground.

Switch S 2 , in this embodiment, couples the gate terminal of M 3 to the output of amplifier A 1 , when PWM_EN=0. As noted above, when M 3 is activated, a second current path between the pad (which may also referred to as the drive node) and ground is added. This ensures that substantially constant current is flowing from the drive node or pad coupled to the LEDs during operation in the non-PWM mode, and may result in a continuous on state for the LEDs. With two parallel current paths active, the amount of current drawn by driver circuit 100 during operation in the second mode.

During operation in the first mode and in the absence of a pulse (PWM=0), transistor M 2 substantially controls the output voltage from amplifier A 1 . In particular, transistor M 2 and amplifier A 1 form a loop, with the output voltage of A 1 provided to the gate of M 2 , while the source voltage of M 2 is provided to the inverting (second) input of A 1 . Accordingly, amplifier A 1 continues to provide an output signal during PWM mode operation when no pulse is asserted. This may allow for fast turn-on time when transitioning from PWM=0 to PWM=1.

LED driver circuit 100 has shown in FIG. 1 may be thought of as having two separate control loops for controlling the current in the circuit. The first control loop may thus include the transistors M 1 and M 4 , along with amplifier A 1 . This loop may be activated responsive to receiving a pulse during operation in the PWM mode, which causes switch S 1 to be set to the position indicated as PWM=1. The second control loop includes transistor M 2 and amplifier A 1 , and is active when switch S 1 is set to PWM=0, as described above.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of one embodiment an LED driver circuit in a first mode of operation, alternatively referred to as the PWM mode. In the PWM mode of operation, the PWM_EN signal may be asserted to a value of 1, which in this embodiment, causes the gate terminal of transistor M 3 to be coupled to a ground node. This causes M 3 to be inactive in this mode, thereby reducing the loading on the output of amplifier A 1 when pulses are received.

During the PWM mode, the position of switch S 1 is dependent upon receiving pulses. When a pulse is received, the switch may be in the PWM=1 position, as shown in the drawing, and the source of M 1 is coupled to the inverting input of A 1 . When no pulse is currently received, switch S 1 may be in the opposite position, with the source of M 1 being decoupled from the inverting input of A 1 .

With switch S 1 in the PWM=1 position, the voltage on the output of amplifier A 1 may rise and turn on M 1 . The pulse may also be received by the gate terminal of M 4 via buffer B 1 . This may activate transistor M 4 . With both transistors M 1 and M 4 active, a current path is provided between the LED drive node/pad, through both of these devices and resistor R 1 . Additionally, a loop is performed by Al and Ml, with the source of M 1 providing the feedback voltage to the inverting input of A 1 . Accordingly, transistor M 1 regulates the current in the current path through M 1 and M 4 . By providing transistor M 4 in this embodiment, the cascode circuit structure reduces limits the swing of the drain voltage of M 1 from the state of PWM=0 to PWM=1. Furthermore, since the swing of the M 1 drain voltage is limited between a pulse and no pulse, a fast responding amplifier is not required for the implementation of A 1 .

When switch S 1 is in the PWM=0 position during operation in the PWM mode, the source terminal of M 2 is coupled to the inverting input of amplifier A 1 . This forms a control loop with A 1 and M 2 . Therefore, the output voltage of A 1 is dependent upon the source voltage of M 2 at this time. The presence of M 2 in the embodiment shown ensures that driver circuit 100 performs closed loop operation irrespective of the mode of operation or whether a pulse is presently received. As noted above, when in the PWM or mode and when a pulse is received, a loop is formed by M 1 and A 1 . When no pulse is currently received in the PWM mode, the loop is formed by M 2 and A 1 .

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of one embodiment an LED driver circuit in a second mode of operation. This second mode of operation may be referred to herein either as the non-PWM mode of operation or the continuous mode of operation. When operating in this mode, switch S 1 remains in the PWM=1 position Accordingly, M 4 remains active in this mode, while the source of M 1 remains coupled to the inverting input of amplifier A 1 , via switch S 1 .

Switch S 2 in this mode of operation is in the PWM_EN=0 position. This results in the gate terminal of M 3 being coupled to the output of amplifier A 1 . As a result, M 3 is activated and provides a second current path, from the pad, through the device, to resistor R 1 . Accordingly, during operation in the second mode, there are two active, parallel current paths between the pad and R 1 , the first being through M 4 and M 1 , the second being through M 3 . This may result in a substantially continuous, maximum current between the pad and R 1 (and thus through R 1 to ground as well). As a result, a string of LEDs coupled to LED driver circuit 100 may remain continuously on at their maximum brightness. Transistor M 3 may be implemented as a large transistor to help attain the maximum current.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a backlight assembly. In the embodiment shown, backlight assembly 400 includes M strings of N LEDs 402 , wherein M and N are integer numbers. Each of the strings of series-coupled LEDs is coupled to corresponding one of a number of LED driver circuit 100 . Control circuit 105 in the embodiment shown is coupled to provide both a pulse (PWM) and an enable signal (PWM_EN) to each of the LED driver circuits 100 .

In each of the strings of series coupled LEDs, a cathode of a last one of the LEDs is coupled to a pad/drive node of the corresponding LED driver circuit 100 . An anode of a first one of the LEDs in each of the M strings is coupled to a voltage supply node, V_supp, which is the output of DC-DC converter 405 . In one embodiment, DC-DC converter 405 is a boost converter that provides an output voltage, on the voltage supply node, that is greater than an input voltage. In this embodiment, the input voltage to DC-DC converter 405 is received from battery 403 .

The brightness of the backlight formed by the circuit shown in FIG. 4 may be at its highest intensity when operating in the non-PWM/continuous mode. In this mode, each of the LEDs 402 is continuously on, with each of the LED driver circuits 100 drawing its maximum current through the parallel current paths of M 1 /M 4 and the relatively large device M 3 as discussed above in reference to FIGS. 1-3 .

To dim the apparent brightness of the backlight, control circuit 105 may cause the circuit to enter the PWM mode. Pulses, from the PWM output of control circuit 105 , may then be applied to each of the LED driver circuits 100 . The overall apparent brightness provided by backlight assembly may vary with the duty cycle of the pulses. Higher duty cycles may result in a greater brightness. To dim the backlight, the duty cycle of the pulses may be reduced to a level that corresponds to the desired brightness. With lower duty cycles, the LEDs 402 spend less time on and a greater time off, which may cause a user to perceive a lower level of brightness relative to higher duty cycles or when the backlight assembly 400 is operated in continuous mode (with the LEDs 402 continuously on).

The LED driver circuits of the present disclosure may sink at least a minimum amount of current independent of the output voltage of amplifier A 1 . In some embodiments, the current through transistors M 1 and M 4 may be substantially constant when a pulse is being received in the PWM mode.

The LED driver circuit of the present disclosure may also have a low drop out, due to the presence of transistor M 3 . It is noted that the gate capacitance of M 3 is not an issue when operating in the PWM mode, since the gate is not connected to the output of amplifier A 1 at this time. The presence of M 3 may also ensure a high ratio between the minimum and maximum current drawn by the circuit. The maximum current may be drawn by the parallel current paths through M 1 /M 4 and M 3 in the continuous mode. In the PWM mode, M 3 is off, M 1 and M 4 may draw current when active responsive to receiving a pulse. When no pulse is received, a minimum amount of current may nevertheless pass through these devices due to sub-threshold operation.

Since the cascode structure in the circuit reduces the voltage swing on the drain of M 1 , the LED driver circuit 105 of the present disclosure may exhibit very fast turn on and turn off when operating in the PWM mode. The low voltage swing on the M 1 drain also reduces the need for amplifier A 1 to be a fast responding amplifier.

The presences of M 2 in LED driver circuit 100 may ensure that, irrespective of the mode of operation or whether a pulse is currently received, the circuit also provides closed loop operation. This may enable the use of closed-loop offset canceling techniques, such as auto-zero, to be used to minimize the mismatch from one sample to the next.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for operating an LED driver circuit. Method 500 may be performed with various embodiments of the LED driver circuit discussed above with reference to FIGS. 1-4 . Embodiments not explicitly discussed herein, but capable of performing method 500 , may also fall within the scope of this disclosure.

Method 500 begins with operating a light emitting diode (LED) driver circuit in a first mode (block 502 ). Operating in the first mode includes controlling first and second transistors responsive to a signal provided on an output of an amplifier, the amplifier receiving a reference voltage on a first input and a feedback signal on a second input, coupling a gate terminal of a third transistor to a ground node while alternately asserting and de-asserting a pulse (block 504 ). First mode operation further includes activating a fourth transistor responsive to assertion of the pulse and de-activating the fourth transistor responsive to de-assertion of the pulse (block 506 ). This results in controlling a brightness of one or more LEDs based on a duty cycle of the pulse, the one or more LEDs being coupled to drain terminals of the third and fourth transistors (block 508 ).

Method 500 further includes operating the LED driver circuit in a second mode (block 510 ). Operating in the second mode includes holding the pulse in an asserted state (block 512 ). Second mode operation further includes providing the feedback signal from the source of the first transistor and coupling a gate terminal of the third transistor to the output of amplifier to cause activation of the third transistor (block 514 ).

In various embodiments, the method includes during operation in the first mode, a first switch causing a source terminal of the first transistor to be coupled to the second input responsive to assertion of the pulse, and causing causes a source terminal of the second transistor to be coupled to the second input responsive to de-assertion of the pulse. The method may also include, when operating in the second mode, a second switch coupling a gate terminal of the third transistor to the ground node during operation in the first mode and further comprising the second switch coupling the gate terminal of the third transistor to the output of the amplifier. When operating in the first mode, the method includes varying an amount of current through the one or more LEDs, while causing a continuous current through the LEDs when operating in the second mode.

Turning next to FIG. 6 , a block diagram of one embodiment of a system 150 is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the system 150 includes at least one instance of an integrated circuit 10 coupled to external memory 158 . The integrated circuit 10 may include a memory controller that is coupled to the external memory 158 . The integrated circuit 10 is coupled to one or more peripherals 154 and the external memory 158 . A power supply 156 is also provided which supplies the supply voltages to the integrated circuit 10 as well as one or more supply voltages to the memory 158 and/or the peripherals 154 . In some embodiments, more than one instance of the integrated circuit 10 may be included (and more than one external memory 158 may be included as well).

The peripherals 154 may include any desired circuitry, depending on the type of system 150 . For example, in one embodiment, the system 150 may be a mobile device (e.g. personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phone, etc.) and the peripherals 154 may include devices for various types of wireless communication, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular, global positioning system, etc. The peripherals 154 may also include additional storage, including RAM storage, solid-state storage, or disk storage. The peripherals 154 may include user interface devices such as a display screen, including touch display screens or multitouch display screens, keyboard or other input devices, microphones, speakers, etc. In other embodiments, the system 150 may be any type of computing system (e.g. desktop personal computer, laptop, workstation, tablet, etc.).

The external memory 158 may include any type of memory. For example, the external memory 158 may be SRAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, LPDDR1, LPDDR2, etc.) SDRAM, RAMBUS DRAM, etc. The external memory 158 may include one or more memory modules to which the memory devices are mounted, such as single inline memory modules (SIMMs), dual inline memory modules (DIMMs), etc.

System 150 in the embodiment shown also includes at least one instance of a display 157 , the display including a backlight. The backlight portion of display 157 may be implemented in accordance with the example shown in FIG. 4 , and may include a DC-DC converter (e.g., a boost converter), N strings of M LEDs (where M and N are integer values), and corresponding instances of an LED driver circuit, such as those illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 .

Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.