Magnetic peak current mode control for radiation tolerant active driven synchronous power converters

The present disclosure generally relates to controllers for power converters.

DC/DC converters are a type of power supply which converts an input DC voltage to a different output DC voltage. Such converters typically include a transformer that is electrically coupled via a switching circuit between a voltage source and a load. Converters known as forward converters include at least one main switch connected between the voltage source and the primary winding of the transformer to provide forward power transfer to the secondary winding of the transformer when the switch is on and conducting. A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) device is typically used for the one or more main switches.

Power converter designs are often constrained by various requirements, such as efficiency, input voltage range, output voltage, power density, and footprint area. These constraints require certain performance tradeoffs. For instance, achieving higher efficiencies may require a more narrow input voltage range. To further improve efficiencies, active-reset schemes and synchronous rectifications are often employed. These synchronous rectification schemes can either be active-control or self-driven.

Environments with high levels of ionizing radiation create special design challenges. A single charged particle can knock thousands of electrons loose, causing electronic noise and signal spikes. In the case of digital circuits, this can cause results which are inaccurate or unintelligible. This can be a particularly serious problem in the design of components for satellites, spacecraft, aircraft, power stations, etc.

A peak current mode control (PCMC) controller for a power converter, the power converter including a main transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding electrically coupleable to an input voltage node and electrically coupled to a main switch, the secondary winding electrically coupleable to an output voltage node and electrically coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch, may be summarized as including a peak current detector circuit having a first input node operatively coupled to a current sensor circuit that, in operation, senses a current of the power converter, a second input node operatively coupled to an error control signal circuit, and an output node that provides a peak current detector output signal usable at least in part to control the operation of the main switch, in operation the peak current detector circuit compares a current sensor signal received from the current sensor circuit to an error control signal received from the error control signal circuit and, responsive to detecting that the current sensor signal exceeds the error control signal, changes the state of the peak current detector output signal; a magnetic isolator circuit including an isolation transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding, the magnetic isolator circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the error control signal circuit, a second input node operatively coupled to a clock circuit to receive a clock signal therefrom, a first output node electrically coupled to the second input node of the peak current detector circuit to provide the error control signal to the peak current detector circuit, and a second output node electrically coupled to the secondary winding of the isolation transformer; and a synchronous gate drive circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the secondary winding of the main transformer, a second input node operatively coupled to the second output node of the magnetic isolator circuit, and an output node operatively coupled to control the operation of the synchronous rectifier switch.

The peak current detector circuit may include a comparator and the synchronous gate drive circuit may include a MOSFET driver. The magnetic isolator circuit may include circuitry that provides a voltage source for the secondary side circuit of the PCMC controller. The PCMC controller may further include a time delayed gate drive circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the clock circuit to receive the clock signal therefrom, a second input node operatively coupled to the output node of the peak current detector circuit, and an output node operatively coupled to control the operation of the main switch based at least in part on the clock signal and the peak current detector output signal, in operation, the time delayed gate drive circuit may cause main switch to turn on only after the synchronous rectifier switch has turned off during a switching cycle. The time delayed gate drive circuit may include a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit. The time delayed gate drive circuit may include a MOSFET gate driver. The PCMC controller may further include a preset maximum duty cycle circuit including an input node operatively coupled to the clock circuit to receive the clock signal therefrom, and an output node operatively coupled to the second input node of the time delayed gate drive circuit, in operation, the present maximum duty cycle may set a maximum duty cycle for the main switch of the power converter. The preset maximum duty cycle circuit may include first and second complementing bipolar junction transistors. The magnetic isolator circuit may include a magnetic isolator circuit switch operatively coupled to the primary winding of the isolation transformer, and wherein the second input node of the magnetic isolator circuit may be operatively coupled to control the operation of the synchronous rectifier switch. The synchronous gate drive circuit may be operative to cause the synchronous rectifier switch to turn on after the main switch turns off each cycle, and to cause the synchronous rectifier switch to turn off before the main switch turns on during a subsequent cycle. The PCMC controller may further include the current sensor circuit including a current transducer that, in operation, senses a current of the power converter. The current transducer may include a transformer or a resistor.

A power converter may be summarized as including a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding electrically coupleable to an input voltage node and the secondary winding electrically coupleable to an output voltage node; a primary circuit electrically coupled to the primary winding, the primary circuit including a main switch; a secondary circuit electrically coupled to the secondary winding, the primary circuit including a synchronous rectifier switch; and a peak current mode control (PCMC) controller, including: a peak current detector circuit having a first input node operatively coupled to a current sensor circuit that, in operation, senses a current of the power converter, a second input node operatively coupled to an error control signal circuit, and an output node that provides a peak current detector output signal usable at least in part to control the operation of the main switch, in operation the peak current detector circuit compares a current sensor signal received from the current sensor circuit to an error control signal received from the error control signal circuit and, responsive to detecting that the current sensor signal exceeds the error control signal, changes the state of the peak current detector output signal; a magnetic isolator circuit including an isolation transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding, the magnetic isolator circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the error control signal circuit, a second input node operatively coupled to a clock circuit to receive a clock signal therefrom, a first output node electrically coupled to the second input node of the peak current detector circuit to provide the error control signal to the peak current detector circuit, and a second output node electrically coupled to the secondary winding of the isolation transformer; and a synchronous gate drive circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the secondary winding of the main transformer, a second input node operatively coupled to the second output node of the magnetic isolator circuit, and an output node operatively coupled to control the operation of the synchronous rectifier switch.

The peak current detector circuit may include a comparator and the synchronous gate drive circuit may include a MOSFET driver. The magnetic isolator circuit may include circuitry that provides a voltage source for the secondary side of the PCMC controller. The power converter may further include a time delayed gate drive circuit including a first input node operatively coupled to the clock circuit to receive the clock signal therefrom, a second input node operatively coupled to the output node of the peak current detector circuit, and an output node operatively coupled to control the operation of the main switch based at least in part on the clock signal and the peak current detector output signal, in operation, the time delayed gate drive circuit may cause main switch to turn on only after the synchronous rectifier switch has turned off during a switching cycle. The time delayed gate drive circuit may include a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit. The power converter may further include a preset maximum duty cycle circuit may include an input node operatively coupled to the clock circuit to receive the clock signal therefrom, and an output node operatively coupled to the second input node of the time delayed gate drive circuit, in operation, the present maximum duty cycle may set a maximum duty cycle for the main switch of the power converter. The preset maximum duty cycle circuit may include first and second complementing bipolar junction transistors. The magnetic isolator circuit may include a magnetic isolator circuit switch operatively coupled to the primary winding of the isolation transformer, and wherein the second input node of the magnetic isolator circuit may be operatively coupled to control the operation of the synchronous rectifier switch. The synchronous gate drive circuit may be operative to cause the synchronous rectifier switch to turn on after the main switch turns off each cycle, and may cause the synchronous rectifier switch to turn off before the main switch turns on for a subsequent cycle. The power converter may further include the current sensor circuit including a current transducer that, in operation, senses a current of the power converter. The current transducer may include a transformer or a resistor.

A peak current mode control (PCMC) controller for a power converter, the power converter including a main transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding electrically coupleable to an input voltage node and electrically coupled to a main switch, the secondary winding electrically coupleable to an output voltage node and electrically coupled to a synchronous rectifier switch may be summarized as including: a magnetic isolator circuit including an isolation transformer including a primary winding electrically coupled to a primary side circuit and a secondary winding electrically coupled to a secondary side circuit, the magnetic isolator circuit including circuitry that, in operation, provides a voltage supply to the secondary side circuit, provides an error control signal from the secondary side circuit to the primary side circuit, and provides an output signal usable by a synchronous gate drive circuit to control the operation of the synchronous rectifier switch.

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not necessarily drawn to scale, and some of these elements may be arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are not necessarily intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and may have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.

FIGS. 1A-1B are a schematic circuit diagram for a power converter that includes a magnetic peak current control mode (PCMC) controller, according to one illustrated implementation.

FIG. 2 is a truth table for various MOSFET drivers (U 2 and U 3 ) of the PCMC controller of FIGS. 1A-1B , according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing various waveforms of the power converter of FIGS. 1A-1B during a startup operation, according to one illustrated implementation.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a zoomed in view of an error control signal, a peak current signal, a main switch gate signal, and a synchronous rectifier switch gate signal, for an input voltage of 16 volts, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 5 is a graph that shows a zoomed in view of the error control signal, the peak current signal, the main switch gate signal, and the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal, for an input voltage of 42 volts, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 6 is a graph that shows the main switch gate signal and the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 7 is a graph that shows the main switch gate signal, a clock signal, a non-inverting input signal for a comparator of a time delayed gate drive circuit, and an inverting input signal for the time delayed gate drive circuit, for an input voltage of 28 V, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 8 is a graph that shows the error control signal, the peak current signal, the clock signal, and the output signal of a comparator of a peak current mode PWM terminator circuit, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

FIG. 9 is a graph that shows the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal, the clock signal, an inverting input signal of a comparator of a synchronous gate drive circuit, and a non-inverting input signal of the comparator of the synchronous gate drive circuit, according to one non-limiting illustrated implementation.

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed implementations. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that implementations may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with computer systems, server computers, and/or communications networks have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the implementations.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims that follow, the word “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” and is inclusive or open-ended (i.e., does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method acts).

Reference throughout this specification to “one implementation” or “an implementation” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the implementation is included in at least one implementation. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one implementation” or “in an implementation” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same implementation. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more implementations.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the implementations.

One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide peak current mode control (PCMC) circuitry for power converters using discrete analog components. As discussed further below with reference to the figures, one or more implementations of the present disclosure provide radiation tolerant, high efficiency, ultra-wide input DC-DC converters for various applications (e.g., space applications). In at least some implementations, control circuitry enables an ultra-wide input range converter of at least a 6:1 input range ratio and provides an efficiency that is 90% or greater, for example. In at least some implementations, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller is provided that implements synchronous rectification timing control, via two magnetic components (e.g., flyback transformer, multifunctional isolator or isolation transformer), and analog latch peak current mode control using discrete analog components, which provides a synchronous flyback converter that has higher efficiency and a wider input voltage range.

FIGS. 1A-1B show a schematic diagram for a power converter 100 that utilizes a PCMC controller 102 according to an example implementation of the present disclosure. In the illustrated implementation, the power converter 100 is a synchronous flyback converter that utilizes synchronous rectification. However, it should be appreciated that the PCMC controller 102 may be used with other types of power converters as well. Generally, the power converter 100 includes the PCMC controller or control circuitry 102 , a power train circuit 104 , and an isolated secondary control or feedback circuit 106 , also referred to herein as an error control signal circuit. Initially, a discussion of the overall operation of the power converter 100 is provided. Then, the PCMC controller 102 is described in further detail.

In switching power supply circuits employing synchronous rectifiers, the diodes are replaced by power transistors to obtain a lower on-state voltage drop. The synchronous rectifier generally uses n-channel MOSFETs rather than diodes to avoid the turn-on voltage drop of diodes which can be significant for low output voltage power supplies. The transistors are biased to conduct when a diode would have been conducting from anode to cathode, and conversely, are gated to block current when a diode would have been blocking from cathode to anode. Although MOSFETs usually serve this purpose, bipolar transistors and other active semiconductor switches may also be suitable.

In the example power converter 100 of FIGS. 1A-1B , a DC voltage input V 1 that provides an input voltage V IN via an input inductor L 1 is connected to a primary winding L 2 of a transformer T 1 by a primary or main switch M 1 . An input capacitor C 2 is provided across the input voltage V IN and a reference node (e.g., ground). In the illustrated implementation, the switch M 1 is an NMOS device. An internal primary side voltage source V 2 is used to provide a voltage V CCP to various components of the primary side of the power converter 100 .

A secondary winding L 3 of the transformer T 1 is connected to an output lead V OUT through a synchronous rectifier including a MOSFET rectifying device or switch M 4 . The rectifying device M 4 includes a body diode. With the main power switch M 1 conducting, the input voltage V IN is applied across the primary winding L 2 . The secondary winding L 3 is oriented in polarity to respond to the primary voltage with a current flow I outLOAD through a load R LOAD connected to the output lead V OUT , and back through the MOSFET rectifier device M 4 to the secondary winding L 3 . An output filter capacitor C 1 shunts the output of the converter 100 .

Conductivity of the rectifier device M 4 is controlled by gate drive logic which may be part of or may receive signals from the PCMC controller 102 , discussed further below. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B , the PCMC controller 102 may include an output control node VGATE_MAIN which provides a PWM drive signal having a duty cycle D to the main switch M 1 , and a control signal VGATE_SYNC which provides a control signal to the synchronous rectifying device M 4 .

The isolated secondary control or feedback circuit 106 includes a current sensor circuit 108 that is operative to sense the load current IoutLOAD of the power converter 100 . The secondary control circuit 106 additionally or alternatively includes a voltage sensor circuit 110 that is operative to sense the output voltage V OUT of the power converter 100 . The current sensor circuit 108 and the voltage sensor circuit 110 may provide a feedback signal VFB (or error control signal) to the PCMC controller 102 via error amplifiers 112 and 114 , respectively, as discussed further below. The current sensor circuit 108 and the voltage sensor circuit 110 may be any suitable circuits operative to sense current and voltage, respectively, and may include one or more transformers, one or more resistors, etc.

The PCMC controller 102 includes a time delayed gate drive circuit 116 , a preset maximum duty cycle circuit 118 , a peak current mode PWM terminator circuit 120 (also referred to herein as a peak current mode detector circuit), a multiple function magnetic isolator circuit 122 , and a synchronous gate drive circuit 124 . A discussion of each of the components is provided below.

The preset maximum duty cycle circuit 118 is operative to set the maximum allowed duty cycle for the controller 102 . The present maximum duty cycle circuit 118 includes complementing bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) Q 8 and Q 9 , resistors R 24 and R 25 , and capacitors C 16 , C 17 and C 18 . A fixed clock signal input CLOCK from a clock circuit (see FIG. 7 ) is complemented through the pair of BJTs Q 8 and Q 9 , which sets the maximum duty cycle Dmax. In application, the fixed clock input signal CLOCK has a low duty cycle d (e.g., 20% duty cycle). The maximum allowable duty cycle Dmax for the power converter 100 at the respective collectors of the BJTs Q 8 and Q 9 is: Dmax=1−d. The duty cycle D of the main switch M 1 is provided at the VGATE_MAIN signal output by the time delayed gate drive circuit 116 .

The time delayed gate drive circuit 116 includes a main switch gate driver U 2 having non-inverting input NINV 1 , an inverting input INV 1 , and an output VGATE_MAIN. The time delayed gate drive circuit 116 also includes a resistor R 33 coupled to the clock signal CLOCK and the inverting input INV 1 of the main switch gate driver U 2 , and a capacitor C 25 coupled between the inverting input INV 1 of the main switch gate driver U 2 and ground. The resistor R 33 and the capacitor C 25 of time delayed gate driver circuit 116 comprise a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit that adjusts the time delay of the clock signal CLOCK into the main switch gate driver U 2 . Adjusting the time delay changes the dead time between the main switch M 1 and the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 to prevent shoot through. This time delay is set so that the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 is turned off before the main switch M 1 is turned on. A truth table for the main switch driver U 2 of the time delayed gate drive circuit 116 is shown in a table 200 of FIG. 2 .

The peak current mode PWM terminator circuit 120 operates to adjust the duty cycle D of the gate driver U 2 . The peak current mode PWM terminator circuit 120 includes a peak current sensor circuit 121 (e.g., transformer, resistor) that provides a voltage signal V_IPEAK representative of the peak current Ipeak to a non-inverting input of a comparator U 1 . The peak current mode PWM terminator circuit 120 also includes a capacitor C 7 and a Zener diode D 9 coupled to an inverting input of the comparator U 1 . The output U 1 _OUT of the comparator U 1 is coupled to a base of a BJT Q 10 . The collector of the BJT Q 10 is coupled to ground, and the emitter of the BJT Q 10 is coupled to the Dmax node, which is coupled to the non-inverting input NINV 1 of the gate driver U 2 of the time delayed gate drive circuit 116 . The node at the inverting input of the comparator U 1 is labeled V_FB_SLOPE_COMP.

In operation, the comparator U 1 senses a level shifted peak input current and terminates the PWM signal by turning on the BJT Q 10 . The table 200 of FIG. 2 is a truth table for the driver U 2 . When the main switch M 1 is conducting, the current sensed via the peak current sensor circuit 121 increases in amplitude. When the current sensed reaches voltage V_FB_SLOPE_COMP, the gate signal VGATE_MAIN is terminated for the cycle. The peak current is limited by the voltage at the Zener diode D 9 .

The multiple function magnetic isolator circuit 122 is operative to perform multiple functions, discussed further below. The multiple function magnetic isolator circuit 122 comprises an isolation transformer T 2 that has a primary side winding L 4 coupled to a primary side circuit and a secondary side winding L 5 coupled to a secondary side circuit. The multiple function magnetic isolator circuit 122 includes a BJT Q 11 , a MOSFET switch M 3 , resistors R 7 , R 9 , R 28 and R 31 , capacitors C 3 , C 5 , C 6 , C 19 and C 20 , diodes D 1 , D 6 , D 7 , D 8 , D 11 , and Zener diode D 5 .

The multiple function magnetic isolator circuit 122 magnetically provides a secondary bias voltage supply V CCS , returns the voltage and/or current error signal VFB from the secondary side circuit of the power converter 100 to the primary side circuit via the isolation transformer T 2 , and drives the timed signal for the synchronous gate driver U 3 from the primary side circuit to the secondary side circuit of the power converter 100 .

The synchronous gate drive circuit 124 is operative to drive the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 . The synchronous gate drive circuit 124 includes the driver U 3 , resistors R 1 and R 2 , diodes D 3 and D 4 , capacitor C 4 , and Zener diode D 2 .

As noted above, the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 is turned on right after the FET body diode conducts the flyback current through the secondary winding L 3 of the transformer T 1 upon the main switch M 1 turning off. The synchronous rectifier switch M 4 is turned off by the trailing edge of the clock signal CLOCK received from the magnetic isolator transformer T 2 when the FET body diode is forward biased and prior to the main switch M 1 turning on. This scheme advantageously achieves zero voltage switching and minimizes the switching loss of the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 . The Zener voltage at the Zener diode D 2 ensures that the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 remains turned off while the main switch M 1 is turned on, and is therefore immune to any voltage glitches from the drive pulse. The synchronous driver U 3 has an inverting input INV 2 , a non-inverting input NINV 2 , and an output VGATE_SYNC with logic indicated by the table 200 of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 3 includes a plurality of graphs 300 showing various waveforms of the power converter of FIGS. 1A-1B during a startup operation and regulating to a 15 volt output, according to one illustrated implementation. In particular, FIG. 3 shows the error control signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP, the peak current signal V_IPEAK, the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN, the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal VGATE_SYNC, and the output voltage signal VOUT.

FIG. 4 is a graph 400 that shows a zoomed in view of the error control signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP, the peak current signal V_IPEAK, the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN, and the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal VGATE_SYNC, which shows the gating control. The input voltage is 16 V for the graph 400 of FIG. 4 . The main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN terminates immediately when the peak current signal V_IPEAK crosses the error control signal VFB_SLOPE_COMP. To prevent subharmonic oscillation above 50% duty cycle, the error control or feedback signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP includes a built-in ramp for slope-compensation via discharge of the capacitor C 7 by the resistor R 9 .

FIG. 5 is a graph 500 that shows a zoomed in view of the error control signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP, the peak current signal V_IPEAK, the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN, and the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal VGATE_SYNC for an input voltage of 42 V.

FIG. 6 is a graph 600 that shows the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN and the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal VGATE_SYNC. The graph 600 illustrates the dead time between the turn-off of the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 and before turning on of the main switch M 1 . Likewise, the main switch M 1 is turned off before the synchronous rectifier switch M 4 is turned on. This is achieved by the time delayed gate drive circuit 116 , discussed above. As noted above, this feature prevents shoot-through that would be caused by the concurrent conduction of both switches M 1 and M 4 .

FIG. 7 is a graph 700 that shows the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN, the clock signal CLOCK, the non-inverting input signal NINV 1 for the gate driver U 2 of the time delayed gate drive circuit 116 , and the inverting input signal INV 1 for the gate driver U 2 , for an input voltage of 28 V. FIG. 8 is a graph 800 that shows the error control signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP, the peak current signal V_IPEAK, the clock signal CLOCK, and the output signal U 1 _OUT of the comparator U 1 of the peak current detector circuit 120 . FIG. 9 is a graph 900 that shows the synchronous rectifier switch gate signal VGATE_SYNC, the clock signal CLOCK, the inverting input signal INV 2 of the gate driver U 3 of the synchronous gate drive circuit 124 , and the non-inverting input signal NINV 2 of the gate driver U 3 . As can be seen from the graphs 700 , 800 , and 900 , the clock signal CLOCK provides the operating frequency for the converter 100 and provides all of the timing references. The main switch M 1 turns on, via the main switch gate signal VGATE_MAIN, only during the falling edge of the clock signal CLOCK and terminates when the peak current signal V_IPEAK crosses the error control signal V_FB_SLOPE_COMP.

Advantageously, one or more implementations discussed herein achieve synchronous flyback through the use of analog devices and minimal integrated circuits. This provides full control and ownership of the design, and selection of parts that allows for a wide variety of configurations, including configurations that provide various output power ranges and various levels of radiation hardness.

In at least some implementations, the use of discrete components to control the timing of synchronous rectification in a flyback technology is provided. As discussed above, the delay between the main switch and the synchronous rectifier switch may be provided by the trailing edge of a clock pulse for turning off the synchronous rectifier switch prior to turning on the main switch. In at least some implementations, the PWM controller with synchronous drive capability can operate with input voltages of 8 volts, or even lower voltages. Further, in at least some implementations, analog latch peak current mode control is achieved without use of a digital flip-flop. This may be further enhanced by use of a single comparator with a preset maximum duty cycle set by analog components, as described above. Moreover, in at least some implementations, the power converter 100 may operate at high frequencies (e.g., 400 kHz or more).

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various implementations of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one implementation, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the implementations disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers, as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that many of the methods or algorithms set out herein may employ additional acts, may omit some acts, and/or may execute acts in a different order than specified.

In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms taught herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative implementation applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, and computer memory.

The various implementations described above can be combined to provide further implementations. These and other changes can be made to the implementations in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific implementations disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible implementations along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.