Substituted pyrazolo[1,5-A]pyridine compounds as RET kinase inhibitors

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/858,929, filed Dec. 29, 2017, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2017/055993, filed Oct. 10, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/566,030, filed Sep. 29, 2017; 62/531,690, filed Jul. 12, 2017; 62/491,180, filed Apr. 27, 2017; 62/447,849, filed Jan. 18, 2017; and 62/406,275, filed Oct. 10, 2017, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

The present disclosure relates to novel compounds which exhibit Rearranged during Transfection (RET) kinase inhibition, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, processes for making the compounds, and the use of the compounds in therapy. More particularly, it relates to substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine compounds useful in the treatment and prevention of diseases which can be treated with a RET kinase inhibitor, including RET-associated diseases and disorders.

RET is a single-pass transmembrane receptor belonging to the tyrosine kinase superfamily that is required for normal development, maturation and maintenance of several tissues and cell types (Mulligan, L. M., Nature Reviews Cancer, 2014, 14, 173-186). The extracellular portion of the RET kinase contains four calcium-dependent cadherin-like repeats involved in ligand binding and a juxtamembrane cysteine-rich region necessary for the correct folding of the RET extracellular domain, while the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor includes two tyrosine kinase subdomains.

RET signaling is mediated by the binding of a group of soluble proteins of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), which also includes neurturin (NTRN), artemin (ARTN) and persephin (PSPN) (Arighi et al., Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2005, 16, 441-67). Unlike other receptor tyrosine kinases, RET does not directly bind to GFLs and requires an additional co-receptor: that is, one of four GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) family members, which are tethered to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. GFLs and GFRα family members form binary complexes that in turn bind to RET and recruit it into cholesterol-rich membrane subdomains, which are known as lipid rafts, where RET signaling occurs.

Upon binding of the ligand-co-receptor complex, RET dimerization and autophosphorylation on intracellular tyrosine residues recruits adaptor and signaling proteins to stimulate multiple downstream pathways. Adaptor protein binding to these docking sites leads to activation of Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt/mTOR signaling pathways or to recruitment of the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that functions in RET downregulation of the RET-mediated functions.

Aberrant RET expression and/or activity have been demonstrated in different cancers and in gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

It has now been found that substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine compounds are inhibitors of RET kinase, and are useful for treating diseases such as proliferative diseases such as cancers.

Accordingly, provided herein is a compound of the Formula I:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein A, B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, E, R a , R b , n and m are as defined herein.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

Also provided herein is a method of inhibiting cell proliferation, in vitro or in vivo, the method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Also provided herein is a method of treating a RET-associated disease or disorder in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Also provided herein is a method of treating cancer and/or inhibiting metastasis associated with a particular cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Also provided herein is a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and/or pain associated with IBS in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Also provided is a method of providing supportive care to a cancer patient, including preventing or minimizing gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, associated with treatment, including chemotherapeutic treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein for use in therapy.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein for use in the treatment of cancer and/or inhibiting metastasis associated with a particular cancer.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein for use in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or pain associated with IBS.

Also provided is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein for use providing supportive care to a cancer patient, including preventing or minimizing gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, associated with treatment, including chemotherapeutic treatment.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use in the inhibition of RET kinase activity.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein, for use in the treatment of a RET-associated disease or disorder.

Also provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer and/or inhibiting metastasis associated with a particular cancer.

Also provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or pain associated with IBS.

Also provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for providing supportive care to a cancer patient, including preventing or minimizing gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, associated with treatment, including chemotherapeutic treatment.

Also provided herein is a use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of RET kinase activity.

Also provided herein is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a RET-associated disease or disorder.

Also provided herein is a method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising (a) determining if the cancer is associated with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., a RET-associated cancer); and (b) if the cancer is determined to be associated with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., a RET-associated cancer), administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical combination for treating cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer, such as a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations) in a patient in need thereof, which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the compound of Formula I or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic are formulated as separate compositions or dosages for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and of the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer. Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a combination. Also provided herein is the use of such a combination for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. Also provided herein is a commercial package or product comprising such a combination as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use; and to a method of treatment of cancer a patient in need thereof.

Also provided herein is a method for reversing or preventing acquired resistance to an anticancer drug, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to a patient at risk for developing or having acquired resistance to an anticancer drug. In some embodiments, the patient is administered a dose of the anticancer drug (e.g., at substantially the same time as a dose of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered to the patient).

Also provided herein is a method of delaying and/or preventing development of cancer resistant to an anticancer drug in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, before, during, or after administration of an effective amount of the anticancer drug.

Also provided herein is a method of treating an individual with cancer who has an increased likelihood of developing resistance to an anticancer drug, comprising administering to the individual (a) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I before, during, or after administration of (b) an effective amount of the anticancer drug.

Also provided are methods of treating an individual with a RET-associated cancer that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations that increase resistance of the cancer to a first RET inhibitor (e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E, and/or one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4), that include administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, before, during, or after administration of another anticancer drug (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor).

Also provided are methods of treating an individual with a RET-associated cancer that include administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, before, during, or after administration of another anticancer drug (e.g., a first RET kinase inhibitor).

Also provided herein is a method for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising (a) determining if the IBS is associated with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same; and (b) if the IBS is determined to be associated with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical combination for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a patient in need thereof, which comprises administering (a) a compound of General Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of IBS, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and of the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the IBS. Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a combination. Also provided herein is the use of such a combination for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of the IBS. Also provided herein is a commercial package or product comprising such a combination as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use; and to a method of treatment of the IBS a patient in need thereof.

Also provided herein is a process for preparing a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided herein is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof obtained by a process of preparing the compound as defined herein.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.

Provided herein is a compound of Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein:

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CCH 3 , CF or N, wherein zero, one or two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is N;

A is H, CN, Cl, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl;

B is:

(a) hydrogen,

(b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(d) dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(e) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

(g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents;

(h) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-, wherein said cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with OH,

(i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-,

(j) hetCyc a ,

(k) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-, where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl;

(l) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)—, where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl, or

(m) hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-;

hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

Ring D is (i) a saturated monocyclic 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, (ii) a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, or (iii) a saturated 7-11 membered heterospirocyclic ring system having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen;

each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-;

R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—;

hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, a 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring, or a 7-10 membered heterospirocyclic ring, each ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, and R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr a is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S wherein hetAr a is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros),

R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 — wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, R e R f N— and (R e R f N)C1-C6 alkyl- where each R e and R f is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

m is 0 or 1;

E is:

(a) hydrogen,

(b) hydroxy,

(c) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-,

(f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy-,

(g) Ar 1 O—,

(h) hetAr 2 —O—,

(i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

(l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—,

(o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(q) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with OH, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkoxy or NH 2 ,

(r) hetCyc 5 C(═O)—,

(s) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or

(t) (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —;

(u) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(v) hetAr 4 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(w) hetAr 2 —S(═O)—,

(x) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 SO 2 —,

(y) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —,

(z) hetAr 2 SO 2 —,

(aa) Ar 1 ,

(bb) hetAr 2 ,

(cc) hetCyc 5 ,

(dd) C1-C6 alkoxy,

(ee) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(ff) hetAr 2 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(gg) hetAr 2 —O—C1-C6 alkyl-,

(hh) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(ii) hetAr 2 —S—,

(jj) Ar 2 SO 2 NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(kk) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—,

(ll) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g C(═O)O— where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(mm) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g SO 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(nn) hetCyc 5 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(oo) Q-NR h (C1-C3 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(pp)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)— and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4,

(qq)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(rr)

where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, or

(ss) R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(tt) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C(═O)NR g — where the cycloalkyl is optionally and independently substituted with one or more halogens,

(uu) (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g CH 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or

(vv) C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

Ar 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, R e R f N— and (R e R f N)C1-C6 alkyl- where each R e and R f is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 9-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein hetAr 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and hydroxyC1-C6 alkoxy-;

hetCyc 5 is a 4-6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkoxy and oxo;

R 3 is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)O—, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 O—, hetCyc 7 O—, Ph-O—, or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; wherein each of said C3-C6 cycloalkyl moieties is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, OH or R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 4 is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 5 is Ar 2 , hetAr 3 , Ar 2 CH 2 —, hetCyc 6 -CH 2 —, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, or C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros;

Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, or Ar 2 is phenyl fused to a 6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring nitrogen atom and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 3 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

hetAr 4 is pyridin-4(1H)-onyl or pyridin-2(1H)-onyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and halogen;

hetCyc 6 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; and

hetCyc 7 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S.

For complex chemical names employed herein, a substituent group is typically named before the group to which it attaches. For example, methoxyethyl comprises an ethyl backbone with a methoxy substituent.

The term “halogen” means —F (sometimes referred to herein as “fluoro” or “fluoros”), —Cl, —Br and —I.

The terms “C1-C3 alkyl”, “C3-C6 alkyl”, “C1-C6 alkyl”, and “C2-C6 alkyl” as used herein refer to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radicals of one to three, three to six, one to six, or two to six carbon atoms, respectively. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, isopropyl, 1-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, pentyl, neopentyl, and hexyl.

The term “C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one to three hydrogen atoms is replaced with one to three fluoro atoms, respectively. Examples include, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2- and trifluoroethyl.

The term “C1-C6 alkoxy” as used herein refer to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent alkoxy radicals of one to six carbon atoms, wherein the radical is on the oxygen atom. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy and tert-butoxy.

The term “(C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent radicals of one to six carbon atoms, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a C1-C6 alkoxy group as defined herein. Examples include methoxymethyl (CH 3 OCH 2 —) and methoxyethyl (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 —).

The term “(C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkoxy radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a C1-C6 alkoxy group as defined herein. Examples include methoxymethoxy (CH 3 OCH 2 O—) and ethoxymethoxy (CH 3 CH 2 O—CH 2 O—).

The terms “hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl” and “hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl”, as used herein refers to saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent alkyl radicals of one to six or two to six carbon atoms, respectively, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a hydroxy group.

The term “dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C3-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced with a hydroxy group, provided the hydroxy groups are not on the same carbon.

The term “(R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a R 1 R 2 N— group, wherein R 1 and R 2 are as defined herein.

The term “hetAr 1 C1-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a hetAr 1 group, wherein hetAr 1 is as defined herein.

The term “C3-C6 cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.

The term “C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring” as used herein refers to a divalent C3-C6 cycloalkane ring derived from a saturated 3-6 membered hydrocarbon ring by removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom, such as for example, cyclopropylidene, cyclobutylidene, cyclopentylidene, and cyclohexylidene. It can be represented in illustrative fashion by the following structure in which n is 1, 2 or 3:

The term “(C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C3 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkyl ring. An example is cyclobutylmethyl.

The term “(hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C3 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a hetCyc a group, wherein hetCyc a is as defined herein.

The term “Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with an Ar 1 group, wherein Ar 1 is as defined herein.

The terms “hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl” as used herein refers to a C1-C6 alkyl radical as defined herein, wherein one of the carbon atoms is substituted with a hetAr 2 group, wherein hetAr 2 is as defined herein.

The term “oxo” as used herein means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom, i.e., ═O. For example, in one embodiment when referring to hetCyc a , a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and substituted with an oxo may be, for example, a pyrrolidinyl ring substituted with oxo (e.g., a pyrrolidinonyl ring), which may be represented by the structure:

The term “spirocyclic ring” as used herein refers to a group having two rings joined by a spirocyclic linkage through a common single carbon atom, wherein each ring is a 4-7-membered ring (including the common carbon atom).

The term “heterospirocyclic” as used herein refers to a group having two rings joined by a spirocyclic linkage through a carbon atom, wherein each ring has 4 to 6 ring atoms (with one ring carbon atom being common to both rings), and wherein one of the ring atoms is a nitrogen atom.

The term “compound,” as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted. Compounds herein identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.

The term “tautomer” as used herein refers to compounds whose structures differ markedly in arrangement of atoms, but which exist in easy and rapid equilibrium, and it is to be understood that compounds provided herein may be depicted as different tautomers, and when compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intended to be within the scope of the invention, and the naming of the compounds does not exclude any tautomer.

It will be appreciated that certain compounds provided herein may contain one or more centers of asymmetry and may therefore be prepared and isolated in a mixture of isomers such as a racemic mixture, or in an enantiomerically pure form.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH or CF. In certain embodiments, each of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is CH.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CF or N, wherein one of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is N and the remainder are independently CH or CF. In certain embodiments of Formula I, X 1 is N, and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH or CF. In certain embodiments, X 1 is N, and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CF or N, wherein two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are N. In certain embodiments of Formula I, X 1 and X 3 are N and X 2 and X 4 are independently CH or CF. In one embodiment, X 1 and X 3 are N and X 2 and X 4 are CH.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is H.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is Cl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is CN.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is methyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is ethyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, A is cyclopropyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. Non-limiting examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, neopentyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl. In certain embodiments, B is methyl or ethyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In certain embodiments, the alkyl portion is unsubstituted. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. A non-limiting example includes 2,3-dihydroxypropyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-, where R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. Non-limiting examples of (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents. In certain embodiments, hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl. Non-limiting examples of hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl- include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl- wherein said cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with OH. A non-limiting example is cyclobutylmethyl.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I. In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is hetCyc a , where hetCyc 2 is as defined for Formula I. In certain embodiments, hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)—, where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl. Non-limiting examples include the structure:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In certain embodiments of Formula I, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

Referring now to Ring D of Formula I,

Ring D is (i) a saturated monocyclic 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, (ii) a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, or (iii) a saturated 7-11 membered heterospirocyclic ring system having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, wherein the E group may be bonded to any ring carbon atom of Ring D, each R a may be bonded to any ring carbon atom of Ring D, and R b may be bonded to any ring carbon of Ring D, provided that the ring carbon atom bonded to the E group is optionally substituted with only one of R a or R b .

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. The phrase “having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen” when Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring means that said ring nitrogen atom is the nitrogen atom shown in Ring D of Formula I. Nonlimiting examples include the structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 1. In one embodiment, n is 2. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula I, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen selected from the structures

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, n is zero. In one embodiment, n is one. In one embodiment, n is two. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1.

In certain embodiments of Formula I, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, each R a is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 1. In one embodiment, n is 2. In one embodiment, R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 5 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen

In certain embodiments of Formula I, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen selected from the structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, each R a is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is one. In one embodiment, R b is (a) hydroxy, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. Non-limiting examples when Ring D is an optionally substituted saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring include the structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , and asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the E group.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen which may be represented by the structure:

where n and m are zero, that is, Ring D may be represented by the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , and the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the E group.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; E is (a) hydrogen, (b) hydroxy, (c) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl, (f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1, (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—, (o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (r) hetCyc 5 C(═O)—, (s) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (t) C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, (u) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (v) hetAr 4 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (w) hetAr 2 —S(═O)—, (x) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 SO 2 —, (y) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, (z) hetAr 2 SO 2 —, (aa) Ar 1 , (bb) hetAr 2 , (cc) hetCyc 5 , (dd) C1-C6 alkoxy, (ee) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—, (ff) hetAr 2 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—, (gg) hetAr 2 —O—C1-C6 alkyl-, (hh) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (ii) hetAr 2 —S—, (jj) Ar 2 SO 2 NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (kk) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (ll) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g C(═O)O— where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (mm) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g SO 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (nn) hetCyc 5 C(═O)NR g —, (oo) Q-NR h (C1-C3 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, (pp)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)— and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4, (qq)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, (rr)

where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, (ss) R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (tt) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C(═O)NR g — where the cycloalkyl is optionally and independently substituted with one or more halogens, (uu) (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g CH 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyls, or (vv) C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , hetAr a , hetCyc b , hetCyc 5 , R g , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, each R a is independently selected from a C1-C6 substituent (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, R b is (a) hydroxy, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; hetCyc b and hetAr a are as defined for Formula I, n is 0, 1 or 2; and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is (a) OH, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — wherein hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (e) R c R d N— or (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros).

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen which may be represented by the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , and the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the E group, and R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated monocyclic 6-membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen which may be represented by the structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , and the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the E group, and R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is (a) OH, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (e) R c R d N— or (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros); and hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (e) R c R d N— or (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros); and hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1, or (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)— where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , R g , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, each R a is independently selected from a C1-C6 substituent, R b is OH or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—; n is 0, 1 or 2; and m is 0 or 1.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; E is hydrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 5 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom. In one embodiment, R b is OH or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)— or PhCH 2 —. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hydroxy. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, R b is OH or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, R a , R b , n, and m are as defined for Formula I, and E is Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros and where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 - or (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH—; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl, wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros and where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, R b is OH. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—; hetAr a and hetCyc b are as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl, where hetAr 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is (a) hydroxy, (e) R c R d N—, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy-. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N—. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 O—, where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, CN and C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4 or 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 O—, where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and hydroxyC1-C6 alkoxy. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N—. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 NR g —, where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogens. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 NR g — where hetAr 2 is a defined for Formula I and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a pyridyl ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and halogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R 3 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R g is hydrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1 and n is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, hetCyc b CH 2 —, R c R d N—, R c R d NCH 2 —, C1-C6 alkoxy, (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, where hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— or R c R d NCH 2 — where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, and (R e R f N)C1-C6 alkyl- where each R e and R f is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is C1-C6 alkoxy, hetCyc b CH 2 — or R c R d NCH 2 —, where hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d NCH 2 — where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, R b is hydroxyl. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1, and hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, hetCyc b CH 2 —, R c R d NCH 2 —, C1-C6 alkoxy, or hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, where hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, R b is R c R d NCH 2 — where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R 4 R 5 NC(═O)— where R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 —, R c R d NCH 2 —, or hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, where hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, a 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring, or a 7-10 membered heterospirocyclic ring, each ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, and R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d NCH 2 — where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples includes the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 NR g C(═O)— where Ar 1 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogens. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)— where hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetCyc 5 C(═O)— where hetCyc 5 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). A non-limiting example is the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g — where R 4 , R 5 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, R b is R c R d NCH 2 — where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 6 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where Ar 1 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogens. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 4 C(═O)NR g — where hetAr 4 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 —S(═O)— where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 SO 2 —. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 — where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 SO 2 — where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is OH. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is OH. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetCyc 5 where hetCyc 5 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is C1-C6 alkoxy. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H and R d is H. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O— where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, or (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O— where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 —O—C1-C6 alkyl- where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g — where Ar 1 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogens. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R 1 is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 —S— where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, m is 0. A non-limiting example is the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 2 SO 2 NR(CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1, R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, and Ar 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, p is 0. In one embodiment, p is 1. In one embodiment, Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) substituents. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g C(═O)O— where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g SO 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0. A non-limiting example is the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetCyc 5 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and hetCyc 5 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetCyc 5 is a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring nitrogen atom. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d NCH 2 — where R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, R c and R d are hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. Non-liming examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Q-NR h (C1-C3 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (pp)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)— and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is

where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R a is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy- or hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, where hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetCyc b is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C(═O)NR g — where the cycloalkyl is optionally and independently substituted with one or more halogens. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g CH 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. The phrase “having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen” when Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring means that the one ring nitrogen atom is the nitrogen atom shown in Ring D of Formula I. Non-limiting examples include rings such as

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 1. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. Non-limiting examples include structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen having the structure

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

where the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment to the E group.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, and E is selected from (a) hydrogen, (b) hydroxy, (f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—, (o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, and (p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, where Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen, each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hydrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hydroxy. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 , (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 O— where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkoxy and halogen. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 NH— where hetAr 2 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkoxy, halogen and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R 3 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 C(═O)NH— where Ar 1 is as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 C(═O)NR′— where hetAr 2 and R′ are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, hetAr 2 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is R 4 R 5 NC(═O)— where R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. Non-limiting examples includes the structures:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where Ar 1 and R g areas defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, Ar 1 is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, CN and C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros). In one embodiment, Ar 1 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)— where hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen and C1-C6 alkoxy. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0. A non-limiting example includes the structure:

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-11 membered heterospirocyclic ring system having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1. The phrase “having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen” when Ring D is a saturated 7-11 membered heterospirocyclic ring system means that said one ring nitrogen is the ring nitrogen atom shown in Ring D of Formula I. In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 9 membered heterospirocyclic ring system having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl ring, e.g., a 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl ring. Nonlimiting examples include the structures:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 1. In one embodiment, m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0.

In one embodiment, Ring D is a saturated 7-11 membered heterospirocyclic ring system having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen; each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; hetCyc b is as defined for Formula I; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0 or 1; and E is hydrogen. In one embodiment, Ring D is a 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl ring, e.g., a 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl ring. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—. Non-limiting examples include the structures:

In one embodiment, Formula I includes compounds of Formula I-A, wherein:

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CF or N, wherein zero, one or two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is N;

A is H, CN, Cl, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl;

B is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(d) dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(e) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

(g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl groups;

(h) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-,

(i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-,

(j) hetCyc a ,

(k) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl,

(l) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)—, where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl, or

(m) hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-;

hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

Ring D is a saturated 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen;

each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-;

R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—;

hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, a 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring, or a 7-10 membered heterospirocyclic ring, each ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, and R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr a is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S herein hetAr a is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

m is 0 or 1;

E is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) hydroxy,

(c) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-,

(f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy-,

(g) Ar 1 O—,

(h) hetAr 2 O—,

(i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—,

(o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(r) hetCyc 5 C(═O)—,

(s) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(t) (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —;

(u) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(v) hetAr 4 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(w) hetAr 2 —S(═O)—,

(x) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 SO 2 —,

(y) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —,

(z) hetAr 2 SO 2 —,

(aa) Ar 1 ,

(bb) hetAr 2 ,

(cc) hetCyc 5 ,

(dd) C1-C6 alkoxy,

(ee) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(ff) hetAr 2 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(gg) hetAr 2 —O—C1-C6 alkyl-,

(hh) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or

(ii) hetAr 2 —S—,

(jj) Ar 2 SO 2 NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(kk) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—,

(ll) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g C(═O)O— where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(mm) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g SO 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(nn) hetCyc 5 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(oo) Q-NR h (C1-C3 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(pp)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)— and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4,

(qq)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(rr)

where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, or

(ss) R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(tt) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C(═O)NR g — where the cycloalkyl is optionally and independently substituted with one or more halogens,

(uu) (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g CH 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or

(vv) C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

Ar 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, R e R f N— and (R e R f N)C1-C6 alkyl- where each R e and R f is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 9-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein hetAr 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and hydroxyC1-C6 alkoxy-;

hetCyc 5 is a 4-6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkoxy and oxo;

R 3 is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)O—, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 O—, hetCyc 7 O—, Ph-O—, or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; wherein each of said C3-C6 cycloalkyl moieties is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, OH or R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 4 is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 5 is Ar 2 , hetAr 3 , Ar 2 CH 2 —, hetCyc 6 -CH 2 —, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, or C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros;

Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, or Ar 2 is phenyl fused to a 6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring nitrogen atom and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 3 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

hetAr 4 is pyridin-4(1H)-onyl or pyridin-2(1H)-onyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and halogen;

hetCyc 6 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; and

hetCyc 7 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-A, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is hydroxy, or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is a piperidin-4-yl ring having the structure:

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment of Formula I-A, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-A.

In one embodiment, Formula I includes compounds of Formula I-B, wherein:

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CF or N, wherein zero, one or two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is N;

A is H, CN, Cl, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl;

B is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(d) dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(e) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

(g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl groups;

(h) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-,

(i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, or

(j) hetCyc a ;

hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl;

Ring D is a saturated 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring having one ring heteroatom which is nitrogen;

each R a is independently C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl;

R b is hydroxy, cyclopropyl, or R c R d N— where R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

m is 0 or 1;

E is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) hydroxy,

(f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy,

(h) hetAr 2 O—,

(j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—,

(o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or

(p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

Ar 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R e R f N— where R e and R f are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 9-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein hetAr 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

R 4 is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 5 is Ar 2 , hetAr 3 or C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros;

Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl; and

hetAr 3 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros).

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-B, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R b and m are as defined for Formula I-B. In one embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, n is 0. In one embodiment, n is 0 or 1 and m is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, n is 0 and m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, E is R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—, where R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I-B.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R b and m are as defined for Formula I-B. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group, and R a , n, R b and m are as defined for Formula I-A; and E is (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—, where R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I-B.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group; E is (h) hetAr 2 O—, (j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and R b and m are as defined for Formula I-B. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group; E is (h) hetAr 2 O—, (j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and R b and m are as defined for Formula I-B. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment of Formula I-B, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group; E is (h) hetAr 2 O—, (j) hetAr 2 NR 9 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and R b and m are as defined for Formula I-B. In one embodiment, m is 0. In one embodiment, m is 1. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c is H or C1-C6 alkyl and R d is H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R b is R c R d N— where R c and R d are H.

In one embodiment, Formula I includes compounds of Formula I-C,

wherein:

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are independently CH, CF or N, wherein zero, one or two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 is N;

A is H, CN, Cl, methyl, ethyl or cyclopropyl;

B is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(d) dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring,

(e) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

(g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl groups;

(h) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-,

(i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-,

(j) hetCyc a ,

(k) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl, or

(l) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)—, where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl;

hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—;

R b is (a) hydroxy, (b) cyclopropyl, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, (e) R c R d N—, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, (h) (C1-C4 alkyl)-C(═O)NH— wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with hetCyc b , hetAr a , C1-C6 alkoxy- or R′R″N—, or said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with two substituents independently selected from R′R″N— and OH, where each R′ and R″ is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (i) (R′R″N)C1-C6 alkoxy(CH 2 ) n — where n is 0 or 1 and R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —, (k) hetCyc b C(═O)NH— or (l) hetAr a C(═O)NH—;

hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, a 7-8 membered bridged heterocyclic ring, or a 7-10 membered heterospirocyclic ring, each ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, and R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr a is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S herein hetAr a is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

E is

(a) hydrogen,

(b) hydroxy,

(c) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros,

(e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-,

(f) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy-,

(g) Ar 1 O—,

(h) hetAr 2 O—,

(i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(j) hetAr 2 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—,

(o) Ar 1 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(p) hetAr 2 NR g C(═O)—, where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(r) hetCyc 5 C(═O)—,

(s) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(t) (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —;

(u) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(v) hetAr 4 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(w) hetAr 2 —S(═O)—,

(x) (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 SO 2 —,

(y) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —,

(z) hetAr 2 SO 2 —,

(aa) Ar 1 ,

(bb) hetAr 2 ,

(cc) hetCyc 5 ,

(dd) C1-C6 alkoxy,

(ee) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(ff) hetAr 2 (C1-C6 alkyl)-O—,

(gg) hetAr 2 —O—C1-C6 alkyl-,

(hh) Ar 1 (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl-,

(ii) hetAr 2 —S—,

(jj) Ar 2 SO 2 NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(kk) (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—,

(ll) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g C(═O)O— where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(mm) (C1-C6 alkyl)NR g SO 2 — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl,

(oo) Q-NR h (C1-C3 alkyl)C(═O)NR g — where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(pp)

where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)— and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4,

(qq)

here R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—,

(rr)

where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl and Q is H, C1-C6 alkyl or (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(═O)—, or

(ss) R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

Ar 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)SO 2 —, R e R f N— and (R e R f N)C1-C6 alkyl- where each R e and R f is independently H or C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 2 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, or a 9-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl having 1-2 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein hetAr 2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) and hydroxyC1-C6 alkoxy-;

hetCyc 5 is a 4-6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkoxy and oxo;

R 3 is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)O—, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 O—, hetCyc 7 O—, Ph-O—, or (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-; wherein each of said C3-C6 cycloalkyl moieties is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, OH or R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 4 is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R 5 is Ar 2 , hetAr 3 , Ar 2 CH 2 —, hetCyc 6 -CH 2 —, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl-, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)CH 2 —, or C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros;

Ar 2 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and R g R h N— where R g and R h are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, or Ar 2 is phenyl fused to a 6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring nitrogen atom and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl;

hetAr 3 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros);

hetAr 4 is pyridin-4(1H)-onyl or pyridin-2(1H)-onyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and halogen;

hetCyc 6 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S; and

hetCyc 7 is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-C, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 and R g are as defined for Formula I-C.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (e) R c R d N—, or (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, R b is hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, R b is R c R d N—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, R b is R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (e) R c R d N—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (e) R c R d N—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (e) R c R d N—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 — where hetCyc b is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O, wherein hetCyc b is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, fluoro, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl- (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (e) R c R d N—; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-C, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-, (g) Ar 1 O—, (h) hetAr 2 O—, (i) Ar 1 NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR(CH 2 ) p —, where p is 0 or 1 and R 3 , R g , Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I-C; R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —; R c is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; and R d is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, (R k R l N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R k and R l are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, R m R n NC(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R m and R n are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, PhCH 2 —, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, or hetCyc c where hetCyc c is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having a ring heteroatom selected from N and O and optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment, Formula I includes compounds of Formula I-D, wherein:

X 1 and X 3 are N, and X 2 and X 4 are CH or CF; and A, B, E, R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; and hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, A is CN; B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; and hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, A is CN; B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—; and E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, m is 1; and n is 0 or 1.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, m is 1; and n is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, m is 1; n is 0; and R b is hydroxy.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, m is 0; and n is 0 or 1.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, m is 0; n is 0 or 1; and R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, A is CN; B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—; E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; m is 0 or 1; n is 0 or 1; R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is hydroxy. In one embodiment, m is 1, n is 0, and R b is hydroxy. In one embodiment, m is 0, n is 1, and R b is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group.

In one embodiment of Formula I-D, A is CN; B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; hetCyc a is a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl, halogen, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)—, C1-C6 alkoxy, oxo and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—; E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; m is 0 or 1; n is 0 or 1; R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and Ring D is

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the asterisk indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the E group. In one embodiment, m is 1, n is 0, and R b is hydroxy. In one embodiment, m is 0, n is 1, and R b is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-E:

where E is (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —; and R 3 , A, B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-E, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-E, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-E, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-E, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-E, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-F

where E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-; R b is (a) hydroxy, (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl, or (e) R c R d N—; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, A is CN. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-F, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and R b is (a) hydroxy. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and R b is (d) R i R j NC(═O)CH 2 OCH 2 — where R i and R j are independently H or C1-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and R b is (e) R c R d N— where R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-F, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, or hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring; and R b is (e) R c R d N— where R c and R d are as defined for Formula I. In one embodiment, E is (d) Ar 1 C1-C6 alkyl- wherein said alkyl portion is optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, E is (e) hetAr 2 C1-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-G

where E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A and B are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment, B is hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(═O)— and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents.

In one embodiment of Formula I-G, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-H

where E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; R b is (a) hydroxy, (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; and Ar 1 , hetAr 2 , X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (a) hydroxy.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (g) C1-C6 alkoxy-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-I

where E is (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—; R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (f) R c R d NCH 2 — or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, hetCyc b , R c , R d , R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-H, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and R b is (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-I

where E is (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—; R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —, (f) R c R d NCH 2 —, or (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, R 4 , R 5 , hetCyc b , R c and R d are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; and R b is (c) hetCyc b CH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; and R b is (f) R c R d NCH 2 —.

In one embodiment of Formula I-I, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-; and R b is (j) hetCyc b (C1-C3 alkyl)OCH 2 —.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-J

where E is (n) R 4 R 5 NC(═O)—; R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-J, B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-J, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring. In one embodiment of Formula I-J, B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-K where E is (l) Ar 1 C(═O)NR g — where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl or (m) hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — where p is 0 or 1 and R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; Ring D is

where the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 ; R a is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, B is (a) hydrogen, (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—, (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents, or (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (a) hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (f) (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl- and (C1-C6 alkoxy)C(═O)—.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (g) hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetAr 1 is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C1-C6 alkyl substituents.

In one embodiment of Formula I-K, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-, where hetCyc a is as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-L where E is (g) Ar 1 O— or (h) hetAr 2 —O—; Ring D is

where the wavy line indicates the point of attachment of Ring D to the ring comprising X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 ; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , A, B, Ar 1 and hetAr 2 are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl- or (k) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 X 4 are CH; and A is CN; and B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 X 4 are CH; and A is CN; and B is (c) hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl- wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring.

In one embodiment of Formula I-L, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 X 4 are CH; and A is CN; and B is (i) (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl- or (k) (R 1 R 2 N)C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl- where R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H and C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include compounds of Formula I-M

where E is (k) R 3 C(═O)NR g where R g is H or C1-C6 alkyl; R b is (a) hydroxy; and X 1 , X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , R 3 , A and B, are as defined for Formula I.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, X 1 is N; and X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; and A is CN.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, X 1 is N; X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are CH; A is CN; and B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros. In one embodiment, B is (b) C1-C6 alkyl.

In one embodiment of Formula I-M, R 3 is C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein said C3-C6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros), C1-C6 alkoxy, OH, or R′R″N— where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl.

The compounds of Formula I include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In addition, the compounds of Formula I also include other salts of such compounds which are not necessarily pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and which may be useful as intermediates for preparing and/or purifying compounds of Formula I and/or for separating enantiomers of compounds of Formula I. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula I include monohydrochloride, dihydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid, and di-trifluoroacetic acid salts. In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I include trifluoroacetic acid and dihydrochloride salts.

It will further be appreciated that the compounds of Formula I or their salts may be isolated in the form of solvates, and accordingly that any such solvate is included within the scope of the present invention. For example, compounds of Formula I and salts thereof can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like.

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula I include the compounds of Examples 1-819 and stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof. In one embodiment, the compounds of Examples 1-819 are in the free base form. In one embodiment, the compounds of Examples 1-819 are dihydrochloride or trifluoroacetic acid salts.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the compound, or salt or composition thereof is compatible chemically and/or toxicologically with the other ingredients comprising a formulation and/or the patient being treated therewith.

Compounds provided herein may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. That is, an atom, in particular when mentioned in relation to a compound according to Formula I, comprises all isotopes and isotopic mixtures of that atom, either naturally occurring or synthetically produced, either with natural abundance or in an isotopically enriched form. For example, when hydrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to 1 H, 2 H, 3 H or mixtures thereof; when carbon is mentioned, it is understood to refer to 11 C, 12 C, 13 C, 14 C or mixtures thereof; when nitrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to 13 N, 14 N, 15 N or mixtures thereof; when oxygen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to 14 O, 15 O, 16 O, 17 O, 18 O or mixtures thereof; and when fluoro is mentioned, it is understood to refer to 18 F, 19 F or mixtures thereof. The compounds provided herein therefore also comprise compounds with one or more isotopes of one or more atoms, and mixtures thereof, including radioactive compounds, wherein one or more non-radioactive atoms has been replaced by one of its radioactive enriched isotopes. Radiolabeled compounds are useful as therapeutic agents, e.g., cancer therapeutic agents, research reagents, e.g., assay reagents, and diagnostic agents, e.g., in vivo imaging agents. All isotopic variations of the compounds provided herein, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

For illustrative purposes, Schemes 1-6 show general methods for preparing the compounds provided herein as well as key intermediates. For a more detailed description of the individual reaction steps, see the Examples section below. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other synthetic routes may be used to synthesize the inventive compounds. Although specific starting materials and reagents are depicted in the Schemes and discussed below, other starting materials and reagents can be easily substituted to provide a variety of derivatives and/or reaction conditions. In addition, many of the compounds prepared by the methods described below can be further modified in light of this disclosure using conventional chemistry well known to those skilled in the art.

Scheme 1 shows a general scheme for the synthesis of compound X where A is CN, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 2 is obtained by treating 3-bromo-5-methoxypyridine (compound 1), which is commercially available, with O-(mesitylsulfonyl)hydroxylamine. The O-mesitylsulfonylhydroxylamine may be prepared as described in Mendiola, J., et al., Org. Process Res. Dev. 2009, 13(2), 263-267. Compound 2 may be reacted with ethyl propiolate to provide a mixture of compounds 3A and 3B, which typically are obtained in a ratio of approximately 2:1 to 9:1, respectively. The mixture of compounds 3A and 3B may be treated with 48% HBr at elevated temperatures, followed by recrystallization or chromatography purifications, to isolate compound 4A as the minor isomer and compound 4B as the major isomer. After isolation, compound 4A may be treated with POCl 3 to provide compound 5. The formyl group may be converted to an oxime group using NH 2 OH to provide compound 6. The oxime group may be converted to a nitrile group using acetic anhydride to provide compound 7. The methoxy group of compound 7 may be converted to a hydroxy group by treating compound 7 with aluminum trichloride to provide compound 8.

When group B is hydrogen, compound 12 may be prepared by coupling compound 8 with the corresponding boronic ester compound 10 (where Ring D, E, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)) to provide compound 11a using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures), wherein if Ring D of compound 10 is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. The amino protecting group if present on a substituent of Ring D of compound 11a may be removed under standard conditions (for example, a Boc group may be removed by treating compound 11a to acidic conditions, e.g., HCl) to provide compound 12 where B is hydrogen. Alternatively, the E group may be functionalized (i.e., reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent) under standard conditions such as described below to provide compound 12 where B is hydrogen and E is as defined for Formula I except that E is not hydrogen.

Alternatively, when group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, Compound 11a may be reacted with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-OH, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-OH optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-OH, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-OH, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-OH, hetCyc a OH or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-OH, where hetAr 1 and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I, under Mitsunobu reaction conditions (PPh 3 and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate) to provide compound 11. Compound 12 may then be prepared from compound 11 as described above.

Alternatively, when group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 9 may be prepared by reacting compound 8 with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X, or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group (such as a halide or triflate), wherein each of said reagents is optionally substituted with a protecting group (e.g., a t-butyldimethylsilyl group if the B group has one or two additional hydroxy groups), in the presence of a base (for example, an alkali metal carbonate, such as potassium carbonate). For example, when B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, compound may be prepared by reacting compound 8 with a C1-C6 alkyl-X, where X is a halogen such as Br or Cl, or a leaving group such as triflate. Compound 11 may then be prepared by coupling compound 9 with the corresponding boronic ester compound 10 using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures), wherein if Ring D of compound 10 is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. Compound 12 may then be prepared from compound 11 as described above.

Scheme 2 shows another general scheme for the synthesis of compound 17 where A is CN, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 9 (prepared, e.g., as described in Scheme 1) in which B is as defined for Formula I, may be coupled with compound 13 (where X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; L 2 is a leaving group such as a triflate or halide); Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)), using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures) to provide compound 14. Compound 16 may be prepared by coupling compound 14 with compound 15 under appropriate S N Ar conditions (for example, optionally in the presence of a base such as K 2 CO 3 and at elevated temperature), wherein if Ring D of compound 15 is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. The amino protecting group if present may then be removed under standard conditions (for example, a Boc group may be removed by treating compound 1 to acidic conditions, e.g., HCl) to provide compound 17 where E is H.

Alternatively, the E group may be functionalized (i.e., reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent) under standard conditions such as described below to provide compound 17 where E is as defined for Formula I except that E is not H.

Scheme 3 shows a general scheme for the synthesis of Compound 21 where A is H, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 18 may be prepared by coupling compound 4A (prepared e.g., as described in Scheme 1) with the corresponding boronic ester compound 10 (where Ring D, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)) using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures), wherein if Ring D of compound 10 is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. Compound 19 may be prepared by treating compound 18 with aluminum trichloride.

When B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 20 may be prepared by reacting compound 19 with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group (such as a halide or triflate), wherein each of said reagents is optionally substituted with a protecting group (e.g., a t-butyldimethylsilyl group if B has one or two additional hydroxy groups). For example, when B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, compound may be prepared by reacting compound 19 with C1-C6 alkyl-X, where X is a halogen such as Br or Cl, or a leaving group such as triflate. Compound 21 may then be prepared from compound 20. If Ring D comprises a substituent having an amino protecting group, the amino protecting group may be removed under standard conditions (for example, a Boc group may be removed by treating compound 20 to acidic conditions, e.g., HCl) to provide compound 21 where E is H.

Alternatively, the E group of compound 20 may be functionalized (i.e., reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent) under standard conditions such as described below to provide compound 21 where E is as defined for Formula I except that E is not H.

Alternatively, when group B is hydrogen, compound 21 may be prepared from compound 19 according to the deprotection and optional functionalization steps described herein.

Scheme 4 shows an alternative general scheme for the synthesis of Compound 21 where A is H, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 22 may be prepared by treating compound 4A (prepared e.g., as described in Scheme 1) with aluminum trichloride.

When group B is hydrogen, compound 19 may be prepared by coupling compound 22 with the corresponding boronic ester compound 10 (where Ring D, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)) using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures), wherein if Ring D of compound 10 is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. Compound 21 may be prepared from compound 19 according to the process described for Scheme 3.

Alternatively, when group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 23 may be prepared by reacting compound 22 with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group (such as a halide or triflate), wherein each of said reagents is optionally substituted with a protecting group (e.g., a t-butyldimethylsilyl group if B has one or two additional hydroxy groups). For example, when B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, compound may be prepared by reacting compound 22 with C1-C6 alkyl-X, where X is a halogen such as Br or Cl, or a leaving group such as triflate. Compound 20 may be prepared by coupling compound 23 with compound 10 as described in Scheme 3. Compound 21 may be prepared from compound 20 according to the process described for Scheme 3.

Alternatively, when group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 20 may be prepared by reacting compound 19 with a group such as (C1-C6 alkyl)OH, an appropriately substituted (C1-C3 alkyl)OH, an appropriately substituted (C1-C6 alkyl)OH, or hetCyc a OH (i.e., where hetCyc a a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N and O and is optionally substituted with OH, C1-C6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros) or hydroxyC1-C6 alkyl) under Mitsunobu reaction conditions (PPh 3 and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate). Compound 21 may be prepared from compound 20 according to the process described for Scheme 3.

Scheme 5 shows an alternative general scheme for the synthesis of Compound 21 where A is H, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 22 may be prepared by treating compound 4A (prepared e.g., as described in Scheme 1) with aluminum trichloride.

When group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 23 may be prepared by reacting compound 22 with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group (such as a halide or triflate), wherein each of said reagents is optionally substituted with a protecting group (e.g., a t-butyldimethylsilyl group if B has one or two additional hydroxy groups). For example, when B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, compound may be prepared by reacting compound 22 with C1-C6 alkyl-X, where X is a halogen such as Br or Cl, or a leaving group such as triflate.

Compound 24 may be prepared by reacting compound 23 with compound 13 (where X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; L 2 is a leaving group such as a triflate or halide); Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)) using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures).

When group B is hydrogen, compound 24 may be prepared by reacting compound 22 directly with compound 13 as described above.

Compound 20 may be prepared by coupling compound 24 with compound 15 where Ring D and E are as defined for Formula I under appropriate S N Ar conditions (for example, optionally in the presence of a base such as K 2 CO 3 and at elevated temperature). If Ring D of compound 15 comprises a substituent having a primary or secondary ring nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom is protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling, and then the amino protecting group may be removed subsequent to coupling as described above.

Compound 21 may be prepared from compound 20 according to the process described for Scheme 3.

Scheme 6 shows a general scheme for the synthesis of Compound 31 where A is C1, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , n, m and E are as defined for Formula I.

Compound 25 may be prepared by treating compound 4A (prepared e.g., as described in Scheme 1) with aluminum trichloride.

Compound 26 may be prepared by treating compound 25 with aluminum trichloride.

When group B is as defined for Formula I other than hydrogen, compound 27 may be prepared by reacting compound 26 with a reagent such as C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group (such as a halide or triflate), wherein each of said reagents is optionally substituted with a protecting group (e.g., a t-butyldimethylsilyl group if B has one or two additional hydroxy groups). For example, when B is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, compound may be prepared by reacting compound 26 with C1-C6 alkyl-X, where X is a halogen such as Br or Cl, or a leaving group such as triflate.

Compounds 28 (when group B is methyl), 29 (when group B is hydrogen) and 30 (when group B is other than hydrogen) may be prepared by coupling compounds 25, 26 and 27, respectively, with the corresponding boronic ester compound 10 (where Ring D, E, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined for Formula I; Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R z and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl)) using appropriate palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions, e.g., Suzuki coupling reaction conditions (for example, a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand in the presence of an inorganic base, for example, Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 and Na 2 CO 3 in dioxane at elevated temperatures), wherein if Ring D of is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling. The amino protecting group if present on a substituent of Ring D of compound 29 or 30 may be removed under standard conditions (for example, a Boc group may be removed by treating compound 1 to acidic conditions, e.g., HCl) to provide compound 31 where E is H.

Alternatively, the E group may be functionalized (i.e., reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent) under standard conditions such as described below to provide compound 31 where E is as defined for Formula I except that E is not H.

The E group of compounds 11, 11a, 16, 19, 20, 29 and 30 described in Schemes 1-6 may be functionalized (i.e., reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent) to introduce an E group, where E is any of the E groups defined for Formula I with the exception of hydrogen, using standard chemistry well known to persons skilled in the art. As used herein, the term “functionalized” refers to a process step in the E group of a compound of general Formula I is reacted or treated with an appropriate reagent to provide a compound of Formula I where E is as defined for Formula I except that E is other than hydrogen.

For example, an amide derivative (e.g., where E is Ar 1 C(═O)NR g —, hetAr 2 C(═O)NR g (CH 2 ) p — p is 0 or 1, or R 4 R 5 NC(═O)NR g —, may be obtained by reacting compound 11 wherein E is —NH 2 with an carboxylic acid derivative such as an acid chloride using conventional amide bond formation conditions, for example in the presence of a base (e.g., an amine base such as DIEA) in an appropriate solvent (such as DCM) to provide a functionalized compound 12. Alternative, compound 11 wherein E is —NH 2 may be reacted with an carboxylic acid using conventional amide bond formation conditions, for example by treating the carboxylic acid with an activating agent (e.g., HATU) followed by addition of compound 11 in the presence of a base ((e.g., an amine base such as DIEA) in an appropriate solvent (such as DMA) to provide a functionalized compound 12. The same chemistry may be utilized with compounds 11a, 16, 19, 20, 29 and 30 to prepare functionalized compounds 12, 17, 21 and 31.

As another example, a urea derivative, (e.g., where E is R 4 R 5 NHC(═O)NR g —) may be prepared reacting a compound 11 where E is —NH 2 with a compound having the formula R 4 R 5 N═C(═O) where R 4 and R 5 are as defined for Formula I in the presence of an appropriate base (e.g., DIEA) to provide a functionalized compound 12. The same chemistry may be utilized with compounds 11a, 16, 19, 20, 29 and 30 to prepare functionalized compounds 12, 17, 21 and 31.

As another example, an alkoxy, aryloxy or heteroaryloxy derivative (e.g., where E is (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkoxy, Ar 1 O— or hetAr 2 O—), may be prepared by reacting a compound 11 where E is hydroxy with a compound having the formula (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X, Ar 1 —X or hetAr 2 —X, where X is a halogen, in the presence of an inorganic base (e.g., an alkali metal hydride, such as sodium hydride or potassium hydride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g., an aprotic solvent such as DMA). The same chemistry may be utilized with compounds 11a, 16, 19, 20, 29 and 30 to prepare functionalized compounds 12, 17, 21 and 31.

The term “amino protecting group” as used herein refers to a derivative of the groups commonly employed to block or protect an amino group while reactions are carried out on other functional groups on the compound. Examples of suitable protecting groups for use in any of the processes described herein include carbamates, amides, alkyl and aryl groups, imines, as well as many N-heteroatom derivatives which can be removed to regenerate the desired amine group. Non-limiting examples of amino protecting groups are acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (“Boc”), benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBz”) and 9-fluorenylmethyleneoxycarbonyl (“Fmoc”). Further examples of these groups, and other protecting groups, are found in T. W. Greene, et al. Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis . New York: Wiley Interscience, 2006.

Accordingly, further provided herein is a process for preparing of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein which comprises:

(a) for a compound of Formula I where E is H, A is CN, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I, coupling a corresponding compound 9 having the formula

where B is as defined for Formula I, with a corresponding boronate ester having the formula 10

where Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R x and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl), and Ring D, E, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I, wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an amino protecting group prior to coupling, in the presence of a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand and in the presence of a base, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(b) for a compound of Formula I where A, B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I with the exception that E is not hydrogen, functionalizing a corresponding compound of the formula

wherein Ring D, B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I and E 1 is —NH 2 or OH; or

(c) for a compound of Formula I where A is CN and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I, reacting a corresponding compound of the formula 14

wherein Ring D, B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are as defined for Formula I and L 2 is a leaving group such as a halogen or triflate, with a compound of the formula 15

wherein Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I and wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling, in the presence of a base, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(d) for a compound of Formula I where E is H, A is CN, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and Ring D are as defined for Formula I, coupling a corresponding compound of formula 14

where L 2 is a leaving group and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are as defined for Formula I, with a compound of formula 15

where Ring D, R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I and E is hydrogen, wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group prior to coupling, in the presence of a base, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(e) for a compound of Formula I where A is H, B is H, and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D and E are as defined for Formula I, treating a corresponding compound of formula 18

where A is H, B is H, and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an amino protecting group, with aluminum trichloride to provide compound 19

optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(f) for a compound of Formula I where A is H, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I,

(i) treating a corresponding compound of formula 18

where A is H, and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I, wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an appropriate amino protecting group, with aluminum trichloride to provide compound 19

(ii) reacting compound 19 with C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, hydroxyC2-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, dihydroxyC3-C6 alkyl-X wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with a C3-C6 cycloalkylidene ring, (C1-C6 alkoxy)C1-C6 alkyl-X optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoros, (R 1 R 2 N)C1-C6 alkyl-X, hetAr 1 C1-C3 alkyl-X, (C3-C6 cycloalkyl)C1-C3 alkyl-X, (hetCyc a )C1-C3 alkyl-X, hetCyc a -X or hetCyc a C(═O)C1-C6 alkyl-X, where R 1 , R 2 , hetAr 1 , and hetCyc a are as defined for Formula I and X is a leaving atom or group, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(g) for a compound of Formula I where A is H or Cl, B is H, and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I, coupling a compound of formula

where A is H or Cl with a boronate ester having formula 10

where Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R x and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl), and Ring D, E, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I, wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an amino protecting group prior to said coupling, in the presence of a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand and in the presence of a base, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(h) for a compound of Formula I where A is H or Cl, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I, coupling a compound of the formula

where A is H or Cl, with a corresponding boronate ester compound of formula 10

where Z is —B(OR x )(OR y ) and R x and R y are H or (1-6C)alkyl, or R x and R y together with the atoms to which they are connected form a 5-6 membered ring optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from (C1-C3 alkyl), and Ring D, E, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , R a , R b , m and n are as defined for Formula I, wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an amino protecting group prior to said coupling, in the presence of a palladium catalyst and optionally a ligand and in the presence of a base, and optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; or

(i) for a compound of Formula I where A is H, and B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I, coupling a compound of formula 24

where B, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , are as defined for Formula I and L 2 is a leaving group or atom, with a corresponding compound of formula 15

where Ring D, R a , R b , m, n, and E are as defined for Formula I wherein if Ring D is substituted with an R b substituent that is R c R d N— wherein one or both of R c and R d is hydrogen, the nitrogen atom of R b may be protected with an amino protecting group, optionally followed by removal of the amino protecting group if present; and

removing any additional protecting groups if present and optionally forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “amino protecting group” as used herein refers to a derivative of the groups commonly employed to block or protect an amino group while reactions are carried out on other functional groups on the compound. Examples of suitable protecting groups for use in any of the processes described herein include carbamates, amides, alkyl and aryl groups, imines, as well as many N-heteroatom derivatives which can be removed to regenerate the desired amine group. Non-limiting examples of amino protecting groups are acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (“Boc”), benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBz”) and 9-fluorenylmethyleneoxycarbonyl (“Fmoc”). Further examples of these groups, and other protecting groups, are found in T. W. Greene, et al., Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. New York: Wiley Interscience, 2006.

Hydroxy groups may be protected with any convenient hydroxy protecting group, for example as described in T. W. Greene, et al., Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. New York: Wiley Interscience, 2006. Examples include benzyl, trityl, silyl ethers, and the like.

Nitrogen atoms in compounds described in any of the above methods may be protected with any convenient nitrogen protecting group, for example as described in Greene & Wuts, eds., “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 2 nd ed. New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. Examples of nitrogen protecting groups include acyl and alkoxycarbonyl groups, such as t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), phenoxycarbonyl, and [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl (SEM).

The ability of test compounds to act as RET inhibitors may be demonstrated by the assay described in Example A. IC 50 values are shown in Table 5.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit potent and selective RET inhibition. For example, the compounds provided herein exhibit nanomolar potency against wild type RET and select RET mutants, including the KIF5B-RET fusion and V804M gatekeeper mutation, with minimal activity against related kinases.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, selectively target a RET kinase. For example, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, can selectively target a RET kinase over another kinase or non-kinase target.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, exhibits at least a 30-fold selectivity for a RET kinase over another kinase. For example, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, exhibits at least a 40-fold selectivity; at least a 50-fold selectivity; at least a 60-fold selectivity; at least a 70-fold selectivity; at least a 80-fold selectivity; at least a 90-fold selectivity; at least 100-fold selectivity; at least 200-fold selectivity; at least 300-fold selectivity; at least 400-fold selectivity; at least 500-fold selectivity; at least 600-fold selectivity; at least 700-fold selectivity; at least 800-fold selectivity; at least 900-fold selectivity; or at least 1000-fold selectivity for a RET kinase over another kinase. In some embodiments, selectivity for a RET kinase over another kinase is measured in a cellular assay (e.g., a cellular assay as provided herein).

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can exhibit selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase (e.g., VEGFR2). In some embodiments, the selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase is observed without loss of gatekeeper mutant potency. In some embodiments, the selectivity over a KDR kinase is at least 10-fold (e.g., at least a 40-fold selectivity; at least a 50-fold selectivity; at least a 60-fold selectivity; at least a 70-fold selectivity; at least a 80-fold selectivity; at least a 90-fold selectivity; at least 100-fold selectivity; at least 150-fold selectivity; at least 200-fold selectivity; at least 250-fold selectivity; at least 300-fold selectivity; at least 350-fold selectivity; or at least 400-fold selectivity) as compared to the inhibition of KIF5B-RET (i.e. the compounds were more potent against KIF5B-RET than KDR). In some embodiments, the selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase is about 30-fold. In some embodiments, the selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase is at least 100-fold. In some embodiments, the selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase is at least 150-fold. In some embodiments, the selectivity for a RET kinase over a KDR kinase is at least 400-fold. Without being bound by any theory, potent KDR kinase inhibition is believed to be a common feature among multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) that target RET and may be the source of the dose-limiting toxicities observed with such compounds.

In some embodiments, inhibition of V804M was similar to that observed for wild-type RET. For example, inhibition of V804M was within about 2-fold (e.g., about 5-fold, about 7-fold, about 10-fold) of inhibition of wild-type RET (i.e. the compounds were similarly potent against wild-type RET and V804M). In some embodiments, selectivity for a wildtype or V804M RET kinase over another kinase is measured in an enzyme assay (e.g., an enzyme assay as provided herein). In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit selective cytotoxicity to RET-mutant cells.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit brain and/or central nervous system (CNS) penetrance. Such compounds are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and inhibiting a RET kinase in the brain and/or other CNS structures. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier in a therapeutically effective amount. For example, treatment of a patient with cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer such as a RET-associated brain or CNS cancer) can include administration (e.g., oral administration) of the compound to the patient. In some such embodiments, the compounds provided herein are useful for treating a primary brain tumor or metastatic brain tumor.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, exhibit one or more of high GI absorption, low clearance, and low potential for drug-drug interactions.

Compounds of Formula I are useful for treating diseases and disorders which can be treated with a RET kinase inhibitor, such as RET-associated diseases and disorders, e.g., proliferative disorders such as cancers, including hematological cancers and solid tumors, and gastrointestinal disorders such as IBS.

As used herein, terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to therapeutic or palliative measures. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation, in whole or in part, of symptoms associated with a disease or disorder or condition, diminishment of the extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state (e.g., one or more symptoms of the disease), and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.

As used herein, the terms “subject,” “individual,” or “patient,” are used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals such as mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, and humans. In some embodiments, the patient is a human. In some embodiments, the subject has experienced and/or exhibited at least one symptom of the disease or disorder to be treated and/or prevented. In some embodiments, the subject has been identified or diagnosed as having a cancer with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (a RET-associated cancer) (e.g., as determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit). In some embodiments, the subject has a tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., as determined using a regulatory agency-approved assay or kit). The subject can be a subject with a tumor(s) that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (e.g., identified as positive using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit). The subject can be a subject whose tumors have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or a level of the same (e.g., where the tumor is identified as such using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit or assay). In some embodiments, the subject is suspected of having a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has a clinical record indicating that the subject has a tumor that has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same (and optionally the clinical record indicates that the subject should be treated with any of the compositions provided herein). In some embodiments, the patient is a pediatric patient.

The term “pediatric patient” as used herein refers to a patient under the age of 21 years at the time of diagnosis or treatment. The term “pediatric” can be further be divided into various subpopulations including: neonates (from birth through the first month of life); infants (1 month up to two years of age); children (two years of age up to 12 years of age); and adolescents (12 years of age through 21 years of age (up to, but not including, the twenty-second birthday)). Berhman R E, Kliegman R, Arvin A M, Nelson W E. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 15th Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1996; Rudolph A M, et al. Rudolph's Pediatrics, 21st Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002; and Avery M D, First L R. Pediatric Medicine, 2nd Ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994. In some embodiments, a pediatric patient is from birth through the first 28 days of life, from 29 days of age to less than two years of age, from two years of age to less than 12 years of age, or 12 years of age through 21 years of age (up to, but not including, the twenty-second birthday). In some embodiments, a pediatric patient is from birth through the first 28 days of life, from 29 days of age to less than 1 year of age, from one month of age to less than four months of age, from three months of age to less than seven months of age, from six months of age to less than 1 year of age, from 1 year of age to less than 2 years of age, from 2 years of age to less than 3 years of age, from 2 years of age to less than seven years of age, from 3 years of age to less than 5 years of age, from 5 years of age to less than 10 years of age, from 6 years of age to less than 13 years of age, from 10 years of age to less than 15 years of age, or from 15 years of age to less than 22 years of age.

In certain embodiments, compounds of Formula I are useful for preventing diseases and disorders as defined herein (for example, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer). The term “preventing” as used herein means the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread, in whole or in part, of the disease or condition as described herein, or a symptom thereof.

The term “RET-associated disease or disorder” as used herein refers to diseases or disorders associated with or having a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase (also called herein RET kinase protein), or the expression or activity or level of any (e.g., one or more) of the same (e.g., any of the types of dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, a RET kinase domain, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same described herein). Non-limiting examples of a RET-associated disease or disorder include, for example, cancer and gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

The term “RET-associated cancer” as used herein refers to cancers associated with or having a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase (also called herein RET kinase protein), or expression or activity, or level of any of the same. Non-limiting examples of a RET-associated cancer are described herein.

The phrase “dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same” refers to a genetic mutation (e.g., a RET gene translocation that results in the expression of a fusion protein, a deletion in a RET gene that results in the expression of a RET protein that includes a deletion of at least one amino acid as compared to the wild-type RET protein, a mutation in a RET gene that results in the expression of a RET protein with one or more point mutations, or an alternative spliced version of a RET mRNA that results in a RET protein having a deletion of at least one amino acid in the RET protein as compared to the wild-type RET protein) or a RET gene amplification that results in overexpression of a RET protein or an autocrine activity resulting from the overexpression of a RET gene in a cell that results in a pathogenic increase in the activity of a kinase domain of a RET protein (e.g., a constitutively active kinase domain of a RET protein) in a cell. As another example, a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be a mutation in a RET gene that encodes a RET protein that is constitutively active or has increased activity as compared to a protein encoded by a RET gene that does not include the mutation. For example, a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same, can be the result of a gene or chromosome translocation which results in the expression of a fusion protein that contains a first portion of RET that includes a functional kinase domain, and a second portion of a partner protein (i.e., that is not RET). In some examples, dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a result of a gene translocation of one RET gene with another non-RET gene. Non-limiting examples of fusion proteins are described in Table 1. Non-limiting examples of RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions are described in Table 2. Additional examples of RET kinase protein mutations (e.g., point mutations) are RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Non-limiting examples of RET inhibitor resistance mutations are described in Tables 3 and 4.

The term “wildtype” or “wild-type” describes a nucleic acid (e.g., a RET gene or a RET mRNA) or protein (e.g., a RET protein) that is found in a subject that does not have a RET-associated disease, e.g., a RET-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a RET-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a RET-associated disease), or is found in a cell or tissue from a subject that does not have a RET-associated disease, e.g., a RET-associated cancer (and optionally also does not have an increased risk of developing a RET-associated disease and/or is not suspected of having a RET-associated disease).

The term “regulatory agency” refers to a country's agency for the approval of the medical use of pharmaceutical agents with the country. For example, a non-limiting example of a regulatory agency is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Provided herein is a method of treating cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer) in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. For example, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the patient; and b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more fusion proteins. Non-limiting examples of RET gene fusion proteins are described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is KIF5B-RET. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions. Non-limiting examples of RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions are described in Table 2. In some embodiments, the RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions are selected from the group consisting of M918T, M918V, C634W, V804L, and V804M. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I is selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819.

In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., RET-associated cancer) is a hematological cancer. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., RET-associated cancer) is a solid tumor. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., RET-associated cancer) is lung cancer (e.g., small cell lung carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), papillary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer, refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, bronchioles lung cell carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A or 2B (MEN2A or MEN2B, respectively), pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, breast cancer, colorectal cancer (e.g., metastatic colorectal cancer), papillary renal cell carcinoma, ganglioneuromatosis of the gastroenteric mucosa, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, or cervical cancer. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the cancer (e.g., RET-associated cancer) is selected from the group of: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), cancer in adolescents, adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain stem glioma, brain tumor, breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, unknown primary carcinoma, cardiac tumors, cervical cancer, childhood cancers, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, bile duct cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ, embryonal tumors, endometrial cancer, ependymoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, extracranial germ cell tumor, extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancer, fallopian tube cancer, fibrous histiocytoma of bone, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), germ cell tumor, gestational trophoblastic disease, glioma, hairy cell tumor, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, heart cancer, hepatocellular cancer, histiocytosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumors, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, osteocarcinoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer, midline tract carcinoma, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelogenous leukemia, myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative neoplasms, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer, oral cavity cancer, lip cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillomatosis, paraganglioma, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromosytoma, pituitary cancer, plasma cell neoplasm, pleuropulmonary blastoma, pregnancy and breast cancer, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary peritoneal cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, Sezary syndrome, skin cancer, small cell lung cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous neck cancer, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, unknown primary carcinoma, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilms' tumor.

In some embodiments, a hematological cancer (e.g., hematological cancers that are RET-associated cancers) is selected from the group consisting of leukemias, lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), Hodgkin's disease (also called Hodgkin's lymphoma), and myeloma, for instance, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PML), juvenile myelomonocyctic leukemia (JMML), adult T-cell ALL, AML with trilineage myelodysplasia (AML/TMDS), mixed lineage leukemia (MLL), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), and multiple myeloma (MM). Additional examples of hematological cancers include myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) such as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and idiopathic primary myelofibrosis (IMF/IPF/PMF). In one embodiment, the hematological cancer (e.g., the hematological cancer that is a RET-associated cancer) is AML or CMML.

In some embodiments, the cancer (e.g., the RET-associated cancer) is a solid tumor. Examples of solid tumors (e.g., solid tumors that are RET-associated cancers) include, for example, thyroid cancer (e.g., papillary thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma), lung cancer (e.g., lung adenocarcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma), pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck tumors, neuroblastoma, and melanoma. See, for example, Nature Reviews Cancer, 2014, 14, 173-186.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, differentiated thyroid cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer, refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A or 2B (MEN2A or MEN2B, respectively), pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, papillary renal cell carcinoma, ganglioneuromatosis of the gastroenteric mucosa, and cervical cancer.

In some embodiments, the patient is a human.

Compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof are also useful for treating a RET-associated cancer.

Accordingly, also provided herein is a method for treating a patient diagnosed with or identified as having a RET-associated cancer, e.g., any of the exemplary RET-associated cancers disclosed herein, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein.

Dysregulation of a RET kinase, a RET gene, or the expression or activity or level of any (e.g., one or more) of the same can contribute to tumorigenesis. For example, a dysregulation of a RET kinase, a RET gene, or expression or activity or level of any of the same can be a translocation, overexpression, activation, amplification, or mutation of a RET kinase, a RET gene, or a RET kinase domain. Translocation can include translocations involving the RET kinase domain, mutations can include mutations involving the RET ligand-binding site, and amplification can be of a RET gene. Other dysregulations can include RET mRNA splice variants and RET autocrine/paracrine signaling, which can also contribute to tumorigenesis.

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes overexpression of wild-type RET kinase (e.g., leading to autocrine activation). In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes overexpression, activation, amplification, or mutation in a chromosomal segment comprising the RET gene or a portion thereof, including, for example, the kinase domain portion, or a portion capable of exhibiting kinase activity.

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more chromosome translocations or inversions resulting in a RET gene fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, is a result of genetic translocations in which the expressed protein is a fusion protein containing residues from a non-RET partner protein, and includes a minimum of a functional RET kinase domain.

Non-limiting examples of RET fusion proteins are shown in Table 1.

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes one or more deletions (e.g., deletion of an amino acid at position 4), insertions, or point mutation(s) in a RET kinase. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes a deletion of one or more residues from the RET kinase, resulting in constitutive activity of the RET kinase domain.

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a RET gene that results in the production of a RET kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions as compared to the wild-type RET kinase (see, for example, the point mutations listed in Table 2).

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a RET gene that results in the production of a RET kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions as compared to the wild-type RET kinase (see, for example, the point mutations listed in Table 2a).

Exemplary Activating RET Kinase Protein Point Mutations/Insertions/Deletions

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes a splice variation in a RET mRNA which results in an expressed protein that is an alternatively spliced variant of RET having at least one residue deleted (as compared to the wild-type RET kinase) resulting in a constitutive activity of a RET kinase domain.

A “RET kinase inhibitor” as defined herein includes any compound exhibiting RET inhibition activity. In some embodiments, a RET kinase inhibitor is selective for a RET kinase. Exemplary RET kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (IC 50 ) against a RET kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, a RET kinase inhibitor can exhibit inhibition activity (IC 50 ) against a RET kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as provided herein.

As used herein, a “first RET kinase inhibitor” or “first RET inhibitor” is a RET kinase inhibitor as defined herein, but which does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. As used herein, a “second RET kinase inhibitor” or a “second RET inhibitor” is a RET kinase inhibitor as defined herein, but which does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. When both a first and a second RET inhibitor are present in a method provided herein, the first and second RET kinase inhibitor are different.

In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a RET gene that results in the production of a RET kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions or insertions or deletions in a RET gene that results in the production of a RET kinase that has one or more amino acids inserted or removed, as compared to the wild-type RET kinase. In some cases, the resulting RET kinase is more resistant to inhibition of its phosphotransferase activity by one or more first RET kinase inhibitor(s), as compared to a wildtype RET kinase or a RET kinase not including the same mutation. Such mutations, optionally, do not decrease the sensitivity of the cancer cell or tumor having the RET kinase to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof (e.g., as compared to a cancer cell or a tumor that does not include the particular RET inhibitor resistance mutation). In such embodiments, a RET inhibitor resistance mutation can result in a RET kinase that has one or more of an increased V max , a decreased K m for ATP, and an increased K D for a first RET kinase inhibitor, when in the presence of a first RET kinase inhibitor, as compared to a wildtype RET kinase or a RET kinase not having the same mutation in the presence of the same first RET kinase inhibitor.

In other embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, includes at least one point mutation in a RET gene that results in the production of a RET kinase that has one or more amino acid substitutions as compared to the wild-type RET kinase, and which has increased resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as compared to a wildtype RET kinase or a RET kinase not including the same mutation. In such embodiments, a RET inhibitor resistance mutation can result in a RET kinase that has one or more of an increased V max , a decreased K m , and a decreased K D in the presence of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as compared to a wildtype RET kinase or a RET kinase not having the same mutation in the presence of the same compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Examples of RET inhibitor resistance mutations can, e.g., include point mutations, insertions, or deletions in and near the ATP binding site in the tertiary structure of RET kinase, including but not limited to the gatekeeper residue, P-loop residues, residues in or near the DFG motif, and ATP cleft solvent front amino acid residues. Additional examples of these types of mutations include changes in residues that may affect enzyme activity and/or drug binding including but are not limited to residues in the activation loop, residues near or interacting with the activation loop, residues contributing to active or inactive enzyme conformations, changes including mutations, deletions, and insertions in the loop proceeding the C-helix and in the C-helix. Specific residues or residue regions that may be changed (and are RET inhibitor resistance mutations) include but are not limited to those listed in Table 3 based on the human wildtype RET protein sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1). Additional examples of RET inhibitor resistance mutation positions are shown in Table 4. Changes to these residues may include single or multiple amino acid changes, insertions within or flanking the sequences, and deletions within or flanking the sequences.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates are useful in treating patients that develop cancers with RET inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., that result in an increased resistance to a first RET inhibitor, e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E, and/or one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4) by either dosing in combination or as a follow-up therapy to existing drug treatments (e.g., other RET kinase inhibitors; e.g., first and/or second RET kinase inhibitors). Exemplary first and second RET kinase inhibitors are described herein. In some embodiments, a first or second RET kinase inhibitor can be selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof are useful for treating a cancer that has been identified as having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations (that result in an increased resistance to a first or second RET inhibitor, e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E). Non-limiting examples of RET inhibitor resistance mutations are listed in Tables 3 and 4.

The oncogenic role of RET was firstly described in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (Grieco et al., Cell, 1990, 60, 557-63), which arises from follicular thyroid cells and is the most common thyroid malignancy. Approximately 20-30% of PTC harbor somatic chromosomal rearrangements (translocations or inversions) linking the promoter and the 5′ portions of constitutively expressed, unrelated genes to the RET tyrosine kinase domain (Greco et al., Q. J Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 53, 440-54), therefore driving its ectopic expression in thyroid cells. To date, a variety of fusion partners have been identified, all providing a protein/protein interaction domain that induces ligand-independent RET dimerization and constitutive kinase activity (see, e.g., Table 1). The role of RET-PTC rearrangements in the pathogenesis of PTC has been confirmed in transgenic mice (Santoro et al., Oncogene, 1996, 12, 1821-6). Recently, a 10.6 Mb pericentric inversion in chromosome 10, where RET gene maps, has been identified in about 2% of lung adenocarcinoma patients, generating different variants of the chimeric gene KIF5B-RET (Ju et al., Genome Res., 2012, 22, 436-45; Kohno et al., 2012 , Nature Med., 18, 375-7; Takeuchi et al., Nature Med., 2012, 18, 378-81; Lipson et al., 2012 , Nature Med., 18, 382-4). The fusion transcripts are highly expressed and all the resulting chimeric proteins contain the N-terminal portion of the coiled-coil region of KIF5B, which mediates homodimerization, and the entire RET kinase domain. None of RET positive patients harbor other known oncogenic alterations (such as EGFR or K-Ras mutation, ALK translocation), supporting the possibility that KIF5B-RET fusion could be a driver mutation of lung adenocarcinoma. The oncogenic potential of KIF5B-RET has been confirmed by transfecting the fusion gene into cultured cell lines: similarly to what has been observed with RET-PTC fusion proteins, KIF5B-RET is constitutively phosphorylated and induces NIH-3T3 transformation and IL-3 independent growth of BA-F3 cells. However, other RET fusion proteins have been identified in lung adenocarcinoma patients, such as the CCDC6-RET fusion protein, which has been found to play a key role in the proliferation of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line LC-2/ad ( Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 2012, 7(12):1872-1876). RET inhibitors have been shown to be useful in treating lung cancers involving RET rearrangements (Drilon, A. E. et al. J Clin Oncol 33, 2015 (suppl; abstr 8007)). RET fusion proteins have also been identified in patients having colorectal cancer (Song Eun-Kee, et al. International Journal of Cancer, 2015, 136: 1967-1975).

Besides rearrangements of the RET sequence, gain of function point mutations of RET proto-oncogene are also driving oncogenic events, as shown in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which arises from parafollicular calcitonin-producing cells (de Groot, et al., Endocrine Rev., 2006, 27, 535-60; Wells and Santoro, Clin. Cancer Res., 2009, 15, 7119-7122). Around 25% of MTC are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), a group of inherited cancer syndromes affecting neuroendocrine organs caused by germline activating point mutations of RET. In MEN2 subtypes (MEN2A, MEN2B and Familial MTC/FMTC) RET gene mutations have a strong phenotype-genotype correlation defining different MTC aggressiveness and clinical manifestations of the disease. In MEN2A syndrome mutations involve one of the six cysteine residues (mainly C634) located in the cysteine-rich extracellular region, leading to ligand-independent homodimerization and constitutive RET activation. Patients develop MTC at a young age (onset at 5-25 years) and may also develop pheochromocytoma (50%) and hyperparathyroidism. MEN2B is mainly caused by M918T mutation, which is located in the kinase domain. This mutation constitutively activates RET in its monomeric state and alters substrate recognition by the kinase. MEN2B syndrome is characterized by an early onset (<1 year) and very aggressive form of MTC, pheochromocytoma (50% of patients) and ganglioneuromas. In FMTC the only disease manifestation is MTC, usually occurring at an adult age. Many different mutations have been detected, spanning the entire RET gene. The remaining 75% of MTC cases are sporadic and about 50% of them harbor RET somatic mutations: the most frequent mutation is M918T that, as in MEN2B, is associated with the most aggressive phenotype. Somatic point mutations of RET have also been described in other tumors such as colorectal cancer (Wood et al., Science, 2007, 318, 1108-13) and small cell lung carcinoma ( Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 1995, 86, 1127-30).

RET signaling components have been found to be expressed in primary breast tumors and to functionally interact with estrogen receptor-cc pathway in breast tumor cell lines (Boulay et al., Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 3743-51; Plaza-Menacho et al., Oncogene, 2010, 29, 4648-57), while RET expression and activation by GDNF family ligands could play an important role in perineural invasion by different types of cancer cells (Ito et al., Surgery, 2005, 138, 788-94; Gil et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2010, 102, 107-18; Iwahashi et al., Cancer, 2002, 94, 167-74).

RET is also expressed in 30-70% of invasive breast cancers, with expression being relatively more frequent in estrogen receptor-positive tumors (Plaza-Menacho, I., et al., Oncogene, 2010, 29, 4648-4657; Esseghir, S., et al., Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 11732-11741; Morandi, A., et al., Cancer Res., 2013, 73, 3783-3795; Gattelli, A., EMBO Mol. Med., 2013, 5, 1335-1350).

The identification of RET rearrangements has been reported in a subset of (patient-derived xenograft) PDX established from colorectal cancer. Although the frequency of such events in colorectal cancer patients remains to be defined, these data suggest a role of RET as a target in this indication (Gozgit et al., AACR Annual Meeting 2014). Studies have shown that the RET promoter is frequently methylated in colorectal cancers, and heterozygous missense mutations, which are predicted to reduce RET expression, are identified in 5-10% of cases, which suggests that RET might have some features of a tumor suppressor in sporadic colon cancers (Luo, Y., et al., Oncogene, 2013, 32, 2037-2047; Sjoblom, T., et al., Science, 2006, 268-274; Cancer Genome Atlas Network, Nature, 2012, 487, 330-337).

An increasing number of tumor types are now being shown to express substantial levels of wild-type RET kinase that could have implications for tumor progression and spread. RET is expressed in 50-65% of pancreatic ductal carcinomas, and expression is more frequent in metastatic and higher grade tumors (Ito, Y, et al., Surgery, 2005, 138, 788-794; Zeng, Q., et al., J. Int. Med. Res. 2008, 36, 656-664).

In neoplasms of hematopoietic lineages, RET is expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with monocytic differentiation, as well as in CMML (Gattei, V. et al., Blood, 1997, 89, 2925-2937; Gattei, V., et al., Ann. Hematol, 1998, 77, 207-210; Camos, M., Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 6947-6954). Recent studies have identified rare chromosomal rearrangements that involve RET in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). CMML is frequently associated with rearrangements of several tyrosine kinases, which result in the expression of chimeric cytosolic oncoproteins that lead to activation of RAS pathways (Kohlmann, A., et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 2858-2865). In the case of RET, gene fusions that link RET with BCR (BCR-RET) or with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 oncogene partner (FGFR1OP-RET) were transforming in early hematopoietic progenitor cells and could shift maturation of these cells towards monocytic paths, probably through the initiation of RET-mediated RAS signaling (Ballerini, P., et al., Leukemia, 2012, 26, 2384-2389).

RET expression has also been shown to occur in several other tumor types, including prostate cancer, small-cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and head and neck tumors (Narita, N., et al., Oncogene, 2009, 28, 3058-3068; Mulligan, L. M., et al., Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 1998, 21, 326-332; Flavin, R., et al., Urol. Oncol., 2012, 30, 900-905; Dawson, D. M., J Natl Cancer Inst, 1998, 90, 519-523).

In neuroblastoma, RET expression and activation by GFLs has roles in tumor cell differentiation, potentially collaborating with other neurotrophic factor receptors to down regulate N-Myc, the expression of which is a marker of poor prognosis (Hofstra, R. M., W., et al., Hum. Genet. 1996, 97, 362-364; Petersen, S. and Bogenmann, E., Oncogene, 2004, 23, 213-225; Brodeur, G. M., Nature Ref Cancer, 2003, 3, 203-216).

Multitargeted inhibitors which cross react with RET are known (Borrello, M. G., et al., Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 2013, 17(4), 403-419; International Patent Application Nos. WO 2014/141187, WO 2014/184069, and WO 2015/079251).

Accordingly, provided herein are methods for treating a patient diagnosed with (or identified as having) a cancer that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided herein are methods for treating a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the patient that has been identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved test or assay for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient or by performing any of the non-limiting examples of assays described herein. In some embodiments, the test or assay is provided as a kit. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer. For example, the RET-associated cancer can be a cancer that includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided are methods for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) determining if the cancer in the patient is a RET-associated cancer; and (b) if the cancer is determined to be a RET-associated cancer, administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy). In some embodiments, the subject was previously treated with a first RET inhibitor or previously treated with another anticancer treatment, e.g., resection of the tumor or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the patient is determined to have a RET-associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved test or assay for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient or by performing any of the non-limiting examples of assays described herein. In some embodiments, the test or assay is provided as a kit. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer. For example, the RET-associated cancer can be a cancer that includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided are methods of treating a patient that include performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and administering (e.g., specifically or selectively administering) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to the patient determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy). In some embodiments of these methods, the subject was previously treated with a first RET inhibitor or previously treated with another anticancer treatment, e.g., resection of a tumor or radiation therapy. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient suspected of having a RET-associated cancer, a patient presenting with one or more symptoms of a RET-associated cancer, or a patient having an elevated risk of developing a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the assay utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved assay, e.g., FDA-approved kit. Additional, non-limiting assays that may be used in these methods are described herein. Additional assays are also known in the art. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating a RET-associated cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer through a step of performing an assay (e.g., an in vitro assay) on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, where the presence of a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, identifies that the patient has a RET-associated cancer. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a RET-associated cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer through a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same where the presence of dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, identifies that the patient has a RET-associated cancer. Some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein further include recording in the patient's clinical record (e.g., a computer readable medium) that the patient is determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, through the performance of the assay, should be administered a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the assay utilizes next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved assay, e.g., FDA-approved kit. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use in the treatment of a cancer in a patient in need thereof or a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer in a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer, for example, a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, a patient is identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the sample. As provided herein, a RET-associated cancer includes those described herein and known in the art.

In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has been identified or diagnosed as having a cancer with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has a tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient can be a patient with a tumor(s) that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient can be a patient whose tumors have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient is suspected of having a RET-associated cancer (e.g., a cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the patient; and b) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more fusion proteins. Non-limiting examples of RET gene fusion proteins are described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is KIF5B-RET. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions. Non-limiting examples of RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions are described in Table 2. In some embodiments, the RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions are selected from the group consisting of M918T, M918V, C634W, V804L, and V804M. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Non-limiting examples of RET inhibitor resistance mutations are described in Tables 3 and 4. In some embodiments, the RET inhibitor resistance mutation is V804M. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a tumor positive for one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the tumor with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit.

In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, the patient has a clinical record indicating that the patient has a tumor that has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., a tumor having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations). In some embodiments, the clinical record indicates that the patient should be treated with one or more of the compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof or compositions provided herein. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the cancer with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit. In some embodiments, the tumor that is positive for a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is a tumor positive for one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the tumor with a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is determined using a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, assay or kit.

Also provided are methods of treating a patient that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a RET-associated cancer in a patient having a clinical record that indicates that the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. Some embodiments of these methods and uses can further include: a step of performing an on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and recording the information in a patient's clinical file (e.g., a computer readable medium) that the patient has been identified to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of a RET gene, RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject. The method includes performing an assay on a sample obtained from the subject to determine whether the subject has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or level of any of the same. The method also includes administering to a subject determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity of the same is a gene or chromosome translocation that results in the expression of a RET fusion protein (e.g., any of the RET fusion proteins described herein). In some embodiments, the RET fusion can be selected from a KIF5B-RET fusion and a CCDC6-RET fusion. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is one or more point mutation in the RET gene (e.g., any of the one or more of the RET point mutations described herein). The one or more point mutations in a RET gene can result, e.g., in the translation of a RET protein having one or more of the following amino acid substitutions: M918T, M918V, C634W, V804L, and V804M. In some embodiments, the dysregulation in a RET gene, a RET kinase protein, or expression or activity or level of any of the same is one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations (e.g., any combination of the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations described herein). Some embodiments of these methods further include administering to the subject another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy).

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein exhibit brain and/or central nervous system (CNS) penetrance. Such compounds are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier and inhibiting a RET kinase in the brain and/or other CNS structures. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier in a therapeutically effective amount. For example, treatment of a patient with cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer such as a RET-associated brain or CNS cancer) can include administration (e.g., oral administration) of the compound to the patient. In some such embodiments, the compounds provided herein are useful for treating a primary brain tumor or metastatic brain tumor. For example, the compounds can be used in the treatment of one or more of gliomas such as glioblastoma (also known as glioblastoma multiforme), astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and mixed gliomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, gangliogliomas, schwannomas (neurilemmomas), and craniopharyngiomas (see, for example, the tumors listed in Louis, D. N. et al. Acta Neuropathol 131(6), 803-820 (June 2016)). In some embodiments, the brain tumor is a primary brain tumor. In some embodiments, the patient has previously been treated with another anticancer agent, e.g., another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound that is not a compound of General Formula I) or a multi-kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the brain tumor is a metastatic brain tumor. In some embodiments, the patient has previously been treated with another anticancer agent, e.g., another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound that is not a compound of General Formula I) or a multi-kinase inhibitor.

Also provided are methods (e.g., in vitro methods) of selecting a treatment for a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. Some embodiments can further include administering the selected treatment to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. For example, the selected treatment can include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Some embodiments can further include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and identifying and diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the patient has been identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient. In some embodiments, the RET-associated cancers is a cancer described herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes the next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit.

Also provided herein are methods of selecting a treatment for a patient, wherein the methods include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same (e.g., one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations), and identifying or diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a RET-associated cancer. Some embodiments further include administering the selected treatment to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. For example, the selected treatment can include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to the patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes the next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit.

Also provided are methods of selecting a patient for treatment, wherein the methods include selecting, identifying, or diagnosing a patient having a RET-associated cancer, and selecting the patient for treatment including administration of a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, identifying or diagnosing a patient as having a RET-associated cancer can include a step of performing an assay on a sample obtained from the patient to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, and identifying or diagnosing a patient determined to have a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, as having a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the method of selecting a treatment can be used as a part of a clinical study that includes administration of various treatments of a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, a RET-associated cancer is a cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the assay is an in vitro assay. For example, an assay that utilizes the next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, or break apart FISH analysis. In some embodiments, the assay is a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit. In some embodiments, the dysregulation of the RET gene, the RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

In some embodiments of any of the methods or uses described herein, an assay used to determine whether the patient has a dysregulation of a RET gene, or a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, using a sample from a patient can include, for example, next generation sequencing, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, break apart FISH analysis, Southern blotting, Western blotting, FACS analysis, Northern blotting, and PCR-based amplification (e.g., RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR). As is well-known in the art, the assays are typically performed, e.g., with at least one labelled nucleic acid probe or at least one labelled antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. Assays can utilize other detection methods known in the art for detecting dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or levels of any of the same (see, e.g., the references cited herein). In some embodiments, the dysregulation of the RET gene, the RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the sample is a biological sample or a biopsy sample (e.g., a paraffin-embedded biopsy sample) from the patient. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient suspected of having a RET-associated cancer, a patient having one or more symptoms of a RET-associated cancer, and/or a patient that has an increased risk of developing a RET-associated cancer)

In the field of medical oncology it is normal practice to use a combination of different forms of treatment to treat each patient with cancer. In medical oncology the other component(s) of such conjoint treatment or therapy in addition to compositions provided herein may be, for example, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapeutic agents, such as kinase inhibitors, signal transduction inhibitors and/or monoclonal antibodies. Compounds of Formula I therefore may also be useful as adjuvants to cancer treatment, that is, they can be used in combination with one or more additional therapies or therapeutic agents, for example a chemotherapeutic agent that works by the same or by a different mechanism of action.

In some embodiments of any the methods described herein, the compound of Formula I (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof) is administered in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from one or more additional therapies or therapeutic (e.g., chemotherapeutic) agents.

Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents include: other RET-targeted therapeutic agents (i.e. a first or second RET kinase inhibitor), receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted therapeutic agents, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, modulators of the apoptosis pathway (e.g. obataclax); cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, angiogenesis-targeted therapies, immune-targeted agents, including immunotherapy, and radiotherapy.

In some embodiments, the other RET-targeted therapeutic is a multikinase inhibitor exhibiting RET inhibition activity. In some embodiments, the other RET-targeted therapeutic inhibitor is selective for a RET kinase. Exemplary RET kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (IC 50 ) against a RET kinase of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as described herein. In some embodiments, a RET kinase inhibitors can exhibit inhibition activity (IC 50 ) against a RET kinase of less than about 25 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, or less than about 1 nM as measured in an assay as provided herein.

Non-limiting examples of RET-targeted therapeutic agents include alectinib, apatinib, cabozantinib (XL-184), dovitinib, lenvatinib, motesanib, nintedanib, ponatinib, regorafenib, sitravatinib (MGCD516), sunitinib, sorafenib, vatalanib, vandetanib, AUY-922 (5-(2,4-Dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-[4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxamide), BLU6864, BLU-667, DCC-2157, GSK3179106, NVP-AST487 (1-[4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[4-[6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]oxyphenyl]urea), PZ-1, RPI-1 (1,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]-H-indol-2-one), RXDX-105 (1-(3-((6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(5-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)isoxazol-3-yl)urea), SPP86 (1-Isopropyl-3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine), and TG101209 (N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[[5-methyl-2-[[4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl]amino]-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-benzenesulfonamide).

Additional examples of other RET kinase inhibitors include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,150,517 and 9,149,464, and International Publication No. WO 2014075035, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. For example, in some embodiments the other RET inhibitor is a compound of formula I:

wherein R 1 is C 6 -C 24 alkyl or polyethylene glycol; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof. In some embodiments, the other RET inhibitor is 4-{5-[bis-(chloroethyl)-amino]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}butyric acid dodecyl ester.

Additional examples of other RET kinase inhibitors include those described in International Publication No. WO 2016127074, which is hereby incorporated by reference. For example, in some embodiments, the other RET inhibitor is a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

wherein Rings A and B are each independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl;

each L 1 and L 2 is independently selected from a bond, —(C1-C6 alkylene)-, —(C2-C6alkenylene)-, —(C2-C6 alkynylene)-, —(C1-C6 haloalkylene)-, —(C1-C6 heteroalkylene)-, —C(O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O), —S(O) 2 —, —N(R 1 )—, —O—(C1-C6 alkylene)-, —(C1-C6 alkylene)-O—, —N(R 1 )—C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 1 )—, —(C1-C6 alkylene)-N(R 1 )—, —N(R 1 )—(C1-C6 alkylene)-, —N(R 1 )—C(O)—(C1-C6 alkylene)-, —(C1-C6 alkylene)-N(R 1 )—C(O)—, —C(O)—N(R 1 )—(C1-C6 alkylene)-, —(C1-C6 alkylene)-C(O)—N(R 1 )—, —N(R 1 )—S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 —N(R 1 )—, —N(R 1 )—S(O) 2 —(C1-C6 alkylene)-, and —S(O) 2 —N(R 1 )—(C1-C6 alkylene)-; wherein each alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, haloalkylene, and heteroalkylene is independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R′;

each R A and R B is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, and —N(R 1 )(R 1 ); wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl is independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of Ra;

each R C and R D is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, nitro, cyano, —C(O)R 1 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —(C1-C6 alkylene)-C(O)R 1 , —SR 1 , —S(O) 2 R 1 , —S(O) 2 —N(R 1 )(R 1 ), —(C1-C6 alkylene)-S(O) 2 R 1 , —(C1-C6 alkylene)-S(O) 2 —N(R 1 )(R 1 ), —N(R 1 )(R 1 )—C(O)—N(R 1 )(R 1 )—N(R 1 )—C(O)R 1 , —N(R 1 )—C(O)OR 1 , —(C1-C6 alkylene)-N(R 1 )—C(O)R 1 , —N(R 1 )S(O) 2 R 1 , and —P(O)(R 1 )(R 1 ); wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl is independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R a ; or 2 R C or 2 R D together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R a ;

each R 1 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, thiol, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 thioalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, wherein each of alkyl, thioalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl is independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R b , or 2 R 1 together with the atom(s) to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R b ;

each R a and R b is independently C1-C6 alkyl, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or cyano, wherein each of alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl is independently substituted with 0-5 occurrences of R′;

each R′ is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 heteroalkyl, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl or cyano; or 2 R′, together with the atom(s) to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

n is 0, 1, or 2; and

p and q are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. For example, a RET inhibitor can be selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: ABT-348 (N-[4-[4-Amino-7-[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl]phenyl]-N′-(3-fluorophenyl)urea); AD-57, which has the structure:

AD-80 (1-(4-(4-amino-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)phenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea); ALW-II-41-27 (N-(5-((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-2-methylphenyl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)nicotinamide); Amuvatinib (MP470) (N-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-(benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperazine-1-carbothioamide); BPR1J373 (a derivative of 5-phenylthhiazol-2-ylamine-pyriminide); CLM3; doramapimod (BIRB-796) (1-(3-(tert-butyl)-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-1-yl)urea); DS-5010; famitinib (5-[2-(diethyl amino)ethyl]-2-[(Z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-3-methyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one); fedratinib (SAR 302503, TG101348) (N-(tert-butyl)-3-((5-methyl-2-((4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide); GSK3179106; GSK3352589; HG-6-63-01 ((E)-3-(2-(4-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)vinyl)-N-(4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methylbenzamide); NVP-BBT594 (5-((6-acetamidopyrimidin-4-yl)oxy)-N-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)indoline-1-carboxamide); PP2 (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(dimethylethyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine); PP242 (2-(4-amino-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-1H-indol-5-ol); quizartinib (AC220) (1-(5-(tert-butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-3-(4-(7-(2-morpholinoethoxy)benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-2-yl)phenyl)urea); semaxanib (SU5416, VEGFR2 Kinase Inhibitor III) ((Z)-3-((3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)indolin-2-one); SU4984 (3-[4-(1-formylpiperazin-4-yl)benzylidenyl]-2-indolinone); Withaferin A ((4β,5β,6β,22R)-4,27-Dihydroxy-5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione); XL-999 ((Z)-5-((1-ethylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)-3-((3-fluorophenyl)(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylene)indolin-2-one); XMD 15-44 (N-(4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methyl-3-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)benzamide); Y078-DM1 (antibody drug conjugate composed of a RET antibody (Y078) linked to a derivative of the cytotoxic agent maytansine); and Y078-DM1 (antibody drug conjugate composed of a RET antibody (Y078) linked to a derivative of the cytotoxic agent maytansine).

Further examples of RET inhibitors include: N-(2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N′-{4′-[(2″-benzamido)pyridin-4″-ylamino]phenyl}urea; 1-isopropyl-3-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine; 3-((6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-fluoro-2-methylphenol; N-(5-(tert-butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-2-(4-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)acetamide; N-(5-(tert-butyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-2-(3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-yloxy)phenyl)acetamide; 2-amino-6-{[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]sulfanyl}-4-(3-thienyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile; and 3-arylureidobenzylidene-indolin-2-ones.

Yet other therapeutic agents include RET inhibitors such as those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,504,509; 8,012,966; 8,299,057; 8,399,442; 8,067,434; 8,629,135; 8,895,744; 8,937,071; 9,006,256; and 9,035,063; U.S. Publication Nos. 2015/0272958; 2015/0238477; 2014/0121239; 20160176865; 2011/0053934; 2011/0301157; 2010/0324065; 2009/0227556; 2009/0130229; 2009/0099167; 2005/0209195; International Publication Nos. WO 2017/043550; WO 2017/026718; WO 2016/037578; WO 2016/038519; WO 2016/038552; WO 2014/184069; WO 2014/072220; WO 2012/053606; WO 2009/017838; WO 2008/031551; WO 2007/136103; WO 2007/087245; WO 2007/057399; WO 2005/051366; WO 2005/062795; and WO 2005/044835; and J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55 (10), 4872-4876, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Non-limiting examples of receptor tyrosine kinase (e.g., Trk) targeted therapeutic agents, include afatinib, cabozantinib, cetuximab, crizotinib, dabrafenib, entrectinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lestaurtinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, panitumumab, pertuzumab, sunitinib, trastuzumab, 1-((3S,4R)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(4-methyl-3-(2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)urea, AG 879, AR-772, AR-786, AR-256, AR-618, AZ-23, AZ623, DS-6051, Gö 6976, GNF-5837, GTx-186, GW 441756, LOXO-101, MGCD516, PLX7486, RXDX101, TPX-0005, and TSR-011. Additional Trk targeted therapeutic agents include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,450,322; 8,513,263; 8,933,084; 8,791,123; 8,946,226; 8,450,322; 8,299,057; and 8,912,194; U.S. Publication No. 2016/0137654; 2015/0166564; 2015/0051222; 2015/0283132; and 2015/0306086; International Publication No. WO 2010/033941; WO 2010/048314; WO 2016/077841; WO 2011/146336; WO 2011/006074; WO 2010/033941; WO 2012/158413; WO 2014078454; WO 2014078417; WO 2014078408; WO 2014078378; WO 2014078372; WO 2014078331; WO 2014078328; WO 2014078325; WO 2014078323; WO 2014078322; WO 2015175788; WO 2009/013126; WO 2013/174876; WO 2015/124697; WO 2010/058006; WO 2015/017533; WO 2015/112806; WO 2013/183578; and WO 2013/074518, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Further examples of Trk inhibitors can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,637,516, International Publication No. WO 2012/034091, U.S. Pat. No. 9,102,671, International Publication No. WO 2012/116217, U.S. Publication No. 2010/0297115, International Publication No. WO 2009/053442, U.S. Pat. No. 8,642,035, International Publication No. WO 2009092049, U.S. Pat. No. 8,691,221, International Publication No. WO2006131952, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Exemplary Trk inhibitors include GNF-4256, described in Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 75(1):131-141, 2015; and GNF-5837 (N-[3-[[2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-1H-indol-6-yl]amino]-4-methylphenyl]-N′-[2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-urea), described in ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 3(2):140-145, 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

Additional examples of Trk inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0152219, U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,989, and International Publication No. WO 2006/123113, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein. Exemplary Trk inhibitors include AZ623, described in Cancer 117(6):1321-1391, 2011; AZD6918, described in Cancer Biol. Ther. 16(3):477-483, 2015; AZ64, described in Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 70:477-486, 2012; AZ-23 ((S)-5-Chloro-N2-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-N4-(5-isopropoxy-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine), described in Mol. Cancer Ther. 8:1818-1827, 2009; and AZD7451; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A Trk inhibitor can include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,615,383; 7,384,632; 6,153,189; 6,027,927; 6,025,166; 5,910,574; 5,877,016; and 5,844,092, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Further examples of Trk inhibitors include CEP-751, described in Int. J. Cancer 72:672-679, 1997; CT327, described in Acta Derm. Venereol. 95:542-548, 2015; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2012/034095; compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,347 and International Publication No. WO 2007/022999; compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,338,417; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2016/027754; compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,242,977; compounds described in U.S. Publication No. 2016/0000783; sunitinib (N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-5-[(Z)-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide), as described in PLoS One 9:e95628, 2014; compounds described in International Publication No. WO 2011/133637; compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,637,256; compounds described in Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 24(7):731-744, 2014; compounds described in Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 19(3):305-319, 2009; (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine substituted imidazopyridazines, e.g., GNF-8625, (R)-1-(6-(6-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)-[2,4′-bipyridin]-2′-yl)piperidin-4-ol as described in ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 6(5):562-567, 2015; GTx-186 and others, as described in PLoS One 8(12):e83380, 2013; K252a ((9S-(9α,10β,12α))-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-10-(methoxycarbonyl)-9-methyl-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocin-1-one), as described in Mol. Cell Biochem. 339(1-2):201-213, 2010; 4-aminopyrazolylpyrimidines, e.g., AZ-23 (((S)-5-chloro-N2-(1-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-N4-(5-isopropoxy-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine)), as described in J. Med. Chem. 51(15):4672-4684, 2008; PHA-739358 (danusertib), as described in Mol. Cancer Ther. 6:3158, 2007; Gö 6976 (5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile), as described in J. Neurochem. 72:919-924, 1999; GW441756 ((3Z)-3-[(1-methylindol-3-yl)methylidene]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-one), as described in IJAE 115:117, 2010; milciclib (PHA-848125AC), described in J. Carcinog. 12:22, 2013; AG-879 ((2E)-3-[3,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-cyano-2-propenethioamide); altiratinib (N-(4-((2-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)pyridin-4-yl)oxy)-2,5-difluorophenyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide); cabozantinib (N-(4-((6,7-Dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide); lestaurtinib ((5S,6S,8R)-6-Hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-7,8,14,15-tetrahydro-5H-16-oxa-4b,8a,14-triaza-5,8-methanodibenzo[b,h]cycloocta[jkl]cyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-13(6H)-one); dovatinib (4-amino-5-fluoro-3-[6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]quinolin-2(1H)-one mono 2-hydroxypropanoate hydrate); sitravatinib (N-(3-fluoro-4-((2-(5-(((2-methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-yl)oxy)phenyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide); ONO-5390556; regorafenib (4-[4-({[4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide hydrate); and VSR-902A; all of the references above are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

The ability of a Trk inhibitor to act as a TrkA, TrkB, and/or Trk C inhibitor may be tested using the assays described in Examples A and B in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,263, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, signal transduction pathway inhibitors include Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway inhibitors (e.g., binimetinib, selumetinib, encorafinib, sorafenib, trametinib, and vemurafenib), PI3K-Akt-mTOR-S6K pathway inhibitors (e.g. everolimus, rapamycin, perifosine, temsirolimus), and other kinase inhibitors, such as baricitinib, brigatinib, capmatinib, danusertib, ibrutinib, milciclib, quercetin, regorafenib, ruxolitinib, semaxanib, AP32788, BLU285, BLU554, INCB39110, INCB40093, INCB50465, INCB52793, INCB54828, MGCD265, NMS-088, NMS-1286937, PF 477736 ((R)-amino-N-[5,6-dihydro-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-oxo-1Hpyrrolo[4,3,2-ef][2,3]benzodiazepin-8-yl]-cyclohexaneacetamide), PLX3397, PLX7486, PLX8394, PLX9486, PRN1008, PRN1371, RXDX103, RXDX106, RXDX108, and TG101209 (N-tert-butyl-3-(5-methyl-2-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide).

Non-limiting examples of checkpoint inhibitors include ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, pidilizumab, MPDL3208A, MEDI4736, MSB0010718C, BMS-936559, BMS-956559, BMS-935559 (MDX-1105), AMP-224, and pembrolizumab.

In some embodiments, cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are selected from arsenic trioxide, bleomycin, cabazitaxel, capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, irinotecan, lomustine, methotrexate, mitomycin C, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, temozolomide, and vincristine.

Non-limiting examples of angiogenesis-targeted therapies include aflibercept and bevacizumab.

The term “immunotherapy” refers to an agent that modulates the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can increase the expression and/or activity of a regulator of the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can decrease the expression and/or activity of a regulator of the immune system. In some embodiments, an immunotherapy can recruit and/or enhance the activity of an immune cell.

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cellular immunotherapy (e.g., adoptive T-cell therapy, dendritic cell therapy, natural killer cell therapy). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy is sipuleucel-T (APC8015; Provenge™; Plosker (2011) Drugs 71(1): 101-108). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy includes cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In some embodiments, the cellular immunotherapy is a CAR-T cell therapy. In some embodiments, the CAR-T cell therapy is tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah™).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an antibody therapy (e.g., a monoclonal antibody, a conjugated antibody). In some embodiments, the antibody therapy is bevacizumab (Mvasti™, Avastin®), trastuzumab (Herceptin®), avelumab (Bavencio®), rituximab (MabThera™, Rituxan®), edrecolomab (Panorex), daratumuab (Darzalex®), olaratumab (Lartruvo™), ofatumumab (Arzerra®), alemtuzumab (Campath®), cetuximab (Erbitux®), oregovomab, pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), dinutiximab (Unituxin®), obinutuzumab (Gazyva®), tremelimumab (CP-675,206), ramucirumab (Cyramza®), ublituximab (TG-1101), panitumumab (Vectibix®), elotuzumab (Empliciti™), avelumab (Bavencio®), necitumumab (Portrazza™), cirmtuzumab (UC-961), ibritumomab (Zevalin®), isatuximab (SAR650984), nimotuzumab, fresolimumab (GC1008), lirilumab (INN), mogamulizumab (Poteligeo®), ficlatuzumab (AV-299), denosumab (Xgeva®), ganitumab, urelumab, pidilizumab or amatuximab.

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an antibody-drug conjugate. In some embodiments, the antibody-drug conjugate is gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg™), inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1; Kadcyla®), mirvetuximab soravtansine (IMGN853) or anetumab ravtansine

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes blinatumomab (AMG103; Blincyto®) or midostaurin (Rydapt).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes a toxin. In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is denileukin diftitox (Ontak®).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cytokine therapy. In some embodiments, the cytokine therapy is an interleukin 2 (IL-2) therapy, an interferon alpha (IFNα) therapy, a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy, an interleukin 12 (IL-12) therapy, an interleukin 15 (IL-15) therapy, an interleukin 7 (IL-7) therapy or an erythropoietin-alpha (EPO) therapy. In some embodiments, the IL-2 therapy is aldesleukin (Proleukin®). In some embodiments, the IFNα therapy is IntronA® (Roferon-A®). In some embodiments, the G-CSF therapy is filgrastim (Neupogen®).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the immunotherapy includes one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is a CTLA-4 inhibitor, a PD-1 inhibitor or a PD-L1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the CTLA-4 inhibitor is ipilimumab (Yervoy®) or tremelimumab (CP-675,206). In some embodiments, the PD-1 inhibitor is pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) or nivolumab (Opdivo®). In some embodiments, the PD-L1 inhibitor is atezolizumab (Tecentriq®), avelumab (Bavencio®) or durvalumab (Imfinzi™).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is mRNA-based immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the mRNA-based immunotherapy is CV9104 (see, e.g., Rausch et al. (2014) Human Vaccin Immunother 10(11): 3146-52; and Kubler et al. (2015) J. Immunother Cancer 3:26).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy.

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is an oncolytic virus therapy. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus therapy is talimogene alherparepvec (T-VEC; Imlygic®).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a cancer vaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. In some embodiments, the HPV vaccine is Gardasil®, Gardasil9® or Cervarix®. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. In some embodiments, the HBV vaccine is Engerix-B®, Recombivax HB® or GI-13020 (Tarmogen®). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is Twinrix® or Pediarix®. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is BiovaxID®, Oncophage®, GVAX, ADXS11-001, ALVAC-CEA, PROSTVAC®, Rindopepimut®, CimaVax-EGF, lapuleucel-T (APC8024; Neuvenge™), GRNVAC1, GRNVAC2, GRN-1201, hepcortespenlisimut-L (Hepko-V5), DCVAX®, SCIB1, BMT CTN 1401, PrCa VBIR, PANVAC, ProstAtak®, DPX-Survivac, or viagenpumatucel-L (HS-110).

In some embodiments, the immunotherapy is a peptide vaccine. In some embodiments, the peptide vaccine is nelipepimut-S (E75) (NeuVax™), IMA901, or SurVaxM (SVN53-67). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is an immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine (see, e.g., Ott et al. (2017) Nature 547: 217-221; Sahin et al. (2017) Nature 547: 222-226). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is RGSH4K, or NEO-PV-01. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a DNA-based vaccine. In some embodiments, the DNA-based vaccine is a mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine (see, e.g., Kim et al. (2016) OncoImmunology 5(2): e1069940).

In some embodiments, immune-targeted agents are selected from aldesleukin, interferon alfa-2b, ipilimumab, lambrolizumab, nivolumab, prednisone, and sipuleucel-T.

Non-limiting examples of radiotherapy include radioiodide therapy, external-beam radiation, and radium 223 therapy.

Additional kinase inhibitors include those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,514,446; 7,863,289; 8,026,247; 8,501,756; 8,552,002; 8,815,901; 8,912,204; 9,260,437; 9,273,051; U.S. Publication No. US 2015/0018336; International Publication No. WO 2007/002325; WO 2007/002433; WO 2008/080001; WO 2008/079906; WO 2008/079903; WO 2008/079909; WO 2008/080015; WO 2009/007748; WO 2009/012283; WO 2009/143018; WO 2009/143024; WO 2009/014637; 2009/152083; WO 2010/111527; WO 2012/109075; WO 2014/194127; WO 2015/112806; WO 2007/110344; WO 2009/071480; WO 2009/118411; WO 2010/031816; WO 2010/145998; WO 2011/092120; WO 2012/101032; WO 2012/139930; WO 2012/143248; WO 2012/152763; WO 2013/014039; WO 2013/102059; WO 2013/050448; WO 2013/050446; WO 2014/019908; WO 2014/072220; WO 2014/184069; and WO 2016/075224 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Further examples of kinase inhibitors include those described in, for example, WO 2016/081450; WO 2016/022569; WO 2016/011141; WO 2016/011144; WO 2016/011147; WO 2015/191667; WO 2012/101029; WO 2012/113774; WO 2015/191666; WO 2015/161277; WO 2015/161274; WO 2015/108992; WO 2015/061572; WO 2015/058129; WO 2015/057873; WO 2015/017528; WO/2015/017533; WO 2014/160521; and WO 2014/011900, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Accordingly, also provided herein is a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical combination for treating cancer which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent(s) includes any one of the above listed therapies or therapeutic agents which are standards of care in cancers wherein the cancer has a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET protein, or expression or activity, or level of any of the same.

These additional therapeutic agents may be administered with one or more doses of the compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, as part of the same or separate dosage forms, via the same or different routes of administration, and/or on the same or different administration schedules according to standard pharmaceutical practice known to one skilled in the art.

Also provided herein is (i) a pharmaceutical combination for treating a cancer in a patient in need thereof, which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., any of the exemplary additional therapeutic agents described herein or known in the art), and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and of the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer; (ii) a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a combination; (iii) the use of such a combination for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer; and (iv) a commercial package or product comprising such a combination as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use; and to a method of treatment of cancer in a patient in need thereof. In one embodiment the patient is a human. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer. For example, a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

The term “pharmaceutical combination”, as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical therapy resulting from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent), are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single composition or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., chemotherapeutic agent) are formulated as separate compositions or dosages such that they may be administered to a patient in need thereof simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with variable intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two or more compounds in the body of the patient. These also apply to cocktail therapies, e.g. the administration of three or more active ingredients

Accordingly, also provided herein is a method of treating a cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical combination for treating cancer which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of cancer, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the cancer. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as separate dosages. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered as separate dosages sequentially in any order, in jointly therapeutically effective amounts, e.g. in daily or intermittently dosages. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as a combined dosage. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer. For example, a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

Also provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder mediated by RET in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder mediated by RET is a dysregulation of RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same. For example the dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same includes one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. A disease or disorder mediated by RET can include any disease, disorder or condition that is directly or indirectly linked to expression or activity of RET, including overexpression and/or abnormal activity levels. In one embodiment, the disease is cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer). In one embodiment, the cancer is any of the cancers or RET-associated cancers described herein.

Although the genetic basis of tumorigenesis may vary between different cancer types, the cellular and molecular mechanisms required for metastasis appear to be similar for all solid tumor types. During a metastatic cascade, the cancer cells lose growth inhibitory responses, undergo alterations in adhesiveness and produce enzymes that can degrade extracellular matrix components. This leads to detachment of tumor cells from the original tumor, infiltration into the circulation through newly formed vasculature, migration and extravasation of the tumor cells at favorable distant sites where they may form colonies. A number of genes have been identified as being promoters or suppressors of metastasis. For example, overexpression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its RET receptor tyrosine kinase have been correlated with cancer proliferation and metastasis. See, e.g., Zeng, Q. et al. J. Int. Med. Res . (2008) 36(4): 656-64.

Accordingly, also provided herein are methods for inhibiting, preventing, aiding in the prevention, or decreasing the symptoms of metastasis of a cancer in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Such methods can be used in the treatment of one or more of the cancers described herein. See, e.g., US Publication No. 2013/0029925; International Publication No. WO 2014/083567; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,568,998. In some embodiments, the cancer is a RET-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is used in combination with an additional therapy or another therapeutic agent, including a chemotherapeutic agent, such as a kinase inhibitor. For example, a first or second RET kinase inhibitor.

The term “metastasis” is an art known term and means the formation of an additional tumor (e.g., a solid tumor) at a site distant from a primary tumor in a subject or patient, where the additional tumor includes the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor.

Also provided are methods of decreasing the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a RET-associated cancer that include: selecting, identifying, or diagnosing a patient as having a RET-associated cancer, and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to the patient selected, identified, or diagnosed as having a RET-associated cancer. Also provided are methods of decreasing the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a RET-associated cancer that includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvent thereof to a patient having a RET-associated cancer. The decrease in the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in a patient having a RET-associated cancer can be compared to the risk of developing a metastasis or an additional metastasis in the patient prior to treatment, or as compared to a patient or a population of patients having a similar or the same RET-associated cancer that has received no treatment or a different treatment. In some embodiments, the RET-associated cancer is a RET-associated cancer having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations.

The phrase “risk of developing a metastasis” means the risk that a subject or patient having a primary tumor will develop an additional tumor (e.g., a solid tumor) at a site distant from a primary tumor in a subject or patient over a set period of time, where the additional tumor includes the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor. Methods for reducing the risk of developing a metastasis in a subject or patient having a cancer are described herein.

The phrase “risk of developing additional metastases” means the risk that a subject or patient having a primary tumor and one or more additional tumors at sites distant from the primary tumor (where the one or more additional tumors include the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor) will develop one or more further tumors distant from the primary tumor, where the further tumors include the same or similar cancer cells as the primary tumor. Methods for reducing the risk of developing additional metastasis are described herein.

As used herein, a “first RET kinase inhibitor” or “first RET inhibitor” is a RET kinase inhibitor as defined herein, but which does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. As used herein, a “second RET kinase inhibitor” or a “second RET inhibitor” is a RET kinase inhibitor as defined herein, but which does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as defined herein. When both a first and a second RET inhibitor are present in a method provided herein, the first and second RET kinase inhibitor are different.

In some embodiments, the presence of one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations in a tumor causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a first RET inhibitor. Methods useful when a RET inhibitor resistance mutation causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a first RET inhibitor are described below. For example, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and administering to the identified subject a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first RET inhibitor. Also provided are methods of treating a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations that include administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E.

For example, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first RET inhibitor, wherein the first RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first RET inhibitor, wherein the first RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 1 and/or one or more RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions of Table 2 in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first RET inhibitor, wherein the first RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation of Tables 3 or 4; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting the fusion protein KIF5B-RET in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a first RET inhibitor, wherein the first RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has the RET inhibitor resistance mutation V804M; and (d) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation.

As another example, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering a second RET inhibitor, wherein the second RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering a second RET inhibitor, wherein the second RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 1 and/or one or more RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions of Table 2 in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation of Tables 3 or 4; and (d) administering a second RET inhibitor, wherein the second RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting the fusion protein KIF5B-RET in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has the RET inhibitor resistance mutation V804M; and (d) administering a second RET inhibitor, wherein the second RET inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864, as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (e) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation.

Also, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or immunotherapy) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting a dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or the expression or activity or level of any of the same in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or immunotherapy) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting one or more fusion proteins of Table 1 and/or one or more RET kinase protein point mutations/insertions/deletions of Table 2 in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof selected from the group consisting of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation of Tables 3 or 4; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or immunotherapy) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, a second RET inhibitor selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864 is administered in step (d). In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating a RET-associated cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the method comprising (a) detecting the fusion protein KIF5B-RET in a sample from the subject; and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I selected from i) Example No. 1-20; ii) Example No. 21-40; iii) Example No. 41-49; iv) Example No. 50-70; v) Example No. 71-89; vi) Example No. 90-109; vii) Example No. 110-129; viii) Example No. 130-149; ix) Example No. 150-169; x) Example No. 170-189; xi) Example No. 190-209; xii) Example No. 210-229; xiii) Example No. 230-249; xiv) Example No. 250-259; xv) Example No. 270-289; xvi) Example No. 290-309; xvii) Example No. 310-329; xviii) Example No. 330-349; xix) Example No. 350-369; xx) Example No. 370-384; xxi) Example No. 385-394; xxii) Example No. 395-407; xxiii) Example No. 408-427; xxiii) Example No. 428-447; xxiv) Example No. 448-467; or xxvi) Example No. 468-488; xxvii) Example No. 489-509; xxviii) Example No. 510-530; xxvix) Example No. 531-551; xxx) Example No. 552-572; xxxi) Example No. 573-593; xxxii) Example No. 594-614; xxxiii) Example No. 615-635; xxxiv) Example No. 636-686; xxxv) Example No. 687-707; xxxvi) Example No. 708-728; xxxvii) Example No. 729-749; xxxviii) Example No. 750-770; xxxix) Example No. 771-791; xl) Example No. 792-812; xli) Example No. 813-819, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise (after (b)) (c) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has the RET inhibitor resistance mutation V804M; and (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (b) to the subject as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor, a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or immunotherapy) or anticancer therapy (e.g., surgery or radiation) if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, a second RET inhibitor selected from the group consisting of cabozantinib, vandetanib, alectinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, dovitinib, sunitinib, foretinib, BLU667, and BLU6864 is administered in step (d).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with the first RET inhibitor. Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: selecting a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting the identified subject for a treatment that includes a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: selecting a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations for a treatment that includes administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E.

Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer) will have a positive response to treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a decreased likelihood of having a positive response (i.e. an increased likelihood of having a negative response) to treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer) will have a positive response to treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that a subject not having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has an increased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy as compared to a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining that treatment with a first RET inhibitor as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E.

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor to the subject for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (c) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (d) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a second RET inhibitor or a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments of step (c), another RET inhibitor can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a). In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E.

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor to the subject for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (c) administering a second RET inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (d) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor step (a) to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy.

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer (e.g., a RET-associated cancer) that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor, has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (c) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy). In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments of step (b), another anticancer agent can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and (b) administering a second RET inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (c) administering additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject, the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments of (b), another anticancer agent can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor to the subject for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (c) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments of step (c), another RET inhibitor can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) administering one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor to the subject for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; and (c) selecting a second RET inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent if the subject has a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) selecting additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first RET inhibitor of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) selecting a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy) for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments of step (c), another RET inhibitor can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a first RET inhibitor has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) selecting a second RET inhibitor as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has at least one RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (c) selecting additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, when additional doses of the first RET inhibitor previously administered to the subject are selected for the subject, the method can further include selecting doses of another anticancer agent (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or immunotherapy) for the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the first RET inhibitor administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a first RET inhibitor that include: determining whether a cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and identifying a subject having a cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations, as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to the first RET inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a first RET inhibitor that include: identifying a subject having a cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations, as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to the first RET inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a first RET inhibitor that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that the subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a cancer that has some resistance to the first RET inhibitor. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a first RET inhibitor in a subject that include: determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations, has a cancer that has some resistance to the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with the first RET inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations include one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Tables 3 and 4. For example, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can include a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, a RET inhibitor resistance mutation that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a first RET inhibitor can be any of the RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 3 or 4 (e.g., a substitution at amino acid position 804, e.g., V804M, V804L, or V804E).

In some embodiments, the presence of one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations in a tumor causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Methods useful when a RET inhibitor resistance mutation causes the tumor to be more resistant to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof are described below. For example, provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and administering to the identified subject a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor). Also provided are methods of treating a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations that include administering to the subject a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor). In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy for the identified subject (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor). Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: selecting a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor) for a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor) that include: identifying a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and selecting the identified subject for a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor). Also provided are methods of selecting a subject having a cancer for a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy (e.g., a second RET kinase inhibitor) that include: selecting a subject identified as having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations for a treatment that does not include a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having a cancer will have a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that the subject having the cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a decreased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of determining the likelihood that a subject having cancer will have a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy that include: determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a decreased likelihood of having a positive response to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. Also provided are methods of predicting the efficacy of treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy in a subject having cancer that include: determining that treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy is less likely to be effective in a subject having a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering one or more doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) administering a second RET inhibitor or a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; or (d) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a) to a subject having a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent or a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of treating a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) administering a second RET inhibitor or a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent to a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; or (c) administering additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof previously administered to a subject having a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where the subject is administered additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a), the subject can also be administered another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: (a) administering one or more doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to the subject for a period of time; (b) after (a), determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and (c) selecting a second RET inhibitor or a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has a RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (d) selecting additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a) for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where additional doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can also include further selecting another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of selecting a treatment for a subject having a cancer that include: (a) determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from a subject having a cancer and previously administered one or more doses of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; (b) selecting a second RET inhibitor or a second compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as a monotherapy or in conjunction with another anticancer agent for the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that has a RET inhibitor resistance mutation; or (c) selecting additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof previously administered to the subject if the subject has a cancer cell that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation. In some embodiments, where additional doses of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of step (a) are selected for the subject, the method can also include further selecting another anticancer agent. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is any anticancer agent known in the art. For example, the additional anticancer agent is another RET inhibitor (e.g., a second RET inhibitor). In some embodiments, the additional anticancer agent is an immunotherapy. In some embodiments, another RET can be the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered in step (a).

Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that include: determining whether a cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and identifying the subject if the subject has a cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided are methods of determining a subject's risk for developing a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that include: identifying a subject having a cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations as having an increased likelihood of developing a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that includes: determining whether a cancer cell in a sample obtained from the subject has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations; and determining that the subject having the cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Also provided are methods of determining the presence of a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in a subject that include: determining that a subject having a cancer cell that has one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations has a cancer that has some resistance to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations confer increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, a RET inhibitor resistance mutation that confers increased resistance to a cancer cell or tumor to treatment with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, can be any of the RET inhibitor resistance mutations listed in Table 3 or 4.

Methods of determining the level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor to a RET inhibitor (e.g., any of the RET inhibitors described herein or known in the art) can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, the level of resistance of a cancer cell to a RET inhibitor can be assessed by determining the IC 50 of a RET inhibitor (e.g., any of the RET inhibitors described herein or known in the art) on the viability of a cancer cell. In other examples, the level of resistance of a cancer cell to a RET inhibitor can be assessed by determining the growth rate of the cancer cell in the presence of a RET inhibitor (e.g., any of the RET inhibitors described herein). In other examples, the level of resistance of a tumor to a RET inhibitor can be assessed by determining the mass or size of one or more tumors in a subject over time during treatment with a RET inhibitor (e.g., any of the RET inhibitors described herein). In other examples, the level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor to a RET inhibitor can be indirectly assessed by determining the activity of a RET kinase including one or more of the RET inhibitor resistance mutations (i.e., the same RET kinase expressed in a cancer cell or a tumor in a subject). The level of resistance of a cancer cell or tumor having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations to a RET inhibitor is relative to the level of resistance in a cancer cell or tumor that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation (e.g., a cancer cell or tumor that does not have the same RET inhibitor resistance mutations, a cancer cell or a tumor that does not have any RET inhibitor resistance mutations, or a cancer cell or a tumor that expresses a wildtype RET protein). For example, the determined level of resistance of a cancer cell or a tumor having one or more RET inhibitor resistance mutations can be greater than about 1%, greater than about 2%, greater than about 3%, greater than about 4%, greater than about 5%, greater than about 6%, greater than about 7%, greater than about 8%, greater than about 9%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 11%, greater than about 12%, greater than about 13%, greater than about 14%, greater than about 15%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 100%, greater than about 110%, greater than about 120%, greater than about 130%, greater than about 140%, greater than about 150%, greater than about 160%, greater than about 170%, greater than about 180%, greater than about 190%, greater than about 200%, greater than about 210%, greater than about 220%, greater than about 230%, greater than about 240%, greater than about 250%, greater than about 260%, greater than about 270%, greater than about 280%, greater than about 290%, or greater than about 300% of the level of resistance in a cancer cell or tumor that does not have a RET inhibitor resistance mutation (e.g., a cancer cell or tumor that does not have the same RET inhibitor resistance mutations, a cancer cell or a tumor that does not have any RET inhibitor resistance mutations, or a cancer cell or a tumor that expresses a wildtype RET protein).

RET is thought to play an important role in the development and survival of afferent nociceptors in the skin and gut. RET kinase knock-out mice lack enteric neurons and have other nervous system anomalies suggesting that a functional RET kinase protein product is necessary during development (Taraviras, S. et al., Development, 1999, 126:2785-2797). Moreover population studies of patients with Hirschsprung's disease characterized by colonic obstruction due to lack of normal colonic enervation have a higher proportion of both familial and sporadic loss of function RET mutations (Butler Tjaden N., et al., Transl. Res., 2013, 162: 1-15). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common illness affecting 10-20% of individuals in developed countries and is characterized by abnormal bowel habits, bloating and visceral hypersensitivity (Camilleri, M., N. Engl. J. Med., 2012, 367: 1626-1635). While the etiology of IBS is unknown it is thought to result from either a disorder between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, a disturbance in the gut microbiome or increased inflammation. The resulting gastrointestinal changes affect normal bowel transit resulting in either diarrhea or constipation. Furthermore in many IBS patients the sensitization of the peripheral nervous system results in visceral hypersensitivity or allodynia (Keszthelyi, D., Eur. J. Pain, 2012, 16: 1444-1454). See, e.g., U.S. Publication No. 2015/0099762.

Accordingly, provided herein are methods for treating a patient diagnosed with (or identified as having) an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) including diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant or alternating stool pattern, functional bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, unspecified functional bowel disorder, functional abdominal pain syndrome, chronic idiopathic constipation, functional esophageal disorders, functional gastroduodenal disorders, functional anorectal pain, and inflammatory bowel disease that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided herein are methods for treating a patient identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (e.g., a patient that has been identified or diagnosed as having a RET-associated irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) through the use of a regulatory agency-approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient) that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Also provided herein are methods for treating pain associated with IBS that include administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent useful for treating one or more symptoms of IBS.

Also provided are methods for treating an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising: (a) determining if the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the patient is a RET-associated IBS (e.g., using a regulatory-agency approved, e.g., FDA-approved, kit for identifying dysregulation of a RET gene, a RET kinase, or expression or activity or level of any of the same, in a patient or a biopsy sample from the patient, or by performing any of the non-limiting examples of assays described herein); and (b) if the IBS is determined to be a RET-associated IBS, administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are useful for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents or therapies effective in treating the irritable bowel syndrome that work by the same or a different mechanism of action. The at least one additional therapeutic agent may be administered with a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as part of the same or separate dosage forms, via the same or different routes of administration, and on the same or different administration schedules according to standard pharmaceutical practice known to one skilled in the art.

Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) include probiotics, fiber supplements (e.g., psyllium , methylcellulose), anti-diarrheal medications (e.g., loperamide), bile acid binders (e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam), anticholinergic and antispasmodic medications (e.g., hyoscyamine, dicyclomine), antidepressant medications (e.g., tricyclic antidepressant such as imipramine or notriptyline or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (S SRI) such as fluoxetine or paroxetine), antibiotics (e.g., rifaximin), alosetron, and lubiprostone.

Accordingly, also provided herein are methods of treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical combination for treating IBS which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) an additional therapeutic agent, and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of IBS, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the IBS. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as separate dosages. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered as separate dosages sequentially in any order, in jointly therapeutically effective amounts, e.g. in daily or intermittently dosages. In one embodiment, compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and the additional therapeutic agent are administered simultaneously as a combined dosage.

Also provided herein is (i) a pharmaceutical combination for treating irritable bowel syndrome in a patient in need thereof, which comprises (a) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, (b) at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., any of the exemplary additional therapeutic agents described herein for treating irritable bowel syndrome or known in the art), and (c) optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for simultaneous, separate or sequential use for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, wherein the amounts of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and of the additional therapeutic agent are together effective in treating the irritable bowel syndrome; (ii) a pharmaceutical composition comprising such a combination; (iii) the use of such a combination for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; and (iv) a commercial package or product comprising such a combination as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use; and to a method of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient in need thereof. In one embodiment the patient is a human.

The term “pharmaceutical combination”, as used herein, refers to a pharmaceutical therapy resulting from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., an agent effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome), are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single composition or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and at least one additional therapeutic agent (e.g., an agent effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome) are formulated as separate compositions or dosages, such that they may be administered to a patient in need thereof simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with variable intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two or more compounds in the body of the patient. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I and the additional therapeutic agent are formulated as separate unit dosage forms, wherein the separate dosages forms are suitable for either sequential or simultaneous administration. These also apply to cocktail therapies, e.g. the administration of three or more active ingredients.

In some embodiments, a compound provided herein can be used as an agent for supportive care for a patient undergoing cancer treatment. For example, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, can be useful to reduce one or more symptoms associated with treatment with one or more cancer therapies such as diarrheal or constipations complications and/or abdominal pain. See, for example, U.S. Publication No. 2015/0099762 and Hoffman, J. M. et al. Gastroenterology (2012) 142:844-854. Accordingly, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or composition provided herein can be administered to a patient to address one or more complications associated with cancer treatment (e.g., gastrointestinal complications such as diarrhea, constipation, or abdominal pain).

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, can be administered to a patient undergoing cancer treatment (e.g., a patient experiencing an adverse event associated with cancer treatment such as an immune-related adverse event or a gastrointestinal complication including diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain). For example, a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be used in the treatment of colitis or IBS associated with administration of a checkpoint inhibitor; see, e.g., Postow, M. A. et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015) 33: 1974-1982. In some such embodiments, a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be formulated to exhibit low bioavailability and/or be targeted for delivery in the gastrointestinal tract. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,152.

Also provided is a method for inhibiting RET kinase activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula I. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vitro. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vivo. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vivo, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a subject having a cell having RET kinase activity. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In one embodiment, the cancer cell is any cancer as described herein. In some embodiments, the cancer cell is a RET-associated cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a gastrointestinal cell.

Also provided is a method for inhibiting RET kinase activity in a mammalian cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula I. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vitro. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vivo. In one embodiment, the contacting is in vivo, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to a mammal having a cell having RET kinase activity. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a mammalian cancer cell. In one embodiment, the mammalian cancer cell is any cancer as described herein. In some embodiments, the mammalian cancer cell is a RET-associated cancer cell. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a gastrointestinal cell.

As used herein, the term “contacting” refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, “contacting” a RET kinase with a compound provided herein includes the administration of a compound provided herein to an individual or patient, such as a human, having a RET kinase, as well as, for example, introducing a compound provided herein into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing the RET kinase.

Also provided herein is a method of inhibiting cell proliferation, in vitro or in vivo, the method comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as defined herein

The phrase “effective amount” means an amount of compound that, when administered to a patient in need of such treatment, is sufficient to (i) treat a RET kinase-associated disease or disorder, (ii) attenuate, ameliorate, or eliminate one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) delay the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein. The amount of a compound of Formula I that will correspond to such an amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight) of the patient in need of treatment, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by one skilled in the art.

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of Formula I can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Oral administration can include a dosage form formulated for once-daily or twice-daily (BID) administration. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable

Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. In making the compositions provided herein, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. In one embodiment, the composition is formulated for oral administration. In one embodiment, the composition is formulated as a tablet or capsule.

The compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1,000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 mg to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other patients, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material (i.e., a compound for Formula I as provided herein) calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 5 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about 15 mg, about 15 mg to about 20 mg, about 20 mg to about 25 mg, about 25 mg to about 30 mg, about 30 mg to about 35 mg, about 35 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, or about 45 mg to about 50 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 200 mg, about 200 mg to about 250 mg, about 250 mg to about 300 mg, about 350 mg to about 400 mg, or about 450 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein contain from about 500 mg to about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing about 500 mg to about 550 mg, about 550 mg to about 600 mg, about 600 mg to about 650 mg, about 650 mg to about 700 mg, about 700 mg to about 750 mg, about 750 mg to about 800 mg, about 800 mg to about 850 mg, about 850 mg to about 900 mg, about 900 mg to about 950 mg, or about 950 mg to about 1,000 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be administered in an amount ranging from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the compound provided herein can be administered in an amount of about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg to about 45 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg to about 60 mg/kg, or about 40 mg/kg to about 70 mg/kg. For example, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg, about 90 mg/kg, about 95 mg/kg, or about 100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, such administration can be once-daily or twice-daily (BID) administration.

The active compound may be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

Provided herein are pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment of RET-associated diseases or disorders, such as cancer or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

One skilled in the art will recognize that, both in vivo and in vitro trials using suitable, known and generally accepted cell and/or animal models are predictive of the ability of a test compound to treat or prevent a given disorder.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that human clinical trials including first-in-human, dose ranging and efficacy trials, in healthy patients and/or those suffering from a given disorder, may be completed according to methods well known in the clinical and medical arts.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

RET Enzyme Assay

Compounds of Formula I were screened for their ability to inhibit wildtype and V804M mutant RET kinase using CisBio's HTRF® KinEASE™-TK assay technology. Briefly, N-terminal GST tagged recombinant human RET cytoplasmic domain (aa 658-end) from Eurofins (0.25 nM RET; Catalog No. 14-570M) or N-terminal GST tagged recombinant human V804M mutant RET cytoplasmic domain (aa 658-end) from Millipore (0.25 nM enzyme; Catalog No. 14-760) was incubated with 250 nM TK-substrate biotin (CisBio, part of Catalog No. 62TK0PEC) and 1 mM ATP along with test compound in a buffer consisting of 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.01% Triton X-100, and 2% DMSO in a volume of 8 μL. Compounds were typically prepared in a threefold serial dilution in DMSO and added to the assay to give the appropriate final concentration. After a 30-minute incubation at 22° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 8 μL of quench solution containing 31.25 nM Sa-XL665 and 1× TK-ab-Cryptate in HTRF detection buffer (all from CisBio, part of Cat. No. 62TK0PEC). After a 1 hour incubation at 22° C., the extent of reaction was determined using a PerkinElmer EnVision multimode plate reader via HTRF dual wavelength detection, and the percent of control (POC) was calculated using a ratiometric emission factor. 100 POC was determined using no test compounds and 0 POC was determined using pre-quenched control reactions. The POC values were fit to a 4 parameter logistic curve, and the IC 50 is defined as the concentration of inhibitor at which the POC equals 50 for the fitted curve. The IC 50 values for the compounds tested in this assay are provided in Table 5.

RET Cell Assay

The cellular potency of a compound inhibiting RET kinase was determined in HEK-293 cells expressing a Kif5b-RET fusion protein. Briefly, HEK-293 cells expressing a Kif5b-RET fusion protein were plated at 50K cells/well in 96 well poly-D-Lysine coated plates the day prior to the assay. The cells were incubated for 1 hour with test compound in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) at a final DMSO concentration of 0.5%. Compounds were typically prepared in a three fold serial dilution in DMSO and added to the assay to give the appropriate final concentration. After 1 hour the media was removed, the cells were fixed with 3.8% formaldehyde for 20 min, washed with PBS, and permeabilized for 10 min with 100% methanol. The plates were then washed with PBS-0.05% Tween20, and blocked with LI-COR Blocking solution (LI-COR catalog #927-40000) for 1 hour. Plates were washed with PBS-0.05% Tween20, then incubated with anti-phospho-RET(Tyr1062) (Santa Cruz catalog #sc-20252-R) antibody and anti-GAPDH (Millipore catalog # MAB374) antibody for 2 hours. The plates were washed with PBS-0.05% Tween20, and incubated with anti-rabbit 680 (Molecular Probes catalog No. A21109) and anti-mouse 800 (LI-COR catalog No. 926-32210) secondary antibodies for 1 hour. All antibodies were diluted in LI-COR Block containing 0.05% Tween. The plates were washed with PBS-0.05% Tween20, 100 μL PBS was added to each well, and the plates were read on a LI-COR Aerius fluorescent plate reader. The phospho-RET signal was normalized to the GAPDH signal. 100 POC (percent of control) was determined using no test compounds and 0 POC was determined using 1 μM of a control inhibitor. The POC values were fit to a 4 parameter logistic curve. The IC 50 value is the point where the curve crosses 50 POC. The IC 50 values for the compounds tested in this assay are provided in Table 5.

RET G810R Mutant Assay

The potency of a compound inhibiting G810R mutant RET kinase was determined using CisBio's HTRF Kinease-TK assay technology. The assays contained G810R mutant RET produced at Array Biopharma, Inc. (1 nM enzyme—p1982 Lot. No. 160713. The kinase was incubated with 250 nM TK-substrate biotin (CisBio, part of Catalog #62TK0PEC) and 1 mM ATP along with test compound in a buffer consisting of 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.01% Triton X-100, and 2% DMSO in a volume of 8 μL. Compounds were typically prepared as a three-fold serial dilution in DMSO and added to the assay to give the appropriate final concentration. After a 60-min incubation at 22° C., the reaction was quenched by adding 8 μL of quench solution containing 31.25 nM Sa-XL665 and 1×TK-Ab-Cryptate in HTRF detection buffer (all from CisBio, part of cat #62TK0PEC). After a 1-h incubation at 22° C., the extent of reaction was determined using a PerkinElmer EnVision multimode plate reader via HTRF dual wavelength detection, and the percent of control (POC) was calculated using a ratiometric emission factor. One hundred POC was determined using no test compounds, and 0 POC was determined using pre-quenched control reactions. A 4-parameter logistic curve was fit to the POC values as a functi