Method of treatment based on polymorphisms of the KCNQ1 gene

This patent application is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 14/841,884, which was filed 1 Sep. 2015, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 14/632,914 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,157,121) filed 26 Feb. 2015, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 13/263,074 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,638) filed 5 Oct. 2011, which is a National Stage Entry under 35 USC 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/029921 filed 5 Apr. 2010, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/167,136, filed 6 Apr. 2009. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.

The sequence listing contained in the electronic file entitled “VAND-0039-US-DIV2-CON_PatentIn_Seq_ST25,” created Oct. 21, 2019, comprising 513 KB, is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

1. Technical Field

The invention relates generally to the administration of antipsychotics, and more particularly, to the administration of antipsychotics based on an individual's KCNQ1 genotype.

2. Background

Prolongation of the electrocardiographic QT interval (the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave) is referred to as long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS may comprise a genetic component. In some patients with LQTS, QT prolongation can be a chronic condition. In some persons, LQTS may be induced by the administration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient that prolongs the QT interval.

An area of focus in the evaluation of drug safety is the effect of non-cardiac medications on the QT interval. It is thought that the primary mechanism of action by which non-cardiac medications prolong the duration of the QT interval is through inhibition of the Human Ether-a-go-go related Gene (HERG) channel, a potassium channel directly involved in ventricular repolarization. QT prolongation and its relationship to torsades de pointes arrhythmia has received increased attention from regulatory authorities, resulting in warnings on the labels of some antipsychotics.

Since the QT interval changes with changes in heart rate, the QT interval is often measured as a corrected QT (QTc) interval. Any number of formulas may be employed to calculate the QTc, including, for example, the Fridericia formula (QTcF), the Bazett formula (QTcB), and the Rautaharju formula (QTp), among others.

DNA variants in potassium voltage-gated channels, such as KCNQ1, have been identified to predispose patients to drug-associated “acquired” LQTS and are considered congenital LQTS genes.

The KCNQ1 gene encodes a protein for a voltage-gated potassium channel required for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. The gene product can form heteromultimers with two other potassium channel proteins, KCNE1 and KCNE3. Mutations in the KCNQ1 gene are associated with hereditary LQTS, Romano-Ward syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, and familial atrial fibrillation. The gene is located in a region of chromosome 11 that contains a large number of contiguous genes that are abnormally imprinted in cancer and the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

KCNQ1 alpha-subunits coassemble with KCNE1 beta-subunits to form channels that conduct the slow delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) important for repolarization of the cardiac action potential. Mutations in KCNQ1 reduce IKs and cause LQTS.

Antipsychotics, both typical and atypical, have been associated with an increase in the duration of the QTc interval. A study comparing the effect of several antipsychotics on the QTc duration showed thioridazine to be associated with the highest degree of QTc prolongation, followed by ziprasidone. Quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol were also associated with a prolongation of the QTc interval. In this study, minimum increase in QTc was observed when metabolic inhibitors of the CYP450 isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of each respective drug, except for haloperidol, which resulted in a doubling of QTc with metabolic inhibition.

As has been seen with other antipsychotics, iloperidone has been observed to have some effects on QTc duration. Iloperidone is metabolized by CYP2D6. Metabolic inhibition by adding an inhibitor of CYP2D6 increases the effect of iloperidone on the QTcF duration. Methods for the administration of iloperidone based on an individual's CYP2D6 genotype are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2006039663, which is incorporated herein.

In addition to iloperidone, a number of other compounds are believed to be capable of causing QT prolongation. These include amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, and thioridazine.

Other compounds, in addition to ziprasidone, are suspected of being capable of prolonging the QT interval, although such prolongation has not been definitively established. These include alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, and voriconazole.

Individuals at risk of suffering LQTS are advised not to use still other compounds, due to the possibility that they may prolong the QT interval. These include albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, and trimipramine.

The invention provides methods for the administration of compounds capable of prolonging a QTc interval and methods for predicting whether an individual is predisposed to such QTc prolongation.

A first aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence. In some embodiments, the method further includes determining at least a portion of the patient's CYP2D6 gene sequence.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: determining at least a portion of an individual's KCNQ1 gene sequence.

A third aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising:

characterizing an expression product of the patient's KCNQ1 gene; and administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the characterized expression product.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising: characterizing an expression product of an individual's KCNQ1 gene.

The illustrative aspects of the present invention are designed to solve the problems herein described and other problems not discussed, which are discoverable by a skilled artisan.

As indicated above, the invention provides methods for the administration of antipsychotics based on an individual's KCNQ1 genotype. The sequence of wild type KCNQ1 (GenBank Accession No. AJ006345.1) is provided herein as SEQ ID NO. 1.

As noted above, a large number of compounds are known or suspected to be capable of inducing QT prolongation in some individuals, including individuals not suffering from LQTS. Such compounds may include compounds of Formula (1):

wherein:

R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl acetic acid, pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, amino, lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl, monoaklylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or unsaturated;

acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl;

aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group, R 5 , wherein each R 5 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, lower monoalkylamino, lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;

heteroaryl is is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at least one heteroatom, Q 3 , wherein each Q 3 is, independently, —O—, —S—, —N(H)—, or —C(H)═N—

W is CH 2 or CHR 8 or N—R 9 ;

R 1 is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl, nitro, or amino;

R 2 is C 2 -C 5 alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene, optionally substituted by at least one C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl group, phenyl group or

where Z 1 is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF 3 , —NO 2 , —NH 2 , or halogen;

R 3 is lower alkyl or hydrogen;

R 7 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl;

R 8 is lower alkyl;

R 9 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR 10 ;

R 10 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C 1 -C 3 acyl, aryl,

X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R 3 )—, or X 1 and X 2 are not covalently bound to each other and are, independently, —OH, ═O, —R 3 , or ═NR 3 ; lower is 1-4 carbon atoms;

m is 1, 2, or 3; and

n is 1 or 2.

The compound may further include a compound of Formula (1) wherein:

R is —C(O)CH 2 OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH 2 OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , or C(O)CH 3 ;

R 1 is halo;

X 1 and X 2 are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—;

R 2 is C 2 -C 4 alkylene or alkenylene;

R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;

X 3 is —O—; and

R is substituted as shown in Formula 1A

In a further embodiment, the compound may be iloperidone, which is also referred to as 1-[4-3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone, as shown in Formula 1B:

Iloperidone is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,364,866, 5,658,911, and 6,140,345, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Metabolites of iloperidone may also be capable of prolonging a QT interval. Metabolites of Iloperidone, e.g., 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol, as shown in Formula 10:

are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO03020707, which is also incorporated herein by reference. Other iloperidone metabolites include: 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxyphenyl]ethanone; 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-hydroxyethanone; 4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-hydroxy-α-methylbenzene methanol; 4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxyl-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-α-methylbenzenemethanol; 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl]ethanone; and 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl]ethanone. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,866 and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO9309276 and WO9511680, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The DNA variants in KCNQ1 noted above were examined for correlation with iloperidone-induced QT prolongation. These single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are shown in Table 1, below.

Individuals from an earlier study of CYP2D6 genotypes and a predisposition to QT prolongation were genotyped at each of the KCNQ1 SNPs above. 22 individuals had been given a dose of 8 mg of iloperidone b.i.d., 30 had been given 12 mg b.i.d., and 22 had been given 24 mg q.d.

Results for the position 79764 SNP are shown below in Tables 2 and 3. As can be seen, individuals homozygous for the C>G polymorphism showed a significantly greater increase in QTc interval following the administration of iloperidone. In fact, the average QTc change in individuals with the GG genotype was more than twice the change in individuals with a non-GG genotype.

The results were similar when ziprasidone was administered at a dosage of 80 mg b.i.d. The QTc changes for each genotype are shown below in Tables 4 and 5.

Similar results were observed for the 286414 position SNP, the results of which are shown below in Tables 6 and 7. Individuals homozygous for the G>A polymorphism experienced average QTc increases more than double those experienced by individuals with a non-AA genotype.

The 78927 position SNP also yielded similar results, shown below in Tables 8 and 9. Again, individuals homozygous for the A>C polymorphism experienced average QTc increases more than double those experienced by individuals with a non-CC genotype.

As noted above, and as described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2006/039663, an individual's ability to metabolize iloperidone may be predicted based on his/her CYP2D6 genotype. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, with more than 70 allelic variants described so far (see http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/).

The two most common polymorphisms within the CYP2D6 gene in Caucasian populations, CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C100T, result in a “poor metabolizer” phenotype and thus higher circulating drug levels in the blood. The CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism represents a G to A transition at the junction between intron 3 and exon 4, shifting the splice junction by one base pair, resulting in frameshift and premature termination of the protein. The CYP2D6C100T polymorphism, also known as CYP2D6P34S, represents a C to T change that results in the substitution of a proline at position 34 by serine. Both of these polymorphisms have been associated with reduced enzymatic activity for different substrates.

Interestingly, a relationship was found between the KCNQ1 polymorphisms above and an individual's metabolizer status (i.e., “extensive,” “intermediate,” or “poor”), as predicted by whether the individual has one or both of the CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C 100 T polymorphisms.

Tables 10 and 11 below show CYP2D6 metabolizer status against QTcFmax change from baseline for individuals having GG and non-GG genotypes, respectively, at the KCNQ1 79764 position SNP.

As can be seen, individuals who are GG at the 79764 SNP experience greater QTc prolongation than do individuals who are non-GG. In addition, within each group, and particularly among GG individuals, CYP2D6 metabolizer status is highly predictive of the relative degree of QTc prolongation an individual will experience. Thus, an individual who is GG at the KCNQ1 79764 SNP and a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer may be administered a lower dose of iloperidone or other QT-prolonging compound, due to the individual's greater likelihood of experiencing more severe QT prolongation. Alternatively, the individual may instead be administered a compound not known or suspected of causing QT prolongation.

In order to assess the CYP2D6 component to such prolongation, QTc change was separately compared to the CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C 100 T polymorphisms. These results are shown below in Tables 12 and 13. As can be seen, individuals homozygous for the wild-type allele (G for CYP2D6G1846A and C for CYP2D6C 100 T) experienced less QT prolongation than did individuals having one or two mutant alleles (A for CYP2D6G1846A and T for CYP2D6C 100 T).

Tables 14 and 15 below show QTc changes in individuals grouped according to their KCNQ1 79764, CYP2D6G1846A, and CYP2D6C 100 T genotypes. This shows that individuals who were non-GG at KCNQ1 79764 and were homozygous for the wild-type allele at the CYP2D6 loci (i.e., GG for CYP2D6G1846A and CC for CYP2D6C 100 T) experienced the least QT prolongation. Similarly, individuals who were GG at KCNQ1 79764 and had one or two mutant alleles at the CYP2D6 loci (i.e., AG or AA at CYP2D6G1846A and CT or TT at CYP2D6C 100 T) experienced the greatest QT prolongation.

This may make it possible, for example, to manage the risk associated with the administration of compounds capable of prolonging the QTc interval. Individuals possessing only the wild-type alleles at the KCNQ1 and CYP2D6 loci may reasonably be expected to experience relatively little QTc prolongation while individuals possessing one or more mutant alleles may be expected to experience greater QTc prolongation, with the extent of prolongation increasing with an increasing number of mutant alleles. Individuals would then be administered a dosage of the compound based on his/her KCNQ1 and/or CYP2D6 genotypes or may be administered another compound instead that is not known or suspected of prolonging the QTc interval.

The data in Tables 14 and 15 also suggest that KCNQ1 polymorphisms have a greater impact on QTc prolongation than do the CYP2D6 polymorphisms. This may provide greater detail in the risk management, testing, and treatment methods above.

Additional KCNQ1 SNPs were examined for any correlation to a predisposition to QTc prolongation. Those SNPs are shown below in Table 16. SNPs useful in the practice of the invention include those listed above and in Table 16 below, and can be used singly or in any combination of two or more.

Among the SNPs shown in Table 16, a genotype of TT at SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) was shown to accurately predict a predisposition to QTc prolongation. Therefore, an individual having a genotype of TT at SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) may be predicted to be predisposed to QTc prolongation.

Table 17 below shows the results of a study of 174 individuals, each of whom was genotyped at the rs179407locus and their QT interval measured following the oral administration of 24 mg/day B.I.D. of iloperidone for a period of two weeks.

As can be seen in Table 17, an individual's KCNQ1 sequence at the SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) locus is highly predictive of whether the individual will experience QT prolongation following the administration of iloperidone. For example, using the lowest threshold of a change in QTc interval (between baseline and the end of the second week) greater than 5 milliseconds (normal QTc intervals are between 0.30 and 0.44 seconds for males and between 0.30 and 0.45 for females), 102 of those individuals with a SNP genotype (test is considered positive if genotype for SNP_A-2279707 (rs179407) is TT) associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation experienced QT prolongation while only 47 such individuals did not. Similarly, nearly seven times as many individuals (102) experiencing QT prolongation possessed a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation as did not (15). This resulted in a sensitivity (probability that the individual will have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation, given that he/she experienced QT prolongation) of 0.87 and a specificity (probability that the individual will not have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation, given that he/she did not experience QT prolongation) of 0.29, a negative predictive value (probability that the individual will not experience QT prolongation, given that he/she does not have a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 0.56, and a positive predictive value (probability that the individual will experience QT prolongation, given that he/she has a SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation) of 0.68.

The use of higher thresholds (i.e., QTs greater than 15 and 30 milliseconds) yielded markedly increased negative predictive values (0.74 and 0.94, respectively). The associated decrease in positive predictive values, from 0.68 for QTs greater than 5 milliseconds to 0.17 for QTs greater than 30 milliseconds) suggests that additional factors affect more severe QT prolongation.

As the data in Table 17 show, an individual's KCNQ1 sequence at the SNP loci above may be used to predict whether an individual is predisposed to QT prolongation due to the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval. That is, individuals having one or more SNP genotype associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation may reliably be predicted to experience a prolonged QT interval (i.e., a QT interval prolonged by at least 5 milliseconds) following the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval. Similarly, individuals not having any of the above SNP genotypes associated with a predisposition to QT prolongation may reliably be predicted to not experience severe QT prolongation (i.e., a QT interval prolonged greater than 15 milliseconds) following the administration of a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval.

Methods according to the invention may involve direct sequencing or genotyping of an individual's KCNQ1 and/or CYP2D6 genes or the characterization of expression products of the genes. For example, as noted above, the CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism results in premature termination of the CYP2D6 protein and the CYP2D6C100T polymorphism results in the substitution of a proline at position 34 by serine. Either of these polymorphisms could be determined from the resulting proteins or RNA. Accordingly, the invention includes testing genes and/or their expression products.

Thus, in addition to other illustrative embodiments, this invention can be seen to comprise one or more of the following illustrative embodiments:

1. A method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising:

determining at least a portion of the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence; and

administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the patient's KCNQ1 gene sequence.

2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is GG than if the patient's genotype is not GG.

3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is AA than if the patient's genotype is not AA.

4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1 is CC than if the patient's genotype is not CC.

5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine;

alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone;

albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, and combinations thereof.

6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein:

R is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl, lower hydroxyketone, lower alkanol, hydroxyl acetic acid, pyruvic acid, ethanediol, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, amino, lower mono or dialkylamino, nitro, lower alkyl thio, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, acylamino, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroacetyl, aminocarbonyl, monoaklylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, formyl,

alkyl is lower alkyl, branched or straight and saturated or unsaturated;

acyl is lower alkyl or lower alkyloxy bonded through a carbonyl;

aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with at least one group, R 5 , wherein each R 5 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, lower monoalkylamino, lower dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;

heteroaryl is is a five- or six-membered aryl ring having at least one heteroatom, Q 3 , wherein each Q 3 is, independently, —O—, —S—, —N(H)—, or —C(H)═N—

W is CH 2 or CHR 8 or N—R 9 ;

R 1 is —H, lower alkyl, —OH, halo, lower alkoxy, trifluormethyl, nitro, or amino;

R 2 is C 2 -C 5 alkylene, alkenylene (cis or trans), or alkynylene, optionally substituted by at least one C 1 -C 6 linear alkyl group, phenyl group or

where Z 1 is lower alkyl, —OH, lower alkoxy, —CF 3 , —NO 2 , —NH 2 , or halogen;

R 3 is lower alkyl or hydrogen;

R 7 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or acyl;

R 8 is lower alkyl;

R 9 is hydroxy, lower alkoxy, or —NHR 10 ;

R 10 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, C 1 -C 3 acyl, aryl,

X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are, independently, —O—, —S—, ═N—, or —N(R 3 )—, or X 1 and X 2 are not covalently bound to each other and are, independently, —OH, ═O, —R 3 , or ═NR 3 ; lower is 1-4 carbon atoms;

m is 1, 2, or 3; and

n is 1 or 2.

7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein

R is —C(O)CH 2 OH, —CH(OH)C(O)CH 2 OH, —C(O)OH, CH(OH)CH 3 , or C(O)CH 3 ;

R 1 is halo;

X 1 and X 2 are different and are ═O, —OH, ═N—, or —O—;

R 2 is C 2 -C 4 alkylene or alkenylene;

R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;

X 3 is —O—; and

R is substituted as shown in Formula 1A

8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the compound of Formula 1 is 1-[4-3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone, as shown in Formula 1B:

9. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the compound of Formula 1 is 1-[4-[3-[4-(6-Fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanol, as shown in Formula 10:

10. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising:

determining at least a portion of the patient's CYP2D6 gene sequence.

11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's CYP2D6G1846A genotype is AA or GA than if the patient's genotype is GG.

12. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the quantity of the compound administered is less if the patient's CYP2D6C100T genotype is TT or CT than if the patient's genotype is CC.

13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the patient is suffering from at least one condition selected from a group consisting of: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, depression, bipolar mania/depression, cardiac arrythmia, Tourette's Syndrome, a psychotic disorder, a delusional disorder, and schizophreniform disorder.

14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the patient is suffering from at least one condition selected from a group consisting of: paranoid schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and residual schizophrenia.

15. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the patient is suffering from at least one condition selected from a group consisting of: brief psychotic disorder, a psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, a psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, and a substance-induced psychotic disorder.

16. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising:

determining at least a portion of an individual's KCNQ1 gene sequence.

17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein determining includes determining the individual's genotype at at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus selected from a group consisting of: 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1, position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1, and position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.

18. The method of embodiment 18, further comprising:

concluding that the individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval if the individual's KCNQ1 genotype includes any of the following:

GG at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1;

AA at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or

CC at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.

19. The method of embodiment 16, further comprising:

determining at least a portion of the individual's CYP2D6 gene sequence.

20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein determining includes determining whether the individual's CYP2D6 gene sequence includes the CYP2D6G1846A polymorphism.

21. The method of embodiment 19, wherein determining includes determining whether the individual's CYP2D6 gene sequence includes the CYP2D6C 100 T polymorphism.

22. A method of treating a patient with a compound capable of prolonging the QT interval, the method comprising:

characterizing an expression product of the patient's KCNQ1 gene; and

administering to the patient a quantity of the compound based on the characterized expression product.

23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the quantity of the compound is reduced if the characterized expression product corresponds to any of the following:

a GG KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1;

an AA KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or

a CC KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.

24. The method of embodiment 22, further comprising:

characterizing an expression product of the patient's CYP2D6 gene.

25. The method of embodiment 24, further comprising:

determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to a CYP2D6 polymorphism selected from a group consisting of: CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C 100 T.

26. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the compound is selected from a group consisting of:

amiodarone, arsenic trioxide, bepridil, chloroquine, chlorpromazine, cisapride, clarithromycin, disopyramide, dofetilide, domperidone, droperidol, erythromycin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, iloperidone, levomethadyl, mesoridazine, methadone, pentamidine, pimozide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol, sparfloxacin, thioridazine;

alfuzosin, amantadine, azithromycin, chloral hydrate, clozapine, dolasetron, felbamate, flecainide, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, granisetron, indapamide, isradipine, levofloxacin, lithium, moexipril, moxifloxacin, nicardipine, octreotide, ofloxacin, ondansetron, quetiapine, ranolazine, risperidone, roxithromycin, tacrolimus, tamoxifen, telithromycin, tizanidine, vardenafil, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone;

albuterol, amitriptyline, amoxapine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clomipramine, cocaine, desipramine, dexmethylphenidate, dobutamine, dopamine, doxepin, ephedrine, epinephrine, fenfluramine, fluconazole, fluoxetine, galantamine, imipramine, isoproterenol, itraconazole, ketoconazole, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, methylphenidate, mexiletine, midodrine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, ritodrine, salmeterol, sertraline, sibutramine, solifenacin, terbutaline, tolterodine, trimethoprim-sulfa, trimipramine, and metabolites, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, and combinations thereof.

27. A method of determining whether an individual is predisposed to prolongation of the QTc interval, the method comprising:

characterizing an expression product of an individual's KCNQ1 gene.

28. The method of embodiment 27, further comprising:

determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to any of the following:

a GG KCNQ1 genotype at position 79764 of reference sequence AJ006345.1;

an AA KCNQ1 genotype at position 286414 of reference sequence AJ006345.1; or

a CC KCNQ1 genotype at position 78927 of reference sequence AJ006345.1.

29. The method of embodiment 27, further comprising:

characterizing an expression product of the individual's CYP2D6 gene.

30. The method of embodiment 29, further comprising:

determining whether the characterized expression product corresponds to a CYP2D6 polymorphism selected from a group consisting of: CYP2D6G1846A and CYP2D6C 100 T.

The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.