Organic photoelectronic device and image sensor

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0081554 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Jun. 29, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

1. Field

Example embodiments provide an organic photoelectronic device and an image sensor including the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

A photoelectronic device may convert light into an electrical signal using photoelectric effects. A photoelectronic device may include a photodiode, a phototransistor, etc. A photoelectronic device may be applied to (e.g., included in) various devices, including image sensors, a solar cell, an organic light emitting diode, some combination thereof, etc.

An image sensor including a photodiode requires relatively high resolution and thus a smaller pixel. At present, a silicon photodiode is widely used. In some cases, a silicon photodiode exhibits a problem of deteriorated sensitivity because of a relatively small absorption area due to relatively small pixels. Accordingly, an organic material that is capable of replacing silicon has been researched.

An organic material has a relatively high extinction coefficient and selectively absorbs light in a particular wavelength region depending on a molecular structure, and thus may simultaneously replace a photodiode and a color filter and resultantly improve sensitivity and contribute to relatively high integration.

Example embodiments provide an organic photoelectronic device capable of increasing wavelength selectivity.

Example embodiments also provide an image sensor including the organic photoelectronic device.

Example embodiments also provide an electronic device including the image sensor.

According to example embodiments, an organic photoelectronic device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other and a light-absorption layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material, wherein at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material selectively absorbs a part of visible light, and the light-absorption layer includes a photoelectric conversion region including the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material and a doped region including at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material, and an exciton quencher.

The photoelectric conversion region may include a first photoelectric conversion region near to the first electrode and a second photoelectric conversion region near to the second electrode, and the doped region is between the first photoelectric conversion region and the second photoelectric conversion region.

The second electrode may be nearer to light incidence side than the first electrode, and a thickness of the second photoelectric conversion region may be the same as or larger than a thickness of the first photoelectric conversion region.

The exciton quencher may include a metal, a semi-metal, a metal oxide, a semi-metal oxide, an organic material, or a combination thereof.

The exciton quencher may include a hole transportable metal, a hole transportable semi-metal, a hole transportable metal oxide, a hole transportable semi-metal oxide, a hole transportable organic material, or a combination thereof.

The exciton quencher may include copper, silver, gold, aluminum, a molybdenum oxide, a tungsten oxide, a vanadium oxide, a rhenium oxide, a nickel oxide, or a combination thereof.

The exciton quencher may be included in an amount of less than or equal to about 50 volume % based on the amount of the doped region.

At least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb at least one of a wavelength of greater than or equal to about 400 nm and less than 500 nm, a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and a wavelength region of greater than about 600 nm and less than or equal to about 700 nm.

The light-absorption layer may absorb first visible light and second visible light that are different wavelength regions from each other, and the first visible light may be absorbed at maximum in the photoelectric conversion region and the second visible light may be absorbed at maximum in the doped region.

One of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb the first visible light and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb the first visible light and the second visible light.

The first visible light may be a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and the second visible light may be a wavelength of greater than or equal to about 400 nm and less than 500 nm.

External quantum efficiency of the organic photoelectronic device for the first visible light and the second visible light may satisfy Relationship Equation 1.

EQE max /EQE 450 nm ≥3.80  [Relationship Equation 1]

In Relationship Equation 1,

EQE max is external quantum efficiency of the first visible light at a maximum absorption wavelength which is measured using an incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE), and

EQE 450 nm is external quantum efficiency at 450 nm which is measured using an incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

The p-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb the first visible light and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb the first visible light and the second visible light.

The n-type light-absorbing material may be fullerene or a fullerene derivative.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be an organic material including a core structure including an electron donating moiety, a pi conjugation linking group, and an electron accepting moiety.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.

In Chemical Formula 1,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

EDG is an electron donating group,

EAG is an electron accepting group, and

R 1 , R 2 , R a , and R b are independently hydrogen or a monovalent substituent.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 A or 1B.

In Chemical Formula 1A or 1B,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered ring, a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered ring, or a condensed ring of the two or more foregoing rings,

each of Ar 1a and Ar 2a are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group,

G 1 is selected from a single bond, —(CR g R h ) n2 —, —O—, —S—, —Se—, —N═, —NR i —, —SiR j R k —, and —GeR i R m —, wherein n2 is 1 or 2, and

each of R 1a to R 3a , R a , and R b are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 6 alkoxy group, halogen, or a cyano group.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be a compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1A-1 to 1B-4.

In Chemical Formulae 1A-1 to 1B-4,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

Z 1 is O or CR c R d ,

Y 1 is N or CR e ,

Y 2 is selected from O, S, Se, Te, and C(R f )(CN),

Y 3 is O, S, Se, or Te,

Y 4 is N or NR 18a ,

Y 5 is CR 19a or C═CR 20a (CN),

each of Ar 1a and Ar 2 a are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group,

each of R 1a to R 3a , R 11a , R 12a , R 15a to R 20a , R 24a , R 25a , and R a to R f are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 6 alkoxy group, a halogen, or a cyano group,

n1 is 0 or 1,

m1 is 0 or 1, and

m2 is an integer of 0 to 4.

According to example embodiments, an image sensor includes the organic photoelectronic device.

According to example embodiments, an electronic device includes the image sensor.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments,

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the organic photoelectronic device of FIG. 1 ,

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments,

FIG. 4 is a schematic top plan view showing an organic CMOS image sensor according to example embodiments, FIG. 5 A is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the CMOS image sensor of FIG. 4 ,

FIG. 5 B is a cross-section view of a portion A of the image sensor 300 illustrated in FIG. 5 A ,

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of an organic CMOS image sensor of FIG. 4 ,

FIG. 7 is a schematic top plan view showing an organic CMOS image sensor according to example embodiments, and

FIG. 8 A is a cross-sectional view of an organic CMOS image sensor of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 B is a cross-sectional view of a portion A of the image sensor 500 illustrated in FIG. 8 A .

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an electronic device 600 according to some example embodiments,

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a solar cell according to some example embodiments,

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus according to some example embodiments, and

FIG. 12 is a view showing a sensor according to some example embodiments.

Example embodiments will hereinafter be described in detail, and may be easily performed by those who have common knowledge in the related art. However, this disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and is not to be construed as limited to the example embodiments set forth herein.

In the drawings, the thickness of layers, films, panels, regions, etc., are exaggerated for clarity. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, film, region, or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Although the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section, from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section, discussed below may be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section, without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,” “above,” “upper,” etc., may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below,” “beneath,” or “under,” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below” and “under” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. In addition, when an element is referred to as being “between” two elements, the element may be the only element between the two elements, or one or more other intervening elements may be present.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups, thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. Also, the term “exemplary” is intended to refer to an example or illustration.

When an element is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” “coupled to,” or “adjacent to,” another element, the element may be directly on, connected to, coupled to, or adjacent to, the other element, or one or more other intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” “directly coupled to,” or “immediately adjacent to,” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which example embodiments belong. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and/or this disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

In the drawings, parts having no relationship with the description are omitted for clarity of the embodiments, and the same or similar constituent elements are indicated by the same reference numerals throughout the specification.

Hereinafter, an organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments is described with reference to drawings.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the organic photoelectronic device of FIG. 1 .

Referring to FIG. 1 , an organic photoelectronic device 100 according to example embodiments includes a first electrode 10 and a second electrode 20 facing each other and a light-absorption layer 30 between the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 .

One of the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 is an anode, and the other is a cathode. At least one of the first electrode 10 and second electrode 20 may be a light-transmitting electrode, and the light-transmitting electrode may at least partially comprise, for example, a transparent conductor including an indium tin oxide (ITO) or an indium zinc oxide (IZO), or a metal thin layer of a thin monolayer or multilayer. When one of the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 is a non-light-transmitting electrode, the first electrode 10 or the second electrode 20 may at least partially comprise, for example, an opaque conductor such as aluminum (Al).

For example, the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 are light-transmitting electrodes.

The light-absorption layer 30 includes a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material and thereby absorbs light in a given or predetermined wavelength region to generate excitons and then to separate the generated excitons into holes and electrons.

At least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material selectively absorbs a part of visible light, and for example at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb light of one of a wavelength of greater than or equal to about 400 nm and less than 500 nm, a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, and a wavelength region of greater than about 600 nm and less than or equal to about 700 nm. That is, at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb one of green light, blue light, and red light.

For example, one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb one of green light, blue light, and red light, and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb two or more of green light, blue light, and red light.

For example, one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb green light, and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or red light as well as green light.

For example, one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb red light, and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or green light as well as red light.

For example, one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb blue light, and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb red light and/or green light as well as blue light.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb green light, and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or red light as well as green light.

For example, the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb green light, and the p-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or red light as well as green light.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb red light, and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or green light as well as red light.

For example, the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb red light, and the p-type light-absorbing material may absorb blue light and/or green light as well as red light.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb blue light, and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb green light and/or red light as well as blue light.

For example, the n-type light-absorbing material may selectively absorb blue light, and the p-type light-absorbing material may absorb green light and/or red light as well as blue light.

The light-absorption layer 30 includes a photoelectric conversion region that generates excitons by light in given or predetermined wavelength region absorbed by the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material, and then separates the generated excitons into holes and electrons.

The light-absorption layer 30 includes a doped region including an exciton quencher that reduces or suppresses photoelectric conversion. The doped region may be disposed inside the light-absorption layer 30 , for example, between the photoelectric conversion regions.

The doped region of the light-absorption layer 30 may include at least one of a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material on which the exciton quencher is doped. For example, the doped region of the light-absorption layer 30 may include a p-type light-absorbing material and an exciton quencher. For example, the doped region of the light-absorption layer 30 may include an n-type light-absorbing material and an exciton quencher. For example, the doped region of the light-absorption layer 30 may include a p-type light-absorbing material, an n-type light-absorbing material, and an exciton quencher. The exciton quencher may be included in an amount of less than or equal to about 50 volume %, for example about 0.1 volume % to about 50 volume %, about 1 volume % to about 40 volume %, about 5 volume % to about 40 volume % based on the doped region.

The exciton quencher is not particularly limited as long as it may reduce and/or suppress generation of excitons or reduce and/or suppress activity of excitons by removing energy from excitons, and may be, for example a metal, a semi-metal, a metal oxide, a semi-metal oxide, an organic material, or a combination thereof.

The exciton quencher may be, for example a hole transportable exciton quencher, for example a hole transportable metal, a hole transportable semi-metal, a hole transportable metal oxide, a hole transportable semi-metal oxide, a hole transportable organic material, or a combination thereof. Herein, hole transporting capability refers to characteristics to donate electrons by receiving light and to form or transport holes, and to have conduction characteristics along a HOMO energy level and to make holes be transferred easily. The hole transportable exciton quencher may have, for example a work function of greater than or equal to about 4.5 eV or a HOMO energy level of greater than or equal to about 5.0 eV, but is not limited thereto.

The exciton quencher may be, for example, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, a molybdenum oxide, a tungsten oxide, a vanadium oxide, a rhenium oxide, a nickel oxide, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

The exciton quencher may be, for example an electron transportable exciton quencher and may be, for example an electron transportable metal, an electron transportable semi-metal, an electron transportable metal oxide, an electron transportable semi-metal oxide, an electron transportable organic material, or a combination thereof. Herein, electron transporting capability refers to characteristics to accept electrons by receiving light and to have conduction characteristics along an LUMO energy level and to make electrons be transferred easily. The electron transportable exciton quencher may be, for example a material having a work function of less than about 4.5 eV or an LUMO energy level of less than or equal to about 4.5 eV, but is not limited thereto.

The exciton quencher may be, for example a manganese oxide, a titanium oxide, a zinc oxide, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

For example, referring to FIG. 2 , the light-absorption layer 30 may include a first photoelectric conversion region 30 a near to the first electrode 10 , a second photoelectric conversion region 30 b near to the second electrode 20 , and a doped region 30 c disposed between the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b . That is, the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a , the doped region 30 c , and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b may be sequentially disposed along a thickness direction of the light-absorption layer 30 .

The first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b may respectively include a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material, and the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may be mixed in a form of a bulk heterojunction. The first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b may respectively include, a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material in a volume ratio of, for example, about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 2:8 to about 8:2, about 3:7 to about 7:3, or about 4:6 to about 6:4.

The doped region 30 c may include at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material, and an exciton quencher. For example, the doped region 30 c may include a mixture of the p-type light-absorbing material and the exciton quencher. For example, the doped region 30 c may include a mixture of the n-type light-absorbing material and the exciton quencher. For example, the doped region 30 c may include a mixture of the p-type light-absorbing material, the n-type light-absorbing material, and the exciton quencher. When the doped region 30 c includes the p-type light-absorbing material, the n-type light-absorbing material, and the exciton quencher, in the doped region 30 c , a composition ratio of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material may be the same as in the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b . The exciton quencher may be included in an amount of less than or equal to about 50 volume %, for example about 0.1 volume % to about 50 volume %, about 1 volume % to about 40 volume %, about 5 volume % to about 40 volume % based on the doped region 30 c.

The doped region 30 c may have a thickness of about 1 nm to about 50 nm, for example about 5 nm to about 40 nm, or about 10 nm to about 30 nm.

A sum of thicknesses of the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b may be greater than a thickness of the doped region 30 c . The thicknesses of the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a and the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b are not particularly limited, and for example a photoelectric conversion region near to a light receiving side may have a sufficient thickness. For example, when the second electrode 20 is nearer than the first electrode 10 to a light receiving side, a thickness of the second photoelectric conversion region 30 b may be the same or greater than that of the first photoelectric conversion region 30 a.

The doped region 30 c includes the exciton quencher and thereby activity of excitons generated the p-type light-absorbing material and/or the n-type light-absorbing material in the doped region 30 c may be reduced and/or suppressed to reduce photoelectric conversion efficiency of absorbed light in the doped region 30 c.

The light-absorption layer 30 may mainly absorb light in different wavelength regions depending on a position, for example, along the thickness direction. For example, green light may be mainly absorbed in a near region to the incident side of the light-absorption layer 30 , and blue light may be mainly absorbed in a middle region of the light-absorption layer 30 .

In example embodiments, considering that a light-absorbing region of the light-absorption layer 30 varies depending on a visible ray wavelength region, the doped region 30 c including an exciton quencher may be formed in a region mainly absorbing light of an undesired region to decrease photoelectric conversion efficiency in the undesired wavelength region and thus increase wavelength selectivity of an organic photoelectronic device.

For example, when the light-absorption layer 30 mainly absorbs green light of an about 500 nm to about 600 nm wavelength region, which is a desired wavelength region, the light of the about 500 nm to about 600 nm wavelength region is absorbed at most in the first and second photoelectric conversions region 30 a and 30 b , and light of the other wavelength regions may be absorbed at most in the doped region 30 c.

Specifically, external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the organic photoelectronic device 100 may be proportional to absorbance and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the light-absorption layer 30 , and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) may be classified into charge separation efficiency (CS) and charge collection efficiency (CC).

In example embodiments, absorbance and charge separation efficiency of light of a desired wavelength region may be secured by including a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material in a composition ratio capable of exerting an optimal efficiency in a region absorbing the light of the desired wavelength region, and simultaneously, charge separation efficiency of light of an undesired wavelength region may be decreased by forming the doped region 30 c where an exciton quencher is doped in a region absorbing the light of the undesired region. Accordingly, external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the light of the desired wavelength region may be secured, and simultaneously, wavelength selectivity of the light of the undesired wavelength region may be increased.

On the other hand, the exciton quencher may have charge transfer characteristics like the hole transportable exciton quencher or an electron transportable exciton quencher as described above. Accordingly, the exciton quencher may increase mobility of holes separated from the first and second photoelectric conversion regions 30 a and 30 b toward an anode, either one of the first electrode 10 and second electrode 20 , while the holes are passing the doped region 30 c and also, mobility of electrons separated from the first and second photoelectric conversion regions 30 a and 30 b toward a cathode, either one of the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 , while the electrons are passing the doped region 30 c . In particular, when the exciton quencher is a hole transportable exciton quencher, mobility between the electrons and the holes in the light-absorption layer 30 may be balanced by increasing mobility of the holes generally having lower mobility than electrons.

Accordingly, the organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments may realize relatively high efficiency by increasing charge mobility as well as wavelength selectivity.

For example, the wavelength selectivity may be for example calculated as an external quantum efficiency (EQE) ratio of light of a desired wavelength region and light of an undesired wavelength region. For example, when the light-absorption layer 30 is a green light-absorption layer that mainly absorbs light in a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material selectively absorbs first visible light in a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and the other of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material absorbs second visible light in a wavelength region of greater than or equal to about 400 nm and less than about 500 nm as well as the first visible light in a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm, external quantum efficiency of the organic photoelectronic device for the first visible light and the second visible light may satisfy Relationship Equation 1.

EQE max /EQE 450 nm ≥3.80  [Relationship Equation 1]

In Relationship Equation 1,

EQE max is external quantum efficiency of the first visible light at a maximum absorption wavelength which is measured using an incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE), and

EQE 450 nm is external quantum efficiency at 450 nm which is measured using an incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

For example, within the range, for example it may satisfy Relationship Equation 1a.

EQE max /EQE 450 bm ≥3.85  [Relationship Equation 1a]

For example, within the range, for example it may satisfy Relationship Equation 1b.

EQE max /EQE 450 nm ≥4.00  [Relationship Equation 1 b]

For example, wavelength selectivity may be expressed as a full width at half maximum (FWHM). The full width at half maximum (FWHM) refers to a width of a wavelength corresponding to half of a maximum absorption point in a light absorption curve depending on a wavelength, and may be for example defined by absorbance measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The light-absorption layer 30 may have, for example a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than about 110 nm, for example less than or equal to about 105 nm or less than or equal to about 100 nm.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material of the light-absorption layer 30 may selectively absorb the first visible light in a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and the n-type light-absorbing material may absorb the first visible light in a wavelength region of about 500 nm to about 600 nm and the second visible light in a wavelength region of greater than or equal to about 400 nm and less than about 500 nm.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material of the light-absorption layer 30 may be, for example quinacridone or a derivative thereof, sub-phthalocyanine or a derivative thereof and the n-type light-absorbing material may be fullerene or a fullerene derivative.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material of the light-absorption layer 30 is for example an organic material having a core structure including an electron donating moiety, a pi conjugation linking group, and an electron accepting moiety, and the n-type light-absorbing material may be fullerene or a fullerene derivative.

For example, the p-type light-absorbing material of the light-absorption layer 30 may be, for example a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.

In Chemical Formula 1,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

EDG is an electron donating group,

EAG is an electron accepting group, and

R 1 , R 2 , R a , and R b are independently hydrogen or a monovalent substituent.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be, for example a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1A or 1B.

In Chemical Formula 1A or 1B,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered ring, a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered ring, or a condensed ring of the two or more foregoing rings,

Ar 1a and Ar 2a are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group,

G 1 is selected from a single bond, —(CR g R h ) n2 —, —O—, —S—, —Se—, —N═, —NR i —, —SiR j R k —, and —GeR l R m —, wherein n2 is 1 or 2, and

each of R 1a to R 3a , R a , and R b are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 6 alkoxy group, halogen, or a cyano group.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be, for example a compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1A-1 to 1A-4.

In Chemical Formulae 1A-1 to 1A-4,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

Z 1 is O or CR c R d ,

Y 1 is N or CR e ,

Y 2 is selected from O, S, Se, Te, and C(R f )(CN),

Y 3 is O, S, Se, or Te,

Y 4 is N or NR 18a ,

Y 5 is CR 19a or C═CR 20a (CN),

each of Ar 1a and Ar 2a are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group,

each of R 1a to R 3a , R 11a , R 12a , R 15a to R 20a , R 24a , R 25a , and R a to R f are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 6 alkoxy group, a halogen, or a cyano group, and

n1 is 0 or 1, m1 is 0 or 1, and m2 is an integer of 0 to 4.

The compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1 A-1 to 1A-4 may be, for example compounds of Group 1, but is not limited thereto.

The p-type light-absorbing material may be, for example a compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1B-1 to 1B-4.

In Chemical Formulae 1B-1 to 1B-4,

X is Se, Te, SO, SO 2 , or SiR a R b ,

Z 1 is O or CR c R d ,

Y 1 is N or CR e ,

Y 2 is selected from O, S, Se, Te, and C(R f )(CN),

Y 3 is O, S, Se, or Te,

Y 4 is N or NR 18a ,

Y 5 is CR 19a or C═CR 20a (CN),

Ar 1a and Ar 2a are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group,

G 1 is selected from a single bond, —(CR g R h ) n2 —, —O—, —S—, —Se—, —N═, —NR i —, —SiR j R k —, and —GeR l R m —, wherein n2 is 1 or 2,

R 1a to R 3a , R 11a , R 12a , R 15a to R 20a , R 24a , R 25a , and R a to R m are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 6 alkoxy group, a halogen, or a cyano group,

n1 is 0 or 1, n2 is 0, 1 or 2, m1 is 0 or 1, and m2 is an integer of 0 to 4.

The compound represented by one of Chemical Formulae 1B-1 to 1B-4 may be, for example compounds of Group 2, but is not limited thereto.

In Group 2,

hydrogen of each aromatic ring may be replaced by a substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 4 to C 30 heteroaryl group, a halogen, a cyano group, a cyano-containing group, and a combination thereof, and

each of R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 20 , and R f are independently hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 30 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ce to C 30 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 4 to C 30 heteroaryl group, halogen, a cyano group, a cyano-containing group, or a combination thereof.

The light-absorption layer 30 may be an intrinsic layer (l layer), and may further include a p-type layer and/or an n-type layer on one surface or both surfaces of the light-absorption layer 30 . For example, the organic photoelectronic device 100 may include various combinations of a p-type layer/l layer, an l layer/n-type layer, a p-type layer/l layer/n-type layer, etc., between the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 . The p-type layer may include a p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type layer may include an n-type light-absorbing material.

The light-absorption layer 30 may have a thickness of about 1 nm to about 500 nm, and specifically, about 5 nm to about 300 nm. When the light-absorption layer 30 has a thickness within the range, the light-absorption layer 30 may effectively absorb light, effectively separate holes from electrons, and deliver them, thereby effectively improving photoelectronic conversion efficiency.

The organic photoelectronic device 100 may further include an anti-reflection layer (not shown) on one surface of the first electrode 10 or the second electrode 20 .

The anti-reflection layer is disposed at an incident side and may lower reflectance of incident light and further improve light absorption. For example, when light enters the first electrode 10 , the anti-reflection layer may be disposed on one surface of the first electrode 10 , and when light enters the second electrode 20 , the anti-reflection layer may be disposed on one surface of the second electrode 20 .

The anti-reflection layer may for example include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 to about 2.5, for example, at least one of a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, and an organic material having a refractive index within the range. The anti-reflection layer may for example include a metal oxide such as an aluminum-containing oxide, a molybdenum-containing oxide, a tungsten-containing oxide, a vanadium-containing oxide, a rhenium-containing oxide, a niobium-containing oxide, a tantalum-containing oxide, a titanium-containing oxide, a nickel-containing oxide, a copper-containing oxide, a cobalt-containing oxide, a manganese-containing oxide, a chromium-containing oxide, a tellurium-containing oxide, or a combination thereof; a metal sulfide such as a zinc sulfide; or an organic material such as an amine derivative but is not limited thereto.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an organic photoelectronic device according to example embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 3 , an organic photoelectronic device 200 according to example embodiments includes a first electrode 10 and a second electrode 20 facing each other, and the light-absorption layer 30 between the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 , like the above example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 . The first electrode 10 , the second electrode 20 , and the light-absorption layer 30 are the same as described above.

However, the organic photoelectronic device 200 according to example embodiments further includes charge auxiliary layers 40 and 50 between the first electrode 10 and the light-absorption layer 30 and the second electrode 20 and the light-absorption layer 30 , unlike the above example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 . The charge auxiliary layers 40 and 50 may facilitate the transfer of holes and electrons separated from the light-absorption layer 30 , so as to increase efficiency.

The charge auxiliary layers 40 and 50 may be at least one selected from a hole injection layer (HIL) for facilitating hole injection, a hole transport layer (HTL) for facilitating hole transport, an electron blocking layer (EBL) for reducing or preventing electron transport, an electron injection layer (EIL) for facilitating electron injection, an electron transport layer (ETL) for facilitating electron transport, and a hole blocking layer (HBL) for reducing or preventing hole transport.

The charge auxiliary layers 40 and 50 may include, for example, an organic material, an inorganic material, or an organic/inorganic material. The organic material may be an organic compound having hole or electron characteristics, and the inorganic material may be, for example, a metal oxide such as a molybdenum oxide, a tungsten oxide, a nickel oxide, etc.

The hole transport layer (HTL) may include one selected from, for example, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyarylamine, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polyaniline, polypyrrole, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzidine (TPD), 4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl (α-NPD), m-MTDATA, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine (TCTA), and a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

The electron blocking layer (EBL) may include one selected from, for example, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyarylamine, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polyaniline, polypyrrole, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzidine (TPD), 4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl (α-NPD), m-MTDATA, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine (TCTA), and a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

The electron transport layer (ETL) may include one selected from, for example, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), bathocuproine (BCP), LiF, Alq 3 , Gaq 3 , Inq 3 , Znq 2 , Zn(BTZ) 2 , BeBq 2 , and a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

The hole blocking layer (HBL) may include one selected from, for example, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), bathocuproine (BCP), LiF, Alq 3 , Gaq 3 , Inq 3 , Znq 2 , Zn(BTZ) 2 , BeBq 2 , and a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.

Either one of the charge auxiliary layers 40 and 50 may be omitted.

The organic photoelectronic device may be applied to an image sensor, a photo-detector, a photo-sensor, etc., but is not limited thereto.

The organic photoelectronic device may be for example applied to an image sensor.

Hereinafter, an example of an image sensor including the organic photoelectronic device is described referring to drawings. As an example of an image sensor, an organic CMOS image sensor is illustrated.

FIG. 4 is a schematic top plan view showing an organic CMOS image sensor according to example embodiments. FIG. 5 A is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the organic CMOS image sensor of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 B is a cross-sectional view of a portion A of the image sensor 300 illustrated in FIG. 5 A .

Referring to FIGS. 4 , 5 A and 5 B , an organic CMOS image sensor 300 according to example embodiments includes a semiconductor substrate 110 integrated with photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R, a transmission transistor 90 , and a charge storage 55 , a lower insulation layer 60 , a color filter layer 70 , an upper insulation layer 80 , and an organic photoelectronic device 100 .

The semiconductor substrate 110 may be a silicon substrate, and is integrated with the photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R, the transmission transistor (not shown), and the charge storage 55 . The photo-sensing devices 50 R and 50 B may be photodiodes.

The photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R, the transmission transistor 90 , and/or the charge storage 55 may be integrated in each pixel, and as shown in the drawing, the photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R may be included in a blue pixel and a red pixel and the charge storage 55 may be included in a green pixel.

The photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R sense light, the information sensed by the photo-sensing devices may be transferred by the transmission transistor 90 , and the charge storage 55 is electrically connected with the organic photoelectronic device 100 , so the information of the charge storage 55 may be transferred by the transmission transistor 90 .

In some example embodiments, including the example embodiments shown in FIG. 5 B , a metal wire 62 and a pad 64 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 110 . In order to decrease signal delay, the metal wire 62 and pad 64 may at least partially comprise a metal having relatively low resistivity, for example, aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and alloys thereof, but is not limited thereto. In some example embodiments, the metal wire 62 and pad 64 may be positioned under the photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R.

Referring back to FIG. 5 A , the lower insulation layer 60 is formed on the metal wire 62 and the pad 64 . The lower insulation layer 60 may at least partially comprise an inorganic insulating material including a silicon oxide and/or a silicon nitride, or a low dielectric constant (low K) material including SiC, SiCOH, SiCO, and SiOF. The lower insulation layer 60 has a through-hole 85 exposing the charge storage 55 . The through-hole 85 may be filled with fillers.

A color filter layer 70 is formed on the lower insulation layer 60 . The color filter layer 70 includes a blue filter 70 B formed in the blue pixel and a red filter 70 R formed in the red pixel. In example embodiments, a green filter is not formed but may be formed if needed.

The upper insulation layer 80 is formed on the color filter layer 70 . The upper insulation layer 80 eliminates a step caused by the color filter layer 70 and smoothes the surface. The upper insulation layer 80 and lower insulation layer 60 may include a contact hole (not shown) exposing a pad, and the through-hole 85 exposing the charge storage 55 of a green pixel.

The organic photoelectronic device 100 is formed on the upper insulation layer 80 . The organic photoelectronic device 100 includes the first electrode 10 , the light-absorption layer 30 , and the second electrode 20 as described above.

The first electrode 10 and the second electrode 20 may be transparent electrodes, and the light-absorption layer 30 is the same as described above. The light-absorption layer 30 may selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region and replaces a color filter of a green pixel.

When light enters from the second electrode 20 , the light in a green wavelength region may be mainly absorbed in the light-absorption layer 30 and photoelectrically converted, while the light in the rest of the wavelength regions passes through the first electrode 10 and may be sensed in photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R.

As described above, the organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region has a stack structure, and thus the size of an image sensor may be reduced to realize a down-sized image sensor. In addition, as described above, a crosstalk due to light in other wavelength regions except green may be reduced and sensitivity of an image sensor may be increased by improving green wavelength selectivity in the light-absorption layer 30 of the organic photoelectronic device 100 .

In FIG. 5 A , the organic photoelectronic device 100 of FIG. 1 is included, but it is not limited thereto, and thus the organic photoelectronic device 200 of FIG. 3 may be applied in the same manner.

In FIGS. 4 and 5 A , a stack structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region is stacked is illustrated as an example, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The present disclosure may have a structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a blue wavelength region is stacked and a green photo-sensing device and a red photo-sensing device may be integrated in the semiconductor substrate 110 , or a structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a red wavelength region is stacked and a green photo-sensing device and a blue photo-sensing device may be integrated in the semiconductor substrate 110 .

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the organic CMOS image sensor of FIG. 4 .

The organic CMOS image sensor 400 according to example embodiments includes a semiconductor substrate 110 integrated with photo-sensing devices 50 B and 50 R, a transmission transistor (not shown), and a charge storage 55 , an upper insulation layer 80 , and an organic photoelectronic device 100 , like the above example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 A .

The organic CMOS image sensor 400 according to example embodiments includes the blue photo-sensing device 50 B and the red photo-sensing device 50 R stacked in a vertical direction and a color filter layer 70 is omitted. The blue photo-sensing device 50 B and the red photo-sensing device 50 R are electrically connected with the charge storage 55 and may be transferred by the transmission transistor 90 .

The blue photo-sensing device 50 B and the red photo-sensing device 50 R may selectively absorb light in each wavelength region according to a stack depth.

As described above, the organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region has a stack structure and the red photo-sensing device and the blue photo-sensing device are stacked and thus the size of an image sensor may be reduced to realize a down-sized image sensor. In addition, as described above, a crosstalk due to light in other wavelength regions except green may be reduced and sensitivity may be increased by improving green wavelength selectivity in the light-absorption layer 30 of the organic photoelectronic device 100 .

In FIG. 6 , the organic photoelectronic device 100 of FIG. 1 is included, but it is not limited thereto, and thus the organic photoelectronic device 200 of FIG. 3 may be applied in the same manner.

In FIG. 6 , a stack structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region is stacked is exemplarily illustrated, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The present disclosure may have a structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a blue wavelength region is stacked and a green photo-sensing device and a red photo-sensing device may be integrated in the semiconductor substrate 110 , or a structure where an organic photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a red wavelength region is stacked and a green photo-sensing device and a blue photo-sensing device may be integrated in the semiconductor substrate 110 .

FIG. 7 is a schematic top plan view showing an organic CMOS image sensor according to example embodiments, and FIG. 8 A is a cross-sectional view of an organic CMOS image sensor of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 B is a cross-sectional view of a portion A of the image sensor 500 illustrated in FIG. 8 A .

The organic CMOS image sensor 500 according to example embodiments includes a green photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region, a blue photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a blue wavelength region, and a red photoelectronic device configured to selectively absorb light in a green wavelength region, and they are stacked.

The organic CMOS image sensor 500 according to example embodiments includes a semiconductor substrate 110 , a lower insulation layer 60 , an intermediate insulation layer 70 , an upper insulation layer 80 , a first organic photoelectronic device 100 a , a second organic photoelectronic device 100 b , and a third organic photoelectronic device 100 c.

The semiconductor substrate 110 may be a silicon substrate, and is integrated with the transmission transistor 90 and the charge storages 55 a , 55 b , and 55 c.

In some example embodiments, including the example embodiments shown in FIG. 9 B , a metal wire 62 and a pad 64 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 110 , and the lower insulation layer 60 is formed on the metal wire 62 and the pad 64 .

The first organic photoelectronic device 100 a is formed on the lower insulation layer 60 .

The first organic photoelectronic device 100 a includes a first electrode 10 a and a second electrode 20 a facing each other and a light-absorption layer 30 a between the first electrode 10 a and the second electrode 20 a . One of the first electrode 10 a and the second electrode 20 a may be an anode and the other may be a cathode. The light-absorption layer 30 a may selectively absorb light in one of red, blue, and green wavelength regions. For example, the first organic photoelectronic device 100 a may be a red photoelectronic device.

The second organic photoelectronic device 100 b is formed on the intermediate insulation layer 70 .

The second organic photoelectronic device 100 b is formed on the intermediate insulation layer 70 .

The second organic photoelectronic device 100 b includes a first electrode 10 b and a second electrode 20 b facing each other and a light-absorption layer 30 b between the first electrode 10 b and the second electrode 20 b . One of the first electrode 10 b and the second electrode 20 b may be an anode and the other may be a cathode. The light-absorption layer 30 b may selectively absorb light in one of red, blue, and green wavelength regions. For example, the second organic photoelectronic device 100 b may be a blue photoelectronic device.

The upper insulation layer 80 is formed on the second organic photoelectronic device 100 b . The lower insulation layer 60 , the intermediate insulation layer 70 , and the upper insulation layer 80 have a plurality of through-holes exposing the charge storages 55 a , 55 b , and 55 c.

The third organic photoelectronic device 100 c is formed on the upper insulation layer 80 . The third organic photoelectronic device 100 c includes a first electrode 10 c and a second electrode 20 c and the light-absorption layer 30 c between the first electrode 10 c and the second electrode 20 c . One of the first electrode 10 c and the second electrode 20 c may be an anode and the other may be a cathode. The light-absorption layer 30 c may selectively absorb light in one of red, blue, and green wavelength regions. For example, the third organic photoelectronic device 100 c may be a green photoelectronic device.

At least one of the light-absorption layer 30 a of the first organic photoelectronic device 100 a , the light-absorption layer 30 b of the second organic photoelectronic device 100 b , and the light-absorption layer 30 c of the third organic photoelectronic device 100 c a photoelectric conversion region and a doped region including an exciton quencher, as described above. Specific illustration is the same as described above.

The drawing shows a structure in which the first organic photoelectronic device 100 a , the second organic photoelectronic device 100 b , and the third organic photoelectronic device 100 c are sequentially stacked, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and they may be stacked in various orders.

As described above, the first organic photoelectronic device 100 a , the second organic photoelectronic device 100 b , and the third organic photoelectronic device 100 c have a stack structure, and thus the size of an image sensor may be reduced to realize a down-sized image sensor. In addition, as described above, a crosstalk due to light in other wavelength regions except green may be reduced and sensitivity may be increased by improving green wavelength selectivity in the light-absorption layer 30 of the organic photoelectronic device 100 .

The image sensor may be applied to, for example, various electronic devices such as a mobile phone or a digital camera, but is not limited thereto.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an electronic device 600 according to some example embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 9 , the electronic device 600 includes a memory 620 , a processor 630 , an image sensor 640 , and a communication interface 650 . The image sensor 640 may include any of the image sensors illustrated and described herein, including image sensor 300 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 A- 5 B and image sensor 400 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 A- 8 B .

The electronic device 600 may be included in one or more various electronic devices, including, for example, a mobile phone, a digital camera, etc. In example embodiments, the electronic device 600 may include one or more of an image providing server, a mobile device, a computing device, an image outputting device, and an image capturing device. A mobile device may include a mobile phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), some combination thereof, etc. A computing device may include a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, some combination thereof, etc. An image outputting device may include a TV, a smart TV, some combination thereof, etc. An image capturing device may include a camera, a camcorder, some combination thereof, etc.

The memory 620 , the processor 630 , the image sensor 640 , and the communication interface 650 may communicate with one another through a bus 610 .

The communication interface 650 may communicate data from an external device using various Internet protocols. For example, the communication interface 650 may communicate sensor data generated by the image sensor 640 to an external device. The external device may include, for example, an image providing server, a display device, a mobile device including, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, and a laptop computer, a computing device including a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, and a netbook, an image outputting device including a TV and a smart TV, and an image capturing device including a camera and a camcorder.

The processor 630 may execute a program and control the electronic device 600 . A program code to be executed by the processor 630 may be stored in the memory 620 . An electronic system may be connected to an external device through an input/output device (not shown) and exchange data with the external device.

The memory 620 may store information output from the image sensor 640 , including information transmitted from the transistor 90 . The memory 620 may be a volatile or a nonvolatile memory. The memory 620 may be a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The memory may store computer-readable instructions that, when executed, cause the execution of one or more methods, functions, processes, etc. as described herein. In some example embodiments, the processor 630 may execute one or more of the computer-readable instructions stored at the memory 620 .

In some example embodiments, the electronic device may include a display panel 660 that may output an image generated based at least in part upon information output from the image sensor 640 .

In some example embodiments, element 660 may be absent from the electronic device 600 . In some example embodiments, the communication interface 650 may include a USB and/or HDMI interface. In some example embodiments, the communication interface 650 may include a wireless communication interface.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a solar cell 1100 according to some example embodiments. Referring to FIG. 10 , a solar cell 1100 includes a first electrode 1102 and a second electrode 1110 , and a photoactive layer 1106 positioned between the first electrode 1102 and the second electrode 1110 .

A substrate (not shown) may be positioned at the first electrode 1102 or the second electrode 1110 , and may include a light-transmitting material. The light-transmitting material may include, for example, an inorganic material (e.g., glass), or an organic material (e.g., polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyethersulfone, or a combination thereof).

One of the first electrode 1102 and the second electrode 1110 is an anode and the other is a cathode. At least one of the first electrode 1102 and second electrode 1110 may be a light-transmitting electrode, and light may enter toward the light-transmitting electrode. The light-transmitting electrode may be made of, for example, a conductive oxide (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), or a transparent conductor of a conductive carbon composite (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphenes). At least one of the first electrode 1102 and the second electrode 1110 may be an opaque electrode, which may be made of an opaque conductor, for example, aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and/or lithium (Li).

The photoactive layer 1106 may include an organic photoelectronic device according to some example embodiments.

First and second auxiliary layers 1104 and 1108 may be positioned between the first electrode 1102 and the photoactive layer 1106 and between the second electrode 1110 and the photoactive layer 1106 , respectively. The first and second auxiliary layers 1104 and 1108 may increase charge mobility between the first electrode 1102 and the photoactive layer 1106 and between the second electrode 1110 and the photoactive layer 1106 . The first and second auxiliary layers 1104 and 1106 may be at least one selected from, for example, an electron injection layer (EIL), an electron transport layer, a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer, and a hole blocking layer, but are not limited thereto. One or both of the first and second auxiliary layers 1104 and 1108 may be omitted.

The photoactive layer 1106 may have a tandem structure where at least two thereof are stacked.

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an organic light-emitting display apparatus 1200 according to some example embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 11 , a first electrode 1203 a and a second electrode 1203 b are positioned on a substrate 1201 , a first emission layer 1205 a is positioned on the first electrode 1203 a , and a second emission layer 1205 b is positioned under the second electrode 1203 b.

The substrate 1201 may include a material selected from the group consisting of glass, quartz, silicon, a synthetic resin, a metal, and a combination thereof. The synthetic resin may include polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyimide, polynorbornene and/or polyethersulfone (PES), etc. The metal plate may include a stainless steel foil and/or an aluminum foil, etc.

The first electrode 1203 a may include a material having a work function of about 4.3 eV to about 5.0 eV, about 4.3 eV to about 4.7 eV, or about 4.3 eV to about 4.5 eV. According to example embodiments, the material may include aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo) and/or an alloy thereof, etc. In addition, these metals may be laminated to provide a first electrode. The first electrode 1203 a may have a thickness of about 120 to about 120 nm.

The second electrode 1203 b may include a material having a work function of about 12.3 eV to about 12.7 eV or about 12.5 eV to about 12.7 eV. According to some example embodiments, the second electrode 1203 b may include Ba:Al. The second electrode 1203 b may have a thickness of about 120 to about 120 nm.

The first emission layer 1205 a and the second emission layer 1205 b may include an organic photoelectronic device according to some example embodiments.

A middle electrode 1209 is positioned between the first emission layer 1205 a and the second emission layer 1205 b . The middle electrode 1209 may include a material having a work function of about 5.0 eV to about 5.2 eV. According to some example embodiments, the material may include a conductive polymer. The conductive polymer may include polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacene, polyphenylene, polyphenylenevinylene, a derivative thereof, a copolymer thereof, or a mixture thereof.

A buffer layer 1207 may be positioned between the first emission layer 1205 a and the middle electrode 1209 , and may include a material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a polyelectrolyte, and combinations thereof. The combination thereof refers to the metal oxide and polyelectrolyte being mixed or laminated to provide a multi-layer. In addition, the different kinds of metal oxide or polyelectrolyte may be laminated.

FIG. 12 is a view showing a sensor 1300 according to some example embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 12 , a sensor 1300 (for example a gas sensor, light sensor, energy sensor, but example embodiments are not limited thereto) includes at least one electrode 1320 configured to output a signal to a processor 1330 . The processor 1330 may include a microprocessor, but example embodiments are not limited thereto. The electrode 1320 may include an organic photoelectronic device according to some example embodiments.

Hereinafter, the present disclosure is illustrated in more detail with reference to examples. However, these examples are exemplary, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

Manufacture of Organic Photoelectronic Device I