Materials with improved biocompatibility

This application is a continuation of PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/059966, filed Nov. 1, 2016, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/249,323, filed Nov. 1, 2015, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This invention was made with government support under Grants EB000244, EB000351, DE013023 and CA151884 awarded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Grant W81XWH-13-1-0215 awarded by the Department of Defense (DOD). The government has certain rights in the invention.

The Sequence Listing submitted as a text file named “MIT_17502_ST25.txt,” created on Nov. 1, 2016, and having a size of 4,941 bytes is hereby incorporated by reference pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e)(5).

This invention is in the field of materials with improved properties, e.g., biocompatibility, particularly implantable devices with reduced foreign body response and moieties that confer improved properties, e.g., biocompatibility.

The foreign body response is an immune-mediated reaction that impacts the fidelity of implanted biomedical devices (Anderson et al., Semin. Immunol. 20:86-100 (2008); Langer, Adv. Mater. 21:3235-3236 (2009); Ward, J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. Online 2:768-777 (2008); Harding & Reynolds, Trends Biotechnol. 32:140-146 (2014)). Macrophage recognition of biomaterial surfaces in these devices initiate a cascade of inflammatory events that result in the fibrous and collagenous encapsulation of these foreign materials (Anderson et al. (2008); Ward (2008); Harding & Reynolds (2014); Grainger, Nat. Biotechnol. 31:507-509 (2013); Williams, Biomaterials 29:2941-2953 (2008)). This encapsulation, over time, often leads to device failure and can result in discomfort for the recipient (Anderson et al. (2008); Harding & Reynolds (2014); Williams (2008)). These adverse outcomes emphasize the critical need for biomaterials that do not elicit foreign body responses to overcome this key challenge to long-term biomedical device function.

The foreign body response to implanted biomaterials is the culmination of inflammatory events and wound-healing processes resulting in implant encapsulation (Anderson et al. (2008)). The final pathological product of this response is fibrosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix at sites of inflammation and is a key obstacle for implantable medical devices as the cellular and collagenous deposition isolate the device from the host (Anderson et al. (2008); Wick et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 31:107-135 (2013); Wynn & Ramalingam, Nat. Med. 18:1028-1040 (2012)). This device isolation can interfere with sensing of the host environment, lead to painful tissue distortion, cut off nourishment (for implants containing living, cellular components), and ultimately lead to device failure. Materials commonly used for medical device manufacture today elicit a foreign body response that results in fibrous encapsulation of the implanted material (Langer (2009); Ward (2008); Harding & Reynolds (2014); Williams (2008); Zhang et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 31:553-556 (2013)). Overcoming the foreign body response to implanted devices could pave the way for implementing new medical advances, making the development of materials with both anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties a critical medical need (Anderson et al. (2008); Langer (2009); Harding & Reynolds (2014)).

Macrophages are a key component of material recognition and actively adhere to the surface of foreign objects (Anderson et al. (2008); Ward (2008); Grainger, Nat. Biotechnol. 31:507-509 (2013); Sussman et al., Ann. Biomed. Eng. 1-9 (2013) (doi:10.1007/s10439-013-0933-0)). Objects too large for macrophage phagocytosis initiate processes that result in the fusion of macrophages into foreign-body giant cells. These multi-nucleated bodies amplify the immune response by secreting cytokines and chemokines that result in the recruitment of fibroblasts that actively deposit matrix to isolate the foreign material (Anderson et al. (2008); Ward (2008); Rodriguez et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 89:152-159 (2009); Hetrick et al., Biomaterials 28:4571-4580 (2007)). This response has been described for materials of both natural and synthetic origins that encompass a wide range of physicochemical properties, including alginate, chitosan, dextran, collagen, hyaluronan, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), polyurethane, polyethylene, silicone rubber, Teflon, gold, titanium, silica, and alumina (Ward (2008); Ratner, J. Controlled Release 78:211-218 (2002)).

The development of implantable devices that resist host foreign body responses for protracted periods of time is important for improving the performance and safety of such devices, and remains an unmet need. Accordingly, the search for materials of clinical relevance that address the foreign body response to implantable devices, i.e., ameliorate biocompatibility, remains an area of active research.

Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide chemical compounds suitable for modifying the surface or a surface of a product to impart a beneficial effect to the product compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide chemical compounds suitable for modifying the surface or a surface of a product, where the chemically modified product has optimized biocompatibility, e.g., greater long term biocompatibility, following implantation of the product compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide chemical compounds suitable for modifying the surface or a surface of a product, where the chemically modified product elicits a lower foreign body response following implantation of the product compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a chemically modified product with improved biocompatibility and tailored physico-chemical properties, including porosity, roughness, lubricity, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity, compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a chemically modified product that elicits a lower foreign body response, compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide methods for chemically modifying the surface or a surface of a product using compounds, where the chemically modified product has improved biocompatibility compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide methods for chemically modifying the surface or a surface of a product using compounds, where the chemically modified product elicits a lower foreign body response compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide methods for treating a disorder or disease in a subject by transplanting or implanting a product modified with a compound, where the modified product has improved biocompatibility compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

It is also an object of the invention to provide methods for treating a disorder or disease in a subject by transplanting or implanting a product modified with a compound, where the modified product elicits a lower foreign body response compared to a corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification.

Products, such as devices, prostheses, and materials, having surfaces comprising moieties or compounds that impart beneficial properties to these products are disclosed. The surface-modified products have optimized properties, e.g., improved biocompatibility, compared to a corresponding product that lacks the moieties or compounds on its surface. Following implantation in a subject, the surface-modified products induce a lower foreign-body response, compared to a corresponding unmodified product.

In some embodiments, the surfaces of the products can be covalently modified using chemical compounds. In some embodiments, the chemical compounds contain hydrophobic groups. In preferred embodiments, the chemical compounds contain aryl/heteroaryl groups. In currently preferred embodiments for improving biocompatibility, the chemical compounds contain a triazole linked to a moiety or compound that can provide anti-fibrotic properties. In preferred embodiments, the moiety can be tetrahydropyran, thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide, or aniline.

In one aspect, the products described herein can be implanted or administered to a subject comprising a human or an animal including, but not limited to, a mouse, dog, cat, horse, bovine or ovine and the like, that is in need thereof, e.g., in need of alleviation or amelioration from a disorder, e.g., a recognized medical condition.

Disclosed are products, such as devices, prostheses, and materials, where the surface or a surface of the product includes one or more of the moieties or compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the product can be formed from a starting material or intermediate which includes the moiety or compound. In some embodiments, the product can be formed by covalently modifying a starting material or the surface of a starting material, intermediate, or an otherwise finished object. For example, the surface or a surface of the product can be chemically modified after formation of the product with one or more compounds. The compounds are preferably compounds that confer a beneficial effect, such as lower foreign body response and improved biocompatibility, on the product. In some embodiments, the modifying compounds can provide anti-fibrotic properties. Also disclosed are methods of chemically modifying products and methods of using the chemically modified products, such as by implantation into a subject.

In some embodiments, the compound can have a structure —X—R 1 , where

X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface; R 1 is hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 1 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ); and R 2 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 2 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein

A is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ); B, and C are, independently, absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ); and δ is an integer from, as valency permits, 0 to 30.

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

—R 3 —R b ,   Formula II

wherein

R 3 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 3 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ); and R b is absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R b organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes C can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

where a is an integer from 1 to 30, z is an integer from 0-5, n is an integer from 1 to 12, m is an integer from 3 to 16, and R a and R b are independently selected from U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ), and R b is

and

R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are, independently, hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, the compound can have a structure —X—R 1 , where

X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface; R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification, hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ); R 2 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 2 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

or —R 3 —R b ,

where a is an integer from 1 to 30, z is an integer from 0-5, n is an integer from 1 to 12, m is an integer from 3 to 16, R a is independently selected from U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ), and R b is

and

R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are, independently, hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of a, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, a can be an integer from 1 to 30, 2 to 30, 3 to 30, 4 to 30, 5 to 30, 6 to 30, 7 to 30, 8 to 30, 9 to 30, 10 to 30, 11 to 30, 12 to 30, 13 to 30, 14 to 30, 15 to 30, 16 to 30, 17 to 30, 18 to 30, 19 to 30, 20 to 30, 21 to 30, 22 to 30, 23 to 30, 24 to 30, 25 to 30, 26 to 30, 27 to 30, 28 to 30, 29 to 30, 1 to 29, 2 to 29, 3 to 29, 4 to 29, 5 to 29, 6 to 29, 7 to 29, 8 to 29, 9 to 29, 10 to 29, 11 to 29, 12 to 29, 13 to 29, 14 to 29, 15 to 29, 16 to 29, 17 to 29, 18 to 29, 19 to 29, 20 to 29, 21 to 29, 22 to 29, 23 to 29, 24 to 29, 25 to 29, 26 to 29, 27 to 29, 28 to 29, 1 to 28, 2 to 28, 3 to 28, 4 to 28, 5 to 28, 6 to 28, 7 to 28, 8 to 28, 9 to 28, 10 to 28, 11 to 28, 12 to 28, 13 to 28, 14 to 28, 15 to 28, 16 to 28, 17 to 28, 18 to 28, 19 to 28, 20 to 28, 21 to 28, 22 to 28, 23 to 28, 24 to 28, 25 to 28, 26 to 28, 27 to 28, 1 to 27, 2 to 27, 3 to 27, 4 to 27, 5 to 27, 6 to 27, 7 to 27, 8 to 27, 9 to 27, 10 to 27, 11 to 27, 12 to 27, 13 to 27, 14 to 27, 15 to 27, 16 to 27, 17 to 27, 18 to 27, 19 to 27, 20 to 27, 21 to 27, 22 to 27, 23 to 27, 24 to 27, 25 to 27, 26 to 27, 1 to 26, 2 to 26, 3 to 26, 4 to 26, 5 to 26, 6 to 26, 7 to 26, 8 to 26, 9 to 26, 10 to 26, 11 to 26, 12 to 26, 13 to 26, 14 to 26, 15 to 26, 16 to 26, 17 to 26, 18 to 26, 19 to 26, 20 to 26, 21 to 26, 22 to 26, 23 to 26, 24 to 26, 25 to 26, 1 to 25, 2 to 25, 3 to 25, 4 to 25, 5 to 25, 6 to 25, 7 to 25, 8 to 25, 9 to 25, 10 to 25, 11 to 25, 12 to 25, 13 to 25, 14 to 25, 15 to 25, 16 to 25, 17 to 25, 18 to 25, 19 to 25, 20 to 25, 21 to 25, 22 to 25, 23 to 25, 24 to 25, 1 to 24, 2 to 24, 3 to 24, 4 to 24, 5 to 24, 6 to 24, 7 to 24, 8 to 24, 9 to 24, 10 to 24, 11 to 24, 12 to 24, 13 to 24, 14 to 24, 15 to 24, 16 to 24, 17 to 24, 18 to 24, 19 to 24, 20 to 24, 21 to 24, 22 to 24, 23 to 24, 1 to 23, 2 to 23, 3 to 23, 4 to 23, 5 to 23, 6 to 23, 7 to 23, 8 to 23, 9 to 23, 10 to 23, 11 to 23, 12 to 23, 13 to 23, 14 to 23, 15 to 23, 16 to 23, 17 to 23, 18 to 23, 19 to 23, 20 to 23, 21 to 23, 22 to 23, 1 to 22, 2 to 22, 3 to 22, 4 to 22, 5 to 22, 6 to 22, 7 to 22, 8 to 22, 9 to 22, 10 to 22, 11 to 22, 12 to 22, 13 to 22, 14 to 22, 15 to 22, 16 to 22, 17 to 22, 18 to 22, 19 to 22, 20 to 22, 21 to 22, 1 to 21, 2 to 21, 3 to 21, 4 to 21, 5 to 21, 6 to 21, 7 to 21, 8 to 21, 9 to 21, 10 to 21, 11 to 21, 12 to 21, 13 to 21, 14 to 21, 15 to 21, 16 to 21, 17 to 21, 18 to 21, 19 to 21, 20 to 21, 1 to 20, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 4 to 20, 5 to 20, 6 to 20, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 9 to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 20, 12 to 20, 13 to 20, 14 to 20, 15 to 20, 16 to 20, 17 to 20, 18 to 20, 19 to 20, 1 to 19, 2 to 19, 3 to 19, 4 to 19, 5 to 19, 6 to 19, 7 to 19, 8 to 19, 9 to 19, 10 to 19, 11 to 19, 12 to 19, 13 to 19, 14 to 19, 15 to 19, 16 to 19, 17 to 19, 18 to 19, 1 to 18, 2 to 18, 3 to 18, 4 to 18, 5 to 18, 6 to 18, 7 to 18, 8 to 18, 9 to 18, 10 to 18, 11 to 18, 12 to 18, 13 to 18, 14 to 18, 15 to 18, 16 to 18, 17 to 18, 1 to 17, 2 to 17, 3 to 17, 4 to 17, 5 to 17, 6 to 17, 7 to 17, 8 to 17, 9 to 17, 10 to 17, 11 to 17, 12 to 17, 13 to 17, 14 to 17, 15 to 17, 16 to 17, 1 to 16, 2 to 16, 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 1 to 15, 2 to 15, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 1 to 14, 2 to 14, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 1 to 13, 2 to 13, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to, 0 to 11, 0 to 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.

Independently in some embodiments of a, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, a can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of a, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, a can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of a, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, a can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of m, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, m can be an integer from 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, and 3 to 4. In some embodiments, m is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16.

Independently in some embodiments of m, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, m can be an integer from 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, and 3 to 4. Independently in some embodiments of m, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, m can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of m, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, m can be an integer from 3 to 5, 4 to 5, or 3 to 4. In preferred embodiments, m is 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of n, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, n can be an integer from 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20.

Independently in some embodiments of n, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, n can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments, R 3 is —CH 2 —Ar— or —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —; R 2 is hydrogen; R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, —COOH, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, or —CH 2 —OH; and R 5 is methyl, —COCH 3 , —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 , —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 6 —CH 3 , —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 —CH(COOH)—(CH 2 ) 5 —CH 3 ,

In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen; and

R 5 is

In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen; and

R 5 is

In some embodiments, R 5 is methyl, —COCH 3 , or —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 .

In some embodiments, X is oxygen or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —CH 3 ; and R 1 is —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n —O—CH 3 , where n is an integer from 3 to 16, —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —(CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —NH—CH 3 ,

Independently in some embodiments of Formula I, X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl, wherein R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 18 in A is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5; X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 ; each R 19 is hydrogen; R 20 is alkyl or substituted alkyl; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, or S, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein δ is 1.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula I, X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl,

wherein R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 18 in A is —(CH 2 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and R 15 is bound to B;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CH 2 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency, and R 14 is bound to C;

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, p is 1 and q is 0; X b is —O—; each R 19 is hydrogen; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, or S, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein δ is 1.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula I, X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl,

wherein R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 in A are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, poly(ethylene glycol), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); k is an integer from 0 to 20; each X d is independently absent, O, or S; and R c is B;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5; X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 ; each R 19 is hydrogen; R 20 is alkyl or substituted alkyl; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein δ is 1.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula I, X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl,

wherein R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 in A are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, poly(ethylene glycol), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); k is an integer from 0 to 20; each X d is independently absent, O, or S; and R c is B;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency, and R 14 is bound to C;

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, N, or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein δ is 1.

In some embodiments, the compound is

In some embodiments, the product includes a cargo or payload, such as a biological material. For example, the biological material can be cells or tissue. In some embodiments, the cargo is disposed within an outer member (e.g. a coating or encapsulating layer) that includes compounds as described herein on its surface.

In some embodiments, the product can be a cardiac pacemaker, a catheter, a needle injection catheter, a blood clot filter, a vascular transplant, a balloon, a stent transplant, a biliary stent, an intestinal stent, a bronchial stent, an esophageal stent, a ureteral stent, an aneurysm-filling coil or other coil device, a surgical repair mesh, a transmyocardial revascularization device, a percutaneous myocardial revascularization device, a prosthesis, an organ, a vessel, an aorta, a heart valve, a tube, an organ replacement part, an implant, a fiber, a hollow fiber, a membrane, a textile, banked blood, a blood container, a titer plate, an adsorber media, a dialyzer, a connecting piece, a sensor, a valve, an endoscope, a filter, a pump chamber, or another medical device intended to have hemocompatible properties.

In some embodiments, the product includes cells or tissues encapsulated or coated with a polymer, where the surface or a surface of the polymeric product includes compounds as described herein. In some embodiments of such products:

(a) the polymer comprises polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); (b) the compound comprises the formula -A-B(—C) δ (Formula XIII), where A is Formula VIII or Formula VI, B is Formula IX, δ is 1, C is Formula VI; (c) the product is spherical or spheroidal in shape; (d)) the product has an average diameter of 1.5 mm; (e) the cell is a cell producing a recombinant product; and, optionally, (f) the product has a pore size of 0.1 to 1 μm.

In some embodiments, the product is provided as a preparation of products and the products in the preparation have one or more of the following characteristics:

(1) at least 50% of the products in the preparation have a surface with a concentration of 1 to 5% surface modifications as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); (2) at least 50% of the products in the preparation have the shape specified in (c); (3) at least 50% of the products in the preparation have a the diameter specified in (d); and (4) at least 50% of the products in the preparation have the pore size of (f).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (1) and (2).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (1) and (3).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (1) and (4).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (2) and (3).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (2) and (4).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (3) and (4).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (1), (2), and (3).

In some embodiments, the product has properties (1), (2), (3). and (4).

In some embodiments, when implanted into the subject, at least 5% of the cells are alive after 30 days.

In some embodiments, when implanted into the subject, the cells respond to an increase in blood glucose by secreting insulin.

In some embodiments, the product is singularly modified with the compound of (b).

In some embodiments, the product is encapsulated or coated with a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a compound with a structure-X—R 1 , wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface; R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl; and R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 18 in A is —(CH 2 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and R 15 is bound to B;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CH 2 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency, and R 14 is bound to C.

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, p is 1 and q is 0; X b is —O—; each R 19 is hydrogen; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, or S, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein δ is 1; and wherein the product has one or more characteristics selected from:

(a) a spherical or spheroidal shape; (b) a mean diameter between 1 mm and 4 mm; (c) a mean pore size ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm; (d) a density of chemical derivatizations between 100 and 1000 per μm 2 on the surface or a surface of the products, in the interior of the products, or both; and (e) a concentration of between 10 and 100 percent surface modifications.

In some embodiments, the product is encapsulated or coated with a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a compound with a structure-X—R 1 , wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface; R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl; and R 1 is

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein A is

R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 in A are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, poly(ethylene glycol), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); k is an integer from 0 to 20; each X d is independently absent, O, or S; and R c is B;

wherein B is

R 18 in B is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; each R d is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; w is an integer from 0 to 4; each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 , are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency, and R 14 is bound to C;

wherein C is

R 18 in C is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —; p is an integer from 0 to 5; each R 19 is hydrogen; R d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic; z is an integer from 0 to 11; wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, N, or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein δ is 1; and wherein the product has one or more characteristics selected from:

(a) a spherical or spheroidal shape; (b) a mean diameter between 1 mm and 4 mm; (c) a mean pore size ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm; (d) a density of chemical derivatizations between 100 and 1000 per μm 2 on the surface or a surface of the products, in the interior of the products, or both; and (e) a concentration of between 10 and 100 percent surface modifications.

In some embodiments, the product is multiply modified with the compound of (b) and another compound of different structure (for example, another compound as disclosed herein).

In some embodiments, the product is purified after chemical modification to remove any unreacted or partially reacted contaminants present with the chemically modified product, wherein the purified chemically modified product induces a lower foreign body response than a similar product that has not been chemically modified.

It has been discovered that certain classes of chemical compounds confer beneficial effects, such as lower foreign body response, when used to chemically modify products for implantation into the body of a subject. In tests of a range of product materials, the disclosed chemical modifications improve the in vivo performance of implantable biomedical devices through chemical surface modification of commonly and widely used materials for device manufacture.

I. Definitions

“Biocompatible,” as used herein, refers to a substance or object that performs its desired function when introduced into an organism without inducing significant inflammatory response, immunogenicity, or cytotoxicity to native cells, tissues, or organs. For example, a biocompatible product is a product that performs its desired function when introduced into an organism without inducing significant inflammatory response, immunogenicity, or cytotoxicity to native cells, tissues, or organs. Biocompatibility, as used herein, can be quantified using the in vivo biocompatibility assay described below.

In this assay, a material or product as disclosed can be considered biocompatible if it produces, in a test of biocompatibility related to immune system reaction less than 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the reaction, in the same test of biocompatibility, produced by a material or product the same as the test material or product except for a lack of the surface modification on the test material or product. Examples of useful biocompatibility tests include measuring and assessing cytotoxicity in cell culture, inflammatory response after implantation (such as by fluorescence detection of cathepsin activity), and immune system cells recruited to implant (for example, macrophages and neutrophils).

“Foreign body response” as used herein, refers to the immunological response of biological tissue to the presence of any foreign material in the tissue which can include protein adsorption, macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis.

“Contacting” as used herein in the context of coating refers to any way for coating a product, using one or more of the compounds disclosed herein, on a substrate such as a product. Contacting can include, but is not limited to, intraoperative dip-coating, spraying, wetting, immersing, dipping, painting, bonding or adhering, stepwise surface derivatization, or otherwise providing a substrate or surface with a compound. The compound can be covalently attached, non-covalently attached, or both, to the substrate or surface.

“Coating” as used herein, refers to any temporary, semi-permanent or permanent layer, covering or surface. A coating can be applied as a gas, vapor, liquid, paste, semi-solid, or solid. In addition a coating can be applied as a liquid and solidified into a hard coating. Elasticity can be engineered into coatings to accommodate pliability, e.g. swelling or shrinkage, of the substrate or surface to be coated.

“Chemical modification” and related terms, as used herein in the context of the disclosed products, refers to chemical modification of the product. Generally, such chemical modification is by direct attachment, coupling, or adherence of a compound to the surface material of the product. Preferably, the chemical modification involves modification with one or more of the disclosed compounds. Chemical modification, as defined herein in the context of the disclosed products, can be accomplished at any time and in any manner, including, for example, synthesis or production of the modified form of the product or material when the product or material is formed, addition of the chemical modification after the final product or material is formed, or at any time in between. The terms “replaced,” “replace,” “modified,” “singularly modified,” “singular modification,” “multiply modified,” “multiple modifications,” “chemically modified,” “surface modified,” “modification,” “chemical modification,” “surface modification,” “substituted,” “substitution,” “derived from,” “based on,” or “derivatized,” and similar terms, as used herein to describe a structure, do not limit the structure to one made from a specific starting material or by a particular synthetic route. Except where specifically and expressly provided to the contrary, the terms refer to a structural property, regardless of how the structure was formed, and the structure is not limited to a structure made by any specific method.

In some embodiments, where explicitly indicated, addition or application of a material, compound, or composition to a starting material or intermediate before it is made into or incorporated into the final product can be specifically excluded. Thus, for example, chemical modification of alginate or another polymer prior to the polymer being incorporated into a capsule or other structure can be, in some embodiments, specifically excluded as the manner of producing a chemical modification of the capsule or structure. As another example, coating a device, prosthesis, or other product with a material that was chemically modified prior to being applied as a coating can be, in some embodiments, specifically excluded as the manner of producing a chemical modification of the device, prosthesis, or product. However, for such embodiments where such specific exclusions are used, so long as the product was itself chemically modified, coating of or addition to the product of another material that has chemical modifications does not alter the fact that the product was chemically modified according to the meaning of the term used herein.

“Surface modification” and related terms, as used herein in the context of a product, e.g., the disclosed products, refers to chemical modification of the surface or a surface of the product. Generally, such surface modification is by direct attachment, coupling, or adherence of a compound to the surface material of the product. Preferably, the surface modification involves modification with one or more of the disclosed compounds. Surface modification, as defined herein in the context of the disclosed products, can be accomplished at any time and in any manner, including, for example, synthesis or production of the modified form of the product or material when the product or material is formed, addition of the chemical modification after the final product or material is formed, or at any time in between. Except where specifically and expressly provided to the contrary, the term “surface modification” refers to a structural property, regardless of how the structure was formed, and the structure is not limited to a structure made by any specific method.

In some embodiments, where explicitly indicated, addition or application of a material, compound, or composition to a starting material or intermediate before it is made into or incorporated into the final product can be specifically excluded. Thus, for example, chemical or surface modification of alginate or another polymer prior to the polymer being incorporated into a capsule or other structure can be, in some embodiments, specifically excluded as the manner of producing a surface modification of the capsule or structure. As another example, coating a device, prosthesis, or other product with a material that was chemically modified prior to being applied as a coating can be, in some embodiments, specifically excluded as the manner of producing a surface modification of the device, prosthesis, or product. However, for such embodiments where such specific exclusions are used, so long as the product was itself surface modified, coating of or addition to the product of another material that has chemical modifications does not alter the fact that the product was surface modified according to the meaning of the term used herein.

In some embodiments, the moieties or compounds modifying the product can be present on the surface or a surface of the product, and are not present, or are not present in a significant amount, elsewhere in the product, e.g., on internal or interior surfaces. In some embodiments, at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the moieties or compounds are present on the surface or a surface of the product. In some embodiments, the moieties or compounds are present on the exterior face of the surface or a surface of the product, and are not present, or not present in a significant amount, elsewhere in the product, e.g., on internal or interior surfaces. In some embodiments, at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the moieties or compounds are present on the external face of the surface or a surface of the product.

In some embodiments, the moieties or compounds modifying the product can be present on a portion or component of the product, and are not present, or are not present in a significant amount, elsewhere in the product. Such differences can be referred to as asymmetry of the modification or coating. In some embodiments, at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the moieties or compounds are present on the portion or component of the product. In some embodiments, the moieties or compounds are present on the exterior face of the portion or component of the product, and are not present, or not present in a significant amount, elsewhere in the product. In some embodiments, at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the moieties or compounds are present on the external face of the portion or component of the product.

“Surface,” as used herein in the context of the disclosed products, refers to the exterior or outer boundary of a product. Generally, the surface or a surface of a product corresponds to the idealized surface of a three dimensional solid that is topological homeomorphic with the product. The surface or a surface of the product can be an exterior surface or an interior surface of the product. An exterior surface forms the outermost layer of a product or device. An interior surface surrounds an inner cavity of a product or device, such as the inner cavity of a tube. As an example, both the outside surface of a tube and the inside surface of a tube are part of the surface or a surface of the tube. However, internal surfaces of the product that are not in topological communication with the exterior surface, such as a tube with closed ends, can be excluded as the surface or a surface of a product. Preferred surfaces to be chemically modified are the outside surface and surfaces that can contact immune system components. Where the product is porous or has holes in its mean (idealized or surface, the internal faces of passages and holes would not be considered part of the surface or a surface of the product if its opening on the mean surface of the product is less than 5 nm.

“Corresponding product” and “similar product,” as used herein, refers a product that has, as far as is practical or possible, the same composition, structure, and construction as a reference product. The terms “corresponding” and “similar” can be used for the same meaning with any particular or subgroup of products or other materials described herein. For example, a “similar surface modification” refers a surface modification that has, as far as is practical or possible, the same composition, structure, and construction as a reference surface modification.

“Control corresponding product” and “control similar product,” as used herein, refers a product that has, as far as is practical or possible, the same composition, structure, and construction as a reference product except for one or more specified parameters. For example, a control corresponding product that lacks the chemical modification in reference to a chemically modified product refers to a product that has, as far as is practical or possible, the same composition, structure, and construction as a reference product except for the chemical modification. Generally, a product prior to chemical modification constitutes a control corresponding product to the chemically modified form of the product. The terms “control corresponding” and “control similar” can be used for the same meaning with any particular or subgroup of products or other materials described herein. For example, a “control similar surface modification” refers a surface modification that has, as far as is practical or possible, the same composition, structure, and construction as a reference surface modification except for one or more specified parameters. Components that are “control corresponding” or “control similar” relative to a reference component are useful as controls in assays assessing the effect of independent variables.

“Preparation,” as used herein in reference to products, compounds, and other objects and components themselves (as opposed to their production or preparation), refers to a plurality of the product, compound, or other object or component, each such product, compound, or other object or component having a set of common properties and structure but also having some differences in properties or structure. For example, a preparation of capsules with capsules having the same composition, structure, and functional properties, can include, for example, capsules having a variance in shape, size, pore size, generally around a desired mean. It is not necessary that such variance be intended or purposely designed, although that is contemplated. Rather, such variance generally is a consequence of the variability in production or preparation of the products, compounds, and other objects and components (as is exemplified by production of capsules).

“Implanting,” as used herein, refers to the insertion or grafting into the body of a subject a product or material.

“Administering,” as used herein, refers to contacting a substance or product to the body of a subject. For example, administering a substance or a product includes contacting the skin of a subject and injecting or implanting a substance or product into the subject.

“Chemical compound,” as used herein, refers to an organic compound. The disclosed compounds for chemically modifying products are examples of chemical compounds.

“High,” “higher,” “increases,” “elevates,” and “elevation,” as used herein, refer to increases above a reference level, e.g., a basal level, e.g., as compared to a control. “Low,” “lower,” “reduces,” and “reduction,” as used herein, refer to decreases below a reference level, e.g., a basal level, e.g., as compared to a control. “Improved,” as used herein, refers to a change that is desirable, which may be a higher or lower value of some measure.

“Long term,” as used herein, refers to a state or situation that extends for longer than days or weeks. Preferred long term effects last several months or years.

“Monitoring” as used herein refers to any method in the art by which an activity can be measured.

“Providing,” as used herein, refers to any method, device, or means of adding a compound or molecule to something, e.g., a method or device known in the art. Examples of providing can include the use of pipettes, pipettemen, syringes, needles, tubing, guns, etc. This can be manual or automated. It can include transfection by any mean or any other means of providing nucleic acids to dishes, cells, tissue, cell-free systems and can be in vitro or in vivo.

“Preventing,” as used herein, refers to administering or applying a treatment or therapy prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of a disease or conditions so as to prevent a physical manifestation of aberrations associated with the disease or condition.

“In need of treatment,” as used herein, refers to a subject that would benefit from the treatment. In some embodiments, it comprises a judgment made by a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, or individual in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals) that a subject requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment can be made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a care giver's expertise, but that includes the knowledge that the subject is ill, or will be ill, as the result of a condition that is treatable by the compounds of the invention.

“Subject,” as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, parasites and any other organism or entity. The subject can be a vertebrate, more specifically a mammal (e.g., a human, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, non-human primate, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent), a fish, a bird or a reptile or an amphibian. The subject can be an invertebrate, more specifically an arthropod (e.g., insects and crustaceans). The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. A patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient” includes human and veterinary subjects.

“Treatment” and “treating,” as used herein, refer to the medical management of a subject with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. It is understood that treatment, while intended to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, need not actually result in the cure, ameliorization, stabilization or prevention. The effects of treatment can be measured or assessed as described herein and as known in the art as is suitable for the disease, pathological condition, or disorder involved. Such measurements and assessments can be made in qualitative and/or quantitative terms. Thus, for example, characteristics or features of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder and/or symptoms of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder can be reduced to any effect or to any amount.

A cell can be in vitro. Alternatively, a cell can be in vivo and can be found in a subject. A “cell” can be a cell from any organism including, but not limited to, a bacterium.

“Beneficial effect,” as used herein, refers to any effect that is desired. In the context of the disclosed chemically modified products, beneficial effects include lower foreign body response, improved biocompatibility, and reduced immune response or reaction.

“Independently” as used herein in the context of chemical formulae (and unless the context clearly indicates otherwise), means that each instance of the group referred to is chosen independently of the other instances of that group. For example, each instance of the group could be different from every other instance, some other instances, or no other instances of the group. Where multiple groups are referred to, “independently” means that each instance of each given group is chosen independently of the other instances of the respective group and that each of the groups are chosen independently of the other groups. For example, each instance of a first group could be different from every instance, some other instances, or no other instances of a second group (or third, or fourth, etc., group).

“Component” as used herein in the context of a product, e.g., medical products, such as medical devices, is a part of a product that is structurally integrated with that product. A component may be applied to a substrate or to the surface or a surface of a product, contained within the substance of the product, retained in the interior of the product, or any other arrangement whereby that part is an integral element of the structure of the product. As an example, the silicone covering surrounding the mechanical part of a pacemaker is a component of the pacemaker. A component may be the lumen of a product where the lumen performs some function essential to the overall function of the product. The lumen of a tissue expander port is a component of the tissue expander. A component can refer to a reservoir or a discrete area within the product specifically adapted for the delivery of a fluid to a surface of the product. A reservoir within an implantable drug delivery device is a component of that device.

The phrase “effective amount,” as used herein in the context of a coating, generally refers to the amount of the coating applied to the implant in order to provide one or more clinically measurable endpoints, such as reduced foreign body response compared to an uncoated implant, an implant coated with an unmodified coating, or another suitable control. The phrase “effective amount,” as used herein in the context of a cell, capsule, product, device, material, composition, or compound, refers to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the cell, capsule, product, device, material, composition, or compound to provide the desired result. The exact amount required may vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject; the severity of the disease that is being treated; the particular cell, capsule, product, device, material, composition, or compound used; its mode of administration; and other routine variables. An appropriate effective amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.

“Singularly modified,” as used herein, refers to a modified product that contains one or more covalently attached compounds, non-covalently attached compounds, or both, wherein substantially all of the covalently attached compounds, non-covalently attached compounds, or both are the same compound. A singularly modified device includes, for example, a modified device wherein all the modifications are carried out using Z1-Y15 (see below).

“Multiply modified,” as used herein, refers to a modified product that contains one or more covalently attached compounds, non-covalently attached compounds, or both, wherein substantially all of the covalently attached compounds, non-covalently attached compounds, or both are not formed using the same compound. A multiply modified device includes, for example, a modified device wherein the modifications are carried out using Z2-Y12, Z1-Y15 and Z1-Y19 (see below).

“Capsule,” as used herein, refers to a particle having a mean diameter of about 150 μm to about 5 cm, formed of a cross-linked hydrogel, having a cross-linked hydrogel core that is surrounded by one or more polymeric shells, having one or more cross-linked hydrogel layers, having a cross-linked hydrogel coating, or a combination thereof. The capsule may have any shape suitable for, for example, cell encapsulation. The capsule may contain one or more cells dispersed in the cross-linked hydrogel, thereby “encapsulating” the cells. Reference to “capsules” herein refers to and includes microcapsules unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Preferred capsules have a mean diameter of about 150 μm to about 8 mm.

“Microcapsule” and “microgel,” as used herein, are used interchangeably to refer to a particle or capsule having a mean diameter of about 150 μm to about 1000 μm.

“Biological material” and “biomaterial,” as used herein, refers to any biological substance, including, but not limited to, tissue, cells, biological micromolecules, such as a nucleotides, amino acids, cofactors, and hormones, biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, polypeptides, proteins (for example enzymes, receptors, secretory proteins, structural and signaling proteins, hormones, ligands, etc.), polysaccharides, and/or any combination thereof.

“Cell,” as used herein, refers to individual cells, cell lines, primary cultures, or cultures derived from such cells unless specifically indicated. “Culture,” as used herein, refers to a composition including cells, such as isolated cells, which can be of the same or a different type. “Cell line,” as used herein, refers to a permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space, thus making the cell line “immortal.” “Cell strain,” as used herein, refers to a cell culture having a plurality of cells adapted to culture, but with finite division potential. “Cell culture,” as used herein, is a population of cells grown on a medium such as agar.

Cells can be, for example, xenogeneic, autologous, or allogeneic. Cells can also be primary cells. Cells can also be cells derived from the culture and expansion of a cell obtained from a subject. For example, cells can also be stem cells or derived from stem cells. Cells can also be immortalized cells. Cells can also be genetically engineered to express or produce a protein, nucleic acid, or other product.

“Mammalian cell,” as used herein, refers to any cell derived from a mammalian subject.

“Autologous,” as used herein, refers to a transplanted biological material, such as cells, taken from the same individual.

“Allogeneic,” as used herein, refers to a transplanted biological material, such as cells, taken from a different individual of the same species.

“Xenogeneic,” as used herein, refers to a transplanted biological material, such as cells, taken from a different species.

“Endocrine cell,” as used herein, refers to a cell of the endocrine system.

“Secreting endocrine cell,” as used herein, refers to an endocrine cell that secretes one or more hormones.

“Islet cell,” as used herein, refers to an endocrine cell derived from a mammalian pancreas. Islet cells include alpha cells that secrete glucagon, beta cells that secrete insulin and amylin, delta cells that secrete somatostatin, PP cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide, or epsilon cells that secrete ghrelin. The term includes homogenous and heterogeneous populations of these cells. In preferred embodiments, a population of islet cells contains at least beta cells. In certain embodiments, an islet cell is a human islet cell.

“Hormone-producing cell,” as used herein, refers to a cell that produces one or more hormones. Preferred hormone-producing cells produce hormone in response to physiological stimulus, such as the physiological stimulus that cause secretion of the hormone from an endocrine cell that naturally secretes the hormone. Secreting endocrine cells, hormone-producing cells derived from stem cells, and cells genetically engineered to produce hormone are examples of hormone-producing cells.

“Insulin-producing cell,” as used herein, refers to a cell that produces insulin. Preferred insulin-producing cells produce insulin in response to glucose levels. Islet beta cells, insulin-producing cells derived from stem cells, and cells genetically engineered to produce insulin are examples of insulin-producing cells.

“Transplant,” as used herein, refers to the transfer of a cell, tissue, or organ to a subject from another source. The term is not limited to a particular mode of transfer. Encapsulated cells may be transplanted by any suitable method, such as by injection or surgical implantation.

“Primary cells,” “primary cell lines,” and “primary cultures,” as used herein, are used interchangeably to refer to cells and cells cultures that have been derived from a subject and allowed to grow in vitro for a limited number of passages, that is, splittings, of the culture.

“Mesenchymal stem cell” or “MSC,” as used herein, refer to multipotent stem cells present in or derived from mesenchymal tissue that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including: osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

“Derived from,” as used herein, with respect to cells, refer to cells obtained from tissue, cell lines, or cells, which optionally are then cultured, passaged, differentiated, induced, etc., to produce the derived cells. For example, induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from somatic cells.

“Pluripotency,” as used herein, refers to the ability of cells to differentiate into multiple types of cells in an organism. By “pluripotent stem cells,” it is meant cells that can self-renew and differentiate to produce all types of cells in an organism. By “multipotency” it is meant the ability of cells to differentiate into some types of cells in an organism but not all, typically into cells of a particular tissue or cell lineage.

“Multi-potent cells” and “adult stem cells,” as used herein, refer to any type of stem cell that is not derived from an embryo or fetus and generally has a limited capacity to generate new cell types (referred to as “multipotency”) and being committed to a particular lineage.

“Induced pluripotent stem cell,” as used herein, encompasses pluripotent stem cells, that, like embryonic stem (ES) cells, can be cultured over a long period of time while maintaining the ability to differentiate into all types of cells in an organism, but that, unlike ES cells (which are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts), are derived from somatic cells.

“Analog” and “Derivative,” in the context of chemical compounds, are used herein interchangeably, and refer to a compound having a structure similar to that of a parent compound, but varying from the parent compound by a difference in one or more certain components. (Designation as a parent compound does not mean that the parent compound is used as a starting material or intermediate but is rather a structural relationship.) Analogs or derivatives differ from the parent compound in one or more atoms, functional groups, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. An analog or derivative can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the parent compound via some chemical or physical process. The terms analog and derivative encompass compounds which retain the same basic ring structure as the parent compound, but possess one or more different substituents on the ring(s). For example, an analog or derivative of Z2-Y12 refers to a compound that retains the core of Z2-Y12, e.g., but differs in or more substituents on any of the rings. In some embodiments, an analog or derivative retains at least, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100% of a selected activity of a reference compound, e.g., a parent compound.

“Substantially,” as used herein, specifies an amount of 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, or 99% or more.

“Click chemistry,” as used herein, refers to chemical reactions used to couple two compounds together which are high yielding, wide in scope, create only byproducts that can be removed without chromatography, are stereospecific, simple to perform, and can be conducted in easily removable or benign solvents. Examples of reactions which fulfill these criteria include the nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides and aziridines, non-aldol type carbonyl reactions, including the formation of hydrazones and heterocycles, additions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds, including Michael Additions, and cycloaddition reactions, such as a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (i.e., a Huisgen cycloaddition reaction). See, for example, Moses, and Moorhouse, Chem Soc. Rev. 36:1249-1262 (2007); Kolb and Sharpless, Drug Discovery Today. 8(24): 1128-1137 (2003); and Kolb et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40:2004-2021 (2001).

“Substituted,” as used herein, refers to all permissible substituents of the compounds or functional groups described herein. In the broadest sense, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic groupings containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally include one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats. Representative substituents include alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), peptide, and polypeptide groups. Such alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), peptide, and polypeptide groups can be further substituted.

Heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. It is understood that “substitution” or “substituted” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, i.e. a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.

Except where specifically and expressly provided to the contrary, the term “substituted” refers to a structure, e.g., a chemical compound or a moiety on a larger chemical compound, regardless of how the structure was formed. The structure is not limited to a structure made by any specific method.

“Aryl,” as used herein, refers to C 5 -C 26 -membered aromatic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, or biaromatic ring systems. Broadly defined, “aryl,” as used herein, includes 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 14-, 18-, and 24-membered single-ring aromatic groups, for example, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene, corannulene, coronene, etc.

“Aryl” further encompasses polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (i.e., “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic ring or rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocycles.

The term “substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more aromatic rings are substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl (such as a ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, imino, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl (such as CF 3 , —CH 2 —CF 3 , —CCl 3 ), —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Heterocycle,” “heterocyclic” and “heterocyclyl” are used interchangeably, and refer to a cyclic radical attached via a ring carbon or nitrogen atom of a monocyclic or bicyclic ring containing 3-10 ring atoms, and preferably from 5-6 ring atoms, consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) wherein Y is absent or is H, O, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, and optionally containing 1-3 double bonds and optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Heterocyclyl are distinguished from heteroaryl by definition. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pyranyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl. Heterocyclic groups can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents as defined above for alkyl and aryl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to C 5 -C 26 -membered aromatic, fused aromatic, biaromatic ring systems, or combinations thereof, in which one or more carbon atoms on one or more aromatic ring structures have been substituted with an heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Broadly defined, “heteroaryl,” as used herein, includes 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 14-, 18-, and 24-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from one to four heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The heteroaryl group may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics”. “Heteroaryl” further encompasses polycyclic ring systems having two or more rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (i.e., “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic ring or rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heterocycles, or combinations thereof. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl and xanthenyl. One or more of the rings can be substituted as defined below for “substituted heteroaryl”.

The term “substituted heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl group in which one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more heteroaromatic rings are substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl (such as a ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, imino, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl (such as CF 3 , —CH 2 —CF 3 , —CCl 3 ), —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Alkyl,” as used herein, refers to the radical of saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, cycloalkyl (alicyclic), alkyl substituted cycloalkylgroups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl. In preferred embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chains, C 3 -C 30 for branched chains), preferably 20 or fewer, more preferably 15 or fewer, most preferably 10 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. The term “alkyl” (or “lower alkyl”) as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls,” the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, a hosphinate, amino, amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl” as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon atoms in its backbone structure. Likewise, “lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl” have similar chain lengths. Throughout the application, preferred alkyl groups are lower alkyls. In preferred embodiments, a substituent designated herein as alkyl is a lower alkyl.

“Alkyl” includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical as well as heteroalkyls. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; —SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; —CN; —NO 2 ; —COOH; carboxylate; —COR, —COOR, or —CON(R) 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, haloalkyl (such as —CF 3 , —CH 2 —CF 3 , —CCl 3 ); —CN; —NCOCOCH 2 CH 2 ; —NCOCOCHCH; —NCS; and combinations thereof.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. For instance, the substituents of a substituted alkyl may include halogen, hydroxy, nitro, thiols, amino, azido, imino, amido, phosphoryl (including phosphonate and phosphinate), sulfonyl (including sulfate, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, and sulfonate), and silyl groups, as well as ethers, alkylthios, carbonyls (including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), haloalkyls, —CN and the like. Cycloalkyls can be substituted in the same manner.

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond, respectively.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phenyl” is art recognized, and refers to the aromatic moiety —C 6 H 5 , i.e., a benzene ring without one hydrogen atom.

The term “substituted phenyl” refers to a phenyl group, as defined above, having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the phenyl ring. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Amino” and “Amine,” as used herein, are art-recognized and refer to both substituted and unsubstituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:

wherein, R, R′, and R″ each independently represent a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of R and R′ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R and R′ together with the nitrogen do not form an imide. In preferred embodiments, R and R′ (and optionally R″) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or —(CH 2 ) m —R′″. Thus, the term ‘alkylamine’ as used herein refers to an amine group, as defined above, having a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl attached thereto (i.e. at least one of R, R′, or R″ is an alkyl group).

“Carbonyl,” as used herein, is art-recognized and includes such moieties as can be represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond, or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R represents a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R″, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt, R′ represents a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or —(CH 2 ) m —R″; R″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. Where X is oxygen and R is defines as above, the moiety is also referred to as a carboxyl group. When X is oxygen and R is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘carboxylic acid’. Where X is oxygen and R′ is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘formate’. Where X is oxygen and R or R′ is not hydrogen, the formula represents an “ester”. In general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced by a sulfur atom, the formula represents a ‘thiocarbonyl’ group. Where X is sulfur and R or R′ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thioester.’ Where X is sulfur and R is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thiocarboxylic acid.’ Where X is sulfur and R′ is hydrogen, the formula represents a ‘thioformate.’ Where X is a bond and R is not hydrogen, the above formula represents a ‘ketone.’ Where X is a bond and R is hydrogen, the above formula represents an ‘aldehyde.’

The term “substituted carbonyl” refers to a carbonyl, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in R, R′ or a group to which the moiety

is attached, are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “carboxyl” is as defined above for the formula

and is defined more specifically by the formula —R iv COOH, wherein R iv is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In preferred embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl have 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain alkyl, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain alkyl, C 2 -C 30 for straight chain alkenyl and alkynyl, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain alkenyl and alkynyl), preferably 20 or fewer, more preferably 15 or fewer, most preferably 10 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls, heterocyclyls, aryls and heteroaryls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.

The term “substituted carboxyl” refers to a carboxyl, as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in R iv are substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Heteroalkyl,” as used herein, refers to straight or branched chain, or cyclic carbon-containing radicals, or combinations thereof, containing at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom is optionally quaternized.

Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, and 3-butynyl.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy,” “aroxy” or “aryloxy,” generally describe compounds represented by the formula —OR v , wherein R v includes, but is not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyls, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” as used herein refer to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto. Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as can be represented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, and —O-alkynyl. The term alkoxy also includes cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, and arylalkyl having an oxygen radical attached to at least one of the carbon atoms, as valency permits.

The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the alkoxy backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phenoxy” is art recognized, and refers to a compound of the formula —OR v wherein R v is (i.e., —O—C 6 H 5 ). One of skill in the art recognizes that a phenoxy is a species of the aroxy genus.

The term “substituted phenoxy” refers to a phenoxy group, as defined above, having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the phenyl ring. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms “aroxy” and “aryloxy,” as used interchangeably herein, are represented by —O-aryl or —O-heteroaryl, wherein aryl and heteroaryl are as defined herein.

The terms “substituted aroxy” and “substituted aryloxy,” as used interchangeably herein, represent —O-aryl or —O-heteroaryl, having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more ring atoms of the aryl and heteroaryl, as defined herein. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, having a sulfur radical attached thereto. The “alkylthio” moiety is represented by —S-alkyl. Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and the like. The term “alkylthio” also encompasses cycloalkyl groups having a sulfur radical attached thereto.

The term “substituted alkylthio” refers to an alkylthio group having one or more substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbon atoms of the alkylthio backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phenylthio” is art recognized, and refers to —S—C 6 H 5 , i.e., a phenyl group attached to a sulfur atom.

The term “substituted phenylthio” refers to a phenylthio group, as defined above, having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the phenyl ring. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Arylthio” refers to —S-aryl or —S-heteroaryl groups, wherein aryl and heteroaryl as defined herein.

The term “substituted arylthio” represents —S-aryl or —S-heteroaryl, having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen atom on one or more ring atoms of the aryl and heteroaryl rings as defined herein. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

“Arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.

“Alkylaryl,” as used herein, refers to an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or hetero aromatic group), substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

The terms “amide” or “amido” are used interchangeably, refer to both “unsubstituted amido” and “substituted amido” and are represented by the general formula:

wherein, E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of R and R′ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R and R′ together with the nitrogen do not form an imide. In preferred embodiments, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or —(CH 2 ) m —R′. When E is oxygen, a carbamate is formed. The carbamate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfonyl” is represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R represents a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or E and R taken together with the S atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of E and R can be substituted or unsubstituted amine, to form a “sulfonamide” or “sulfonamido.” The substituted or unsubstituted amine is as defined above.

The term “substituted sulfonyl” represents a sulfonyl in which E, R, or both, are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “sulfonic acid” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein R is hydroxyl, and E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “sulfate” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein E is absent, oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and R is independently hydroxyl, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above. When E is oxygen, the sulfate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfonate” refers to a sulfonyl, as defined above, wherein E is oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and R is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. When E is oxygen, sulfonate cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “sulfamoyl” refers to a sulfonamide or sulfonamide represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R and R′ each independently represent a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8. In preferred embodiments, only one of R and R′ can be a carbonyl, e.g., R and R′ together with the nitrogen do not form an imide.

The term “sulfoxide” is represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, wherein independently of E, R represents a hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted amine, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or E and R taken together with the S atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8.

The term “phosphonyl” is represented by the formula

wherein E is absent, or E is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein, independently of E, R vi and R vii are independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —(CH 2 ) m —R′″, or R and R′ taken together with the P atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 3 to 14 atoms in the ring structure; R′″ represents a hydroxy group, substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group, an aryl, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, a heterocycle, or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer ranging from 1 to 8.

The term “substituted phosphonyl” represents a phosphonyl in which E, R vi and R vii are independently substituted. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “phosphoryl” defines a phoshonyl in which E is absent, oxygen, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above, and independently of E, R vi and R vii are independently hydroxyl, alkoxy, aroxy, substituted alkoxy or substituted aroxy, as defined above. When E is oxygen, the phosphoryl cannot be attached to another chemical species, such as to form an oxygen-oxygen bond, or other unstable bonds, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. When E, R vi and R vii are substituted, the substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “polyaryl” refers to a chemical moiety that includes two or more aryls, heteroaryls, and combinations thereof. The aryls, heteroaryls, and combinations thereof, are fused, or linked via a single bond, ether, ester, carbonyl, amide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, alkyl, azo, and combinations thereof.

The term “substituted polyaryl” refers to a polyaryl in which one or more of the aryls, heteroaryls are substituted, with one or more substituents including, but not limited to, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, formyl, or an acyl), silyl, ether, ester, thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), alkoxyl, phosphoryl, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, amino (or quarternized amino), amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, sulfonamido, sulfonyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, haloalkyl, —CN, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term “C 3 -C 20 cyclic” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl that have from three to 20 carbon atoms, as geometric constraints permit. The cyclic structures are formed from single or fused ring systems. The substituted cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls and heterocyclyls are substituted as defined above for the alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls and heterocyclyls, respectively.

The terms “hydroxyl” and “hydroxy” are used interchangeably and are represented by —OH.

The terms “thiol” and “sulfhydryl” are used interchangeably and are represented by —SH.

The term “oxo” refers to ═O bonded to a carbon atom.

The terms “cyano” and “nitrile” are used interchangeably to refer to —CN.

The term “nitro” refers to —NO 2 .

The term “phosphate” refers to —O—PO 3 .

The term “azide” or “azido” are used interchangeably to refer to —N 3 .

The term “substituted C 1 -C x alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x alkylene” refers to alkylene groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x alkylene” refers to alkylene groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “alkylene” as used herein, refers to a moiety with the formula —(CH 2 ) a —, wherein “a” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 2 -C x alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 2 -C x alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten.

The term “substituted C 2 -C x alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 2 -C x alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups having from two to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from two to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x alkylamino” refers to alkylamino groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x alkylamino” refers to alkyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The terms “alkylamine” and “alkylamino” are used interchangeably. In any alkylamino, where the nitrogen atom is substituted with one, two, or three substituents, the nitrogen atom can be referred to as a secondary, tertiary, or quartenary nitrogen atom, respectively.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x alkylthio” refers to alkylthio groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x alkylthio” refers to alkylthio groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x carbonyl” refers to carbonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x carbonyl” refers to carbonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x carboxyl” refers to carboxyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x carboxyl” refers to carboxyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x amido” refers to amido groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x amido” refers to amido groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x sulfonyl” refers to sulfonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x sulfonyl” refers to sulfonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x sulfonic acid” refers to sulfonic acid groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x sulfonic acid” refers to sulfonic acid groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x sulfamoyl” refers to sulfamoyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x sulfamoyl” refers to sulfamoyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x sulfoxide” refers to sulfoxide groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x sulfoxide” refers to sulfoxide groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x phosphoryl” refers to phosphoryl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x phosphoryl” refers to phosphoryl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 1 -C x phosphonyl” refers to phosphonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 1 -C x phosphonyl” refers to phosphonyl groups having from one to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x sulfonyl” refers to sulfonyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein, if present, at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x sulfonyl” refers to sulfonyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x sulfonic acid” refers to sulfonic acid groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein, if present, at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x sulfonic acid” refers to sulfonic acid groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x sulfamoyl” refers to sulfamoyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein, if present, at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x sulfamoyl” refers to sulfamoyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x sulfoxide” refers to sulfoxide groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x sulfoxide” refers to sulfoxide groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x phosphoryl” refers to phosphoryl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein, if present, at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x phosphoryl” refers to phosphoryl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The term “substituted C 0 -C x phosphonyl” refers to phosphonyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms, wherein, if present, at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten. The term “unsubstituted C 0 -C x phosphonyl” refers to phosphonyl groups having from zero to x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from zero to ten.

The terms substituted “C x alkyl,” “C x alkylene,” “C x alkenyl,” “C x alkynyl,” “C x alkoxy,” “C x alkylamino,” “C x alkylthio,” “C x carbonyl,” “C x carboxyl,” “C x amido,” “C x sulfonyl,” “C x sulfonic acid,” “C x sulfamoyl,” “C x phosphoryl,” and “C x phosphonyl” refer to alkyl, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, carbonyl, carboxyl, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, phosphoryl, and phosphonyl groups, respectively, having x carbon atoms, wherein at least one carbon atom is substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten. The terms unsubstituted “C x alkyl,” “C x alkylene,” “C x alkenyl,” “C x alkynyl,” “C x alkoxy,” “C x alkylamino”, “C x alkylthio,” “C x carbonyl,” “C x carboxyl,” “C x amido,” “C x sulfonyl,” “C x sulfonic acid,” “C x sulfamoyl,” “C x phosphoryl,” and “C x phosphonyl” refer to alkyl, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, carbonyl, carboxyl, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, phosphoryl, and phosphonyl groups, respectively, having x carbon atoms that are not substituted, wherein “x” is an integer from one to ten.

The terms unsubstituted “C 0 sulfonyl,” “C 0 sulfonic acid,” “C 0 sulfamoyl,” “C 0 phosphoryl,” and “C 0 phosphonyl” refer to alkyl, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, carbonyl, carboxyl, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfamoyl, sulfoxide, phosphoryl, and phosphonyl groups, respectively, having zero carbon atoms that are not substituted.

“Halogen,” as used herein, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

As used herein, U 1 represents the organic groups alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, and polypeptide group.

As used herein, U 2 represents the organic groups alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, and polypeptide group.

As used herein, U 3 represents the organic groups alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, and polypeptide group.

As used herein, U 4 represents the organic groups alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic.

As used herein, Q 1 represents the organic groups arylalkyl and substituted arylalkyl.

As used herein, Q 2 represents the organic groups sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, and substituted phosphonyl.

As used herein, Q 3 represents the organic group poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).

As used herein, Q 4 represents the organic groups phenyl and substituted phenyl.

As used herein, Q 5 represents the organic groups alkylamino, dialkylamino, and hydroxy.

As used herein, Q 6 represents the organic groups aroxy, substituted aroxy, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, and poly(ethylene glycol).

As used herein, Q 7 represents the organic groups alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, polyaryl, and substituted polyaryl.

As used herein, Q 8 represents the organic groups amino acid, peptide, and polypeptide group.

In some embodiments, groups Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , or any combination thereof, can be used along with any one of U 1 , U 2 , and U 3 . For example, U 1 can be combined with Q 1 , with Q 2 , with Q 3 , with Q 1 and Q 2 , with Q 1 and Q 3 , with Q 2 and Q 3 , and with Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 . Such combinations can be referred to as U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , and U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , respectively. Similarly, U 2 can be combined with Q 1 , with Q 2 , with Q 3 , with Q 1 and Q 2 , with Q 1 and Q 3 , with Q 2 and Q 3 , and with Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 . Such combinations can be referred to as U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , and U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , respectively. Similarly, U 3 can be combined with Q 1 , with Q 2 , with Q 3 , with Q 1 and Q 2 , with Q 1 and Q 3 , with Q 2 and Q 3 , and with Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 . Such combinations can be referred to as U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , and U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , respectively.

In some embodiments, groups Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 5 , or any combination thereof, can be used along with U 1 . For example, U 1 can be combined with Q 1 , with Q 2 , with Q 3 , with Q 5 , with Q 1 and Q 2 , with Q 1 and Q 3 , with Q 1 and Q 5 , with Q 2 and Q 3 , with Q 2 and Q 5 , with Q 3 and Q 5 , with Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 , with Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 5 , with Q 1 , Q 3 , and Q 5 , with Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 5 , and with Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 5 . Such combinations can be referred to as U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , respectively.

In some embodiments, groups Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 , Q 8 or any combination thereof, can be used along with U 4 . For example, U 4 can be combined with Q 1 , with Q 2 , with Q 3 , with Q 4 , with Q 5 , with Q 6 , with Q 7 , with Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 2 , with Q 1 +Q 3 , with Q 1 +Q 4 , with Q 1 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 3 , with Q 2 +Q 4 , with Q 2 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 4 , with Q 3 +Q 5 , with Q 3 +Q 6 , with Q 3 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 4 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 5 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 5 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , with Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , with Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , or with Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 . Such combinations can be referred to as U 4 +Q 1 , U 4 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , and U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , respectively.

As used herein, J 1 represents the organic groups substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkylene, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, C 1 -C 10 alkylamino, C 1 -C 10 alkylthio, C 1 -C 10 carbonyl, C 1 -C 10 carboxyl, C 1 -C 10 amido, C 1 -C 10 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 10 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 10 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 10 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 10 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 10 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 9 alkyl, C 1 -C 9 alkylene, C 2 -C 9 alkenyl, C 2 -C 9 alkynyl, C 1 -C 9 alkoxy, C 1 -C 9 alkylamino, C 1 -C 9 alkylthio, C 1 -C 9 carbonyl, C 1 -C 9 carboxyl, C 1 -C 9 amido, C 1 -C 9 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 9 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 9 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 9 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 9 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 9 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylamino, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, C 1 -C 8 carbonyl, C 1 -C 8 carboxyl, C 1 -C 8 amido, C 1 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 8 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 8 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 8 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 8 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 8 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 7 alkyl, C 1 -C 7 alkylene, C 2 -C 7 alkenyl, C 2 -C 7 alkynyl, C 1 -C 7 alkoxy, C 1 -C 7 alkylamino, C 1 -C 7 alkylthio, C 1 -C 7 carbonyl, C 1 -C 7 carboxyl, C 1 -C 7 amino, C 1 -C 7 amido, C 1 -C 7 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 7 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 7 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 7 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 7 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 7 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 carbonyl, C 1 -C 6 carboxyl, C 1 -C 6 amido, C 1 -C 6 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 6 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 6 sulfoxide, C 2 -C 6 phosphoryl, C 2 -C 6 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 5 carbonyl, C 1 -C 5 carboxyl, C 1 -C 8 amido, C 1 -C 5 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 carbonyl, C 1 -C 4 carboxyl, C 1 -C 4 amino, C 1 -C 4 amido, C 1 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 10 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 10 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 10 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 10 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 10 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 10 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 9 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 9 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 9 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 9 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 9 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 9 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 8 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 8 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 8 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 8 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 8 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 7 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 7 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 7 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 7 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 7 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 7 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 6 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 6 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 6 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 6 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 6 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 6 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 10 carbonyl, C 10 carboxyl, C 10 amido, C 10 sulfonyl, C 10 sulfonic acid, C 10 sulfamoyl, C 10 sulfoxide, C 10 phosphoryl, C 10 phosphonyl, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 9 carbonyl, C 9 carboxyl, C 9 amido, C 9 sulfonyl, C 9 sulfonic acid, C 9 sulfamoyl, C 9 sulfoxide, C 9 phosphoryl, C 9 phosphonyl, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 8 carbonyl, C 8 carboxyl, C 8 amido, C 8 sulfonyl, C 8 sulfonic acid, C 8 sulfamoyl, C 8 sulfoxide, C 8 phosphoryl, C 8 phosphonyl, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 7 carbonyl, C 7 carboxyl, C 7 amido, C 7 sulfonyl, C 7 sulfonic acid, C 7 sulfamoyl, C 7 sulfoxide, C 7 phosphoryl, C 7 phosphonyl, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 6 carbonyl, C 6 carboxyl, C 6 amido, C 6 sulfonyl, C 6 sulfonic acid, C 6 sulfamoyl, C 6 sulfoxide, C 6 phosphoryl, C 6 phosphonyl, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 5 carbonyl, C 5 carboxyl, C 5 amido, C 8 sulfonyl, C 5 sulfonic acid, C 5 sulfamoyl, C 5 sulfoxide, C 5 phosphoryl, C 5 phosphonyl, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 4 carbonyl, C 4 carboxyl, C 4 amido, C 4 sulfonyl, C 4 sulfonic acid, C 4 sulfamoyl, C 4 sulfoxide, C 4 phosphoryl, C 4 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, and C 0 phosphonyl.

As used herein, J 2 represents the organic groups substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkylene, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, C 1 -C 10 alkylamino, C 1 -C 10 alkylthio, C 1 -C 9 alkyl, C 1 -C 9 alkylene, C 2 -C 9 alkenyl, C 2 -C 9 alkynyl, C 1 -C 9 alkoxy, C 1 -C 9 alkylamino, C 1 -C 9 alkylthio, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylamino, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, C 1 -C 7 alkyl, C 1 -C 7 alkylene, C 2 -C 7 alkenyl, C 2 -C 7 alkynyl, C 1 -C 7 alkoxy, C 1 -C 7 alkylamino, C 1 -C 7 alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, and C 1 alkylthio.

II. Compounds

Described herein, are compounds, such as chemical compounds, for use to modify a product, such as the surface of a product, a surface of a product, the surface of the product, a surface of the product, the face of a surface of a product, a face of a surface of a product, the face of the surface of a product, a face of the surface of a product, the face of a surface of the product, a face of a surface of the product, the face of the surface of the product, and a face of the surface of the product. Generally, the surface(s) and face(s) of the product to be modified can be those that, when the device is administered to (e.g., implanted in) a subject, would be in contact with fluid, cells, or other components of the subjects body. The compounds are represented by the general formula:

—X—R 1    Formula I

wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface; R 1 is hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 1 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ); and R 2 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 2 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

X is preferably oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

-A-B(—C) δ ,   Formula XII

wherein

A is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); B, and C are, independently, absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and δ is an integer from, as valency permits, 0 to 30. X is preferably oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 .

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

—R 3 —R b ,   Formula II

wherein

R 3 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 3 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and R b is absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R b organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C organic groupings being those present in U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , or +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 .

In some embodiments of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R b , A, B, and C organic groupings being those present in U 4 , U 4 +Q 1 , U 4 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , or U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 .

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of B, C, and R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B, C, and R b can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes C can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently B, C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, R b , absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently C, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently C, absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of A and R 3 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, A and R 3 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently B, C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of B, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, B can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is C, R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R b , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R b can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is C, absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently C, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, A is

wherein each k is, independently, an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R c is B;

wherein each X d is, independently, absent, O, or S; and

wherein each R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 is, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 ;

wherein preferably k is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; each X d is O; and each R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 is, independently, hydrogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio;

wherein more preferably k is 2, 3, or 4; each X d is O; and each R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 is hydrogen; and

wherein most preferably A is —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —; and

B and C are, independently, absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, B is

In some embodiments, C is

wherein z is an integer from 0-11;

wherein each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is, independently, C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency;

wherein each R 18 is, independently, absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein each p and q is, independently, an integer from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein each R 20 is, independently, J 2 ;

wherein each R d is, independently, J 1 ;

preferably z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, none or one is S(O) 2 , and the others are C; each R 18 is, independently, absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein each p is, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3, each q is, independently, 0, 1, or 2, and X b is O; and R d is, independently, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amino, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 -C 3 phosphoryl, or C 2 -C 3 phosphonyl;

more preferably z is 0, 1, 2, or 3; none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, none or one is S(O) 2 , and the others are C; each R 18 is, independently, absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein each p is, independently, 0 or 1, each q is, independently, 0 or 1, and X b is O; and R d is, independently, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amino, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 2 phosphoryl, or C 2 phosphonyl; and

even more preferably z is 0 or 1; none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, none or one is S(O) 2 , and the others are C; each R 18 is, independently, absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein each p is, independently, 0 or 1, each q is, independently, 0 or 1, and X b is O; and R d is, independently, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amino, or C 1 sulfonyl; and

most preferably C is

A is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

B is absent, hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments

each R 4 , R 5 , and C are, independently,

wherein each z is, independently, an integer from 0-11; wherein each w is, independently, an integer from 0-9; wherein each k is, independently, an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein in A, R c is B,

wherein in B, R c and R d are C,

wherein each X d is, independently, absent, O, or S;

wherein each R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is, independently, C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein each R 18 is, independently, absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein each p and q is, independently, an integer from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein each R 20 is, independently, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein each R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 is, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, each R 20 is, independently, J 2 .

In some embodiments, each R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 is, independently, hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

In some embodiments, independently in each Formula VI, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. In some embodiments, independently in each Formula IX, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, and the others are C.

In some embodiments, independently in each C, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. In some embodiments, in B, three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, and the others are C.

In some embodiments, R 3 and A are —CH 2 —Ar— or —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —; R 2 is hydrogen; R 4 and C are hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —OH; and R 5 and C are methyl, —COCH 3 , —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 ,

In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen; and R 5 and C are

In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen; and R 5 and C are

In some embodiments, R 5 and C are methyl, —COCH 3 , or —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 .

In some embodiments, X is oxygen or NR 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —CH 3 ; and R 1 is —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n —O—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —(CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —NH—CH 3 ,

where n is an integer from 3 to 16.

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 5 carbonyl, C 1 -C 5 carboxyl, C 1 -C 8 amido, C 1 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 carbonyl, C 1 -C 4 carboxyl, C 1 -C 4 amino, C 1 -C 4 amido, C 1 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 5 carbonyl, C 5 carboxyl, C 5 amido, C 5 sulfonyl, C 5 sulfonic acid, C 5 sulfamoyl, C 5 sulfoxide, C 5 phosphoryl, C 5 phosphonyl, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 4 carbonyl, C 4 carboxyl, C 4 amido, C 4 sulfonyl, C 4 sulfonic acid, C 4 sulfamoyl, C 4 sulfoxide, C 4 phosphoryl, C 4 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 carbonyl, C 1 -C 4 carboxyl, C 1 -C 4 amino, C 1 -C 4 amido, C 1 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 4 carbonyl, C 4 carboxyl, C 4 amido, C 4 sulfonyl, C 4 sulfonic acid, C 4 sulfamoyl, C 4 sulfoxide, C 4 phosphoryl, C 4 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl

Independently in some embodiments of R c , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R c can be B, C, —B(—C) δ , R b , amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 5 carbonyl, C 1 -C 5 carboxyl, C 1 -C 8 amido, C 1 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 carbonyl, C 1 -C 4 carboxyl, C 1 -C 4 amino, C 1 -C 4 amido, C 1 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 8 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 5 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 5 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 5 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 5 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 5 carbonyl, C 5 carboxyl, C 5 amido, C 5 sulfonyl, C 5 sulfonic acid, C 5 sulfamoyl, C 5 sulfoxide, C 5 phosphoryl, C 5 phosphonyl, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 4 carbonyl, C 4 carboxyl, C 4 amido, C 4 sulfonyl, C 4 sulfonic acid, C 4 sulfamoyl, C 4 sulfoxide, C 4 phosphoryl, C 4 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkylene, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, C 1 -C 5 alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 4 carbonyl, C 1 -C 4 carboxyl, C 1 -C 4 amino, C 1 -C 4 amido, C 1 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 4 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 4 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 4 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 4 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 4 carbonyl, C 4 carboxyl, C 4 amido, C 4 sulfonyl, C 4 sulfonic acid, C 4 sulfamoyl, C 4 sulfoxide, C 4 phosphoryl, C 4 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylene, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, C 1 -C 4 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 3 carbonyl, C 1 -C 3 carboxyl, C 1 -C 3 amino, C 1 -C 3 amido, C 1 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 carbonyl, C 1 -C 2 carboxyl, C 1 -C 2 amido, C 1 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 1 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 1 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 1 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 1 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 3 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 3 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 3 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 3 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 2 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 2 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 2 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 2 phosphonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfonic acid, C 0 -C 1 sulfamoyl, C 0 -C 1 sulfoxide, C 0 -C 1 phosphoryl, C 0 -C 1 phosphonyl, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 3 carbonyl, C 3 carboxyl, C 3 amido, C 3 sulfonyl, C 3 sulfonic acid, C 3 sulfamoyl, C 3 sulfoxide, C 3 phosphoryl, C 3 phosphonyl, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 2 carbonyl, C 2 carboxyl, C 2 amido, C 2 sulfonyl, C 2 sulfonic acid, C 2 sulfamoyl, C 2 sulfoxide, C 2 phosphoryl, C 2 phosphonyl, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, C 1 alkylthio, C 1 carbonyl, C 1 carboxyl, C 1 amido, C 1 sulfonyl, C 1 sulfonic acid, C 1 sulfamoyl, C 1 sulfoxide, C 1 phosphoryl, C 1 phosphonyl, C 0 sulfonyl, C 0 sulfonic acid, C 0 sulfamoyl, C 0 sulfoxide, C 0 phosphoryl, or C 0 phosphonyl.

Independently in some embodiments of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 can be, independently, R b , hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkylene, C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 alkynyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkylamino, C 1 -C 3 alkylthio, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkylene, C 1 -C 2 alkoxy, C 1 -C 2 alkylamino, C 1 -C 2 alkylthio, C 10 alkyl, C 10 alkylene, C 10 alkenyl, C 10 alkynyl, C 10 alkoxy, C 10 alkylamino, C 10 alkylthio, C 9 alkyl, C 9 alkylene, C 9 alkenyl, C 9 alkynyl, C 9 alkoxy, C 9 alkylamino, C 9 alkylthio, C 8 alkyl, C 8 alkylene, C 8 alkenyl, C 8 alkynyl, C 8 alkoxy, C 8 alkylamino, C 8 alkylthio, C 7 alkyl, C 7 alkylene, C 7 alkenyl, C 7 alkynyl, C 7 alkoxy, C 7 alkylamino, C 7 alkylthio, C 6 alkyl, C 6 alkylene, C 6 alkenyl, C 6 alkynyl, C 6 alkoxy, C 6 alkylamino, C 6 alkylthio, C 5 alkyl, C 5 alkylene, C 5 alkenyl, C 5 alkynyl, C 5 alkoxy, C 5 alkylamino, C 5 alkylthio, C 4 alkyl, C 4 alkylene, C 4 alkenyl, C 4 alkynyl, C 4 alkoxy, C 4 alkylamino, C 4 alkylthio, C 3 alkyl, C 3 alkylene, C 3 alkenyl, C 3 alkynyl, C 3 alkoxy, C 3 alkylamino, C 3 alkylthio, C 2 alkyl, C 2 alkylene, C 2 alkenyl, C 2 alkynyl, C 2 alkoxy, C 2 alkylamino, C 2 alkylthio, C 1 alkyl, C 1 alkylene, C 1 alkoxy, C 1 alkylamino, or C 1 alkylthio.

Independently in some embodiments of 6, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, 6 can be an integer from 1 to 30, 2 to 30, 3 to 30, 4 to 30, 5 to 30, 6 to 30, 7 to 30, 8 to 30, 9 to 30, 10 to 30, 11 to 30, 12 to 30, 13 to 30, 14 to 30, 15 to 30, 16 to 30, 17 to 30, 18 to 30, 19 to 30, 20 to 30, 21 to 30, 22 to 30, 23 to 30, 24 to 30, 25 to 30, 26 to 30, 27 to 30, 28 to 30, 29 to 30, 1 to 29, 2 to 29, 3 to 29, 4 to 29, 5 to 29, 6 to 29, 7 to 29, 8 to 29, 9 to 29, 10 to 29, 11 to 29, 12 to 29, 13 to 29, 14 to 29, 15 to 29, 16 to 29, 17 to 29, 18 to 29, 19 to 29, 20 to 29, 21 to 29, 22 to 29, 23 to 29, 24 to 29, 25 to 29, 26 to 29, 27 to 29, 28 to 29, 1 to 28, 2 to 28, 3 to 28, 4 to 28, 5 to 28, 6 to 28, 7 to 28, 8 to 28, 9 to 28, 10 to 28, 11 to 28, 12 to 28, 13 to 28, 14 to 28, 15 to 28, 16 to 28, 17 to 28, 18 to 28, 19 to 28, 20 to 28, 21 to 28, 22 to 28, 23 to 28, 24 to 28, 25 to 28, 26 to 28, 27 to 28, 1 to 27, 2 to 27, 3 to 27, 4 to 27, 5 to 27, 6 to 27, 7 to 27, 8 to 27, 9 to 27, 10 to 27, 11 to 27, 12 to 27, 13 to 27, 14 to 27, 15 to 27, 16 to 27, 17 to 27, 18 to 27, 19 to 27, 20 to 27, 21 to 27, 22 to 27, 23 to 27, 24 to 27, 25 to 27, 26 to 27, 1 to 26, 2 to 26, 3 to 26, 4 to 26, 5 to 26, 6 to 26, 7 to 26, 8 to 26, 9 to 26, 10 to 26, 11 to 26, 12 to 26, 13 to 26, 14 to 26, 15 to 26, 16 to 26, 17 to 26, 18 to 26, 19 to 26, 20 to 26, 21 to 26, 22 to 26, 23 to 26, 24 to 26, 25 to 26, 1 to 25, 2 to 25, 3 to 25, 4 to 25, 5 to 25, 6 to 25, 7 to 25, 8 to 25, 9 to 25, 10 to 25, 11 to 25, 12 to 25, 13 to 25, 14 to 25, 15 to 25, 16 to 25, 17 to 25, 18 to 25, 19 to 25, 20 to 25, 21 to 25, 22 to 25, 23 to 25, 24 to 25, 1 to 24, 2 to 24, 3 to 24, 4 to 24, 5 to 24, 6 to 24, 7 to 24, 8 to 24, 9 to 24, 10 to 24, 11 to 24, 12 to 24, 13 to 24, 14 to 24, 15 to 24, 16 to 24, 17 to 24, 18 to 24, 19 to 24, 20 to 24, 21 to 24, 22 to 24, 23 to 24, 1 to 23, 2 to 23, 3 to 23, 4 to 23, 5 to 23, 6 to 23, 7 to 23, 8 to 23, 9 to 23, 10 to 23, 11 to 23, 12 to 23, 13 to 23, 14 to 23, 15 to 23, 16 to 23, 17 to 23, 18 to 23, 19 to 23, 20 to 23, 21 to 23, 22 to 23, 1 to 22, 2 to 22, 3 to 22, 4 to 22, 5 to 22, 6 to 22, 7 to 22, 8 to 22, 9 to 22, 10 to 22, 11 to 22, 12 to 22, 13 to 22, 14 to 22, 15 to 22, 16 to 22, 17 to 22, 18 to 22, 19 to 22, 20 to 22, 21 to 22, 1 to 21, 2 to 21, 3 to 21, 4 to 21, 5 to 21, 6 to 21, 7 to 21, 8 to 21, 9 to 21, 10 to 21, 11 to 21, 12 to 21, 13 to 21, 14 to 21, 15 to 21, 16 to 21, 17 to 21, 18 to 21, 19 to 21, 20 to 21, 1 to 20, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 4 to 20, 5 to 20, 6 to 20, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 9 to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 20, 12 to 20, 13 to 20, 14 to 20, 15 to 20, 16 to 20, 17 to 20, 18 to 20, 19 to 20, 1 to 19, 2 to 19, 3 to 19, 4 to 19, 5 to 19, 6 to 19, 7 to 19, 8 to 19, 9 to 19, 10 to 19, 11 to 19, 12 to 19, 13 to 19, 14 to 19, 15 to 19, 16 to 19, 17 to 19, 18 to 19, 1 to 18, 2 to 18, 3 to 18, 4 to 18, 5 to 18, 6 to 18, 7 to 18, 8 to 18, 9 to 18, 10 to 18, 11 to 18, 12 to 18, 13 to 18, 14 to 18, 15 to 18, 16 to 18, 17 to 18, 1 to 17, 2 to 17, 3 to 17, 4 to 17, 5 to 17, 6 to 17, 7 to 17, 8 to 17, 9 to 17, 10 to 17, 11 to 17, 12 to 17, 13 to 17, 14 to 17, 15 to 17, 16 to 17, 1 to 16, 2 to 16, 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 1 to 15, 2 to 15, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 1 to 14, 2 to 14, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 1 to 13, 2 to 13, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, 6 is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.

Independently in some embodiments of 6, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, 6 can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of δ, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, δ can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of δ, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, δ can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of δ, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, δ can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of k, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, k can be an integer from 1 to 20, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 4 to 20, 5 to 20, 6 to 20, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 9 to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 20, 12 to 20, 13 to 20, 14 to 20, 15 to 20, 16 to 20, 17 to 20, 18 to 20, 19 to 20, 1 to 19, 2 to 19, 3 to 19, 4 to 19, 5 to 19, 6 to 19, 7 to 19, 8 to 19, 9 to 19, 10 to 19, 11 to 19, 12 to 19, 13 to 19, 14 to 19, 15 to 19, 16 to 19, 17 to 19, 18 to 19, 1 to 18, 2 to 18, 3 to 18, 4 to 18, 5 to 18, 6 to 18, 7 to 18, 8 to 18, 9 to 18, 10 to 18, 11 to 18, 12 to 18, 13 to 18, 14 to 18, 15 to 18, 16 to 18, 17 to 18, 1 to 17, 2 to 17, 3 to 17, 4 to 17, 5 to 17, 6 to 17, 7 to 17, 8 to 17, 9 to 17, 10 to 17, 11 to 17, 12 to 17, 13 to 17, 14 to 17, 15 to 17, 16 to 17, 1 to 16, 2 to 16, 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 1 to 15, 2 to 15, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 1 to 14, 2 to 14, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 1 to 13, 2 to 13, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 1, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, k is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20.

Independently in some embodiments of k, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, k can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of k, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, k can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of w, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, w can be an integer from 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of w, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, w can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.

Independently in some embodiments of w, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, w can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, w is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of z, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, z can be an integer from 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of z, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, z can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11.

Independently in some embodiments of z, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, z can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of z, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, z can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of p and q, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, p and q can be, independently, an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of p and q, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, p and q can be, independently, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments, R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

or —R 3 —R b    Formula II,

wherein a is an integer from 1 to 30, z is an integer from 0-5, n is an integer from 1 to 12, m is an integer from 3 to 16, R a is independently selected from U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ), and R b , as valence permits, is

R 2 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 2 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are, independently, hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, the surface or a surface of the product includes one or more covalent modifications defined by Formula I

—X—R 1    Formula I

wherein,

X is oxygen, sulfur, NR 2 , or another group compatible with attachment or coupling of the compound to a product or surface;

R 1 is, independently in the one or more modified monomers,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 10; wherein z is an integer from 0 to 5; wherein w is an integer from 0 to 4; wherein X d is absent, O or S;

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 2 ); wherein R 29 is C or Si; wherein X g and R 30 are independently U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 2 ); and wherein R a and R c are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic ring or

wherein R 4 , R 5 , or both are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carbinol,

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency;

wherein z is an integer from 0 to 11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein R d and R e are each independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, or S, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 is independently —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —SO 2 —, or NR 2 , wherein each R 19 is independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, —NR 2 , wherein R 2 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 );

wherein R 4 , and R 5 are not both hydrogen; wherein at least one R b or R c is defined by Formula III;

wherein

R 2 is hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

X is preferably oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 .

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is an integer from 0-3; R d is independently amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 alkylthio;

where R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, or S, where the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and where R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and where R 18 is independently —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, where p and q are independently integers from 0 to 3, where X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —SO 2 —, or NR 2 , where each R 19 is independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, —NR 2 , where R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 alkylthio.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, R 12 is N, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is S, both R d are oxo and are bonded to the S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, q is 0, p is 1, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R ed is amino, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R 13 and R 17 of Formula VI are O and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, R 13 and R 17 of Formula VI are 0, the bonds between R 12 and R 13 , and between R 15 and R 16 are double bonds, and the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is methoxy, and is bonded to R 13 , R 12 to R 17 are carbon atoms, three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is hydroxyl.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1 and R d is hydroxyl bonded at the position para- to the methylene group.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is Formula III shown below:

wherein R 4 is a substituted alkyl and R 5 is a dialkylamino, or R 4 is a dialkylamino and R 5 is a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl is hydroxymethyl and the dialkylamino is N,N-diethylamino.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI shown below:

or R 4 is Formula VI and R 5 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula IV or Formula V shown below:

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency.

In some embodiments R 6 of Formula IV is alkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is methyl.

In some embodiments R 6 of Formula IV is methyl, R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1 and R d is hydroxyl bonded at the position para- to the methylene group.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1 and R c is hydroxyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1, R c is hydroxyl, and X d is absent.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1, R c is hydroxyl, X d is absent, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is alkoxy.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is methoxy and X d is O.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is methoxy, X d is O, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2 and R c is alkylamino.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2, R c is methylamino, and X d is absent.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2, R c is methylamino, X d is absent, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III shown below:

wherein R 4 and R 5 are alkyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O, and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 and R 5 are methyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is carbonyl, or R 4 is carbonyl, and R 5 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is acetyl, or R 4 is acetyl, and R 5 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI shown below:

or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, R 12 is N, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is S, both R d are oxo and are bonded to the S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, q is 0, p is 1, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy such as methoxy, and is bonded to R 13 , R 12 to R 17 are carbon atoms, three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and, as valency permits, two of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double bonds, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, and the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 15 , or R 16 is N, and, as valency permits, two of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double bonds, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is N, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, and the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is N, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is N, and, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is N, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is N, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are N, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are N, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are N, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 15 , or R 16 is S, and, as valency permits, two of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double bonds, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is S, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, and the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is S, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S, and, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is S, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is S, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are S, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are S, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are S, R 12 , R 14 and R 15 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R 29 of Formula X is Si, and X g is alkynyl.

In some embodiments R 29 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, and R 30 is alkylene.

In some embodiments R 29 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, R 30 is methylene, and R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are alkyl.

In some embodiments R 29 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, R 30 is methylene, and R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are methyl.

Products can be either singularly modified or multiply modified. Singularly modified product s are products that contain one or more covalent modifications, wherein substantially all of the covalently modified products possess the same covalent modification (i.e. the product contains one ‘type’ or species of covalent modification). Multiply modified products are products that contain covalent modifications, wherein substantially all of the covalently modified products do not possess the same covalent modification (i.e. the product contains two or more ‘types’ or species of covalent modifications).

In some embodiments, the surface modified product is singularly modified. In some embodiments, the surface modification is:

In preferred embodiments, the surface modified product is multiply modified containing a first species or type of covalent modification defined by Formula I, and a second species or type of covalent modification defined by Formula I. In some embodiments, the surface modifications are combinations of the modifications shown above. Example combinations include:

In some embodiments, R 4 , R 5 , or both are, independently, hydrogen,

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency.

In some embodiments, R 1 is

wherein k is independently an integer from 1 to 30; wherein z is an integer from 0 to 4; wherein X d is O or S; wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 2 ); and wherein R a and R c are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic ring or

wherein R 4 , R 5 , or both are, independently, hydrogen,

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency.

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ); and wherein R 1 is not hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ); and wherein R 2 is not hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ); and wherein R 3 is not hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ); and wherein R 4 is not hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

In some embodiments, the surface modified products contain one or more covalent modifications described by Formula I, wherein for each formula R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ); and wherein R 5 is not hydrogen or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R 4 and R 5 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 4 and R 5 can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, all of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are 0.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S and one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 . Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S and one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is N, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is N, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are O, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are O, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is O, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, none, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 is S, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is S(O) 2 , and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, five, or six of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula VI, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 is O, and the others are C.

Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, four, or five of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, two, or three of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none, one, or two of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C. Independently in some embodiments of Formula IX, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are N, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S, none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 are S(O) 2 , none or one of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and the others are C.

In some embodiments, R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carbinol,

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency;

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein R d is independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 is independently —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R 18 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 18 can be

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are absent or 0;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R 18 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 18 can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R 18 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 18 can be

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are absent;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of R 18 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 18 can be absent or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, wherein p is 1.

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , —B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , —B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently, an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R b organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R e is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Independently in some embodiments of -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e can be, independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 4 , R 5 , or both are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, neither R 4 nor R 5 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, either R 4 or R 5 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 4 and R 5 both hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the compounds are represented by Formula I

wherein X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 2 , R 1 is, independently in one or more sites of chemical modification,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 10; wherein w is an integer from 0-4; wherein X d are independently absent, O or S;

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ); wherein R 30 is C or Si; wherein X g and R 29 are independently U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ); and wherein R e and R c are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic, heterocyclic ring or

wherein R 4 , R 5 , or both are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carbinol,

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 6 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently present or absent according to valency, and wherein the ring bonds are double or single according to valency;

wherein in R 4 or R 5 ;

z is an integer from 0-11;

R d is independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

R 18 is independently —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 4 , R 5 , or both are not hydrogen; wherein at least one R b or R c is defined by Formula III.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is an integer from 0-3; R d is independently amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 alkylthio;

where R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , where the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and where R 18 to R 23 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and where R 18 is independently —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, where p and q are independently integers from 0 to 3, where X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , where each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , where R 20 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 alkylthio.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, R 12 is N, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is S, both R d are oxo and are bonded to the S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, q is 0, p is 1, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, R 13 and R 17 of Formula VI are O and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R d is methoxy, and is bonded to R 13 , R 12 to R 17 are carbon atoms, three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VII is 1, R e is hydroxyl.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VII is 1 and R e is hydroxyl bonded at the position para- to the methylene group.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VII is 1, R e is Formula III shown below:

wherein R 4 is a substituted alkyl and R 5 is a dialkylamino, or R 4 is a dialkylamino and R 5 is a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl is hydroxymethyl and the dialkylamino is N,N-diethylamino.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VII is 1, R e is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI shown below:

or R 4 is Formula VI and R 5 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 , R 15 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single. In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VI is 1, R e is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula IV or Formula V shown below:

wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are, independently, hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments R 6 of Formula IV is alkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is methyl.

In some embodiments R 6 of Formula IV is methyl, R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, z in Formula VII is 1 and R e is hydroxyl bonded at the position para- to the methylene group.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1 and R c is hydroxyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1, R c is hydroxyl, and X d is absent.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 1, R c is hydroxyl, X d is absent, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is alkoxy.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is methoxy and X d is O.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, R c is methoxy, X d is O, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2 and R c is alkylamino.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2, R c is methylamino, and X d is absent.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 2, R c is methylamino, X d is absent, and R 21 —R 28 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III shown below:

wherein R 4 and R 5 are alkyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O, and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 and R 5 are methyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is carbonyl, or R 4 is carbonyl, and R 5 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3, X d is O and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is acetyl, or R 4 is acetyl, and R 5 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI shown below:

or R 4 is hydrogen and R 5 is Formula VI.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula IX, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, R 12 is N, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , or R 17 is S, both R d are oxo and are bonded to the S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 2, both R d are oxo and are bonded to R 15 , R 12 is N, R 15 is S, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, q is 0, p is 1, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is amino and is bonded to R 15 , and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, and all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 0, R 13 is O, all of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is oxygen, p is 1, q is 0 and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , or R 18 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy and is bonded to R 13 , three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula VI, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula VI, wherein z in Formula VI is 1, R d is alkoxy such as methoxy, and is bonded to R 13 , R 12 to R 17 are carbon atoms, three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are single, X b is absent, p is 0 and q is 0.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula IV or Formula V, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula IV or Formula V, wherein R 6 is alkyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula IV or Formula V, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula IV or Formula V, wherein R 6 is alkyl.

In some embodiments of Formula VIII, k is 3 and R c is Formula III, wherein R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is Formula IV, or R 5 is hydrogen and R 4 is Formula IV, wherein R 6 is an alkyl such as a methyl, R 7 and R 8 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and, as valency permits, two of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double bonds, and three of the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 14 and R 15 , are double bonds, and the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between R 12 and R 16 , and between R 15 and R 15 , are double bonds, the rest of the bonds in the ring are single bonds, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , or R 16 is O, and, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 is O, R 12 , R 14 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, and the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, R 12 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds.

In some embodiments, w in Formula IX is 0, R 13 and R 16 are O, R 12 , R 15 and R 16 are C, the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are single bonds, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, X b is absent, p is 1, q is 0, and each R 19 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R 30 of Formula X is Si, and X g is alkynyl.

In some embodiments R 30 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, and R 29 is alkylene.

In some embodiments R 30 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, R 29 is methylene, and R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are alkyl.

In some embodiments R 30 of Formula X is Si, X g is ethynyl, R 29 is methylene, and R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are methyl.

In preferred embodiments, the surface or a surface of the product described herein, is covalently modified.

In some embodiments the modified product is singularly modified. In specific embodiments, the singularly modified product contains one or more covalent modifications defined by Formula I, wherein R 1 includes an azide group, an alkyne group, or a 1,2,3-triazole ring.

In some embodiments, the surface or a surface of the product is modified with a compound that contains an azide group. The azide group is further reacted with a second molecule containing a terminal or internal alkyne. Upon reaction, the azide and the alkyne groups undergo an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction forming a 1,2,3-triazole ring, coupling the second molecule to the modified surface.

In alternative embodiments, the surface or a surface of the product is modified with a compound that contains an alkyne group. The alkyne group is further reacted with a second molecule containing an azide group. Upon reaction, the azide and the alkyne groups undergo an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction forming a 1,2,3-triazole ring, coupling the second molecule to the modified surface.

Examples of the azide-containing compounds include X c —R w —N 3 , where X c is absent, —OH, —SH, or —NH 2 and R w is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

Alkynes for use as reagents in 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition reactions include alkynes having side groups corresponding to of the moieties described herein for any of the organic groups, R groups, and substituents. For example, the alkynes can have side groups corresponding to of the moieties described herein for R 4 and R 5 .

In some embodiments, alkynes for use as reagents in 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition reactions can be

R 59 —C≡C—R 60 ,   Formula XIII

wherein R 59 and R 60 are independently hydrogen, or an organic grouping containing any number of carbon atoms, 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, or 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally including one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats, representative R 59 and R 60 organic groupings being those present in U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9; wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein R d are independently absent, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 );

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein z is an integer from 0-11; wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently absent, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 17 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 17 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently absent, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C, O, N, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 , wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein w is an integer from 0-9;

wherein R d are independently U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); or together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are independently C or N, wherein the bonds between adjacent R 12 to R 16 are double or single according to valency, wherein one, two, three, or four of R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are N and the others are C, and wherein R 12 to R 16 are bound to none, one, or two hydrogens according to valency; and

wherein R 18 are independently absent, —(CR 19 R 19 ) p — or —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —X b —(CR 19 R 19 ) q —, wherein p and q are independently integers from 0 to 5, wherein X b is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or NR 20 , wherein each R 19 is, as valency permits, independently absent, hydrogen, ═O, ═S, —OH, —SH, or —NR 20 , wherein R 20 is U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein k is an integer from 0 to 20;

wherein X d are independently absent, O, or S;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are independently O or S;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments, R 59 and R 60 are independently,

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20;

wherein X d are O;

wherein R c is R b , absent, hydrogen, U 2 , U 2 +Q 1 , U 2 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 2 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 3 , U 3 +Q 1 , U 3 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 3 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 3 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 3 +Q 1 +Q 3 ); and

wherein R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are independently R b , hydrogen, U 1 , U 1 +Q 1 , U 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 (preferably, in these embodiments, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 ).

In some embodiments of R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 59 , R 60 , R a , R c , R d , R e , R w , R x , R z , X g , -A-B(—C) δ , and —B(—C) δ , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 59 , R 60 , R a , R c , R d , R e , R w , R x , R z , X g , -A-B(—C) δ , and —B(—C) δ can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , or U 1 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 .

In some embodiments of R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 59 , R 60 , R a , R c , R d , R e , R w , R x , R z , X g , -A-B(—C) δ , and —B(—C) δ , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 59 , R 60 , R a , R c , R d , R e , R w , R x , R z , X g , -A-B(—C) δ , and —B(—C) δ can be, independently, absent, hydrogen, U 4 , U 4 +Q 1 , U 4 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 1 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , U 4 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 , or U 4 +Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 +Q 4 +Q 5 +Q 6 +Q 7 +Q 8 .

In some embodiments of R 5 , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R 5 can be —CH 2 —OH, —CH 3 , —O—CH 3 , or —CO—CH 3 , preferably —CH 2 —OH. Preferably in these embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of C, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, C can be —CH 2 —OH, —CH 3 , —O—CH 3 , or —CO—CH 3 , preferably —CH 2 —OH. Preferably in these embodiments, C is in Formula XII, B is triazole, and δ is 1.

In some embodiments of R d , and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, R d can be —CH 2 —OH, —CH 3 , —O—CH 3 , or —CO—CH 3 , preferably —CH 2 —OH. Preferably in these embodiments, R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are N, R 15 and R 16 are C, and w is 1.

Preferred alkynes for use as reagents in 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition reactions include those shown below.

In alternative embodiments, the modified product is multiply modified. In preferred embodiments, the multiply modified product is covalently modified with a first species or type of a compound defined by Formula I, and also covalently modified with a second different species or type of compound by Formula I. In other embodiments, the multiply modified product is covalently modified with three or more different types of compounds defined by Formula I.

In some embodiments, the multiply product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in both species X is NR 2 .

In some embodiments, the multiply product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in both species X is oxygen.

In some embodiments, the multiply product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in both species X is sulfur.

In some embodiments, the multiply modified product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in one species X is oxygen, and in the second species X is NR 2 or sulfur.

In some embodiments, the multiply modified product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in one species X is sulfur, and in the second species X is NR 2 .

In some embodiments, the multiply modified product contains three different species of compounds defined by Formula I, which covalently modify a surface of the product, wherein in the first species X is oxygen, in the second species X is sulfur, and in the third species X is NR 2 .

In some embodiments, the multiply modified product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, wherein in at least one of the species of compounds, R 1 includes one or more cyclic moieties. In preferred embodiments, the multiply modified product contains two different species of covalent modifications defined by Formula I, wherein in one or more sites of chemical modification, R 1 includes a phenyl ring, furan ring, oxolane ring, dioxolane ring, or a 1,2,3-triazole ring.

In certain embodiments, the multiply modified product contains two different species of compounds defined by Formula I, wherein in one or more sites of chemical modification, R 1 includes one or more halogen moieties, an azide group, or an alkyne.

In some embodiments, R 1 through R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d and R e are independently hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 1 .

In some embodiments, R 1 through R 5 , R a , R b , R c , R d and R e are independently hydrogen, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, oxo, phosphate, or J 2 .

In some embodiments, -A-B(—C) δ , —B(—C) δ , A, B, C, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 59 , R 60 , R a , R c , R d , and R e are independently —R h —(R g ) j —R f , wherein R h is absent, C(R 39 R 40 ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 41 ; wherein each R g is independently absent (i.e., j is 0), C(R 42 R 43 ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44 ; and wherein R f is hydrogen, C(R 45 R 46 R 47 ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100 R 101 R 102 ), or NR 48 R 49 R 50 ;

wherein j is an integer from 0 to 30, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 41 , R 42 , R 43 , and R 44 are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, ═O, —OR 51 , —SR 52 , —NR 53 R 54 R 55 , —C(R 56 R 57 R 58 ), or —R hx —(R gx ) jx —R fx , wherein R 45 , R 46 , R 47 , R 48 , R 49 , R 50 , R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54 , R 55 , R 56 , R 57 , and R 58 are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, fluorine, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═NH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, wherein R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic, wherein the bond between R h and R g , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between R g and R f , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each adjacent R g is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between R h and R f , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency; wherein when R h is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R h and R g is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R h is NR 41 , the bond between R h and R g is not a triple bond; wherein when R g is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R g and R h is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R h is NR 44 , the bond between R g and R h is not a triple bond; wherein when R g is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R g and R f is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R g is NR 44 , the bond between R g and R f is not a triple bond; wherein when R h is O, R g is not O, S, or NR 44 , and vice versa; wherein when R h is S, R g is not O, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44 , and vice versa; wherein when R h is S(O) 2 , R g is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R h is S(O) 3 , R g is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R h is NR 41 , R g is not O, or S, and vice versa; wherein when R g is O, R f is not OH, SH, or NR 48 R 49 R 50 , and vice versa; wherein when R g is S, R f is not OH, SH, S(O) 2 or NR 48 R 49 R 50 , and vice versa; wherein when R g is S(O) 2 , R f is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R g is S(O) 3 , R f is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; and wherein when R g is NR 44 , R f is not OH, SH, or S(O) 2 , and vice versa; wherein each R hx is independently absent, C(R 39x R 40x ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 41x ; wherein each R gx is independently absent (i.e., jx is 0), C(R 42x R 43x ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44x ; and wherein each R fx is independently hydrogen, C(R 45x R 46x R 47x ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100x R 101x R 102x ), or NR 48x R 49x R 50x ; wherein jx is an integer from 0 to 20, wherein R 39x , R 40x , R 41x , R 42x , R 43x , and R 44x are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, ═O, —OR 51x , —SR 52x , —NR 53x R 54x R 55x , —C(R 56x R 57x R 58x ), or —R hy —(R gy ) jy —R fy , wherein R 45x , R 46x , R 47x , R 48x , R 49x , R 50x , R 51x , R 52x , R 53x , R 54x , R 55x , R 56x , R 57x , and R 58x are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═NH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, wherein R 100x , R 101x , and R 102x are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic, wherein the bond between each R hx and each respective R gx , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R gx and each respective R fx , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each adjacent R gx is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R hx and each respective R fx , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency; wherein when R hx is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R hx and R gx is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hx is NR 41x , the bond between R hx and R gx is not a triple bond; wherein when R gx is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gx and R hx is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hx is NR 44x , the bond between R gx and R hx is not a triple bond; wherein when R gx is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gx and R fx is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R gx is NR 44x , the bond between R gx and R fx is not a triple bond; wherein when R hx is O, R gx is not O, S, or NR 44x , and vice versa; wherein when R hx is S, R gx is not O, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44x , and vice versa; wherein when R hx is S(O) 2 , R gx is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hx is S(O) 3 , R gx is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hx is NR 41x , R gx is not O, or S, and vice versa; wherein when R gx is O, R fx is not OH, SH, or NR 48x R 49x R 50x , and vice versa; wherein when R gx is S, R fx is not OH, SH, S(O) 2 or NR 48x R 49x R 50x , and vice versa; wherein when R gx is S(O) 2 , R fx is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R gx is S(O) 3 , R fx is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; and wherein when R gx is NR 44x , R fx is not OH, SH, or S(O) 2 , and vice versa; wherein each R hy is independently absent, C(R 39y R 40y ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 41y ; wherein each R gy is independently absent (i.e., jy is 0), C(R 42y R 43y ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44y ; and wherein each R fy is independently hydrogen, C(R 45y R 46y R 47y ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100y R 101y R 102y ), or NR 48y R 49y R 50y ; wherein jy is an integer from 0 to 10, wherein R 39y , R 40y , R 41y , R 42y , R 43y , and R 44y are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, ═O, —OR 51y , —SR 52y , —NR 53y R 54y R 55y , —C(R 56y R 57y R 58y ), or —R hz —(R gz ) jz —R fz , wherein R 45y , R 46y , R 47y , R 48y , R 49y , R 50y , R 51y , R 52y , R 53y , R 54y , R 55y , R 56y , R 57y , and R 58y are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═NH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, wherein R 100y , R 101y , and R 102y are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic, wherein the bond between each R hy and each respective R gy , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R gy and each respective R fy , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each adjacent R gy is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R hy and each respective R fy , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency; wherein when R hy is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R hy and R gy is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hy is NR 41y , the bond between R hy and R gy is not a triple bond; wherein when R gy is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gy and R hy is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hy is NR 44y , the bond between R gy and R hy is not a triple bond; wherein when R gy is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gy and R fy is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R gy is NR 44y , the bond between R gy and R fy is not a triple bond; wherein when R hy is O, R gy is not O, S, or NR 44y , and vice versa; wherein when R hy is S, R gy is not O, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44y , and vice versa; wherein when R hy is S(O) 2 , R gy is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hy is S(O) 3 , R gy is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hy is NR 41y , R gy is not O, or S, and vice versa; wherein when R gy is O, R fy is not OH, SH, or NR 48y R 49y R 50y , and vice versa; wherein when R gy is S, R fy is not OH, SH, S(O) 2 or NR 48y R 49y R 50y , and vice versa; wherein when R gy is S(O) 2 , R fy is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R gy is S(O) 3 , R fy is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; and wherein when R gy is NR 44y , R fy is not OH, SH, or S(O) 2 , and vice versa; wherein each R hz is independently absent, C(R 39z R 40z ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 41z ; wherein each R gz is independently absent (i.e., jz is 0), C(R 42z R 43z ), O, S, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44z ; and wherein each R fz is independently hydrogen, C(R 45z R 46z R 47z ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100z R 101z R 102z ), or NR 48z R 49z R 50z ; wherein jz is an integer from 0 to 6, wherein R 39z , R 40z , R 41z , R 42z , R 43z , and R 44z are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, ═O, —OR 51z , —SR 52z , —NR 53z R 54z R 55z , or —C(R 56z R 57z R 58z ), wherein R 45z , R 46z , R 47z , R 48z , R 49z , R 50z , R 51z , R 52z , R 53z , R 54z , R 55z , R 56z , R 57z , and R 58z are each independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═NH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, wherein R 100z , R 101z , and R 102z are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic, wherein the bond between each R hz and each respective R gz , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R gz and each respective R fz , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each adjacent R gz is single, double, or triple depending on the valency, wherein the bond between each R hz and each respective R fz , if present, is single, double, or triple depending on the valency; wherein when R hz is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R hz and R gz is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hz is NR 41z , the bond between R hz and R gz is not a triple bond; wherein when R gz is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gz and R hz is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R hz is NR 44z , the bond between R gz and R hz is not a triple bond; wherein when R gz is O, S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , the bond between R gz and R fz is not a double or triple bond; wherein when R gz is NR 44z , the bond between R gz and R fz is not a triple bond; wherein when R hz is O, R gz is not O, S, or NR 44z , and vice versa; wherein when R hz is S, R gz is not O, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , or NR 44z , and vice versa; wherein when R hz is S(O) 2 , R gz is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hz is S(O) 3 , R gz is not S, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R hz is NR 41z , R gz is not O, or S, and vice versa; wherein when R gz is O, R fz is not OH, SH, or NR 48z R 49z R 50z , and vice versa; wherein when R gz is S, R fz is not OH, SH, S(O) 2 or NR 48z R 49z R 50z , and vice versa; wherein when R gz is S(O) 2 , R fz is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; wherein when R gz is S(O) 3 , R fz is not SH, S(O) 2 , or S(O) 3 , and vice versa; and wherein when R gz is NR 44z , R fz is not OH, SH, or S(O) 2 , and vice versa.

Independently in some embodiments of j, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, j can be an integer from 1 to 30, 2 to 30, 3 to 30, 4 to 30, 5 to 30, 6 to 30, 7 to 30, 8 to 30, 9 to 30, 10 to 30, 11 to 30, 12 to 30, 13 to 30, 14 to 30, 15 to 30, 16 to 30, 17 to 30, 18 to 30, 19 to 30, 20 to 30, 21 to 30, 22 to 30, 23 to 30, 24 to 30, 25 to 30, 26 to 30, 27 to 30, 28 to 30, 29 to 30, 1 to 29, 2 to 29, 3 to 29, 4 to 29, 5 to 29, 6 to 29, 7 to 29, 8 to 29, 9 to 29, 10 to 29, 11 to 29, 12 to 29, 13 to 29, 14 to 29, 15 to 29, 16 to 29, 17 to 29, 18 to 29, 19 to 29, 20 to 29, 21 to 29, 22 to 29, 23 to 29, 24 to 29, 25 to 29, 26 to 29, 27 to 29, 28 to 29, 1 to 28, 2 to 28, 3 to 28, 4 to 28, 5 to 28, 6 to 28, 7 to 28, 8 to 28, 9 to 28, 10 to 28, 11 to 28, 12 to 28, 13 to 28, 14 to 28, 15 to 28, 16 to 28, 17 to 28, 18 to 28, 19 to 28, 20 to 28, 21 to 28, 22 to 28, 23 to 28, 24 to 28, 25 to 28, 26 to 28, 27 to 28, 1 to 27, 2 to 27, 3 to 27, 4 to 27, 5 to 27, 6 to 27, 7 to 27, 8 to 27, 9 to 27, 10 to 27, 11 to 27, 12 to 27, 13 to 27, 14 to 27, 15 to 27, 16 to 27, 17 to 27, 18 to 27, 19 to 27, 20 to 27, 21 to 27, 22 to 27, 23 to 27, 24 to 27, 25 to 27, 26 to 27, 1 to 26, 2 to 26, 3 to 26, 4 to 26, 5 to 26, 6 to 26, 7 to 26, 8 to 26, 9 to 26, 10 to 26, 11 to 26, 12 to 26, 13 to 26, 14 to 26, 15 to 26, 16 to 26, 17 to 26, 18 to 26, 19 to 26, 20 to 26, 21 to 26, 22 to 26, 23 to 26, 24 to 26, 25 to 26, 1 to 25, 2 to 25, 3 to 25, 4 to 25, 5 to 25, 6 to 25, 7 to 25, 8 to 25, 9 to 25, 10 to 25, 11 to 25, 12 to 25, 13 to 25, 14 to 25, 15 to 25, 16 to 25, 17 to 25, 18 to 25, 19 to 25, 20 to 25, 21 to 25, 22 to 25, 23 to 25, 24 to 25, 1 to 24, 2 to 24, 3 to 24, 4 to 24, 5 to 24, 6 to 24, 7 to 24, 8 to 24, 9 to 24, 10 to 24, 11 to 24, 12 to 24, 13 to 24, 14 to 24, 15 to 24, 16 to 24, 17 to 24, 18 to 24, 19 to 24, 20 to 24, 21 to 24, 22 to 24, 23 to 24, 1 to 23, 2 to 23, 3 to 23, 4 to 23, 5 to 23, 6 to 23, 7 to 23, 8 to 23, 9 to 23, 10 to 23, 11 to 23, 12 to 23, 13 to 23, 14 to 23, 15 to 23, 16 to 23, 17 to 23, 18 to 23, 19 to 23, 20 to 23, 21 to 23, 22 to 23, 1 to 22, 2 to 22, 3 to 22, 4 to 22, 5 to 22, 6 to 22, 7 to 22, 8 to 22, 9 to 22, 10 to 22, 11 to 22, 12 to 22, 13 to 22, 14 to 22, 15 to 22, 16 to 22, 17 to 22, 18 to 22, 19 to 22, 20 to 22, 21 to 22, 1 to 21, 2 to 21, 3 to 21, 4 to 21, 5 to 21, 6 to 21, 7 to 21, 8 to 21, 9 to 21, 10 to 21, 11 to 21, 12 to 21, 13 to 21, 14 to 21, 15 to 21, 16 to 21, 17 to 21, 18 to 21, 19 to 21, 20 to 21, 1 to 20, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 4 to 20, 5 to 20, 6 to 20, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 9 to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 20, 12 to 20, 13 to 20, 14 to 20, 15 to 20, 16 to 20, 17 to 20, 18 to 20, 19 to 20, 1 to 19, 2 to 19, 3 to 19, 4 to 19, 5 to 19, 6 to 19, 7 to 19, 8 to 19, 9 to 19, 10 to 19, 11 to 19, 12 to 19, 13 to 19, 14 to 19, 15 to 19, 16 to 19, 17 to 19, 18 to 19, 1 to 18, 2 to 18, 3 to 18, 4 to 18, 5 to 18, 6 to 18, 7 to 18, 8 to 18, 9 to 18, 10 to 18, 11 to 18, 12 to 18, 13 to 18, 14 to 18, 15 to 18, 16 to 18, 17 to 18, 1 to 17, 2 to 17, 3 to 17, 4 to 17, 5 to 17, 6 to 17, 7 to 17, 8 to 17, 9 to 17, 10 to 17, 11 to 17, 12 to 17, 13 to 17, 14 to 17, 15 to 17, 16 to 17, 1 to 16, 2 to 16, 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 1 to 15, 2 to 15, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 1 to 14, 2 to 14, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 1 to 13, 2 to 13, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, j is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.

Independently in some embodiments of j, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, j can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of j, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, j can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of j, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, j can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, j is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of jx, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jx can be an integer from 1 to 20, 2 to 20, 3 to 20, 4 to 20, 5 to 20, 6 to 20, 7 to 20, 8 to 20, 9 to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 20, 12 to 20, 13 to 20, 14 to 20, 15 to 20, 16 to 20, 17 to 20, 18 to 20, 19 to 20, 1 to 19, 2 to 19, 3 to 19, 4 to 19, 5 to 19, 6 to 19, 7 to 19, 8 to 19, 9 to 19, 10 to 19, 11 to 19, 12 to 19, 13 to 19, 14 to 19, 15 to 19, 16 to 19, 17 to 19, 18 to 19, 1 to 18, 2 to 18, 3 to 18, 4 to 18, 5 to 18, 6 to 18, 7 to 18, 8 to 18, 9 to 18, 10 to 18, 11 to 18, 12 to 18, 13 to 18, 14 to 18, 15 to 18, 16 to 18, 17 to 18, 1 to 17, 2 to 17, 3 to 17, 4 to 17, 5 to 17, 6 to 17, 7 to 17, 8 to 17, 9 to 17, 10 to 17, 11 to 17, 12 to 17, 13 to 17, 14 to 17, 15 to 17, 16 to 17, 1 to 16, 2 to 16, 3 to 16, 4 to 16, 5 to 16, 6 to 16, 7 to 16, 8 to 16, 9 to 16, 10 to 16, 11 to 16, 12 to 16, 13 to 16, 14 to 16, 15 to 16, 1 to 15, 2 to 15, 3 to 15, 4 to 15, 5 to 15, 6 to 15, 7 to 15, 8 to 15, 9 to 15, 10 to 15, 11 to 15, 12 to 15, 13 to 15, 14 to 15, 1 to 14, 2 to 14, 3 to 14, 4 to 14, 5 to 14, 6 to 14, 7 to 14, 8 to 14, 9 to 14, 10 to 14, 11 to 14, 12 to 14, 13 to 14, 1 to 13, 2 to 13, 3 to 13, 4 to 13, 5 to 13, 6 to 13, 7 to 13, 8 to 13, 9 to 13, 10 to 13, 11 to 13, 12 to 13, 1 to 12, 2 to 12, 3 to 12, 4 to 12, 5 to 12, 6 to 12, 7 to 12, 8 to 12, 9 to 12, 10 to 12, 11 to 12, 1 to 11, 2 to 11, 3 to 11, 4 to 11, 5 to 11, 6 to 11, 7 to 11, 8 to 11, 9 to 11, 10 to 11, 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In some embodiments, jx is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20.

Independently in some embodiments of jx, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jx can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of jx, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jx can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of jx, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jx can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, jx is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of jy, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jy can be an integer from 1 to 10, 2 to 10, 3 to 10, 4 to 10, 5 to 10, 6 to 10, 7 to 10, 8 to 10, 9 to 10, 1 to 9, 2 to 9, 3 to 9, 4 to 9, 5 to 9, 6 to 9, 7 to 9, 8 to 9, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 3 to 8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 7 to 8, 1 to 7, 2 to 7, 3 to 7, 4 to 7, 5 to 7, 6 to 7, 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. Independently in some embodiments of jy, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jy can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

Independently in some embodiments of jy, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jy can be an integer from 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, jy is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Independently in some embodiments of jz, and independently in combination with any embodiments of any other relevant substituent classes, jz can be an integer from 1 to 6, 2 to 6, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 1 to 5, 2 to 5, 3 to 5, 4 to 5, 1 to 4, 2 to 4, 3 to 4, 1 to 3, 2 to 3, or 1 to 2. In preferred embodiments, jz is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

N1

In some embodiments, in Formula VI, R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are carbon, z is 2, R d is —O—CH 3 , the ring of Formula VI is aromatic, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, both R 19 are hydrogen, and p is 1. In some embodiments, R d is at positions R 14 and R 15 .

N2

In some embodiments, R 2 is methyl, in Formula IX, R 13 and R 16 are oxygen, R 12 , R 14 , and R 15 are carbon, w is 0, the ring of Formula IX has no double bonds, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, both R 19 are hydrogen, and p is 1.

N3

In some embodiments R h is absent, j is 3, and each R g is C(R 42 R 43 ), wherein R 42 and R 43 are hydrogen. In some embodiments R h is absent, j is 0 to 10, and each R g is C(R 42 R 43 ), wherein R 42 and R 43 are hydrogen. In some embodiments R h is absent, j is 3, each R g is C(R 42 R 43 ), and R f is NR 48 R 49 R 50 , wherein R 48 and R 49 are —CH 3 , R 50 is absent, and R 42 and R 43 are hydrogen. In some embodiments R h is absent, j is 0 to 10, each R g is C(R 42 R 43 ), and R f is NR 48 R 49 R 50 , wherein R 48 and R 49 are —CH 3 , R 50 is absent, and R 42 and R 43 are hydrogen. In some embodiments j is 0. In some embodiments j is 1. In some embodiment j is 2. In some embodiments j is 3. In some embodiment j is 4. In some embodiments j is 5. In some embodiments j is 7. In some embodiment j is 8. In some embodiments j is 9. In some embodiments j is 10.

N4

In some embodiments, R 2 is methyl, and in Formula VI, R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are carbon, z is 0, the ring of Formula VI is aromatic, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, both R 19 are hydrogen, and p is 1.

N5

In some embodiments, in Formula VI, R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are carbon, z is 0, the ring of Formula VI is aromatic, R 18 is —(CR 19 R 19 ) p —, both R 19 are hydrogen, and p is 1.

N6

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), and j is 11, wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth R g are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh R g are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), j is 11, and R f is C(R 45 R 46 R 47 ), wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth R g are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh R g are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , R 43 , R 45 , R 46 , and R 47 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), and j is 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, or 32, wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, thirtieth, and thirty-first R g , if present, are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth, twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-sixth, twenty-ninth, and thirty-second R g , if present, are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), j is 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, or 32, and R f is C(R 45 R 46 R 47 ), wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, thirtieth, and thirty-first R g , if present, are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth, twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-sixth, twenty-ninth, and thirty-second R g , if present, are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , R 43 , R 45 , R 46 , and R 47 are hydrogen.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), and j is 11, wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth R g are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh R g are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen, wherein R 45 , R 46 , R 47 , R 48 , R 49 , and R 50 are independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═N, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, and wherein R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic. In some embodiments, R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 5 -C 6 cyclic.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), j is 11, and R f is hydrogen, C(R 45 R 46 R 47 ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100 R 101 R 102 ), or NR 48 R 49 R 50 , wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth R g are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh R g are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen, wherein R 45 , R 46 , R 47 , R 48 , R 49 , and R 50 are independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═N, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, and wherein R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic. In some embodiments, R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 5 -C 6 cyclic.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), and j is 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, or 32, wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, thirtieth, and thirty-first R g , if present, are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth, twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-sixth, twenty-ninth, and thirty-second R g , if present, are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen, wherein R 45 , R 46 , R 47 , R 48 , R 49 , and R 50 are independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═N, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, and wherein R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 3 -C 20 cyclic. In some embodiments, R 100 , R 101 , and R 102 are each independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl, aryl, or C 5 -C 6 cyclic.

In some embodiments R h is C(R 39 R 40 ), j is 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, or 32, and R f is hydrogen, C(R 45 R 46 R 47 ), OH, SH, S(O) 2 , S(O) 3 , Si(R 100 R 101 R 102 ), or NR 48 R 49 R 50 , wherein the first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, thirtieth, and thirty-first R g , if present, are C(R 42 R 43 ) and the second, fifth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth, twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-sixth, twenty-ninth, and thirty-second R g , if present, are O, wherein R 39 , R 40 , R 42 , and R 43 are hydrogen, wherein R 45 , R 46 , R 47 , R 48 , R 49 , and R 50 are independently, as valency permits, absent, hydrogen, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═N, —NH 2 , —NH 3 , —CH 3 , or —COOH, and wherein R 100 , R 101 , and R 102