Apparatus for generating power from a turbine engine

Turbine engines, and particularly gas turbine engines, also known as combustion turbine engines, are rotary engines that extract energy from a flow of combusted gases passing through the engine onto a multitude of turbine blades. Gas turbine engines have been used for land and nautical locomotion and power generation, but are most commonly used for aeronautical applications such as for airplanes, including helicopters. In airplanes, gas turbine engines are used for propulsion of the aircraft.

Gas turbine engines can have two or more spools, including a low pressure (LP) spool that provides a significant fraction of the overall propulsion system thrust, and a high pressure (HP) spool that drives one or more compressors and produces additional thrust by directing exhaust products in an aft direction. A triple spool gas turbine engine includes a third, intermediate pressure (IP) spool.

Gas turbine engines also usually power a number of different accessories such as generators, starter/generators, permanent magnet alternators (PMA), fuel pumps, and hydraulic pumps, e.g., equipment for functions needed on an aircraft other than propulsion. For example, contemporary aircraft need electrical power for avionics, motors, and other electric equipment. A generator coupled with a gas turbine engine will convert the mechanical power of the engine into electrical energy needed to power accessories.

Autotransformers (ATUs) are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes and to reduce the harmonic contents of the generators and the ripples at the outputs of the rectifiers. In aircrafts, autotransformers typically are used to step up or down voltages between generators and rectifiers. ATUs are separate from the generator, and add to the weight and volume of the engine. Furthermore, ATUs often require a forced liquid cooling system, which adds additional weight and volume to the engine.

In one embodiment, a power generation system for a gas turbine engine having a pressure spool includes an AC generator with an integrated auto transformer unit having at least two three-phase outputs from the integrated auto transformer unit, a rectifier matrix connected to the at least two three-phase output, and a filter connected to the rectifier matrix configured to provide DC output to a bus.

In another embodiment, an electrical architecture for a gas turbine engine having a high pressure (HP) spool and a low pressure (LP) spool includes a first AC generator coupled to the LP spool and comprising a first integrated auto transformer unit having at least two three-phase outputs from the first integrated auto transformer unit, a second AC generator coupled to the HP spool and comprising a second integrated auto transformer unit having at least two three-phase outputs from the second integrated auto transformer unit, a first AC/DC converter connected to the at least two three-phase outputs of the first AC generator, and to a first DC bus, and a second AC/DC converter connected to the at least two three-phase outputs of the second AC generator, and to a second DC bus, wherein the first and second DC buses are selectively connected.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of a gas turbine engine for an aircraft;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture for the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1 , the system architecture having a generator with an integrated autotransformer unit in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram of the generator with the integrated autotransformer unit and an AC-to-DC power converter of the electrical power system architecture of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 4 is an electrical diagram of a stator winding for the generator with the integrated autotransformer unit from FIG. 3 ;

FIG. 5 is a winding vector diagram for the stator winding from FIG. 4 ;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture for the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1 , the system architecture having an integrated autotransformer unit in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is an electrical diagram of the generator with the integrated autotransformer unit and an AC-to-DC power converter of the electrical power system architecture of FIG. 6 .

FIG. 8 is an electrical diagram of a stator winding for the generator with the integrated autotransformer unit from FIG. 3 ;

FIG. 9 is a winding vector diagram for the stator winding from FIG. 8 ;

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture for the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1 , the system architecture having a generator with an integrated autotransformer unit in accordance with a third embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is an electrical diagram of the generator with the integrated autotransformer unit and an AC-to-DC power converter of the electrical power system architecture of FIG. 10 .

The described embodiments of the present invention are directed to power extraction from an aircraft engine, and more particularly to an electrical power system architecture which enables production of electrical power from a turbine engine, preferably a gas turbine engine. It will be understood, however, that the invention is not so limited and has general application to electrical power system architectures in non-aircraft applications, such as other mobile applications and non-mobile industrial, commercial, and residential applications.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of a gas turbine engine 10 for an aircraft. Engine 10 includes, in downstream serial flow relationship, a fan section 12 including a fan 14 , a booster or low pressure (LP) compressor 16 , a high pressure (HP) compressor 18 , a combustion section 20 , a HP turbine 22 , and a LP turbine 24 . A HP shaft or spool 26 drivingly connects HP turbine 22 to HP compressor 18 and a LP shaft or spool 28 drivingly connects LP turbine 24 to LP compressor 16 and fan 14 . HP turbine 22 includes an HP turbine rotor 30 having turbine blades 32 mounted at a periphery of rotor 30 . Blades 32 extend radially outwardly from blade platforms 34 to radially outer blade tips 36 .

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture 40 according to a first embodiment of the invention. The system architecture 40 includes multiple engine systems, shown herein as including at least a left engine system 42 and a right engine system 44 . The left and right engine systems 42 , 44 may be substantially identical; therefore, only the left engine system 42 will be described in detail for the sake of brevity. The left engine system 42 can include the HP and LP spools 26 , 28 of the gas turbine engine 10 shown in FIG. 1 , although the system architecture 40 has application to other engines as well. The left engine system 42 shown herein uses mechanical power provided by two spools, the HP spool 26 and the LP spool 28 . However, the system architecture 40 could also be implemented on an engine having more than two spools, such as a 3-spool engine having an intermediate pressure spool in addition to the HP and LP spools. The system architecture 40 can further include an auxiliary power unit (APU) 46 of the aircraft and an external power source (EPS) 48 . As shown herein, the APU 46 and EPS 48 each have a DC output 50 , 52 , respectively.

In the embodiment illustrated, the left engine system 42 includes a first autotransformer unit (ATU) integrated generator 56 , shown herein as an ATU integrated starter-generator 56 , configured to produce variable frequency (VF) AC power from mechanical power supplied by the HP spool 26 , and a second ATU integrated generator 58 configured to produce constant frequency (CF) AC power from mechanical power supplied by the LP spool 28 .

The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 includes a power generation section 60 and an ATU section 62 . As will be explained in greater detail below, the ATU section 62 is integrated with the power generation section 60 by integrating some of the electrical windings necessary for power transformation on the electrical winding of the power generation section 60 . This essentially eliminates winding duplication in the power generation section 60 and the ATU section 62 , which can translate into weight and cost savings for the aircraft.

The HP spool 26 can be operably coupled with the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 by an HP drive assembly having an input mechanically coupled to the HP spool 26 and an output mechanically coupled to the power generation section 62 . One embodiment of the HP drive assembly is an accessory gearbox 64 , where the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 can be mounted and coupled to the accessory gearbox 64 . Within the accessory gearbox 64 , power may also be transferred to other engine accessories. The power generation section 60 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 converts mechanical power supplied by the HP spool 26 into electrical power and produces a power supply 66 having three phase outputs. The ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 functions to both transform the three phase outputs of the power supply 66 into a nine phase power output 68 and to step up the voltage of the power supply.

The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 also provides a starting function to the aircraft. Alternatively, the ATU integrated generator 56 on the HP side of the left engine system 42 may comprise a generator that does not provide a starting function to the aircraft. In this case, a separate starter motor connected to the accessory gearbox 60 can be provided to perform the starting function for the aircraft. Furthermore, the left engine system 42 can include multiple generators drawing mechanical power from the HP spool 26 to produce power in order to provide a measure of redundancy.

The ATU integrated generator 58 includes a power generation section 70 and an ATU section 72 . The LP spool 28 can be operably coupled with the ATU integrated generator 58 by an LP drive assembly having an input mechanically coupled to the LP spool 28 and an output mechanically coupled to the power generation section 70 . One embodiment of the LP drive assembly is a constant speed drive (CSD) 74 which converts the variable speed input from the LP spool 28 to constant speed. As shown herein, the CSD 74 can be mechanically coupled to the ATU integrated generator 58 and drives the power generation section 70 at a constant speed. The power generation section 70 of the ATU integrated generator 58 converts mechanical power supplied by the LP spool 28 into electrical power and produces a power supply 76 having three phase outputs. The ATU section 72 of the ATU integrated generator 58 functions to both transform the three phase outputs of the power supply 76 into a nine phase power output 78 and to step up the voltage of the power supply. Due to the CSD, the power supplies 66 , 76 will have constant frequency. Alternatively, the CSD 74 can be eliminated to produce a VF power output.

Although the embodiment shown herein is described as using one ATU integrated generator 58 on the LP side of the left engine system 42 , another embodiment of the invention may use multiple ATU integrated generators 58 drawing mechanical power from the LP spool 28 to produce AC power in order to provide a measure of redundancy. Furthermore, while a separate ATU integrated generator 58 and CSD 74 are discussed herein, an integrated drive generator which combines the CSD 74 and ATU integrated generator 58 into a common unit can alternatively be used.

The power output 68 from the an integrated ATU integrated starter-generator 56 is supplied to first AC/DC converter for converting the AC power output 68 to a DC power output 80 . As illustrated, the first AC/DC converter can include a first rectifier device 82 and a first filter 84 for converting the AC voltage to DC voltage and for evening out the current flow before being supplied to a first electrical bus 86 . Similarly, the power output 78 from the ATU integrated generator 58 is supplied to second AC/DC converter for converting the AC power output 78 to a DC power output 88 . As illustrated, the second AC/DC converter can include a second rectifier device 90 and a second filter 92 for converting the AC voltage to DC voltage and for evening out the current flow before being supplied to a second electrical bus 94 .

A motor-starter controller 96 can selectively provide power from the first electrical bus 86 to the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 to initiate a starting procedure for the aircraft. The motor-starter controller 96 can be integrated with the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 for engine starting by connecting the motor-starter controller 96 to the specific location of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 as shown FIG. 2 . The three phase motor-starter controller 96 is connected to the three phase power supply 66 to drive the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 as a three phase starter for engine starting.

The first and second electrical buses 86 , 94 are configured to supply DC power to one or more loads (not shown) that require a DC power supply. The first and second electrical buses 86 , 94 can be selectively connected to enable loads to be shared by the HP spool 26 and the LP spool 28 .

In operation, with the gas turbine engine 10 stared, HPT 22 rotates the HP spool 26 and the LPT 24 rotates the LP spool. The accessory gearbox 64 is driven by the rotating HP spool 26 , and transmits mechanical power from the HP spool 26 to the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 . The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 converts mechanical power supplied by the HP spool 26 into electrical power and produces the DC power output 80 . The CSD 74 is driven by the rotating LP spool 28 , and transmits mechanical power from the LP spool 28 to the ATU integrated generator 58 . The ATU integrated generator 58 converts the mechanical power supplied by the LP spool 28 into electrical power and produces the DC power output 88 . The power outputs 80 , 88 can be respectively provided to the electrical buses 86 , 94 configured to supply DC power to one or more loads (not shown) that require a DC power supply. Depending on the type of load drawing power, the DC power extracted by the system architecture 40 may undergo further processing before being used by the loads. The DC power outputs 50 , 52 of the APU 44 and the EPS 48 can also be provided to the electrical buses 86 , 94 .

The left and right engine systems 42 , 44 , APU 46 and EPS 48 can provide DC power to various loads of the aircraft as needed. The various DC outputs of the left engine system 42 , the right engine system 44 , the APU 46 , and the EPS 48 are integrated with appropriate switches to provide no break power transfer (NBPT) to the aircraft.

FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 and the first AC-to-DC power converter for use in the electrical power system architecture 40 of FIG. 2 . The first and second ATU integrated generators 56 , 58 and AC-to-DC power converters may be substantially identical for both the HP spool 26 and the LP spool 28 ; therefore, only the HP side of the left engine system 42 will be described in detail in FIG. 3 for the sake of brevity.

The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 can have a stator with three main or primary windings 98 a to 98 c and nine secondary windings 100 a to 100 i . The main windings 98 a to 98 c each have a neutral end connected to a common neutral point 102 and a tap 104 a to 104 c connected to one phase output 106 a to 106 c of the three phase output power supply 66 . The phase outputs 106 a to 106 c are provided via conductors or lead wires to the three-phase motor-starter controller 96 ( FIG. 2 ). The secondary windings 100 a to 100 i are connected in associated trios to one of the taps 104 a to 104 c on the main windings 98 a to 98 c , and are configured to generate the nine phase power output 68 . In the illustrated embodiment, the primary windings 98 a to 98 c are arranged in a Wye configuration, with the overall configuration of integrated ATU being a star connected configuration. Alternatively, the primary windings 98 a to 98 c can be arranged in a Delta configuration, with the overall configuration of integrated ATU being a Delta or Extended Delta connected configuration.

The nine phase power output 68 is delivered by conductors 108 a to 108 i to the rectifier device 82 . The conductors 108 a to 108 i can be lead wires. The rectifier device 82 can be integrated and packaged with the generator 56 , or provided separately from the generator 56 . The rectifier device 82 can include three rectifier bridges containing multiple diodes. The number of diodes is equal to the desired pulse count of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 . As shown herein, there are eighteen diodes, and so the pulse count is eighteen. Other numbers of diodes, such as 12, 18, 24, other multiples of six, etc. can also be used. One suitable type of diode is made from silicon carbide (SiC) due to its high temperature capability. Rectifying devices other than diodes can be used.

Although the illustrated integrated starter-generator 56 is shown as having a pulse count of eighteen, as mentioned above, the starter-generator 56 can be configured to have other pulse counts. For example, by providing two secondary windings 100 instead of three, a generator with a pulse count of twelve can be provided. In another example, by providing four secondary windings 100 instead of three, a generator with a pulse count of twenty-four can be provided.

As illustrated, the conductors 108 a , 108 e , and 108 i are connected to a first rectifier bridge 110 having six diodes 112 , the conductors 108 c , 108 d , and 108 h are connected to a second rectifier bridge 114 having six diodes 116 , and the conductors 108 b , 108 f , and 108 g are connected to a third rectifier bridge 118 having six diodes 120 .

The three phases available on the conductors 108 a , 108 e , and 108 i are rectified by the first rectifier bridge 110 , with the diodes 112 delivering a first DC voltage between two first outputs 122 a and 122 b . The three phases available on the conductors 108 c , 108 d , and 108 h are rectified in parallel by the second rectifier bridge 114 , with the diodes 116 delivering a second DC voltage between two second outputs 124 a and 124 b . The three phases available on the conductors 108 b , 108 f , and 108 g are also rectified in parallel by the third rectifier bridge 118 , with the diodes 120 delivering a second DC voltage between two third outputs 126 a and 126 b.

One output 122 a , 124 a , and 126 a from each rectifier bridge 110 , 114 , 118 is coupled to a first interphase transformer 128 which absorbs the instantaneous voltage differences between the outputs 122 a , 124 a , and 126 a . The other output 122 b , 124 b , and 126 b from each rectifier bridge 110 , 114 , 118 is coupled to a second interphase transformer 130 which absorbs the instantaneous voltage differences between the outputs 122 b , 124 b , and 126 b . The junction points between the coils of the first and second interphase transformers 128 , 130 form first and second outputs 132 , 134 , respectively, which are connected to the filter 84 .

FIG. 4 is an electrical diagram of the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 3 . As discussed above, each main winding 98 a to 98 c extends from the common neutral point 102 to one of the taps 104 a to 104 c . The secondary windings 100 a to 100 c on the first main winding 98 a extend from the tap 104 a to a terminal A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , respectively. The secondary windings 100 d to 100 f on the second main winding 98 b extend from the tap 104 b to a terminal B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , respectively. The secondary windings 100 g to 100 i on the third main winding 98 c extend from the tap 104 c to a terminal C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , respectively.

FIG. 5 is a winding vector diagram for the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 of FIG. 4 . The winding vector diagram can be used to design the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 . The stator winding is illustrated herein as having a pulse count of eighteen, although the stator winding can also be configured to have a pulse count in other multiple of six, such as 12, 18, 24, etc.

As can be seen, the vector diagram includes nine main vectors A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , C 1 , C 2 , C 3 emanating from a common point of origin O, which corresponds to the neutral point 102 of the stator winding in FIG. 4 . The main vectors A 1 -C 3 represent the phase outputs which are delivered by conductors 108 a to 108 i to the rectifier device 82 in FIG. 3 . The magnitude or length V of the main vectors A 1 -C 3 represents the generated AC voltage and the direction or orientation of each main vector A 1 -C 3 represents the phase from 0-360° of the generated AC voltage. As shown herein, the main vectors A 1 -C 3 can have the same length V, but differ in phase by an angle α. The main vectors A 1 -C 3 can be grouped, such that main vectors A 1 , B 1 , C 1 represent the one three-phase output, the main vectors A 2 , B 2 , C 2 represent another three-phase output, and the main vectors A 3 , B 3 , C 3 represent the other three-phase output

Each of the main vectors A 1 , B 1 , and C 1 includes two sub-vectors X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 , Z 1 , Z 2 emanating from a point P (which corresponds to the taps 104 a - c in FIG. 4 ) to meet one of the other main vectors A 2 , A 3 , B 2 , B 3 , C 2 , C 3 . The distance between the common point of origin O and point P is represented as length L 1 . The distance from point P to the end of main vector A 1 is represented as length L 2 . As such, the length V of the main vector A 1 , and therefore all the other main vectors A 2 , A 3 , B 2 , B 3 , C 2 , C 3 is given by the following relationship:

V=|L 1|+| L 2|

Sub-vector X 2 extends from main vector A 1 to main vector A 3 at an angle θ 1 and has a length L 3 . While not shown in FIG. 5 , the other sub-vectors X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 , Z 1 , Z 2 also have a length L 3 , and extend from the associated main vector at an angle equal to θ 1 . The ends of main vectors A 1 and A 3 are separated by a distance d, which together with lengths L 2 and L 3 , form a triangle having vertices defining interior angles θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 . The lengths L 1 -L 3 and angles θ 1 and a can be selected to design the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 3 .

The angles α, θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 are dependent on the number of pulses N, and the relationship therebetween is given by the following equations:

α=360/ N

θ ⁢ ⁢ 3 = ( 180 ⁢ ° - 360 N ) ÷ 2 θ2=180°−θ1−θ3

In this example, it can be given that N=18 and θ 1 =60°. Thus, angle α=20°, angle θ 3 =80° and angle θ 2 =40°. It is understood that θ 2 or θ 3 could be given instead of θ 1 .

The relationship between the lengths L 2 , L 3 , d and the angles θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 is known from the law of sines as:

The distance d from the end of main vector A 1 to the end of main vector A 3 is given by the following relationship:

Using the law of sines, the lengths L 2 and L 3 are therefore given by the following relationships:

Using the relationship between the voltage V and lengths L 1 , L 2 , the length L 1 can be determined using the following relationship:

|L 1|=( V−|L 2|)

Thus, by knowing the desired number of pulses N, the desired voltage V, and at least one other variable, the main stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 3 can be designed. In this case, the other variable given is θ 1 . However, it will be understood that another variable, such as a different angle or a length, could be given instead.

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture 140 according to a second embodiment of the invention. The system architecture 140 may be substantially similar to the system architecture 40 shown in FIG. 2 ; therefore, like elements will be referred to using the same reference numerals. One difference between the system architecture 140 shown in FIG. 6 and the system architecture 40 shown in FIG. 2 is that, for both ATU integrated generators 56 , 58 , the ATU section 62 , 72 functions to transform the three phase outputs of the power supply 66 , 76 into a nine phase power output 142 , 144 by adding two secondary windings instead of adding three windings.

FIG. 7 is an electrical diagram of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 and the first AC-to-DC power converter for use in the electrical power system architecture 140 of FIG. 6 . The first and second ATU integrated generators 56 , 58 and AC-to-DC power converters may be substantially identical for both the HP spool 26 and the LP spool 28 ; therefore, only the HP side of the left engine system 42 will be described in detail in FIG. 7 for the sake of brevity.

The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 can have six secondary windings 146 a to 146 f connected in associated duos to one of the taps 104 a to 104 c on the main windings 98 a to 98 c . In the illustrated embodiment, the primary windings 98 a to 98 c are arranged in a Wye configuration, with the overall configuration of integrated ATU being a fork connected configuration. Alternatively, the primary windings 98 a to 98 c can be arranged in a Delta configuration.

The nine phase power output 142 is delivered by conductors 148 a to 148 i and 150 a to 150 c to the rectifier device 82 . The conductors 148 a , 148 c , and 148 e are connected to the second rectifier bridge 114 and the conductors 148 b , 148 d , 148 f are connected to the third rectifier bridge 118 . Conductors 150 a to 150 c extend from primary windings 98 a to 98 c , and are connected to the first rectifier bridge 110 . The conductors 148 a to 148 i and 150 a to 150 c can be lead wires. The remaining rectification and filtering of the power is the same as described above for FIG. 3 .

Although the illustrated integrated starter-generator 56 is shown as having a pulse count of eighteen, the starter-generator 56 can be configured to have other pulse counts. For example, by providing one secondary winding 146 instead of two, a generator with a pulse count of twelve can be provided. In another example, by providing three secondary windings 146 instead of two, a generator with a pulse count of twenty-four can be provided.

FIG. 8 is an electrical diagram of the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 7 . As discussed above, each main winding 98 a to 98 c extends from the common neutral point 102 to one of the taps 104 a to 104 c . The secondary windings 146 a and 146 b on the first main winding 98 a extend from the tap 104 a , also shown as terminal A 1 , to a terminal A 2 and A 3 , respectively. The secondary windings 146 c and 146 d on the second main winding 98 b extend from the tap 104 b , as shown as terminal B 1 , to a terminal B 2 and B 3 , respectively. The secondary windings 146 e and 146 f on the third main winding 98 c extend from the tap 104 c , also shown as terminal C 1 , to a terminal C 2 and C 3 , respectively.

FIG. 9 is a winding vector diagram for the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 of FIG. 8 . The winding vector diagram can be used to design the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 . The stator winding is illustrated herein as having a pulse count of eighteen, although the stator winding can also be configured to have a pulse count in other multiple of six, such as 12, 18, 24, etc.

As can be seen, the vector diagram includes nine main vectors A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , C 1 , C 2 , C 3 emanating from a common point of origin O, which corresponds to the neutral point 102 of the stator winding in FIG. 8 . The main vectors A 1 -C 3 represent the phase outputs which are delivered by conductors 148 a - f and 150 a - c to the rectifier device 82 in FIG. 7 . The magnitude or length V of the main vectors A 1 -C 3 represents the generated AC voltage and the direction or orientation of each main vector A 1 -C 3 represents the phase from 0-360° of the generated AC voltage. As shown herein, the main vectors A 1 -C 3 can have the same length V, but differ in phase by an angle α.

Each of the main vectors A 1 , B 1 , and C 1 includes two sub-vectors X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 , Z 1 , Z 2 emanating from an end point E (which corresponds to the taps 104 a - c in FIG. 8 ) to meet one of the other main vectors A 2 , A 3 , B 2 , B 3 , C 2 , C 3 . The distance between the common point of origin O and end point E is represented as length L 1 . As such, the length V of the main vector A 1 , and, therefore, all the other main vectors A 2 , A 3 , B 2 , B 3 , C 2 , C 3 is given by the following relationship:

V=|L 1|

Sub-vector X 2 extends from main vector A 1 to main vector A 3 at an angle θ and has a length L 2 . While not shown in FIG. 9 , the other sub-vectors X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 , Z 1 , Z 2 also have a length L 2 , and extend from the associated main vector at an angle equal to θ. The lengths L 1 and L 2 and angles θ and α can be selected to design the stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 7 .

The angles θ and α are dependent on the number of pulses N, and the relationship therebetween is given by the following equations:

θ = ( 180 ⁢ ° - 360 N ) ÷ 2 α=360/ N

In this example, it can be given that N=18. Thus, angle α=20° and angle θ=80°.

The length L 2 from end point E to the end of main vector A 3 is given by the following relationship:

Thus, by knowing the desired number of pulses N and the desired voltage V, the main stator winding for the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 from FIG. 3 can be designed.

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of an electrical power system architecture 160 according to a third embodiment of the invention. The system architecture 160 may be substantially similar to the system architecture 40 shown in FIG. 2 ; therefore, like elements will be referred to using the same reference numerals. One difference between the system architecture 160 shown in FIG. 10 and the system architecture 40 shown in FIG. 2 is that the ATU section 62 includes an AC power output 162 that is supplied to an AC bus 164 , in addition to the nine phase power output 68 .

FIG. 11 is an electrical diagram of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 and the first AC-to-DC power converter for use in the electrical power system architecture 160 of FIG. 10 . The ATU integrated starter-generator 56 can be substantially similar to the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3 , with the exception that additional secondary windings 166 a to 166 c are provided on the main windings 98 a to 98 c . The additional secondary windings 166 a to 166 c can be connected by one of the taps 104 a to 104 c connected to one phase output 106 a to 106 c of the three phase output power supply 66 . The phase outputs 106 a to 106 c are provided to the three-phase motor-starter controller 96 ( FIG. 10 ). The AC power output 162 is delivered by conductors 168 a to 168 c from the windings 166 a to 166 c to the AC bus 164 ( FIG. 10 ) without being converted to DC by the rectifier device 82 . The conductors 168 a to 168 c can be lead wires. The remaining rectification and filtering of the DC power is the same as described above for FIG. 3 .

The system architecture disclosed herein provides an integrated ATU generator for an aircraft. One advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is that the traditional high pulse count ATU can be eliminated, and its equivalence is integrated into at least one of the generator (s) that is connected to a rectifying device to generate a low harmonic content DC output. This arrangement significantly reduces the weight of the engine, and can simplify the cooling for engine components. The provision of the integrated ATU generator can also eliminate the space needed for a separate ATU in the aircraft.

Another advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is that the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 does not jeopardize the use of the three phase motor-starter controller 96 , since the motor-starter controller 96 is connected to the three phase power supply 66 before it is transformed to a nine phase power output in the ATU section 62 of the ATU integrated starter-generator 56 .

Another advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is that DC power can be extracted from both spools 26 , 28 of a gas turbine engine 10 . The operating efficiency of the gas turbine engine 10 is also increased by seamlessly controlling the power drawn from HP and LP spools 26 , 28 . In addition to the DC power drawn from the HP and LP spools 26 , 28 , the DC outputs 50 , 52 from the APU 46 and the EPS 48 can be integrated to provide no break power transfer (NBPT).

Another advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is that the system architecture(s) can offer a level of redundant DC power generation, since DC power can be extracted from the LP spool 28 as well as the HP spool 26 of the gas turbine engine 10 . Drawing power from both spools 26 , 28 offers increased redundancy for DC power, such that in the event of a failure of one of the spools 26 , 28 or generators 42 , 44 , DC power may still be extracted from the remaining operational spool 26 , 28 and generator 42 , 44 .

Still another advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is the avoidance of engine stall issues that are typically encountered during a descend mode of the aircraft by sharing the DC load between the HP and LP spools 26 , 28 . Being able to draw power from the LP spool as well as the HP spool permits allows the aircraft to run at lower rpms during descent without risk of stall, thereby preserving fuel efficiency of the aircraft.

Yet another advantage that may be realized in the practice of some embodiments of the described systems and methods is that both AC and DC power can be extracted from the gas turbine engine 10 . The third embodiment of the invention described herein in particular provides a system architecture which gives an air framer access to both types of power, such that an air framer can select either type of power for a particular application on an aircraft.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.