Cascaded raman fiber laser system based on filter fiber

The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/177,058, filed on May 11, 2009, which is owned by the assignee of the present application, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to optical fiber devices and methods, and in particular to an improved cascaded Raman fiber laser system based on a filter fiber.

2. Background Art

Cascaded Raman fiber lasers (CRFLs) are useful devices for generating laser outputs at wavelengths at which rare-earth ionic gain is not available. A CRFL provides a stepwise transition from a starting wavelength to a selected target wavelength. The stepwise transition is created through cascaded lasing of one or multiple Raman orders in a suitable Raman gain medium. A nested series of Raman cavities are created in the gain medium by, for example, a corresponding nested series of in-line reflective grating pairs. Each successive cavity in the series is separated in wavelength from the preceding cavity by the respective Raman Stokes shift introduced by Raman scattering in the preceding cavity. A CRFL is typically pumped using a high-power, continuous-wave (CW) laser, such as a cladding-pumped Yb-doped fiber laser.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a current CRFL system configuration 20 , in which a system output of 41 W of power at 1480 nm was demonstrated. The single-mode 1480 nm system output 70 is suitable for use as a high-power pump for core pumping of an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) or an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). As shown in FIG. 1 , system 20 comprises two stages: a monolithic Yb-doped fiber laser 40 and a cascaded Raman resonator (CRR) 60 .

In laser 40 , the active gain medium is provided by a length of a double-clad Yb-doped fiber 42 operating in the region of 1000 nm to 1200 nm. A high reflector grating HR 1 is provided at the input end 44 of fiber 42 , and an output coupler grating OC 1 is provided at the output end 46 of fiber 42 . High reflector HR 1 , output coupler OC 1 , and fiber 42 function as a laser cavity 48 . Pump power is provided to fiber 42 by a plurality of pumps 50 , e.g., multimode 915 nm or 975 nm diode lasers, which are coupled to fiber 42 by means of a tapered fiber bundle TFB 1 . In the present example, the laser output 52 is single-mode radiation at a wavelength of 1117 nm.

The laser output 52 is used to launch a pump power input into the cascaded Raman resonator 60 . Resonator 60 comprises a Raman-active fiber 62 , having a small effective area and normal dispersion. The normal dispersion prevents modulation instability that would lead to supercontinuum generation at high powers. The small effective area leads to high Raman gain, and consequently multiple Stokes orders can be generated.

A first plurality of high reflector gratings HR 2 -HR 6 are provided at the Raman fiber's input end 64 , and a second plurality of high reflector gratings HR 7 -HR 11 and an output coupler OC 2 are provided at the Raman fiber's output end 66 . An additional pump reflector recycles unused Yb radiation for increased efficiency. Input gratings HR 2 -HR 6 , output gratings HR 7 -HR 11 and OC 2 , and Raman fiber 64 provide a nested series of Raman cavities 68 . The respective wavelengths of each of the nested Raman cavities are configured to create a cascaded series of Stokes shifts over a broad range, increasing the wavelength of the 1117 nm laser output to a target wavelength of 1480 nm in a series of steps. Output coupler OC 2 provides a system output 70 at a target wavelength of 1480 nm, which can then be used to pump an EDFA or EDFL in the fundamental mode.

The prior art system 20 suffers from a number of known drawbacks and limitations.

First, in increasing the output power to 41 W at 1480 nm, it was found that it was necessary to restrict the length of the Raman fiber 62 in resonator 60 in order to avoid unwanted Raman scattering to the next Stokes order, i.e., at 1590 nm.

Further, multiple reflectors at various wavelengths and positions in the system 20 combine to create coupled cavities. It will be seen that there are three reflectors at the laser wavelength of 1117 nm, i.e., gratings HR 1 , OC 1 and HR 7 . In general this does not pose a problem for systems operating at relatively low power (e.g., 5 W output at 1480 nm). Recently, however, investigations have been undertaken with respect to power scaling of Raman fiber lasers. As mentioned above power levels as high as 41 W have been demonstrated from a CRR.

While high power has been demonstrated from such a system, the coupled cavity nature of the setup in FIG. 1 has serious implications on long-term reliable operation. In particular, the coupled cavity can cause the system to become unstable and generate pulses with sufficiently high peak power to damage components. The laser high reflector HR 1 in particular has been found to be a weak link in the system, presumably due to the high power that propagates through it, and has been observed to fail under various conditions including, for example, using the system 20 to pump an erbium-doped fiber laser or amplifier. In addition, it is possible for light from intermediate Stokes orders generated in the Raman laser to propagate back into the Yb amplifier and back to the pump diodes, causing them to fail. Furthermore, light at the first Stokes shift is still within the gain bandwidth of Yb and is amplified before hitting the diodes. It will be apparent that this is also detrimental.

Aspects of the present invention are directed to a light amplification systems including a filter fiber having a cavity therein that makes simultaneous use of ionic and nonlinear gain for high-power cascaded Raman lasing.

An exemplary light amplification system according to the invention includes a length of laser-active filter fiber having a refractive index profile that suppresses unwanted Stokes orders at wavelengths longer than a target wavelength and that has normal dispersion over its operating wavelength.

A nested series of Raman cavities is provided, separated in wavelength by respective Stokes shifts. The first Raman cavity in the series is a combined cavity that provides ionic gain to a light input at a selected input wavelength and that provides Raman gain to the light input at a first Stokes shift of the input wavelength when the light input has an energy exceeding a Raman scattering threshold. Each successive Raman cavity in the nested series of Raman cavities provides Raman gain at each successive Stokes shift. The series of Raman cavities thereby provides a stepwise transition between the input wavelength and the target wavelength. A suitable pump power source launches a pump power input into the filter fiber.

To reduce the operating threshold and improve device efficiency and operation, the first cavity, which is configured to provide ionic gain, is nested inside the subsequent cavities which provide Raman gain at the first and higher Stokes shifts. With such a structure, light at the first gain wavelength is not be subjected to the loss from the elements used to form the other cavities.

In a further described system according to the invention, a single-cavity resonator design is used in conjunction with a master oscillator power amplifier configuration.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a laser-pumped cascaded Raman resonator system according to the prior art.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary cascaded Raman resonator system according to a first aspect of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a table illustrating exemplary wavelengths and Stokes shifts for the cascaded Raman resonator shown in FIG. 2 .

FIGS. 4 and 5 are a pair of graphs showing, respectively, measured loss and measured and calculated dispersion for a filter fiber designed for cascaded Raman scattering from 1000 nm to 1480 nm.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating an exemplary master oscillator power amplifier configuration for a cascaded Raman resonator according to a further aspect of the invention.

FIGS. 7 and 8 A-B are a pair of flowcharts illustrating overall techniques according to various described aspects of the invention.

Aspects of the present invention are directed to systems and techniques in which a cascaded Raman resonator (CRR) is pumped at high powers, e.g., on the order of 20 W and above.

As discussed above, earlier designs suffered from instabilities arising from nested, coupled cavities. One possible solution is to use a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration, in which the components of a monolithic high-power Yb fiber laser are separated into a low-power oscillator plus a high-power amplifier. The MOPA configuration allows the oscillator to be effectively isolated from the amplifier and cascaded Raman resonator using a suitable backward propagation prevention device, such as a fiber-coupled isolator or a filter wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), resulting in a system that is capable of reliable operation at 20 W continuous wave (CW) power. This approach is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/177,058, filed on May 11, 2009, which is owned by the assignee of the present application, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One potential drawback of the MOPA approach, however, is the increased component count.

According to an aspect of the present invention, the above-described issues arising from the use of nested, coupled cavities are effectively eliminated through the use of a system configuration in which cascaded Raman amplification is provided by a single-cavity laser based on a specially designed Yb-doped filter fiber. In the presently described “all-in-one” single-cavity design, a cascaded Raman resonator and a pump power source are consolidated into a single structure. In this approach, ionic gain is provided by dopant ions, while nonlinear gain is provided at longer wavelengths via Raman scattering. A series of in-line pairs of input and output gratings provide feedback, with the respective wavelength of each successive grating pair in the series separated from the wavelength of the previous grating pair by an amount that approximates the respective Stokes shift. Compared with other approaches, the “all-in-one” cavity configuration described herein provides a simpler setup, with less fiber, and with a lower component count.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an exemplary system 100 according to the present invention. The system 100 includes a length of a filter fiber 102 that is suitable for providing both ionic gain and Raman gain to light propagating therethrough. In the present example, filter fiber 102 is a specially designed Yb-doped double-clad filter fiber having a W-shaped refractive index profile that suppresses unwanted Stokes orders at wavelengths longer than a selected target wavelength, and having normal dispersion over its operating bandwidth. This fiber is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/177,058, filed on May 11, 2009, which is owned by the same assignee as the present application, and which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

As described below, a system according to an aspect of the invention includes a nested series of Raman cavities, separated in wavelength by respective Stokes shifts. It is well known to those skilled in the art that Raman resonators may be constructed using alternative architectures and wavelength selective elements, such as use of fused fiber couplers or thin-film filters to construct WDM loop mirrors. In addition, linear, unidirectional ring or bidirectional ring cavity geometries can be considered. Furthermore, FIG. 2 shows the cascaded Raman resonator configured to operate as a laser, but it equally well could be configured to operate as an amplifier by leaving off the final set of gratings and instead injecting a signal at that wavelength. The present discussion focuses on resonators constructed using Bragg grating reflectors for illustration purposes only.

For the purposes of the present discussion, the term “reflector” is used to generically refer to either a high reflector or an output coupler, or like device, and the term “reflectors” is used to generically refer to a plurality of high reflectors or output couplers, or like devices, or any combination thereof.

A first plurality of high reflectors HR 20 -HR 25 are provided at the input end 104 of filter fiber 102 , and a second plurality of high reflectors HR 26 -HR 30 and an output coupler OC 20 are provided at the output end 106 of filter fiber 102 . In the present example, input high reflectors HR 20 -HR 25 , output high reflectors HR 26 - 30 and output coupler OC 20 are created using fiber Bragg gratings, or like devices, which are written in fiber segments separate from filter fiber 102 and then fusion-spliced to the filter fiber 102 . It should be noted that it would also be possible to write the gratings directly into filter fiber 102 .

System 100 further includes a pump power source 108 , comprising one or more diode laser pumps 108 a - d , or like devices. Pumps 108 a - d are coupled to filter fiber 102 by means of a pump combiner, i.e., tapered fiber bundle TFB 20 , or other suitable device.

FIG. 2 shows exemplary wavelengths for reflectors HR 20 -HR 30 and OC 20 . It is noted, however, that these wavelengths and the number of cavities are specific to the depicted system 100 , and are provided for the purposes of the present discussion. It will be appreciated that the present invention may be practiced in systems having reflectors at other wavelengths. Also, the number and configuration of reflectors may be modified for a given application. It will also be appreciated that it is possible to modify the position of the input gratings HR 20 -HR 25 with respect to the pump combiner TFB 20 . In FIG. 2 the input gratings HR 20 -HR 25 are shown to the right of the pump combiner TFB 20 , with TFB 20 external to the nested laser cavities. However, the input gratings HR 20 -HR 25 could equally well be placed to the left of the pump combiner TFB 20 , with pump combiner TFB 20 internal to the nested laser cavities.

In the exemplary system 100 shown in FIG. 2 , reflectors HR 10 -HR 20 and OC 20 have respective wavelengths and positions such that they form a nested series of wavelength-matched reflector pairs, with a first reflector located at the filter fiber input end 104 and a second reflector located at the filter fiber input end 106 . The first reflector pair in the nested series comprises high reflectors HR 25 and HR 26 , each of which having a wavelength of 1117 nm. The series continues with the following pairs: H 24 /HR 27 at 1175 nm; HR 23 /HR 28 at 1239 nm; HR 22 /HR 29 at 1310 nm; HR 21 /HR 30 at 1390 nm, and HR 20 /OC 20 at 1480 nm. These pairs, and filter fiber 102 , provide a nested series of Raman cavities 110 , separated in wavelength by respective Stokes shifts.

FIG. 3 is a table 130 setting forth the reflector wavelengths for the exemplary system 100 shown in FIG. 2 . Further set forth in the FIG. 3 table 130 are the five Stokes shifts that take place. The sixth Stokes shift, to 1590 nm, is included in table 130 for the purposes of illustration. However, as discussed below, this Stokes shift (and any subsequent higher order Stokes shifts) is suppressed by filter fiber 102 .

First reflector pair HR 25 /HR 26 at 1117 nm, and filter fiber 102 , provide a combined cavity that functions as both a laser cavity and a Raman cavity. Ionic gain is provided by Yb ions in filter fiber 102 between high reflectors HR 25 and HR 26 . Once the power generated by the Yb-doped gain medium at 1117 nm exceeds the threshold for stimulated Raman scattering, light is created at the first Stokes shift, which in the present example is approximately 1175 nm.

The next reflector pair HR 24 /HR 27 in the nested series has a wavelength corresponding to the first Stokes shift. Feedback from this grating pair at 1175 nm will lead to lasing at this wavelength. According to a further aspect of the invention, the first reflector pair is located inside the next reflector pairs, in order to minimize loss in the first cavity. The remaining reflector pairs HR 23 /HR 28 , HR 22 /HR 29 , and HR 21 /HR 30 provide feedback, with the wavelengths of each grating pair in the series separated from the preceding pair in the series by an amount that approximates the respective Stokes shift in silica fibers. As power is increased, further cascading to longer wavelengths will continue until lasing at the target wavelength, i.e., 1480 nm, at the final grating pair HR 20 /OC 20 is achieved. Thus, the described series of Stokes shifts provides a stepwise transition from the starting wavelength to the target wavelength.

Light at the target wavelength, i.e., 1480 nm, is potentially subject to further Raman gain. In order to prevent further cascading to unwanted longer wavelength Stokes orders, the Yb-doped gain medium has a refractive index profile based on a W-shaped depressed clad design in which the fundamental LP01 mode experiences a cutoff at wavelengths longer than the target wavelength. The design of such a filter fiber is described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/177,058, filed on May 11, 2009, which is owned by the assignee of the present application, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Fibers with W-shaped index profiles with a fundamental mode cutoff have been used in the context of erbium S-band amplifier applications, and have also been used to suppress Raman scattering in high-power Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. However, those fibers are unsuitable for use in the context of high-power Raman lasers because, in both cases, the dispersion characteristics of the filter fiber over a broad wavelength range are not an important consideration. If the dispersion of the fiber in which Raman scattering occurs is anomalous, modulation instability will lead to supercontinuum generation rather than scattering to discrete Raman Stokes orders.

A filter fiber designed for cascaded Raman scattering must therefore have normal dispersion throughout the wavelength region of operation.

The present discussion makes use of the dispersion parameter, D, which has units of ps/(nm-km). A negative value of D indicates normal dispersion, and a positive value of D indicates anomalous dispersion. In an anomalous dispersion regime, phenomena such as modulation instability and solution formation occur that are not present in a normal dispersion regime. A standard single-mode fiber has a zero-dispersion wavelength at approximately 1300 nm and anomalous dispersion at wavelengths longer than the zero-dispersion wavelength.

FIG. 4 is a graph 140 showing measured loss for a filter fiber designed for cascaded Raman scattering from 1000 nm to 1480 nm, while suppressing Stokes shifts at longer wavelengths. FIG. 5 is a graph 150 showing calculated dispersion 151 and measured dispersion 152 for the filter fiber. In the exemplary systems described herein, the W-shaped index profile that provides a fundamental mode cutoff is combined with a traditional double-clad design to generate a cladding-pumped Yb fiber that will also provide cascaded Raman scattering as described herein.

In some experiments with systems in which high-power Yb lasers were used to pump cascaded Raman resonators, the Yb laser high reflector was found to be a weak link in the system, possibly due to the high power that propagates through it. Such systems have been observed to fail under various conditions, such as using those systems to pump an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Thus, in some circumstances, it may be advantageous to use a MOPA configuration in which a low-power oscillator is used that can be isolated from the power amplifier. According to a further aspect of the invention, the functions of power amplification and cascaded Raman lasing take place within the same cavity.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating an exemplary MOPA-based system 200 according to this further aspect of the invention. The system 200 comprises two stages operating at two different power ranges: a low-power oscillator 220 ( FIG. 6A ) and a high-power, single-cavity power amplifier and cascaded Raman resonator 240 ( FIG. 6B ). Oscillator 220 and combined amplifier and cascaded Raman resonator 240 are isolated from each other by optical isolator 234 ( FIG. 6A ) and wavelength division multiplexer 236 ( FIG. 6A ).

Oscillator 220 ( FIG. 6A ) comprises a length of a laser-active double-clad Yb-doped fiber 222 , or other fiber capable of providing a suitable gain medium. A high reflector HR 40 and an output coupler OC 40 are located, respectively, at the input end 224 and output end 226 of fiber 222 . High reflector HR 40 , output coupler OC 40 , and fiber 222 , provide a laser cavity 228 . A pump 230 , such as a diode laser or other suitable pump power source, launches a pump power input into fiber 222 . Pump 230 is coupled to fiber 222 by means of a tapered fiber bundle TFB 40 , or like device. In the present example, oscillator 220 provides a laser output 232 of approximately 15 W at 1117 nm. At this relatively low power level, there are minimal reliability issues with respect to high reflector HR 40 .

The oscillator output 232 is fed through the optical isolator 234 and the wavelength division multiplexer 236 and is provided as an input into the combined power amplifier and cascaded Raman resonator 240 .

Combined power amplifier and cascaded Raman resonator 240 ( FIG. 6B ) is fabricated from a length of a Yb-doped double-clad filter fiber 242 , such as the filter fiber 102 discussed above with respect to the FIG. 2 system 100 . As discussed above, filter fiber 242 is suitable as a gain medium both for power amplification of the oscillator output 232 and for Raman lasing. A first plurality of high reflectors HR 41 -HR 45 are provided at fiber input 244 , and a second plurality of high reflectors HR 46 -HR 50 and an output coupler OC 41 are provided at fiber output 246 . Input reflectors HR 41 -HR 45 , output reflectors HR 46 -HR 50 , output coupler OC 41 , and fiber 242 define therebetween a nested series of laser cavities 248 at selected wavelengths. It will be appreciated that input reflectors HR 41 -HR 45 could equally well be located before TFB 41 , such that TFB 41 is internal to the nested resonators.

A pump source 250 provides a pump power input into filter fiber 242 for power amplification of the oscillator output 230 . In FIG. 6B , pump source 250 is depicted as a plurality of pumping devices 250 a - d , such as diode lasers and the like. Pumping devices 250 are coupled to filter fiber 242 by means of a tapered fiber bundle TFB 41 or other suitable device.

Oscillator output 232 is amplified by pump source 250 through ionic gain in doped filter fiber 242 to a power level that allows Raman scattering to occur within filter fiber 242 . As discussed above, in this particular filter fiber 242 , the first Stokes shift increases the wavelength of the propagating light to 1175 nm. A high reflector HR 46 is provided to reflect back any unscattered light at 1117 nm. In the depicted configuration 200 , there is no input high reflector at 1117 nm, in order to allow the 1117 nm radiation to enter the Raman cavity.

High reflectors HR 41 -HR 50 and output coupler OC 41 form a nested series of wavelength-matched pairs, each pair in the series being separated from the previous pair by respective Stokes shifts. Raman lasing takes place between each pair in the series, resulting in a cascaded, stepwise transition from the oscillator output wavelength, i.e., 1117 nm, to the target wavelength, i.e., 1480 nm. Coupling to the output wavelength is provided by high reflector HR 45 and output coupler OC 41 . Filter fiber 242 provides fundamental-mode cutoff of wavelengths longer than the target wavelength, thereby preventing undesirable higher-order Stokes shifts.

Isolator 234 prevents backward propagating light from amplifier and resonator 240 from reaching the oscillator 220 and disturbing its operation. Isolator 234 protects oscillator 220 from backward propagating light at all wavelengths within the isolator bandwidth, including wavelengths similar to that of the oscillator output 232 . A wavelength-dependent loss element, i.e., WDM 236 , prevents backward propagating Stokes radiation from reaching the oscillator 220 .

In a further practice of the invention, a light generation and amplification system comprises an actively doped Raman filter fiber, where the loss increases at a wavelength more than two Stokes shifts away from the peak ionic gain wavelength. Actively doped filter fibers to date generally try to filter out Raman gain that is a single Stokes shift away from the signal wavelength. According to this practice of the invention, a novel fiber is used that adds distributed loss multiple Stokes shifts away from the signal, a much large wavelength shift between signal and loss than has been previously considered. Thus, not only is the cavity geometry that uses the fiber novel, but the fiber itself is novel as well.

FIGS. 7 and 8 A-B are a pair of flowcharts 300 and 350 illustrating overall techniques according to various aspects of the invention described above. It will be appreciated that flowcharts 300 and 350 are intended to be illustrative, rather than limiting. In particular, it should be noted that some or all of the listed method components may, within the scope and spirit of the present invention, be ordered differently, combined with each other or with other non-listed components, or broken down into subcomponents. In addition, not all noted components need be executed.

The technique illustrated in the FIG. 7 flowchart 300 includes the following components:

Box 301 : Provide a length of laser-active filter fiber having a refractive index profile that suppresses unwanted Stokes orders at wavelengths longer than a target wavelength and having normal dispersion over an operating bandwidth.

Box 302 : Use the laser-active fiber to provide a gain medium for a nested series of Raman cavities, separated in wavelength by approximately the respective Stokes shifts,

wherein a first cavity in the nested series of cavities is a combined cavity that is configured to provide laser oscillation arising from a combination of ionic gain and feedback at a selected first wavelength, and to provide Raman gain to light at the first Stokes shift of the first wavelength when the light at the first wavelength has an intensity exceeding a Raman scattering threshold, wherein each successive Raman cavity in the nested series of Raman cavities is configured to provide Raman gain at each successive Stokes shift, whereby the nested series of Raman cavities provide a stepwise transition between the first wavelength and the target wavelength.

Box 303 : Provide a pump power source for providing a pump power input into the filter fiber.

The technique illustrated in the FIG. 8A-B flowchart 350 includes the following components:

Box 351 : Use a low-power oscillator to generate a laser output.

Box 352 : Couple to the oscillator a combined amplifier and resonator, wherein the oscillator output is provided as an input into the combined amplifier and resonator, and wherein the combined amplifier and resonator provides a single-mode output at a target wavelength,

wherein the combined amplifier and resonator comprises

a length of laser-active and Raman-active filter fiber having a refractive index profile that suppresses unwanted Stokes orders at wavelengths longer than a target wavelength and having normal dispersion over an operating bandwidth, a pump power source coupled to the filter fiber for providing a pump power input into the filter fiber, whereby the oscillator output is amplified to a level exceeding a Raman scattering threshold for the filter fiber, a first high reflector at the oscillation wavelength, located at an output end of the filter fiber, for reflecting back unscattered light at the oscillation wavelength, a series of reflector pairs, each pair comprising, at a respective wavelength, a respective first reflector provided at an input end of the filter fiber, and a respective second reflector provided at the filter fiber output end, wherein each reflector pair in the series, and the filter fiber, are configured to provide a nested series of Raman cavities that provide a stepwise transition between the oscillator wavelength and the target wavelength, and a final reflector pair, comprising a high reflector provided at the filter fiber input end and an output coupler written into the filter fiber output end, to provide output coupling out of the filter fiber at the target wavelength.

Box 353 : Connect a backward propagation prevention device between the oscillator and amplifier, whereby the oscillator is optically isolated from the amplifier and resonator, and whereby the oscillator is operable within a first power level range, and the amplifier and oscillator are operable within a second power level range exceeding the first power level range.

Box 354 : Use the filter fiber and the pump power source to amplify the oscillator output and to create a laser output at the target wavelength.

It is noted that the Raman gain bandwidth is quite large and that the reflectors can be positioned anywhere within the gain bandwidth, not necessarily at the peak of the gain.

The above described systems and techniques are applicable in a number of other contexts including, but not limited to: both linear and ring Raman resonators; a Raman amplifier architecture; a double-pump system including a second pump that is non-resonant with any of the Raman cavities, but that is still within the Raman gain bandwidth; hitting a frequency-doubling crystal, for which a polarized output with a narrow linewidth is beneficial; pulsed or modulated operation, as used for example in a parametric system; and the like.

With respect to Raman amplifiers, it is noted that their architectures are typically similar to those of Raman lasers, except that the amplifier Raman cavity is constructed without the last Stokes shift and output coupler. Also, a seed laser is coupled into the Raman cavity at the last Stokes shift. The seed input from the seed source can be injected into the amplifier at different locations. The seed laser controls a number of amplifier properties, such as polarized output, narrow linewidth, tunability, and the like.

While the foregoing description includes details which will enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be recognized that the description is illustrative in nature and that many modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of these teachings. It is accordingly intended that the invention herein be defined solely by the claims appended hereto and that the claims be interpreted as broadly as permitted by the prior art.