Image synthesizing apparatus and method of synthesizing images

This application is a continuation application of International PCT Application No. PCT/JP2007/001038 which was filed on Sep. 25, 2007.

The embodiments discussed herein are related to a technique of synthesizing a plurality of still images in the form of data, and particularly to a technique of synthesizing a plurality of still images including a moving object.

In a conventional technique, when plural images are to be jointed so as to obtain one image, areas that are overlapping or common to plural images are handled as “margins for pasting” (hereinafter, areas handled as “margins for pasting” are referred to as “common areas”) in order to join the images. Thereafter, relative positions between plural images are calculated in order to adjust the positions of the images on the basis of the calculated positions. When the plural images are jointed after the position adjustment, the common areas do not coincide with one another because such plural images involve, even in the common areas, movement of and changes in the object due to the difference in moments at which they were captured. Accordingly, unnatural ruptures can be made on the boundaries between common areas and the images.

In order to cope with this phenomenon, plural images are superposed, usually on a portion of the common areas near the boundaries so that those images are synthesized (referred to as synthesized areas, hereinafter), and thereby the boundaries do not become unnatural. Thus, an image obtained by joining images includes an area consisting of one image and an area consisting of a synthesized image, obtained by superposing plural images.

When plural images are superposed so as to be jointed as described above, a moving object included in the synthesized areas of those images is duplexed, which is problematic.

In order to solve the above problem, Patent Document 1 discloses an image synthesizing apparatus for generating an overlapped image by dividing, into plural areas, images to be overlapped, selecting one or plural images for each of the areas, generating a synthesized image for each area by using the area selected for each area, and repeating this process for all the areas so as to generate a synthesized image.

However, the image synthesizing apparatus in Patent Document 1 needs to divide an image into plural areas, and to perform processes in each of the areas, increasing the number of processes to be performed by the processor, which is a technical problem. Also, it is difficult for the image synthesizing apparatus to select an image for each area appropriately and automatically, which is another technical problem.

Also, the image synthesizing apparatus according to Patent Document 2 separates the objects and backgrounds from two images so as to obtain an image by synthesizing the background parts of the two images, and prompts a user to select one of the two objects separated from the two images so as to further synthesize the selected object and the image obtained by synthesizing the backgrounds.

However, the image synthesizing apparatus according to Patent Document 2 needs to divide the overlapped image into the object and the background, increasing the number of processes to be performed by the processor, which is a technical problem. Also, a user has to select an image for separating the object, which is another technical problem.

Patent Document 1

Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2000-316125

Patent Document 2

Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-72685

According to one aspect of the present invention, an image synthesizing apparatus that adjusts positions of areas that have been determined to be common areas in a plurality of images shot at different positions, and synthesizes the images, includes: a common area determination unit determining common areas of the plurality of images; a coincidence degree calculation unit calculating a coincidence degree, which indicates a degree of coincidence between a plurality of images determined by the common area determination unit; an overlapping pattern determination unit determining a pattern of overlapping the plurality of images on the basis of the coincidence degree; and an image synthesizing unit overlapping the plurality of images on the basis of the pattern.

The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed

FIG. 1 shows a principle of an image synthesizing apparatus according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a configuration of an image synthesizing apparatus according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the processes performed by an image synthesizing apparatus according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating coincidence degree calculation areas in the case where two images are offset in two-dimensional directions.

FIG. 5 is a (first) diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a coincidence degree calculation unit.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of the processes performed by a coincidence degree calculation unit.

FIG. 7 is a (second) diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a coincidence degree calculation unit.

FIG. 8 is a (third) diagram showing an exemplary configuration of a coincidence degree calculation unit.

FIG. 9A is a (first) diagram illustrating a pattern of two overlapping images that are offset from each other in the direction along one dimension.

FIG. 9B is a (second) diagram illustrating a pattern of overlapping two images that are offset from each other in the direction along one dimension.

FIG. 10A is a (first) diagram illustrating a pattern of overlapping two images that are offset from each other in the directions along two dimensions.

FIG. 10B is a (second) diagram illustrating a pattern of overlapping two images that are offset from each other in the directions along two dimensions.

FIG. 10C is a (third) diagram illustrating a pattern of overlapping two images that are offset from each other in the directions along two dimensions.

FIG. 11 is a (first) diagram illustrating the overlapping of two images that include a moving object.

FIG. 12 is a (second) diagram illustrating the overlapping of two images that include a moving object.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a process of synthesizing two images.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating variation in a synthesizing ratio of two images with respect to the distance from the boundary made by the overlapping.

FIG. 15A is a (first) diagram illustrating results of overlapping and synthesizing images P 1 and P 2 in a synthesizing area.

FIG. 15B is a (second) diagram illustrating results of overlapping and synthesizing images P 1 and P 2 in a synthesizing area.

FIG. 16 shows a configuration of an image synthesizing apparatus according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of the processes performed by an image synthesizing apparatus according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 18 shows a configuration of an image synthesizing apparatus according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of the processes performed by an image synthesizing apparatus according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating pattern matching of two images that are offset in the direction along one dimension.

FIG. 21A is a (first) diagram illustrating relationships between characteristic points when an image involves rotation.

FIG. 21B is a (second) diagram illustrating relationships between characteristic points when an image involves rotation.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be explained by referring to the drawings. While the embodiments below are explained in such detail that those skilled in the art can implement them, other embodiments can be used. For example, structural, logical, or electrical alterations to the embodiments below are permitted without departing from the scope of the subjects of the present invention. Thus, the explanations below are not to be understood in a limitative manner, and the scope of the subjects of the present invention should be defined on the basis of the claims of the present invention and of matters that are equivalent legally.

Further, the functions of systems explained herein can be implemented by software, hardware, firmware, or an arbitrary combination thereof. Examples provided herein allow combinations of one or more functions for each unit; however, the examples can be implemented by using other combinations of the functions without departing from the scope of the subjects of the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows a principle of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1 , an image synthesizing apparatus 10 according to the present invention includes a coincidence degree calculation unit 11 for calculating a coincidence degree, which is a degree of coincidence or similarity between plural images, a top-and-bottom determination unit 12 (an overlapping pattern determination unit) for determining a pattern of overlapping plural images, and an overlapping unit 13 for overlapping plural images on the basis of the determined pattern.

First, plural images are input into the coincidence degree calculation unit 11 . The coincidence degree calculation unit 11 calculates a coincidence degree, which is a degree of coincidence between the input images in a prescribed area. More specifically, the coincidence degree calculation unit 11 obtains, from the images, pixels at the corresponding positions in areas near the boundary for overlapping plural images (this area is referred to as a coincidence degree calculation area hereinafter, and will be explained later in detail), and calculates a coincidence degree between plural images in a coincidence degree calculation area on the basis of those pixels.

A coincidence degree indicates a degree of coincidence or similarity between plural images in a coincidence degree calculation area, and is calculated on the basis of the statistic relating to the pixels. When a coincidence degree in an area between images is low, the images in that area differ greatly from each other in brightness, the colors, and the like. Examples of statistics relating to the pixels include the number of pixels at the corresponding positions, whether the pixel value difference between them is higher than a prescribed value, the cumulative value of the absolute values of pixel value differences, the difference between the averages of the brightness of images in a prescribed area, and the like.

A coincidence degree calculation area is, more specifically, an area near a boundary made by overlapping plural images. In other words, a prescribed area is an area inward by a prescribed width from the circumference of the common area, in which plural images are overlapped, or an area on the boundary made by overlapping.

On the basis of the above coincidence degree, whether or not the coincidence degree calculation area includes a moving object can be determined. In case of, for example, a background area, involving no movement, pixels at the corresponding positions rarely change in brightness or color from one image to another, and accordingly, the coincidence degree in the area is high. Thus, when the coincidence degree in an area is high, that area can be judged to be a background. In the case of, by contrast, an area including a moving object, the coincidence degree in that area is low because pixels representing the movement of the object change greatly in brightness and color from one image to another, and thus the coincidence degree of that area is low. Thus, when a coincidence degree in an area is low, that area can be judged to include a moving object.

The top-and-bottom determination unit 12 (an overlapping pattern determination unit) determines a pattern of overlapping plural images on the basis of the coincidence degree calculated by the coincidence degree calculation unit 11 .

More specifically, the top-and-bottom determination unit 12 determines, as an overlapping pattern, a pattern that makes areas near boundaries with high coincidence degrees appear on the overlapped image (an image obtained by overlapping plural images). In other words, the top-and-bottom determination unit 12 determines, on the basis of the coincidence degree, an overlapping pattern so that one of the plural images is used mainly in the area in which plural images are overlapped.

The overlapping unit 13 overlaps plural images on the basis of the overlapping pattern determined by the top-and-bottom determination unit 12 . As a result of this, areas near a boundary with low coincidence degrees is not synthesized on the image obtained by that overlapping.

As described above, when the coincidence degree between images is high near the boundary made by overlapping those images (i.e., the boundary of a common area), it is highly likely that such images do not include a moving object in the area. Thus, when images are overlapped so that an area near the boundary with a high coincidence degree appears on the overlapped image, the problem of duplexing is unlikely to occur because the common area of the overlapped images do not include a moving object. Also in cases where images do not include a moving image near the boundary, unnatural ruptures are unlikely to be made near the boundary if the images are overlapped, so that an area near the boundary with a high coincidence degree will appear on the overlapped images.

When an overlapping pattern is determined, the image that is to be mainly used in the area where plural images are overlapped is also determined at the same time. In other words, it is also said that the top-and-bottom determination unit 12 determines that the image is to be mainly used in the area where plural images are overlapped.

As will be described below, the image synthesizing apparatus 10 according to the present invention calculates the coincidence degree between plural images in areas near the boundary of the common area, and overlaps and synthesizes those images so that a synthesized area near the boundary with a high coincidence degree appears on the image obtained by the overlapping. This makes it possible to prevent an object in those images from being duplexed even when the images include an object. When no object is included in those images, it is possible to prevent an unnatural rupture from being made on the boundary between those images.

Further, the image synthesizing apparatus 10 according to the present invention eliminates processes of dividing an image into plural areas to overlap images for each of such areas and processes requiring a large number of operations such as a process of dividing an image into an object part and a background part. Also, the image synthesizing apparatus 10 requires a smaller number of operations for calculating coincidence degrees, thus imposing fewer burdens on the processor than the conventional techniques.

Further, unlike conventional image synthesizing apparatuses, implementation of the image synthesizing apparatus 10 according to the present invention does not require a large-scale expansion of circuits, making the implementation of the image synthesizing apparatus 10 possible at a relatively low cost.

The image synthesizing apparatus 10 may further include, in addition to the above configuration, a superposing unit for superposing the plural images in areas near the boundary. The image synthesizing apparatus 10 overlaps images by using, on the basis of coincidence degrees, a pattern that makes a boundary that is made by superposing the images unnoticeable. However, an image obtained by superposing images using this manner alone will involve jointing lines between the images, although such lines are unnoticeable. Use of the superposing unit for superposing plural images in areas near a boundary makes such jointing lines further unnoticeable. In addition, to be more specific, an area that is to receive a superposing process is a near-boundary area that appears on an image obtained by superposing plural images.

The image synthesizing apparatus 10 may further include, in addition to the above configuration, an image-shooting supplement unit for generating supplement information on the basis of the offsetting amount (amount of moving vector) in a positional coordinate between an image being shot currently and an image shot previously, and for generating an outputting of the supplement information to an image shooting unit that shoots at least one of plural images.

Thereby, a shooting person can easily shoot images while adopting an offsetting width that has been set.

Also, the image synthesizing apparatus 10 may further include, in addition to the above configuration, an offsetting amount calculation unit for calculating an offsetting amount between plural images, and an image conversion unit for converting, on the basis of the offsetting amount, at least one of the plural images so that the offsetting amount is made smaller in order to overlap the plural images after the conversion.

Thereby, even when plural input images that have not been position adjusted are input, it is possible to conduct position adjustment on such images so as to thereafter overlap them.

The image synthesizing apparatus 10 may also be included in an image shooting device.

Also, an image shooting device having the image synthesizing apparatus 10 may be included in a mobile phone, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a personal computer, or the like.

The embodiments discussed herein are also related to methods based on steps of processes executed by the respective units that constitute the image synthesizing apparatus 10 , and the above purposes can be attained by using those methods as well.

The embodiments discussed herein are also related to a program, a recording medium recording that program, and a program product, said program being configured to make a processor perform control equivalent to the functions implemented by the respective units that constitute the image synthesizing apparatus 10 . The above purposes can also be achieved by making a processor read that program and control various interfaces or the like connected to the processor in accordance with the program.

Hereinafter, explanations will be given based on an assumption that two images overlap. However, that assumption is only for simplicity of explanation, and accordingly the number of images may be more than two. Also, the explanations are based on an assumption that images are quadrangular; however, the images can be shapes other than quadrangular.

First, an image synthesizing apparatus according to the first embodiment will be explained. An image synthesizing apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment overlaps and synthesizes image P 1 and image P 2 that have already been position adjusted.

FIG. 2 shows a configuration of the image synthesizing apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2 , the image synthesizing apparatus 100 includes a coincidence degree calculation unit 110 , a top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and an overlapping unit 160 .

Images P 1 and P 2 , having already been position adjusted, are input to the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 . The coincidence degree calculation unit 110 obtains, from images P 1 and P 2 , pixels that are at corresponding positions in both images in the coincidence degree calculation areas, and calculates the coincidence degrees of the coincidence degree calculation areas. Coincidence degree calculation areas usually exist in plural, and accordingly the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 calculates the coincidence degree for each of the coincidence degree calculation areas.

The top-and-bottom determination unit 150 determines how to overlap images P 1 and P 2 on the basis of the coincidence degree calculated by the coincidence degree calculation unit. More specifically, the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 determines which of the images P 1 and P 2 should appear in the overlapped images. The overlapping unit 160 overlaps images P 1 and P 2 in accordance with the determination made by the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and synthesizes the images. The image obtained by the synthesizing is output.

Hereinafter, a flow of the processes performed by the image synthesizing apparatus 100 will be explained by referring to FIG. 3 .

First, when images P 1 and P 2 are input to the image synthesizing apparatus 100 (step S 1 ), the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 calculates the coincidence degree for each of a plurality of coincidence degree calculation areas (step S 2 ). Next, the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 determines which of the areas have high coincidence degrees among the plurality of coincidence degree calculation areas (step S 3 ), and determines a pattern of overlapping images P 1 and P 2 on the basis of the determination result (steps S 4 and S 5 ). The overlapping unit 160 overlaps images P 1 and P 2 on the basis of the determination made by the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and synthesizes the images (step S 6 ).

Next, coincidence degree calculation areas, for which the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 calculates the coincidence degrees, will be explained. First, explanations will be given for a case where images P 1 and P 2 are offset in a direction along one dimension, i.e., the vertical or horizontal direction.

When images P 1 and P 2 are offset in a direction along one dimension, the common area is a quadrangle. This quadrangle is made up of a side formed by a portion of the circumference of image P 1 (referred to as the image-P 1 -side boundary), a side formed by a portion of the circumference of image P 2 (referred to as the image-P 2 -side boundary), and two sides formed by portions of the circumferences of images P 1 and P 2 , respectively. In this case, there are two coincidence degree calculation areas. One is an area inward by a prescribed number of pixels (or by a particular width) from the image-P 1 -side boundary. The other is an area inward by a prescribed number of pixels (or by a particular width) from the image-P 2 -side boundary.

Explanations will be given, by referring to FIG. 4 , to coincidence degree calculation areas in the case where images P 1 and P 2 are offset in two-dimensional directions. FIG. 4 shows a common area and coincidence degree calculation areas made when image P 2 is offset from image P 1 in the down right direction. The area in which images P 1 and P 2 are overlapped is the common area. The two sides of the circumference of the common area, that is, two of the four sides forming the boundary, are parts of the two adjacent sides of the quadrangle forming the circumference of image P 1 . The other two sides of the boundary of the common area are parts of the two adjacent sides of the quadrangle forming the circumference of image P 2 . Hereinafter, the former group is referred to as the image-P 1 -side boundary, and the latter group is referred to as the image-P 2 -side boundary.

There are two coincidence degree calculation areas. One is P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 , which is an area inward by a prescribed number of pixels (or by a prescribed width) from the image-P 1 -side boundary. The other is P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 , which is an area inward by a prescribed number of pixels (or by a prescribed width) from the image-P 2 -side boundary.

As shown in FIG. 4 , P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 and P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 are in the common area, and are L-shaped areas located around the two opposing corners among the four corners of the common area. It is not necessary to calculate the coincidence degrees of the shaded areas in the common area. This is because shaded area R 1 , located around the center of the common area, is apart from the boundary made by overlapping the images, and the coincidence degrees of shaded areas R 2 and R 3 are the same as those of P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 and P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 , and are useless for determining the top and the bottom of the images.

The coincidence degree calculation unit 110 will be explained in more detail below. The coincidence degree calculation unit 110 can calculate coincidence degrees using several different methods. For example, the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 may calculate a coincidence degree on the basis of the difference in pixel value between two pixels at corresponding positions, the statistic of brightness of images P 1 and P 2 , and/or the continuity between images along the boundary. It is also possible to calculate a coincidence degree for an image reduced in size to, for example, ½ vertically and horizontally by using sub-sampling.

First, explanations will be given for a case where a coincidence degree is calculated on the basis of a pixel value difference, as an example. FIG. 5 shows an exemplary configuration of the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 that calculates a coincidence degree on the basis of a pixel value difference. As shown in FIG. 5 , the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 includes a boundary area selection unit 111 , difference calculation units 112 - 1 and 112 - 2 , comparison units 113 - 1 and 113 - 2 , counters 114 - 1 and 114 - 2 , and a threshold value storing unit 115 .

The difference calculation unit 112 - 1 , the comparison unit 113 - 1 , and the counter 114 - 1 calculate the coincidence degree of P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 , and the difference calculation unit 112 - 2 , the comparison unit 113 - 2 , and the counter 114 - 2 calculate the coincidence degree of P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 . The former group is referred to as the image-P 1 -side calculation unit, and the latter group is referred to as the image-P 2 -side calculation unit. They are basically equal to each other in configuration.

Hereinafter, a flow of the process performed by the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 will be explained roughly. That process corresponds to step S 2 in FIG. 3 .

Images P 2 and P 2 are input to the boundary area selection unit 111 . On the basis of the coordinate information indicating the positions of the pixels in image P 1 or P 2 , the boundary area selection unit 111 determines which of coincidence degree calculation areas M 1 and M 2 the input pixels are in, or whether such pixels are in an area other than coincidence degree calculation areas M 1 and M 2 . When a pixel is in P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 , the boundary area selection unit 111 outputs that pixel to the P 1 -side calculation unit. When a pixel is in P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 , the boundary area selection unit 111 outputs that pixel to the P 2 -side calculation unit. When a pixel is not in either P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 or M 2 , that pixel is not output, and the process proceeds to steps for pixels other than such pixels. The boundary area selection unit 111 performs this process for all input pixels.

Hereinafter, explanations will be focused on the P 1 side. However, basically the same process is performed on the P 2 side. First, when pixels are input, the difference calculation unit 112 - 1 (a difference calculation unit 112 - 2 on the P 2 side) calculates the difference between two pixels at the corresponding positions between images P 1 and P 2 , and outputs the absolute value of the calculated difference to the comparison unit 113 - 1 (the comparison unit 113 - 2 on the M 2 side). The comparison unit 113 - 1 (the comparison unit 113 - 2 on the P 2 side) compares the absolute value of the difference with a threshold value stored in the threshold value storing unit 115 . When the absolute value is greater than the threshold value, the counter 114 - 1 (the counter 114 - 2 on the P 2 side) increments the counter value by one. When the countering of pixels input to the P 1 and P 2 sides is terminated, the counters 114 - 1 and 114 - 2 output the coincidence degrees based on the counting results to a comparison unit 116 . In doing this, each coincidence degree is the inverse of (counter value+1).

The comparison unit 116 as part of the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 compares the coincidence degree calculated for the P 1 side and that calculated for the P 2 side so as to determine which is the greater, and outputs the determination result to the overlapping unit 160 .

Hereinafter, a flow of a process for calculating coincidence degrees will be explained by referring to FIG. 6 . Hereinafter, the P 1 side will be explained by referring to FIG. 6 .

First, the difference calculation unit 112 - 1 waits for pixels to be input (step S 10 ). When pixels are input (Yes in step S 10 ), the difference calculation unit 112 - 1 calculates the difference in pixel values between pixels at the corresponding positions respectively in images P 1 and P 2 (step S 11 ). Next, the comparison unit 113 - 1 obtains a threshold value from the threshold value storing unit 115 (step S 12 ), and determines whether or not the difference is greater than the threshold value (step S 13 ). When the difference has been determined to be greater (Yes in step S 13 ), the counter 114 - 1 increments the counter value by one (step S 14 ), and the process returns to step S 10 . When pixels have not been input after a prescribe time period has elapsed (no in step S 10 ), the counter 114 - 1 terminates the counting. Thereafter, the counter 114 - 1 outputs, to the comparison unit 116 , the inverse of (counter value+1), i.e., the inverse of the value obtained by adding 1 to the counter value as the coincidence degree (step S 15 ), and terminates the process. Steps S 20 through S 25 , which are steps for the P 2 side, are basically the same as steps S 10 through S 15 for the P 1 side, and accordingly the explanations thereof will be omitted. Thereafter, the comparison unit 116 compares the coincidence degree of the P 1 side and the coincidence degree of the P 2 side.

The above configuration is provided with respective process blocks for the P 1 side and the P 2 side. However, a configuration is also possible in which two counters, i.e., the counters 114 - 1 and 114 - 2 , are prepared for the P 1 and P 2 sides, respectively, and the other units are shared by them.

Explanations have been given for a case where the number of pixels having a pixel value difference greater than a threshold value is counted. However, it is possible to calculate the cumulative value of the differences (absolute values) of pixel values of the pixels at the corresponding positions between images P 1 and P 2 so as to handle the inverse of the cumulative value as a coincidence degree. In that case too, the fewer pixels there are having great pixel value differences, the higher the coincidence degree.

Next, explanations will be given for a case where a coincidence degree is calculated on the basis of the statistic of the brightness of images. Here, a YCbCr color space or a YPbPr color space, which are often used in the field of television, etc, is used for the explanation. In these color spaces, brightness is represented in units of Y values. This is just an example, and various different color spaces can be selected depending upon the device, and the same method can basically be applied to any of such color spaces.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary configuration of the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 that calculates a coincidence degree on the basis of the statistic of the brightness of images. As shown in FIG. 7 , the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 includes the boundary area selection unit 111 , Y-average calculation units 117 - 1 , 117 - 2 , 118 - 1 , and 118 - 2 , and difference calculation units 119 - 1 and 119 - 2 .

The Y-average calculation units 117 - 1 and 118 - 1 and the difference calculation unit 119 - 1 constitute the P 1 side, and the Y-average calculation units 117 - 2 and 118 - 2 and the difference calculation unit 119 - 2 constitute the P 2 side. They are basically equal to their respective counterparts in configuration.

When images P 1 and P 2 are input, the boundary area selection unit 111 outputs pixels in P 1 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 1 to the P 1 side on the basis of the coordinate information of the pixels, and outputs pixels in P 2 -side coincidence degree calculation area M 2 to the P 2 side. Hereinafter, the respective units on the P 1 side will be explained; however, basically the same explanations can be applied to the P 2 side.

Among pixels output from the boundary area selection unit 111 , pixels of image P 1 are input to the Y-average calculation unit 117 - 1 , and pixels of image P 2 are input to the Y-average calculation unit 118 - 1 . The Y-average calculation unit 117 - 1 calculates the average value of the Y values of pixels of image P 1 so as to output the calculation result to the difference calculation unit 119 - 1 . The Y-average calculation unit 118 - 1 calculates the average value of the Y values of pixels of image P 2 so as to output the calculation result to the difference calculation unit 119 - 1 . The difference calculation unit 119 - 1 calculates the difference of Y-value averages between images P 1 and P 2 , and outputs the absolute value of the calculated difference to the comparison unit 116 as a coincidence degree. A case in which the average value of Y values is used has been explained; however, the dispersion or the deviation of Y values may be used instead of average values.

Next, explanations will be given for a case where a coincidence degree is calculated on the basis of the continuity of a boundary. FIG. 8 shows an exemplary configuration of the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 that calculates a coincidence degree on the basis of the continuity of a boundary. As shown in FIG. 8 , the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 includes the boundary area selection unit 111 , difference calculation units 120 - 1 and 120 - 2 , and cumulative addition units 121 - 1 and 121 - 2 . The difference calculation unit 120 - 1 and the cumulative addition unit 121 - 2 calculate a coincidence degree of the image P 1 side, and the difference calculation unit 120 - 2 and the cumulative addition unit 121 - 1 calculate a coincidence degree of the image P 2 side. The P 1 and P 2 sides are configured of basically the same components.

When a coincidence degree is calculated on the basis of the continuity of a boundary, the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 calculates the coincidence degrees of pixels on the boundary, instead of calculating those of pixels in a coincidence degree calculation area. In such a case, on the basis of the coordinate information in input images P 1 and P 2 , the boundary area selection unit 111 outputs, to the P 1 side, pixels having been determined to be on the image-P 1 -side boundary, and outputs, to the P 2 side, pixels having been determined to be on the image-P 2 -side boundary.

Hereinafter, explanations will be given for the respective units of the P 1 side. Basically the same explanations can also be applied to the P 2 side.

The coincidence degree of the P 1 side is calculated by cumulatively adding the absolute values of the difference between two pixels on the boundary on the P 1 side. In other words, the difference calculation unit 120 - 1 calculates the difference in pixel value between two pixels at the corresponding positions in images P 1 and P 2 . The cumulative addition unit 121 - 1 cumulatively adds the absolute values of the differences calculated by the difference calculation unit 120 - 1 , and outputs the result of the cumulative addition as the P 1 -side coincidence degree to the comparison unit 116 when it has performed the process on all pixels on the P 1 -side boundary.

When the coincidence degrees of the coincidence degree calculation areas on the P 1 and P 2 sides (or the P 1 -side boundary and the P 2 -side boundary) have been calculated as described above, the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 determines how to overlap images P 1 and P 2 on the basis of whether the P 1 -side-near-boundary area or the P 2 -side-near-boundary area should appear on the image obtained by the overlapping. More specifically, the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 compares the coincidence degrees of the P 1 side and the P 2 side calculated by the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 . When the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 has determined that the coincidence degree of the image-P 1 side is higher, it determines that image P 1 should be overlapped on image P 2 , and when it has determined that the coincidence degree of the image P 2 side is higher, it determines that image P 2 should be overlapped on image P 1 . It is also possible to set beforehand a default or to prompt users to determine whether the image-P 1 side or the image-P 2 side is to be the top when the coincidence degrees of the image-P 1 side and the image-P 2 side are equal.

Hereinafter, explanations will be given for a pattern of overlapping images P 1 and P 2 . First, explanations will be given for a pattern of overlapping two images P 1 and P 2 that are offset in the direction along one dimension, i.e., offset in the right and left directions or offset in the up and down directions. In FIGS. 9A and 9B , images P 1 and P 2 are offset from each other in the right and left directions (one dimension). When those images P 1 and P 2 are to be overlapped, two patterns can be used, a pattern of making image P 1 the top and a pattern of making image P 2 the top.

Regardless of which pattern is used, one of the images P 1 and P 2 is used as it is before overlapping for areas other than the common area. For example, for the area that was image P 1 before the overlapping, image P 1 is used, and for the area that was image P 2 before the overlapping, image P 2 is used.

For the common area, a different image is used depending upon whether the selected pattern makes image P 1 the top or makes image P 2 the top. As shown in FIG. 9A , when image P 1 is overlapped on image P 2 , the P 1 -side boundary appears on the overlapped image (the image obtained by overlapping those images), and the P 2 -side boundary is hidden by the image P 1 . In the common area, image P 2 is used. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9B , when image P 2 is overlapped on image P 1 , the image-P 2 -side boundary appears on the overlapped image, and the image-P 1 -side boundary is hidden by image P 2 . In the common area, image P 2 is used.

Next, a pattern is shown of overlapping images P 1 and P 2 when they are offset both in the right and left directions and the up and down directions. In such a case, there are four overlapping patterns. FIG. 10 show three of such patterns. FIGS. 10A through 10C show the patterns of overlapping images that are offset both in the right and left directions and the up and down directions for viewers.

FIGS. 10A and 10B respectively show two overlapping patterns for a case where image P 2 is offset from image P 1 in the right down direction from the vantage of the viewer. As shown in FIG. 10A , when image P 2 is overlapped on image P 1 , the image-P 2 -side boundary appears on the overlapped image, and the image-P 1 -side boundary is hidden in the overlapped image. Image P 2 is used for the common area. When, by contrast, image P 1 is overlapped on image P 2 as shown in FIG. 2B , the image-P 1 -side boundary appears on the overlapped image, and the image-P 2 -side boundary is hidden in the overlapped image. Image P 1 is used for the common area.

There are two patterns also for a case where image P 2 is offset from image P 1 in the right up direction from the vantage of the viewer. As shown in FIG. 10C , when image P 1 is overlapped on image P 2 , the image-P 1 -side boundary appears on the overlapped image, and image P 1 is used for the common area. Illustration of a case where image P 2 is on image P 1 is omitted.

For the areas other than the common area, similarly to cases where two images are offset in the direction along one dimension, image P 1 is used for an area that was image P 1 before the overlapping, and image P 2 is used for an area that was image P 2 before the overlapping.

When the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 has determined which of images P 1 and P 2 are to be the top as described above, the overlapping unit 160 overlaps images P 1 and P 2 , selecting one of them as the top in accordance with that determination.

As described above, the image synthesizing apparatus 100 overlaps plural images so that the area near the boundary having a high coincidence degree is the top. As a result of this, the area near the boundary that became the top after the overlapping appears on the overlapped image, and the area near the boundary that became the bottom after the overlapping is hidden in the overlapped image.

As was already described, when an area near the boundary (coincidence degree calculation area) made by overlapping plural images has a high coincidence degree, it is highly likely to include a moving object. Accordingly, when images are overlapped so that an image having, as its circumference, a boundary of a highly incident common area at its top, that common area is unlikely to include a moving area, reducing the risk of the problem of duplexing.

Also, when a coincidence degree is high, the areas near the boundary are close to each other between plural images, and accordingly overlapping images so that an image having, as its circumference, a near-boundary area with a high coincidence degree at its top makes it less likely to make an unnatural rupture on the boundary on the overlapped image even when there is a moving object in areas near the boundary.

Hereinafter, explanations will be given for a case where two images including a moving object are overlapped, by referring to FIGS. 11 and 12 . As shown in FIG. 11 , images P 1 and P 2 include a walking person as an object. It is supposed that the person is moving from right to left from the vantage of viewers and image P 1 was shot prior to image P 2 .

Image P 1 includes the person in the near-image-P 1 -side boundary area (this area also serves as a coincidence degree calculation area). Image P 2 does not include the person in either the near-image-P 1 -side boundary area or near-image-P 20 -side boundary area. In such a case, the coincidence degree of the coincidence degree calculation area on the image-P 2 side calculated by the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 is higher than that of the image-P 1 side. Accordingly, the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 determines to overlap image P 2 onto image P 1 , and the overlapping unit 160 generates an image made of image P 1 on image P 2 .

FIG. 12 shows an image that the overlapping unit 160 has generated by overlapping images P 1 and P 2 shown in FIG. 11 . As shown in FIG. 12 , as a result of overlapping image P 2 onto image P 1 , the person included in the area near the image-P 1 -side boundary is hidden by image P 2 . By contrast, an area near the image-P 2 -side boundary, not including the person, is overlapped onto image P 1 , and this area does not include a moving object. The person included in an area other than the common area in image P 2 appears on the overlapped image. As described above, the image synthesizing apparatus 100 can avoid the duplexing of an object on an overlapped image.

Next, explanations will be given for a variation example of overlapping images using the overlapping unit 160 . The overlapping unit 160 may synthesize images by superposing images P 1 and P 2 on an area near the boundary so that a rupture made near the boundary on the top image is not noticeable. Hereinafter, an area in which images P 1 and P 2 are to be synthesized, i.e., a synthesizing area, will be explained before explaining a process performed by the overlapping unit 160 .

First, explanations will be given for a synthesizing area in which two images P 1 and P 2 that are offset in a direction along one dimension, i.e., in the right and left directions or in the up or down directions, are overlapped. As shown in FIG. 9A , when image P 1 is on image P 2 , the area inward by a prescribed number of pixels (or by a prescribed width) from the boundary on the image-P 1 side of the common area is the synthesizing area. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9B , when image P 2 is on image P 1 , the area inward by a prescribed number of pixels from the boundary on the image-P 2 side of the common area is the synthesizing area.

Next, the synthesizing area made when images P 1 and P 2 that are offset in directions along two dimensions, i.e., the right and left directions and the up and down directions, are to be overlapped will be explained. As shown in FIG. 10A , when image P 2 is on image P 1 , the area inward by a prescribed number of pixels from the boundary on the image-P 2 side of the common area (the shaded area) is the synthesizing area. As shown in FIG. 10A , when the two images are offset in directions along two dimensions, the synthesizing area is L-shaped. FIG. 10A shows a case where image P 2 is offset from image P 1 to the down right direction, however, the same explanations can be applied to a case where image P 1 is offset from image P 2 to the down right direction.

When image P 1 is on image P 2 as shown in FIGS. 10B and 10C , the area inward by a prescribed number of pixels from the boundary of the common area (the shaded area) is the synthesizing area.

The number of pixels that should be between the synthesizing area and the boundary, i.e., the width of the synthesizing area, varies depending upon the size of the entire image.

Next, explanations will be given for a flow of a process performed by the overlapping unit 160 to synthesize images P 1 and P 2 , by referring to FIG. 13 . This process corresponds to step S 6 in FIG. 3 . In this explanation, the overlapping unit 160 is assumed to output a result of overlapping two images to an output unit (not shown).

First, two images and a result of determination made by the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 are input to the overlapping unit 160 . The overlapping unit 160 determines whether or not a certain pixel is in the common area on the basis of the pixel coordinate information of the two input images. When the overlapping unit 160 determines that the pixel is in the common area (Yes in step S 30 ), it further determines whether or not that pixels is in the synthesizing area (step S 31 ).

When the overlapping unit 160 determines that the pixel is not in the common area (No in step S 30 ), it outputs the pixel at those coordinates together with the coordinates after the overlapping (step S 33 ). Thereby, image P 1 is used for a portion that was image P 1 before the overlapping, and image P 2 is used for a portion that was image P 2 before the overlapping.

In step S 31 , when the overlapping unit 160 determines that the coordinates are in the synthesizing area (Yes in step S 31 ), it obtains the pixels corresponding to each other at those coordinates in images P 1 and P 2 , and superposes those two pixels (step S 34 ). Thereafter, the overlapping unit 160 outputs the pixel resulting from that superposition and the coordinates of the pixel after the overlapping.

In step S 31 , when the overlapping unit 160 determines that the coordinates are not in the synthesizing area (No in step S 31 ) and also when image P 1 is used in the common area after overlapping on the basis of the coordinate information and the result of determination of the overlapping pattern made by the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 (Yes in step S 32 ), the overlapping unit 160 outputs the pixel from image P 1 together with the coordinates after the overlapping (step S 35 ). Alternatively, when image P 2 is used in the common area after the overlapping (No in step S 32 ), the overlapping unit 160 outputs the pixel from image P 2 together with the coordinates after the overlapping (step S 36 ).

When the overlapping unit 160 has performed those processes on all input pixels (step S 37 ), it terminates the process.

It is also possible to employ a configuration in which when the overlapping unit 160 superposes and synthesizes images P 1 and P 2 , the synthesizing ratio of superposing the images is varied depending upon the distance between the boundary of the image and the pixel. FIG. 14 shows an example of variation in a synthesizing ratio between images P 1 and P 2 with respect to the distance from the boundary made by the overlapping in a case when images P 1 and P 2 are offset to the right and left directions. Note that in FIG. 14 , image P 1 is smaller than image P 2 , but this is for clearly representing that those two images are overlapped, and they do not need to be different in size.

In FIG. 14 , image P 2 is on image P 1 , and accordingly, the boundary on image P 2 appears on the overlapped image. In such a case, it is possible to set 1:0 as the synthesizing ratio between image P 1 and image P 2 on the image-P 2 -side boundary, and to set 0:1 as the synthesizing ratio between image P 1 and image P 2 on the synthesizing-area boundary. It is also possible to gradually decrease the synthesizing ratio of image P 1 from one to zero in the area between the image-P 2 -side boundary and the synthesizing-area boundary, and to gradually increase the synthesizing ratio of image P 2 from zero to one. FIG. 14 shows an example of changing the synthesizing ratios of images P 1 and P 2 linearly (using linear functions); however, other functions can be used.

Results of overlapping and synthesizing images P 1 and P 2 in the synthesizing area will be explained by referring to FIGS. 15A and 15B . FIGS. 15A and 15B show results of overlapping images when image P 2 is offset from image P 1 to the down right direction. FIG. 15A shows a case where image P 1 is on image P 2 . In such a case, the area near the image-P 1 -side boundary of the common area is the synthesizing area. The synthesizing ratio of image P 2 on the image-P 1 -side boundary is decreased to zero with decreasing distance to the synthesizing-area boundary. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 15A , the area near the boundary between image P 2 , which is colored in dark gray, and image P 2 , which is colored in white, gradually changes from dark gray to light gray, and finally to white. As described above, when images P 1 and P 2 are to be overlapped, the overlapping unit 160 overlaps and synthesizes images P 1 and P 2 , and accordingly ruptures appearing near the boundary between the images can be made unnoticeable.

In FIG. 15B , image P 2 is on image P 1 . In such a case, in contrast to FIG. 10A , the area near the image-P 2 -side boundary in the common area is the synthesizing area, and the synthesizing ratio of image P 1 on the image-P 2 -side boundary decreases to zero with decreasing distance to the boundary of the synthesizing area. As shown in FIG. 15B , the area near the boundary between image P 1 , which is in white, and image P 2 , which is in dark gray, gradually changes in color from white to light gray and finally to dark gray, making the boundary unnoticeable.

As described above, in this variation example, the overlapping unit 160 superposes and synthesizes images P 1 and P 2 in the area near the boundary so that unnatural ruptures are not made near the boundary. The image synthesizing apparatus 100 determines, on the basis of the coincidence degrees before superposing images P 1 and P 2 , which of such images is to be the top when they are overlapped so that the problem of duplexing can be made to be unlikely to occur in the common area. The overlapping unit 160 overlaps the two images on the basis of that determination, and thereafter superposes those images near the boundary made by the overlapping. Accordingly, the image synthesizing apparatus 100 makes it possible to avoid the problem of duplexing even when images near the boundary are overlapped.

Next, an image synthesizing apparatus 200 according to the second embodiment will be explained. The image synthesizing apparatus 200 according to the present embodiment overlaps and synthesizes plural still images shot at positions offset by a prescribed width. In order to offset the positions by a prescribed width, it is possible to provide a pole to an image shooting apparatus so that the image shooting apparatus is turned at a prescribed angle on that pole, or to shoot images with the shooting person turning his/her body.

When this is done, the image synthesizing apparatus 200 outputs, to an image shooting apparatus connected to the image synthesizing apparatus 200 , supplement information used for shooting an image by applying a prescribed-width offset to the image shot previously. The image synthesizing apparatus 200 and the image shooting apparatus may have a communication function to communicate with each other so that the image synthesizing apparatus 200 can transmit supplement information to the image shooting apparatus. Examples of the image shooting apparatus include a still camera and a video camera. The image shooting apparatus may be included in a mobile phone, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a personal computer, or the like.

FIG. 16 shows a configuration of the image synthesizing apparatus 200 having a function of outputting or transmitting supplement information to an image shooting apparatus. As shown in FIG. 16 , the image synthesizing apparatus 200 includes an offsetting amount storing unit 210 , image-shooting supplement information 220 , a coincidence-degree calculation unit 110 , a top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and an overlapping unit 160 .

The offsetting amount storing unit 210 stores a width that is prescribed as an offsetting amount. This offsetting amount may be set by users, or can be set as a default setting of the device.

The image-shooting supplement information 220 generates, on the basis of a previously shot image (first image) and the offsetting amount, supplement information used for displaying, on the viewfinder of an image shooting apparatus, the edges of the first image and a prescribed width as an offsetting amount, and thereafter, the image-shooting supplement information 220 outputs or transmits the supplement information to the image shooting apparatus.

On the basis of the supplement information, the image shooting apparatus superposes the edges of the first image and the line or frame indicating the offsetting amount on the viewfinder on which the shooting object has been output. By using the line or frame superposed on the viewfinder, the shooting person, when shooting the second and subsequent images, can shoot the next image, which is offset by a prescribed width from the first image.

The shot second image is input to the image synthesizing apparatus 200 . The coincidence degree calculation unit 110 , the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and the overlapping unit 160 overlap the first and the second images. This overlapping process is as has already been explained.

Hereinafter, a flow of processes performed by the image synthesizing apparatus 200 will be explained by referring to FIG. 17 . As shown in FIG. 17 , the second embodiment executes steps S 40 and S 41 instead of step S 1 in the first embodiment.

First, the user uses the image shooting apparatus to shoot a first image. The image shooting apparatus transmits or outputs that first image to the image synthesizing apparatus 200 (step S 40 ). On the basis of the first image and the offsetting amount stored in the image-shooting supplement information 220 , the image synthesizing apparatus 200 calculates the coordinates of a frame indicating the edges of the first image and of a line indicating the position apart by a prescribed width from that frame, and outputs or transmits to the image shooting apparatus the calculation result as supplement information.

On the basis of the supplement information, the image shooting apparatus superposes the frame indicating the edges of the first image and the line indicating the offsetting amount on the viewfinder on which the shooting object has been output. When shooting the second image, the user shoots an images that is offset by a prescribed width from the first image, on the basis of the frame or line superposed on the viewfinder, and the second image that has been shot is output or transmitted to the image synthesizing apparatus 200 (step S 41 ).

Next, in and after step S 2 , processes are performed for overlapping the first and second images as images P 1 and P 2 , respectively. The processes in and after step S 2 are similar to those in the first embodiment, and explanations thereof will be omitted.

As described above, the image synthesizing apparatus 200 has the merit that it can prepare supplement information that can be used for shooting second images, in addition to the merit provided by the image synthesizing apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment. Thereby, it is possible to shoot plural images that are offset by a prescribed width.

Next, explanations will be given for the third embodiment. In the third embodiment, an offsetting amount is not prescribed, and an image synthesizing apparatus 300 calculates an offsetting amount between images P 1 and P 2 , and overlaps images P 1 and P 2 after correcting the offset.

The image synthesizing apparatus 300 according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be explained by referring to FIG. 18 . As shown in FIG. 18 , the image synthesizing apparatus 300 includes an offsetting amount calculation unit 310 , an image conversion unit 320 , the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 , the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and the overlapping unit 160 .

The offsetting amount calculation unit 310 calculates the offsetting amount between input images P 1 and P 2 . The image conversion unit 320 converts, on the basis of the offsetting amount, one of those two images so that the same object in them is positioned at the same coordinates. The coincidence degree calculation unit 110 , the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and the overlapping unit 160 have already been explained.

Hereinafter, a flow of processes performed by the image synthesizing apparatus 300 will be explained by referring to FIG. 19 . As shown in FIG. 19 , the third embodiment executes steps S 50 through S 52 between steps S 1 and S 2 , in contrast to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3 .

When two images P 1 and P 2 are input to the image synthesizing apparatus 300 (step S 1 ), the offsetting amount calculation unit 310 calculates the offsetting amount between the two images (step S 50 ). Next, the image conversion unit 320 converts one of images P 1 and P 2 on the basis of the calculated offsetting amount so that the offset is cancelled (step S 51 ). Thereafter, the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 determines the common area on the basis of images P 1 and P 2 after the conversion (step S 52 ), and executes steps S 2 and subsequent steps. The processes in and after step S 2 are as have already been explained.

Next, explanations will be given for the principle of calculation of an offsetting amount performed by the offsetting amount calculation unit 310 .

The relationship between the coordinates (x, y) of a characteristic point in image P 1 and the corresponding coordinates (x′, y′) in image P 2 can be expressed by the following expression where Δx and Δy represent offsetting amounts.

x′=x+Δx

y′=y+Δy

When images are offset only parallelly, the values of Δx and Δy are fixed for any coordinates in the images. As an example of a method for detecting Δx and Δy, pattern matching can be used. This pattern matching will be explained by using an example of a case in FIG. 20 , where a personal computer is the object and images P 1 and P 2 are offset in the right and left directions.

First, the offsetting amount calculation unit 310 obtains edge images E 1 and E 2 by applying a Sobel filter to input images P 1 and P 2 . A Sobel filter is for detecting outlines by carrying out a spatial first order derivative. Next, the offsetting amount calculation unit 310 extracts a characteristic point from one of edge images E 1 and E 2 (edge image E 1 in this example), and extracts, from the other edge image (edge image E 2 in this example), a portion near the coordinates of that characteristic point. Next, the offsetting amount calculation unit 310 overlaps the images near the characteristic points of edge images E 1 and E 2 (pattern matching) so as to calculate the offsetting amount.

More specifically, according to a pattern matching method, small-area-image data (referred to as a window hereinafter) in a background image is set, and the target image is scanned so as to detect areas that are equal in size to each other and that have the pixel values corresponding to those in this window. When such areas are detected, the difference between the coordinates in the window of the background window and those in the window of the target image is calculated, and the resultant values are handled as Δx and Δy.

However, when the shooting person has shot images holding, with his/her hands, the image shooting apparatus instead of using a tripod stand, the second shot images often involve not only parallel movements but also rotation. In such a case, it is necessary to calculate the offsetting amounts Δx and ΔY separately for all characteristic points because the values of all offsetting amounts Δx and Δy differ depending upon the coordinates of characteristic points. An example of a method of obtaining the offsetting amounts for an entire image is Homography. Homography is a technique used for linking plural images (mosaicing), and is an algorithm for calculating offsetting amounts of an entire image from plural small areas (characteristic points) that are to be focused on in the image.

Explanations will be given for relationships between characteristic points when an image involves rotation, by referring to FIGS. 21A and 21B .

FIG. 21A shows an example where four characteristic points T 1 through T 4 are extracted from image PT 1 and those respective points have the coordinates shown below.

T1=(x1, y1)

T2=(x2, y2)

T3=(x3, y3)

T4=(x4, y4)

FIG. 21B shows an example where characteristic points T 1 ′ through T 4 ′ are extracted from image PT 2 , and those respective points have the coordinates below.

T1′=(x1′,y1′)

T2′=(x2′,y2′)

T3′=(x3′,y3′)

T4′=(x4′,y4′)

In such a case, the following equation is satisfied between a group T 1 through T 4 and a group T 1 ′ through T 4 ′.

Tn=MTn′

In this equation, M represents a matrix, and is called a Homography Matrix. It is possible to calculate a Homography Matrix from a group of coordinates of characteristic points existing both in image PT 1 and image PT 2 .

When the coordinates of a characteristic point in one of the images are supposed to be (x, y) and those in the other of the images are supposed to be (x′, y′), the relationship between them can be expressed by the following matrix equation.

In the above matrix equation, k represents an arbitrary number except for zero, and m 1 through m 9 are arbitrary numbers. Using the coordinates of several groups of characteristic points makes it possible to calculate the parameters of K and m 1 through m 9 . Performing Homography Matrix and matrix calculations of an arbitrary coordinate point (x,y) in image PT 1 makes it possible to calculate a point (x′, y′) in image PT 2 corresponding to image PT 1 (x, y).

The offsetting amount calculation unit 310 calculates the offsetting amounts between two images as described above, and converts, on the basis of the calculated offsetting amount, one of images P 1 and P 2 so that the offset is cancelled. Thereafter, the coincidence degree calculation unit 110 , the top-and-bottom determination unit 150 , and the overlapping unit 160 determine, on the basis of the coincidence degree, a pattern for overlapping images P 1 and P 2 , and overlaps them. Accordingly, the image synthesizing apparatus 300 makes it possible to overlap and synthesize images with the offset between them being cancelled beforehand even when such images are not position adjusted beforehand.

The image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 according to the present invention can be implemented in various forms. Hereinafter, implementations of the image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 according to the present invention will be explained.

The image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 can be implemented using, for example, a computer. Such a computer (not shown) is equipped with, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a memory device, and an input/output interface, all of which are connected to one another through a bus. Examples of an input/output interface include a liquid crystal panel, a touch panel, various types of buttons and dials, and the like.

In order to implement the image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 using a computer, a program is stored in the memory device for making the processor execute processes assigned to the respective units that constitute the image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 . When the CPU uses the memory device to execute the program, the image synthesizing apparatuses 100 , 200 , and 300 are implemented.

Also, those image synthesizing apparatuses can be provided to various types of apparatuses. As an example of an apparatus to which those image synthesizing apparatuses are provided, an image shooting apparatus or the like such as a still camera or a video camera is explained.

Explanations will be given for a case where they are provided to an image shooting apparatus. Such an image shooting apparatus includes, in most cases, a lens, an image pick-up element, a controller (a non-general-purpose processor), a display device, a memory device, an input/output interface, and an auxiliary storage device. A lens forms an image of the object on the image pick-up element. An image pick-up element converts the formed image into electric signals so as to output the signals to the controller. A controller controls the memory device, the storage device, the interface, and the display device. The controller also stores, in the memory device, a program for executing processes assigned to the respective units that constitute the image synthesizing apparatus. The controller reads that program from the memory device so as to execute it. Thereby, the image shooting apparatuses to be provided to the image synthesizing apparatus are implemented.

It is also possible to produce a computer chip (micro controller) for controlling various types of interfaces to perform processes assigned to the respective units that constitute the image synthesizing apparatus so that the image shooting apparatus to be provided to the image synthesizing apparatus is implemented by the computer chip controlling the various devices that constitute the image shooting apparatus.

It is also possible to implement the image shooting apparatus including the image synthesizing apparatus by incorporating, into the image shooting apparatus (firmware), a memory device or the like that has recorded a program for making a processor execute processes assigned to the respective units constituting the image synthesizing apparatus.

Further, examples of an apparatus including an image shooting apparatus having the image synthesizing apparatus 100 , 200 , or 300 include a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a personal computer, and the like.

Hereinafter, loading of the program will be explained. Various methods can be used for obtaining a program that implements the function of the image synthesizing apparatuses explained in the above embodiments on a computer, an image shooting apparatus, a mobile phone, a PDA, or a like device having an image shooting apparatus.

It is possible, as an example, to store such a program as above in an external storage device connected to a device such as a computer or the like (a device having a processor) that is used for implementing the image synthesizing apparatus, and to load that program to the memory device as necessary.

It is also possible to employ a configuration in which a computer-readable storage medium stores the program beforehand, the program is read from that medium to an apparatus that is to implement the image synthesizing apparatus, the program is stored in the memory device or an external storage device, and the program is read to the CPU of the computer so as to be executed.

It is also possible to store the program to a storage device in a program server, and to download, via the input interface and a communication line, the program to an apparatus that is to implement the image synthesizing apparatus. In such a case, for example, the program server converts the program data expressing the program into program data signals, the program data signals are modulated by a modem into transmission signals, and the transmission signals are output to the communication line. The apparatus that receives the program uses a modem to demodulate the received transmission signals so as to obtain the program data signals, and converts the obtained program data signals in order to obtain the program data.

Also, when a digital line is used as the communication line (transmission medium) for connecting a transmitting computer and a receiving computer, program data signals can also be transmitted. A computer in a telephone station or the like may exist between a computer transmitting the program and a computer downloading that program.

According to the present invention, when plural images are to be overlapped and synthesized, a coincidence degree, which indicates the degree of coincidence between plural images in an area near the boundary of the common area, is calculated, a pattern for overlapping the plural images is determined on the basis of the coincidence degree, and the plural images are overlapped and synthesized on the basis of that pattern. Thereby, it is possible to avoid the duplexing of the object in the common area and unnatural ruptures on the boundary made by the overlapping while reducing the number of processes for the synthesizing.

All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority and inferiority of the invention. Although the embodiment (s) of the present invention has (have) been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.