Solid-state imager and signal processing system

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a solid-state imager for converting an optical image into an electrical signal and a signal processing system including the solid-state imager. More specifically, the present invention relates to a signal processing system that outputs in the form of a light signal a pixel signal read from the solid-state imager.

2. Description of the Related Art

As the degree of integration and speed of operation of circuit boards are increased, a remedial step to the delaying of signals and the generation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes an urgent necessity. Optical wiring technique currently draws attention. The optical wiring technique is free from signal delay and signal degradation caused by electric wiring and electromagnetic interference noise radiated from the electric wiring, and can transfer data at a high speed.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-196972 discloses an optical wiring technique. In accordance with the disclosure, a solid-state imager is attached to a lens that is detachably mounted on a camera body, and a signal output from the solid-state imager is transferred in the form of light signal to the camera body.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-112422 discloses another technique. In accordance with the disclosure, heat generation by a solid-state imager is controlled by controlling the supplying of power to the solid-state imager so that an output unit of the solid-state imager is not driven when no pixel signal is output.

High-speed signal transmission is possible using the optical wiring technique. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-196972 discloses only a structure in which a light emitter is mounted on a substrate having a solid-state imager and the disclosed technique is unable to cope with the high-speed signal transmission requirement. The technique disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-112422 pays little attention to the effect of heat generated by a light emitter on the solid-state imager although taking into consideration heat generated by the solid-state imager.

It is thus desirable to provide a solid-state imager that transmits at a high speed a pixel signal read from a pixel unit in the form of light signal and controls the effect of heat attributed to optical communication and to provide a signal processing system including the solid-state imager.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a solid-state imager includes a pixel unit for converting incident light into an electrical signal, a substrate bearing the pixel unit formed thereon, an analog-to-digital converter, formed on the substrate, for converting a signal read from the pixel unit into a digital signal, an optical communication unit, arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate opposite the top surface of the substrate bearing the pixel unit receiving the incident light, for converting the digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter into a light signal and outputting the light signal, and a signal line for transferring the digital signal, converted by the analog-to-digital converter, to the optical communication unit arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a signal processing system includes an optical device including a solid-state imager for converting incident light into an electrical signal, and an optical element for guiding light to the solid-state imager, and a signal processing device connected to the optical device. The solid-state imager includes a pixel unit for converting incident light into an electrical signal, a substrate bearing the pixel unit formed thereon, an analog-to-digital converter, formed on the substrate, for converting a signal read from the pixel unit into a digital signal, an optical communication unit, arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate opposite the top surface of the substrate bearing the pixel unit receiving the incident light, for converting the digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter into a light signal and outputting the light signal, and a signal line for transferring the digital signal, converted by the analog-to-digital converter, to the optical communication unit arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate.

According to embodiments of the present invention, the electrical signal resulting from photoelectrically converting the light incident on the pixel unit is read and input to the analog-to-digital converter. The signal input to the analog-to-digital converter is analog-to-digital converted, and then input to the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate via the signal line. The digital signal input to the optical communication unit is converted into the light signal and the light signal is output as signal light from the bottom surface of the substrate.

According to embodiments of the present invention, the arrangement of the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate opposite the top surface bearing the pixel unit increases the freedom of layout of the optical communication unit. Since this arrangement allows the substrate to be interposed between the pixel unit and the optical communication unit, the effect of heat generated by the optical communication unit on the pixel unit is reduced. Also, the effect of the electromagnetic noise generated in the optical communication unit on the pixel unit is reduced.

The use of the signal line for transferring the signal read from the pixel unit to the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate increases the freedom of selection of the signal transfer method of the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate. For example, a signal transfer method is selected from a variety of signal transmission methods including a superimposition serial transmission method in which a synchronization signal is transmitted on a data line with a clock signal superimposed thereon, and a transmission method in which a plurality of clock signals are transmitted with serial data lines used.

The optical communication unit is manufactured in a manufacturing process different from a manufacturing process of the pixel unit. The integration of the optical communication unit is easy and the freedom of internal layout of the optical communication unit is thus increased.

FIG. 1 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a solid-state imager in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating a function of the solid-state imager in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager in which an optical communication unit is appropriately arranged;

FIG. 5 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager in which the optical communication unit is arranged in a comparative example;

FIG. 6 illustrates one example of the optical communication unit of the solid-state imager;

FIG. 7 illustrates another example of the optical communication unit of the solid-state imager;

FIG. 8 is a plot of the relationship between an applied voltage and an amount of light absorption;

FIG. 9 illustrates yet another example of the optical communication unit of the solid-state imager;

FIG. 10 illustrates still another example of the optical communication unit of the solid-state imager;

FIG. 11 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a solid-state imager in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of the solid-state imager having a light blocker;

FIG. 14 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a solid-state imager without light blocker;

FIG. 15 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of the solid-state imager having a cooler;

FIG. 16 is a specific functional block diagram of each of the solid-state imagers of each embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram illustrating a specific pixel array;

FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a structural model of each pixel;

FIG. 19 is a functional block diagram diagrammatically illustrating a signal processing system including the solid-state imager;

FIG. 20 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a first layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 21 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the first layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 22 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a second layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 23 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the second layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 24 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a third layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 25 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a fourth layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 26 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a fifth layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 27 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the fifth layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 28 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a sixth layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 29 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the sixth layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 30 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a seventh layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 31 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating an eighth layout example of elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIGS. 32A and 32B are perspective views diagrammatically illustrating the eighth layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit;

FIG. 33 is a functional block diagram diagrammatically illustrating an arrayed optical communication unit;

FIG. 34 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of signal transmission routing to the arrayed optical communication unit;

FIGS. 35A-35C are functional block diagrams illustrating one example of the optical communication unit that performs optical communications with pixel data serialized;

FIGS. 36A and 36B are side views diagrammatically illustrating one example of the signal transmission routing in which the serialized pixel data is transmitted in optical communications to the optical communication unit;

FIGS. 37A and 37B are functional block diagrams illustrating one example of the optical communication unit that includes a plurality of light transmitters transmitting the serialized pixel data;

FIGS. 38A and 38B are side views diagrammatically illustrating one example of the signal transmission routing of the optical communication unit in which a plurality of light transmitter transmit the serialized pixel data in optical communications;

FIG. 39 is a plan view of a top surface of a substrate diagrammatically illustrating a layout example of the optical communication unit that performs a multi-line reading operation responsive to the structure of the pixel unit;

FIG. 40 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the layout example of the optical communication unit that performs a multi-line reading operation responsive to the structure of the pixel unit;

FIG. 41 is a plan view of the top surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the layout example of the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation responsive to electronic shutter timing;

FIG. 42 is a timing diagram illustrating the electronic shutter timing and exposure time;

FIG. 43 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit that is arranged in accordance with the structure of each pixel unit;

FIG. 44 is a plan view of the top surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in an area reading mode;

FIG. 45 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in the area reading mode;

FIG. 46 is a plan view of the top surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in a double-door reading mode;

FIG. 47 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in the double-door reading mode;

FIG. 48 is a plan view of the top surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in a field reading mode;

FIG. 49 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in the field reading mode;

FIG. 50 is a plan view of the top surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in a four-pixel addition reading mode;

FIG. 51 is a plan view of the bottom surface of the substrate diagrammatically illustrating the optical communication unit that performs the multi-line reading operation in the four-pixel addition reading mode;

FIG. 52 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit that is arranged in accordance with the pixel reading mode;

FIG. 53 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating another example of the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit that is arranged in accordance with the pixel reading mode;

FIG. 54 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in a first layout example;

FIG. 55 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in the first layout example;

FIG. 56 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in a second layout example;

FIG. 57 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in the second layout example;

FIG. 58 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in a third layout example;

FIG. 59 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in the third layout example;

FIG. 60 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in a fourth layout example;

FIG. 61 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the cooler arranged in the fourth layout example;

FIG. 62 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in a first layout example;

FIG. 63 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in the first layout example;

FIG. 64 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in a second layout example;

FIG. 65 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in the second layout example;

FIG. 66 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in a third layout example;

FIG. 67 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in the third layout example;

FIG. 68 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in a fourth layout example;

FIG. 69 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager with the light blocker arranged in the fourth layout example;

FIG. 70 is a perspective view illustrating one example of camera system as an application of the signal processing system; and

FIG. 71 is a front view illustrating a lens unit forming the camera system.

An solid-state imager, an optical device including the solid-state imager, a signal processing device connected to the optical device, and a signal processing system including the optical device and the signal processing device of embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings.

Structure of Solid-State Imager of First Embodiment

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a solid-state imager 1 A in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 A of the first embodiment, and FIG. 2 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager of the first embodiment. FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating a function of the solid-state imager 1 A of the first embodiment.

The solid-state imager 1 A of the first embodiment is a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor or a charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor. The solid-state imager 1 A includes a pixel unit 10 A converting light into an electrical signal and outputting the electrical signal. The pixel unit 10 A includes one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally arranged pixels, each pixel converting light into the electrical signal, and thus outputs the electrical signal responsive to the intensity of incident light LI.

The solid-state imager 1 A includes an analog-to-digital converter 11 A converting the electrical signal output from the pixel unit 10 A, and an optical communication unit 12 A converting the electrical signal, analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, into a light signal.

The optical communication unit 12 A includes one or a plurality of light transmitters 120 , each light transmitter 120 converting the electrical signal into the light signal, depending on the signal transmission method, such as a serial transmission of the signal or a parallel transmission of the signal. One optical communication unit 12 A or a plurality of optical communication units 12 A are arranged, each including one light transmitter 120 or a plurality of light transmitters 120 . The optical communication unit 12 A including one light transmitter 120 provides one channel of light signal transmission. The optical communication unit 12 A may include a plurality of light transmitters 120 arranged in an array, thereby providing a plurality of channels for light signal transmission. A plurality of optical communication units 12 A, each including a single light transmitter 120 , may be arranged, thereby providing a plurality of channels for light signal transmission.

The optical communication unit 12 A includes a self-luminous light emitting element emitting light in response to an applied voltage, such as a semiconductor laser (LD), for the light transmitter 120 as a first embodiment of the present invention. The light emitting element such as the semiconductor laser can modulate light with an electrical signal representing a change in an applied voltage. The optical communication unit 12 A thus modulates light emitted by itself with the electrical signal, analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and outputs signal light Ls responsive to the pixel data read from the pixel unit 10 A. The optical communication unit 12 A also includes a light modulator as the light transmitter 120 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. The light modulator modulates incident light being transmitted or reflected with the electrical signal representing a change in an applied voltage. The light modulator in the optical communication unit 12 A receives constant light from the outside while also receiving the electrical digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The optical communication unit 12 A thus modulates the incident light input from the outside with the electrical signal input from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and outputs the signal light Ls responsive to the pixel data read from the pixel unit 10 A.

The solid-state imager 1 A includes a timing generator (TG) 13 A generating a drive clock (CLK) matching an operation mode, and supplying the drive clock to each functional block in the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the optical communication unit 12 A. The solid-state imager 1 A includes a control input/output (I/O) unit 14 A inputting and outputting control signals, a DC-DC unit 15 A supplying power, and a controller 16 A controlling reading of the pixel data. The controller 16 A, the DC-DC unit 15 A, and the timing generator 13 A are connected to a bus 17 so that the control signals and data are exchanged.

The controller 16 A controls the DC-DC unit 15 A, thereby switching on and off the power supplying to the solid-state imager 1 A. Under the control of the controller 16 A, the timing generator 13 A generates the drive clock, and supplies the drive clock to each of the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the optical communication unit 12 A. The controller 16 A thus operates the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the optical communication unit 12 A in synchronization with the drive clock.

The drive clock supplied from the timing generator 13 A causes the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the optical communication unit 12 A to input and output signals in synchronization. The pixel unit 10 A reads as the electrical signal the pixel data responsive to an incident optical image. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A receives the pixel data read from the pixel unit 10 A, and converts the pixel data into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal. The optical communication unit 12 A receives the electrical signal into which the analog-to-digital converter 11 A analog-to-digital converts the electrical signal read from the pixel unit 10 A. The optical communication unit 12 A thus converts the digital signal into the light signal responsive to the pixel data, and then outputs the light signal as the signal light Ls.

The solid-state imager 1 A includes the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, the optical communication unit 12 A, the timing generator 13 A, the DC-DC unit 15 A, and the controller 16 A, all integrated in a silicon substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 A is a one-chip device into which these elements are integrated through a semiconductor manufacturing process.

The solid-state imager 1 A includes the pixel unit 10 A on one surface of the substrate 18 . Light is incident on the surface of the substrate 18 bearing the pixel unit 10 A. The solid-state imager 1 A also includes, on the surface of the substrate 18 , the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, the DC-DC unit 15 A, and the controller 16 A, each exchanging signals with the pixel unit 10 A. The DC-DC unit 15 A supplies power to the pixel unit 10 A.

The solid-state imager 1 A also includes the optical communication unit 12 A on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 opposite the surface of the substrate 18 bearing the pixel unit 10 A. The optical communication unit 12 A is electrically connected to the analog-to-digital converter 11 A via electrodes (not shown) formed within the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 A also includes, as the control input/output unit 14 A, a power source line 140 and a control line 140 on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . Optionally, the power source line 140 and the control line 141 may be formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 .

FIG. 4 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 A having the optical communication unit 12 A arranged in an appropriate layout. FIG. 5 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a solid-state imager having an optical communication unit in a comparative layout. An appropriate layout example of the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate with respect to the pixel unit is described below.

FIG. 5 illustrates the optical communication unit 12 A that is installed on a region on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 overlapping the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 . In the arrangement in which the optical communication unit 12 A partly or entirely overlaps the pixel unit 10 A with the substrate 18 interposed therebetween, an area occupied by the optical communication unit 12 A is shared by the pixel unit 10 A. This arrangement leads to compact design of the substrate 18 .

The distance between the optical communication unit 12 A and the pixel unit 10 A is determined by the thickness of the substrate 18 . The optical communication unit 12 A is thus arranged close to the pixel unit 10 A. Heat and electromagnetic noise N generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A travel through the substrate 18 . The heat and the electromagnetic noise N traveling in the direction of thickness of the substrate 18 reach the pixel unit 10 A. The pixel unit 10 A can be adversely affected.

As illustrated in FIG. 4 in contrast, the optical communication unit 12 A is mounted on a peripheral region of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 spaced from the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 . In this arrangement, the optical communication unit 12 A does not entirely overlap the pixel unit 10 A with the substrate 18 interposed therebetween.

In this arrangement, the optical communication unit 12 A and the pixel unit 10 A are spaced apart in the plane of the substrate 18 . The heat and the electromagnetic noise N, generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A, and traveling along 18 , are radiated and attenuated, and the arrival of the heat and the electromagnetic noise N at the pixel unit 10 A is thus controlled. The effect of the heat and the electromagnetic noise N, generated by the optical communication unit 12 A and affecting the pixel unit 10 A, is substantially reduced.

Structure of the Optical Communication Unit of the Solid-State Imager

FIG. 6 illustrates one example the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A includes a self-luminous light emitting element as the light transmitter 120 . For example, the self-luminous light emitting element is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCEL) 120 A as a surface emitting semiconductor laser. The surface emitting semiconductor laser 120 A is produced by laminating, between a p-type electrode 500 a and an n-type electrode 500 b , an upper distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror 500 c , an active layer 500 d , a lower distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror 500 e , and an n-type semiconductor substrate 500 f . The surface emitting semiconductor laser 120 A includes the active layer 500 d interposed between the upper distributed Bragg reflector mirror 500 c and the lower distributed Bragg reflector mirror 500 e , each formed of dielectric multi-layers. The surface emitting semiconductor laser 120 A thus forms a resonator between the mirrors.

Operation principle of the surface emitting semiconductor laser 120 A is described below.

(1) A voltage from the outside is applied to the p-type electrode 500 a and the n-type electrode 500 b to cause a current therebetween. The energy level of the active layer 500 d is shifted to a population inversion state.

(2) Photons having energy equal to an energy gap are spontaneously emitted in the active layer 500 d , causing stimulated emission and amplifying light.

(3) Light is reflected from the upper and lower mirrors of the active layer 500 d , part of the light is guided to within the active layer 500 d and amplified through stimulated emission.

(4) Part of the amplified light passes through an end face of the p-type electrode 500 a and is emitted outwardly.

Levels 1 and 0 representing a digital signal and output from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A are associated with an on voltage and an off voltage, generating a light on level and a light off level representing a light signal. Modulation is thus performed. An edge emitting semiconductor laser may also serve as a self-luminous light emitting element.

FIG. 7 illustrates another example of the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A. FIG. 8 is a plot representing the relationship between an applied voltage and an amount of light absorption. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A includes an external-modulation type light modulator as the light transmitter 120 . An electro-absorption light modulator 1203 is included as a light modulator. The electro-absorption light modulator 120 B operates based on the phenomenon in which when an electric field is applied to an infinitesimal semiconductor structure called quantum well, a band structure of semiconductor changes and an amount of light absorption changes.

The electro-absorption light modulator 1203 includes a waveguide layer 501 having a multi-quantum well structure sandwiched between a p-type layer 502 a and an n-type layer 502 b . The amount of light absorption of the waveguide layer 501 of the electro-absorption light modulator 120 B shifts the band thereof depending on a bias voltage as illustrated in FIG. 8 . For example, if light having a wavelength of λ 2 is incident on the waveguide layer 501 , the light is absorbed if a voltage is applied, and is transmitted if no voltage is applied. The light incident on the waveguide layer 501 changes in loss in response to the applied voltage, and is thus intensity modulated.

The solid-state imager 1 A performs light modulation by applying a voltage responsive to an electrical signal output from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A to the electro-absorption light modulator 120 B. The optical communication unit 12 A is designed so that the voltage responsive to the electrical digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is applied between the p-type layer 502 a and the n-type layer 502 b of the electro-absorption light modulator 120 B.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A modulates constant light input from the outside with the electrical signal Ds into which the analog-to-digital converter 11 A analog-to-digital converts the signal read from the pixel unit 10 A. The optical communication unit 12 A then outputs the modulated signal as signal light Ls.

FIG. 9 illustrates another example of the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A includes a Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C. The Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C operates on the electro-optical effect (Pockels effect) in which refraction index changes in response to an applied voltage. The light modulator based on the electro-optical effect can modulate light in phase in response to an applied voltage.

The Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C uses a phase difference of light based on the electro-optical effect. More specifically, the Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C causes an optical path difference between two waveguide paths forming a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, thereby causing light rays to interfere with each other. Light is then on and off controlled.

The Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C includes a substrate 503 made of a ferroelectric crystal such as lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ), and a light guide 505 that is forked into a first light guide path 505 a and a second light guide path 505 b at a fork portion 504 a and then merged at a merging portion 504 b . Electrodes 506 are also arranged. The Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C may be manufactured of a semiconductor material such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) or indium phosphide (InP). The semiconductor Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C is produced on an indium phosphide substrate through a semiconductor process, and is set to be more miniature than a Mach-Zehnder type light modulator of lithium niobate.

A voltage V 1 is applied to the Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C so that light rays passing through the first light guide path 505 a and the second light guide path 505 b shift from each other in phase by π, the light rays branched at the fork portion 504 a are merged at the merging portion 504 b with a phase difference of π. The light rays having a phase difference of π, if merged, cancel each other, thereby providing zero output.

If zero voltage is applied so that no phase difference takes place between the light rays passing through the first light guide path 505 a and the second light guide path 505 b , the light rays branched at the fork portion 504 a are merged at the same phase at the merging portion 504 b . The light rays of the same phase, if merged, intensify and provide an output of 1.

The Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C controls light on/off by applying the voltage for a phase difference of π.

The solid-state imager 1 A modulates light by supplying to the Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C with the voltage responsive to the electrical signal output from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A is so arranged that the voltage responsive to the electrical signal analog-to-digital converted and then output by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is applied to the electrodes 506 of the Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A modulates the constant light L input from the outside with the electrical signal Ds into which the analog-to-digital converter 11 A analog-to-digital converts the signal read from the pixel unit 10 A. The optical communication unit 12 A thus outputs the modulated signal as the signal light Ls.

FIG. 10 illustrates another example of the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A includes a mirror device 120 D as a light modulator. The mirror 120 D is a digital micromirror device (DMD) produced using micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technique.

The mirror 120 D includes on a silicon substrate 507 a reflective mirror 508 , a yoke 509 mounted on the reflective mirror 508 , and a mirror support post 510 for securing the reflective mirror 508 to the yoke 509 . The reflective mirror 508 and the yoke 509 are supported on the substrate 507 by a hinge 511 . A buffer plate 509 a is arranged at the end portion of the yoke 509 . The hinge 511 is elastic, and is thus deformed and returns to the original shape thereof. Address electrodes 512 are formed on the substrate 507 . The address electrodes 512 face the yoke 509 and the reflective mirror 508 . The yoke 509 and the reflective mirror 508 are mechanically and electrically connected to a bias reset bus 513 .

A bias voltage is applied to the mirror device 120 D and a voltage is applied to the address electrodes 512 . Electrostatic attraction works between the reflective mirror 508 and the address electrode 512 and between the yoke 509 and the address electrode 512 , thereby causing an electrostatic torque. The reflective mirror 508 and the yoke 509 pivot until the buffer plate 509 a touches and stops on the substrate 507 , and the reflective mirror 508 is inclined. If no bias voltage is applied, the restoring force of the hinge 511 causes the reflective mirror 508 and the yoke 509 to be back to a horizontal position and to be stabilized there.

The direction in which the light incident on the reflective mirror 508 is reflected changes in the mirror device 120 D depending on the presence or absence of the applied voltage. An amount of received light changes on a light receiver side in response to the angle of the reflective mirror 508 . Light on and off control is thus performed.

The solid-state imager 1 A performs light modulation by applying to the mirror device 120 D the voltage responsive to the electrical signal output from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A is so arranged that the voltage responsive to the electrical signal analog-to-digital converted and then output by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is applied to the mirror device 120 D.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 A modulates the constant light L input from the outside with the electrical signal Ds into which the analog-to-digital converter 11 A has analog-to-digital converted the signal read from the pixel unit 10 A, and then outputs the resulting signal as the signal light Ls.

Structure of the Solid-State Imager of Second Embodiment

FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a solid-state imager 1 B in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 B of the second embodiment, and FIG. 12 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 B of the second embodiment.

The solid-state imager 1 B of the second embodiment includes a light blocker 200 and/or a cooler 201 on the optical communication unit 12 A arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 for the pixel unit 10 A.

(1) One Example of the Solid-State Imager Having the Light Blocker

FIG. 13 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 B having the light blocker 200 , and FIG. 14 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a comparative solid-state imager having no light block unit. The structure and operation of the solid-state imager 113 having the light blocker 200 on the optical communication unit 12 A are described below.

If the optical communication unit 12 A includes as the light transmitter 120 the self-luminous light emitting element, the light blocker 200 is manufactured of a material that does not permit light having at least an oscillation wavelength to be transmitted therethrough. The light blocker 200 covers areas of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the light emitting portion of the optical communication unit 12 A and an electrode (if any) of the optical communication unit 12 A exchanging signals with the outside.

For example, if the surface emitting semiconductor laser is used as a light emitting element, the light blocker 200 covers the underside of the optical communication unit 12 A opposite the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. The light blocker 200 also covers the side face of the optical communication unit 12 A and areas of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIG. 14 , no light blocker covers the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A including the surface emitting semiconductor laser as a light emitting element. The optical communication unit 12 A including the surface emitting semiconductor laser outputs a major portion of light from the bottom surface (serving the light emitting surface, but part of the light still leaks from the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 14 where the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A is not covered with the light blocker, light Ln leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A passes through the substrate 18 and is incident on the pixel unit 10 A as stray light.

In contrast, the light blocker 200 illustrated in FIG. 13 covers the top surface and the side faces of the optical communication unit 12 A and the underside of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the light emitting surface thereof. Light leaking through the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked so that the stray light does not pass through the substrate 18 . This arrangement prevents the leak light Ln from straying into the pixel unit 10 A. Light is also prevented from leaking the area other than the bottom surface of the optical communication unit 12 A.

(2) Solid-State Imager Including Cooler

FIG. 15 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating a solid-state imager 1 B including a cooler. The structure and operation of the solid-state imager 1 B including the optical communication unit 12 A having a cooler 201 are described below. The cooler 201 is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material of the substrate 18 . The light blocker 200 prevents heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A from being conducted to the substrate 18 and allows the generated heat to be radiated.

In the arrangement in which the surface emitting semiconductor laser is used for the light emitting element, the cooler 201 covers the top side and the side face of the optical communication unit 12 A. The cooler 201 thus surrounds the entire surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the bottom surface serving as the light emitting surface thereof. Part of the cooler 201 partly projects out of the substrate 18 , namely, out of the outline of the solid-state imager 1 B, thereby forming a heat radiation portion 201 a.

The solid-state imager 1 B including the optical communication unit 12 A having the cooler 201 causes the heat generated by the operative optical communication unit 12 A to transfer not through the substrate 18 but through the cooler 201 . The generated heat is mainly radiated outwardly through the heat radiation portion 201 a . The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is prevented from reaching the pixel unit 10 A, and the effect of the generated heat on the pixel unit 10 A is substantially reduced. The cooler 201 includes the heat radiation portion 201 a projected out of the outline of the solid-state imager 1 B. Through the heat radiation portion 201 a , the heat transferred from the optical communication unit 12 A is radiated out of the solid-state imager 1 B.

The solid-state imager 1 B may also include a heat insulator between the optical communication unit 12 A and the substrate 18 to prevent heat from transferring from the optical communication unit 12 A to the substrate 18 . A cooler may also be included to conduct the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A. Such a cooler may allow heat to transfer via a medium such as a heat pipe or heat to transfer by means of the Peltier effect.

Specific Examples of the Solid-State Imager of Embodiments

FIG. 16 is a functional block diagram illustrating the solid-state imager of each of the embodiments. Each of the solid-state imager 1 A and the solid-state imager 1 B illustrated in FIG. 16 is a CMOS image sensor. In the discussion that follows, the solid-state imager 1 A and the solid-state imager 1 B may also be collectively referred to as a solid-state imager 1 .

The pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 forming the CMOS image sensor includes a pixel array 101 of two-dimensionally arranged pixels 100 , a vertical scanning unit 102 and a horizontal scanning unit 103 , each selecting in an XY addressing method the pixels 100 from which image is to be read.

The vertical scanning unit (row decoder/driver) 102 selects in a row direction of the pixel array 101 the pixels 100 from which the pixel data is to be read. The vertical scanning unit 102 generates a row selection pattern in each operation mode, and selects in response to the generated row selection pattern the pixels 100 from which the pixel data is to be read.

The horizontal scanning unit (column decoder/driver) 103 selects in a column direction of the pixel array 101 the pixels 100 from which the pixel data is to be read. The horizontal scanning unit 103 generates a column selection pattern in each operation mode, and selects in response to the generated column selection pattern the pixel 100 from which the pixel data is to be read. The horizontal scanning unit 103 further performs a horizontal pixel summing operation, thereby performing parallel-serial conversion operation on the signal output from the pixels 100 .

The solid-state imager 1 includes a column correlated double sampling (CDS) unit 104 removing noise from the pixel data. The column CDS unit 104 samples a reset level and a signal level from a signal, and performs a subtraction operation to obtain a difference. The column CDS unit 104 is a CDS circuit connected to a column signal line 105 outputting the pixel data from the pixel array 101 . The column CDS unit 104 removes variations in amplification from pixel to pixel. The column CDS unit 104 processes the signals in the analog form thereof.

The solid-state imager 1 includes on the pixel unit 10 A the vertical scanning unit 102 and the horizontal scanning unit 103 connected to each other via a bus 17 . The bus 17 connects to the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, the optical communication unit 12 A, the timing generator 13 A, the DC-DC unit 15 A, and the controller 16 A.

A drive clock φH generated by the timing generator 13 A is supplied to the horizontal scanning unit 103 and the column CDS unit 104 . A drive clock φADC is also supplied to the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. A drive clock φOpt is supplied to the optical communication unit 12 A.

FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate the structure of each pixel and a mechanism of reading a pixel signal. FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram specifically illustrating the pixel array 101 . FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a structural model of each pixel. The pixel 100 includes a photodiode (PD) 106 converting light into electricity (signal charge), a floating diffusion (FD) amplifier 107 amplifying an electrical signal, and a row selection transistor 108 forming a row selection switch. In each pixel 100 , the row selection transistor 108 is turned on and off in response to the signal supplied via a row selection line 109 connected to the vertical scanning unit 102 . An electrical signal amplified by the FD amplifier 107 is output via a column signal line 105 .

The FD amplifier 107 includes a (FD) charge detector 110 , a reset transistor 111 , and an amplifier transistor 112 . The FD amplifier 107 amplifies a charge photoelectrically converted during a storage period.

When the storage period ends in the FD amplifier 107 , the charge detector 110 is reset by a reset line 113 forming a reset gate (Rst) before outputting the signal. The voltage of the charge detector 110 reset is connected to the gate of the amplifier transistor 112 . The reset level in a signal-free state is output from the source of the amplifier transistor 112 to the column signal line 105 .

Immediately subsequent to the output of the reset level, the signal charge is read into the charge detector 110 from the photodiode 106 via a row read line 114 forming a reading gate (Rd). When the row read line 114 is closed subsequent to the transfer of the signal charge, the voltage of the charge detector 110 changes by an excursion responsive to the intensity of light incident on the photodiode 106 . The signal level in the signal present state is thus output from the amplifier transistor 112 to the column signal line 105 .

The photodiode 106 illustrated in FIG. 18 is referred to as an embedded photodiode having a p-type region 106 b formed on an n-type region 106 a . The p-type region 106 b controls the generation of a dark current, thereby reducing fixed pattern noise (FPN) caused by the dark current.

Summary of Signal Processing System Including the Solid-State Imager

FIG. 19 is a block diagram generally illustrating a signal processing system including the solid-state imager 1 . An optical device 2 A including the solid-state imager 1 is described first. The optical device 2 A includes solid-state imager 1 , lens section 20 , and housing 21 containing the solid-state imager 1 and the lens section 20 . The optical device 2 A is a lens unit of a camera system, for example. The lens section 20 is one example of an optical element, and includes one lens or a combination of a plurality of lenses.

The optical device 2 A is so arranged that the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 is aligned with a focal point of the lens section 20 . An image of light input through the lens section 20 is thus focused on the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 .

The optical device 2 A places the focal point of the lens section 20 at the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 regardless of the distance to an imaging target. The optical device 2 A thus includes a mechanism to move the lens section 20 in an optical axis with respect to the solid-state imager 1 .

A signal processing device 3 A connected to the optical device 2 A is described below. The signal processing device 3 A includes an optical communication unit 30 A converting a light signal into an electrical signal, and a control input/output unit 31 A inputting and outputting control signals. The signal processing device 3 A is a camera main unit of the camera system, for example. When the optical device 2 A is connected to the signal processing device 3 A, the optical communication unit 30 A is optically coupled with the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 . The control input/output unit 31 A is also connected to the control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 .

The signal processing device 3 A includes an operation unit 32 A receiving a user operational input, and a read controller 33 A instructing the solid-state imager 1 in the optical device 2 A to read the pixel data in response to the operation of the operation unit 32 A.

Through the control input/output unit 31 A, the signal processing device 3 A instructs the solid-state imager 1 in the optical device 2 A to read the pixel data, and performs optical communications between the optical communication unit 30 A of own device and the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 to acquire the pixel data from the solid-state imager 1 .

The optical communication unit 30 A includes a light receiving element such as a photodiode or the like, and receives the signal light Ls output from the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 . The optical communication unit 30 A converts the pixel data input in the form of the light signal into an electrical signal, and outputs the resulting electrical signal.

In the arrangement in which the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a light modulator modulating the light input from the outside, the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A includes a light emitter that outputs the light to be directed to the light modulator of the solid-state imager 1 . The light emitter includes a light emitting element such as a semiconductor laser, and outputs continuous and constant light L.

The signal processing device 3 A includes a signal processor 34 A. The signal processor 34 A performs a predetermined process on the pixel data acquired through optical communications with the solid-state imager 1 , thereby producing image data. The signal processing device 3 A also includes a data storage 35 A storing the pixel data acquired from the solid-state imager 1 and a display 36 A displaying an image responsive to the image data generated by the signal processor 34 A.

The signal processing device 3 A further includes a power source 37 A supplying power to own device and the optical device 2 A, and a power source controller 38 A controlling the supplying of power. The power source controller 38 A switches on and off the power to the signal processing device 3 A. More specifically, the power source controller 38 A performs power source supply control by switching between supplying power to the signal processing device 3 A and supplying power to the optical device 2 A.

A signal processing system 4 A including the optical device 2 A and the signal processing device 3 A is described below. The signal processing system 4 A is a camera system including the optical device 2 A and the signal processing device 3 A. In the camera system, the optical device 2 A forming the lens unit is detachably mounted on the signal processing device 3 A forming the camera main unit.

When the optical device 2 A is connected to the signal processing device 3 A in the signal processing system 4 A, the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A is optically coupled to the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 forming the optical device 2 A. Also, the control input/output unit 31 A in the signal processing device 3 A is connected to the control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 .

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 and the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A in the signal processing system 4 A cause data to be exchanged in the form of light signals between the optical device 2 A and the signal processing device 3 A.

The control input/output unit 31 A in the signal processing device 3 A and the control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 in the signal processing system 4 A cause the control signals to be exchanged between the signal processing device 3 A and the optical device 2 A. Moreover, the control input/output unit 31 A in the signal processing device 3 A and the control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 in the signal processing system 4 A cause the signal processing device 3 A to supply power to the optical device 2 A.

The operation unit 32 A in the signal processing device 3 A in the signal processing system 4 A receives a user operation input. In response to the user operation input on the operation unit 32 A, the read controller 33 A in the signal processing device 3 A outputs a control signal to read the pixel data.

The control input/output unit 31 A in the signal processing device 3 A and the control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 in the signal processing system 4 A inputs the control signal to read the pixel data to the solid-state imager 1 in the optical device 2 A.

When the control signal to read the pixel data is input to the solid-state imager 1 in the optical device 2 A in the signal processing system 4 A, the controller 16 A in the solid-state imager 1 causes the timing generator 13 A to generate a drive clock.

The drive clock generated by the timing generator 13 A is supplied to each of the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the optical communication unit 12 A. The pixel data is read from the pixel unit 10 A as an electrical signal. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A receives the pixel data read from the pixel unit 10 A and converts the pixel data into a digital signal. The optical communication unit 12 A receives the digital signal supplied by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and converts the digital signal into the signal light Ls and outputs the signal light Ls. In the arrangement where the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 modulates the light input from the outside, the optical communication unit 12 A modulates the constant light input from the signal processing device 3 A with the electrical digital signal supplied by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and outputs the signal light Ls.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 and the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A in the signal processing system 4 A operate so that the pixel data read by the solid-state imager 1 is input to the signal processing device 3 A through optical communications.

When the pixel data read by the solid-state imager 1 is input to the signal processing device 3 A in the signal processing system 4 A, the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A converts the pixel data input as the light signal into an electrical signal and outputs the resulting electrical signal.

In the signal processing system 4 A, the signal processor 34 A in the signal processing device 3 A performs the predetermined signal process on the electrical signal converted pixel data provided from the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A, thereby generating the image data. The image responsive to the image data is thus displayed on the display 36 A.

Internal Layout of Elements of the Optical Communication Unit of the Solid-State Imager

The optical communication unit in the solid-state imager of each embodiment of the present invention includes as a light transmitter a self-luminous type light emitting element or an external-modulation type light modulator, and a driver for the light emitting element or the light modulator. An appropriate layout of the light emitting element or the light modulator and the driver thereof is described below.

(1) First Layout Example of One Light Transmitter Having Self-Luminous Light Emitting Element

FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate a first layout example of elements of the optical communication unit. FIG. 20 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the first layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit, and FIG. 21 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the first layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes one self-luminous light emitting element as the light transmitter 120 . The light transmitter 120 includes a light emitter 120 E including an edge emitting semiconductor laser.

The light emitter 120 E has a light emitting surface on one side face, and outputs the signal light Ls in a direction denoted by an arrow. The light emitter 120 E emits a slight amount of leaked light Ln from the side face opposite the light emitting surface in a direction denoted by arrows.

The light transmitter 120 includes a driver 120 T driving the light emitter 120 E. The driver 120 T is arranged in head-on alignment with the light emitter 120 E in the output direction of the signal light Ls. The driver 120 T thus faces the side face of the light emitter 120 E through which the leaked light Ln is output. The driver 120 T is supplied with an digital-signal converted electrical signal transferred via a signal line (not shown) from the top surface to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , for example, a drive signal line 120 Sg denoted by an arrow-headed two-dot-and chain line opposite from the side of the light emitter 120 E. If the light emitter 120 E is separately arranged from the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T and the light emitter 120 E are connected to each other via a bonding wire 120 W to exchange an electrical signal. If the light emitter 120 E is integrated with the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T is connected to the light emitter 120 E via a wiring layer of aluminum or tungsten within a semiconductor body to exchange an electrical signal.

The optical communication unit 12 A includes a light blocker 120 U blocking leaked light Ln output from the light emitter 120 E. The light blocker 120 U is manufactured of a material that does not allow light rays at least having an light oscillation wavelength of the light emitter 120 E to pass therethrough. The light blocker 120 U faces the side face of the light emitter 120 E outputting the leaked light Ln.

Since the driver 120 T and the light emitter 120 E are arranged in a head-on fashion, the light blocker 120 U is placed next to the driver 120 T opposite the side of the light emitter 120 E. The leaked light Ln output from the light emitter 120 E is thus blocked by the light blocker 120 U.

The light blocker 120 U may be manufactured of a material having not only the light blocking feature but also a predetermined heat conductivity. The light blocker 120 U thus functions as a heat insulator for insulating and radiating heat generated by the light emitter 120 E.

Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , the light blocker 120 U has the light blocking and heat insulation features to the light emitter 120 E. The driver 120 T is cascaded with the light emitter 120 E in a head-on fashion in the direction of light emission. If the light transmitters 120 are arrayed with the light emitter 120 E cascaded in a head-one fashion with the driver 120 T, no driver 120 T is arranged between adjacent light emitters 120 E, and miniaturization may be implemented.

(2) Second Layout Example of One Light Transmitter Having Self-Luminous Light Emitting Element

FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate a second layout example of elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. FIG. 22 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the second layout of the elements the optical communication unit 12 A and FIG. 23 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the second layout of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIGS. 22 and 23 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes one self-luminous light emitting element as the light transmitter 120 . The light emitting element is a light emitter 120 F formed of a surface emitting semiconductor laser such as the vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) illustrated in FIG. 6 .

The light emitter 120 F has the emitting surface on the bottom surface thereof, and emits the signal light Ls in the direction denoted by an arrow as illustrated in FIG. 23 . The light emitter 120 F also emits a small amount of leaked light from the top surface thereof opposite the bottom surface thereof.

The light transmitter 120 includes the driver 120 T driving the light emitter 120 F. The driver 120 T is cascaded with the light emitter 120 F. The driver 120 T is supplied with an digital-signal converted electrical signal transferred via a signal line (not shown) from the top surface to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , for example, a drive signal line 120 Sg denoted by an arrow-headed two-dot-and chain line opposite the side of the light emitter 120 F. If the light emitter 120 F is separately arranged from the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T and the light emitter 120 E are connected to each other via a bonding wire 120 W to exchange an electrical signal. If the light emitter 120 E is integrated with the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T is connected to the light emitter 120 E via a wiring layer of aluminum or tungsten within a semiconductor body to exchange an electrical signal.

The optical communication unit 12 A includes a light blocker 120 V blocking leaked light Ln output from the light emitter 120 F. The light blocker 120 V is manufactured of a material that does not allow light rays at least having an light oscillation wavelength of the light emitter 120 F to pass therethrough. The light blocker 120 V faces the top surface of the light emitter 120 f outputting the leaked light Ln. The leaked light output from the light emitter 120 F is thus blocked by the light blocker 120 V.

The light blocker 120 V may be manufactured of a material having not only the light blocking feature but also a predetermined heat conductivity. The light blocker 120 V thus functions as a heat insulator for insulating and radiating heat generated by the light emitter 120 E.

Referring to FIGS. 22 and 23 , the light blocker 120 V has the light blocking and heat insulation features to the light emitter 120 F. The driver 120 T is cascaded with the light emitter 120 F in a head-on fashion. If the light transmitters 120 are arrayed with the driver 120 T cascaded with the light emitter 120 F in a head-on fashion, no driver 120 T is arranged between adjacent light emitters 120 F, and miniaturization may be implemented.

(3) Third Layout Example of Array of the Light Transmitters Having Self-Luminous Light Emitting Elements

FIG. 24 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a third layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. Referring to FIG. 24 , the light emitter 120 E of a self-luminous semiconductor laser is included as a light emitting element. The light transmitters 120 , each including the light emitter 120 E and the driver 120 T, are arrayed.

As described above, the driver 120 T is cascaded in the direction in which the light emitter 120 E emits light. The light transmitters 120 are arrayed in parallel while the light emitter 120 E and the driver 120 T are cascaded in a head-on fashion.

In this arrangement, the light emitters 120 E are arranged side by side, and the drivers 120 T arranged side by side. No driver 120 T is interposed between any two adjacent light emitters 120 E. The optical communication unit 12 A can be miniaturized. Even if the edge emitting semiconductor laser is replaced with the surface emitting semiconductor laser in FIG. 24 , the same advantage is provided. Optionally, the light blocker blocking the leaked light output from the light emitter may be arranged as illustrated in FIG. 21 or 23 so that the light emitter is provided with the light blocking and heat insulation features.

Referring to FIG. 24 , the optical communication unit 12 A outputs a plurality of light rays Ls in parallel. The pitch of light rays Ls can be determined without taking into consideration the layout of the drivers 120 T. The freedom of determining the pitch of arrayed light rays is increased.

(4) Fourth Layout Example of One Light Transmitter Including External-Modulation Type Light Modulator

FIG. 25 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a fourth layout example of the elements forming the optical communication unit 12 A. Referring to FIG. 25 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a single light modulator 120 G of external-modulation type as the light transmitter 120 . The light modulator 120 G may be one of the electro-absorption light modulator 120 B described with reference to FIG. 7 and the Mach-Zehnder type light modulator 120 C described with reference to FIG. 9 .

The light modulator 120 G in the light transmitter 120 has one end face thereof serving as a light input terminal and the end face opposite the one end face serving as a light output terminal, and the light input terminal is connected to a light input section 120 J formed of a light guide path or the like. The light output terminal is connected to a light output section 120 K formed of a light guide path or the like.

The light input section 120 J connected to the light modulator 120 G receives the constant incident light L in a direction denoted by a broken-outlined arrow. Modulated light Ls is directed in the direction opposite from the direction of incidence of the incident light L and then output from the light output section 120 K in the direction denoted by a solid-outlined arrow.

The light transmitter 120 includes the driver 120 T driving the light modulator 120 G. The driver 120 T is arranged alongside the light modulator 120 G and at a position perpendicular to the line in which the light modulator 120 G receives the incident light L and outputs the signal light Ls. In this arrangement, the incident light L input to the light modulator 120 G and the signal light Ls output from the light modulator 120 G are not blocked by the driver 120 T. The driver 120 T is supplied with an digital-signal converted electrical signal transferred via a signal line (not shown) from the top surface to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , for example, a drive signal line 120 Sg denoted by an arrow-headed two-dot-and chain line. If the light modulator 120 G is separately arranged from the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T and the light modulator 120 G are connected to each other via a bonding wire 120 W to exchange an electrical signal. If the light modulator 120 G is integrated with the driver 120 T in the light transmitter 120 , the driver 120 T is connected to the light modulator 120 G via a wiring layer of aluminum or tungsten within a semiconductor body to exchange an electrical signal.

(5) Fifth Layout Example of External-Modulation Type Light Modulator with Light Blocker

FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate a fifth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. FIG. 26 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the fifth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A and FIG. 27 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the fifth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIGS. 26 and 27 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a single light modulator 120 G of external-modulation type described above. The optical communication unit 12 A includes the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K, connected to the light modulator 120 G, and a light blocker 120 L.

The light L from the outside is incident in a horizontal direction on the light input section 120 J connected to the light modulator 120 G. The modulated signal light Ls is output in a horizontal direction from the light output section 120 K. The light blocker 120 L covers the side face and bottom surface of the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K excluding the side faces serving as the light input area of the light input section 120 J and the light output area of the light output section 120 K.

The whole undersides of the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K may be covered with light blocker so that no leaked light is incident on the substrate forming the optical communication unit 12 A. Moreover, the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K and the light modulator 120 G may be covered with the light blocker 120 L so that no light leaks from the junction between the light input section 120 J and the light modulator 120 G and the junction between the light output section 120 K and the light modulator 120 G.

This arrangement prevents the light L input to the light input section 120 J and guided to the light modulator 120 G from leaking from the light input section 120 J. Furthermore, this arrangement prevents the signal light Ls output from the light modulator 120 G and guided to the light output section 120 K from leaking from an area other than the output area of the light output section 120 K.

(6) Sixth Layout Example of the External-Modulation Type Light Modulator with Light Blocker

FIGS. 28 and 29 illustrate a sixth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. FIG. 28 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the sixth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A and FIG. 29 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the sixth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIGS. 28 and 29 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a single light modulator 120 G of external-modulation type described above. The optical communication unit 12 A includes the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K, connected to the light modulator 120 G, and a light blocker 120 M.

A reflective surface 120 N having a slant angle of 45° is formed in the light input portion of the light input section 120 J. The light L from the outside is incident at a right angle on the light input section 120 J. Similarly, another reflective surface 120 N having a slant angle of 45° is formed in the light output portion of the light output section 120 K. The modulated signal light Ls output at a right angle from the light output section 120 K.

The light blocker 120 M covers the side faces, the entire top surfaces, and the bottom surfaces of the light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K excluding parts of the bottom surfaces as the light input area of the light input section 120 J and the light output area of the light output section 120 K.

The light input section 120 J and the light output section 120 K and the light modulator 120 G may be covered with the light blocker 120 L so that no light leaks from the junction between the light input section 120 J and the light modulator 120 G and the junction between the light output section 120 K and the light modulator 120 G.

This arrangement prevents the light L input to the light input section 120 J and guided to the light modulator 120 G from leaking from the light input section 120 J as a result of reflection or other reasons. Furthermore, this arrangement prevents the signal light Ls output from the light modulator 120 G and guided to the light output section 120 K from leaking from an area other than the output area of the light output section 120 K as a result of reflection or other reasons.

(7) Seventh Layout Example of Arrayed Light Transmitters Including External-Modulation Type Light Modulators

FIG. 30 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating a seventh layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. Referring to FIG. 30 , the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes the light modulator 120 G of external-modulation type previously described. The light transmitters 120 , each including the light modulator 120 G and the driver 120 T, are arrayed.

The light modulator 120 G is connected to the light input section 120 J at one end face thereof and to the light output section 120 K at the other end face thereof. The driver 120 T is thus arranged alongside the light modulator 120 G. The light transmitters 120 are arrayed in a direction perpendicular to the line in which the light modulator 120 G receives the incident light L and outputs the signal light Ls. The light modulator 120 G and the driver 120 T are alternately arranged alongside each other. In FIG. 30 , the light blocker discussed with reference to FIGS. 26-29 may be used to prevent light from being leaked from the light input sections 120 J and the light output sections 120 K in an array structure.

(8) Eighth Layout Example of One Light Modulator of External-Modulation Type

FIGS. 31 and 32A and 32 B illustrate an eighth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A. FIG. 31 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the sixth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A and FIGS. 32A and 32B are a perspective views diagrammatically illustrating the eighth layout example of the elements of the optical communication unit 12 A.

Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32A and 32 B, the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a light modulator 120 P of external-modulation type as the light transmitter 120 . The light modulator 120 P includes the mirror device 120 D discussed with reference to FIG. 10 .

When the light modulator 120 P receives and reflects the light L from the outside, the light modulator 120 P switches the reflection direction of the signal light Ls. As illustrated in FIG. 32A , light is incident in a horizontal direction on a substrate 130 with the reflective mirror 508 discussed with reference to FIG. 10 being set in perpendicular to the substrate 130 forming the optical communication unit 12 A. T light blocker 120 Q is arranged around the light modulator 120 P so that the light L incident on the light modulator 120 P and the signal light Ls reflected from the light modulator 120 P are not leaked in a direction different from a predetermined direction with respect to the light modulator 120 P. The driver 120 T of the light modulator 120 P is arranged behind the light blocker 120 Q. Referring to FIG. 32B , light is incident at a right angle on the substrate 130 with the reflective mirror 508 discussed with reference to FIG. 10 arranged in parallel with the substrate 130 . The light blocker 120 Q is arranged around the light modulator 120 P and at a predetermined height from the substrate 130 so that the light L incident on the light modulator 120 P and the signal light Ls reflected from the light modulator 120 P are not leaked in a direction different from a predetermined direction with respect to the light modulator 120 P. A peripheral light blocker 120 R blocking light not incident on the light modulator 120 P is arranged below an area surrounding the light modulator 120 P.

Embodiments of the Optical Communication Unit in Each Signal Transmission Routing

The analog-to-digital converted output signal of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A discussed with reference to FIG. 3 and other drawings is a parallel signal having a bit number defined by the resolution of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A in the solid-state imager 1 . The optical communication units 12 A supporting the signal transmission of a plurality of bit numbers in optical communications are described below.

(1) Parallel Transmission Based on the Optical Communication Unit Including Arrayed Light Transmitter

FIG. 33 is a functional block diagram of one example of an arrayed optical communication unit 12 A. FIG. 34 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating one example of signal transmission routing to the arrayed optical communication unit 12 A. The optical communication units 12 A supporting the parallel transmission and the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A are described below.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 includes a light transmitter array 120 Y including a parallel arrangement of light transmitters 120 X, each having a self-luminous light emitting element or an external-modulation type light modulator. The light transmitter array 120 Y includes the parallel-arrayed light transmitters 120 X of the number matching the number of data lines through which pixel data DATA_TX analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and the number of light signal lines as clock lines through which a clock signal CLK_TX is output.

The solid-state imager 1 of the present embodiment includes the pixel unit 10 A and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 and the optical communication unit 12 A on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . In the solid-state imager 1 including the optical communication unit 12 A composed of the arrayed light transmitters 120 x , the digital signal provided by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is transferred to the optical communication unit 12 A as a parallel signal. In the solid-state imager 1 having the optical communication unit 12 A on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , a plurality of signal lines 180 conducting the digital signal provided by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A as the parallel signal are routed from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A to the optical communication unit 12 A through the substrate 18 .

As previously discussed, the solid-state imager 1 performs optical communications with the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A discussed with reference to FIG. 19 . The optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A includes light receivers 300 A of the number equal to the number of light signal lines from the solid-state imager 1 .

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 receives the pixel data DATA_TX analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and the clock signal CLK_TX generated by the timing generator 13 A discussed with reference to FIG. 16 . The pixel data DATA_TX as a digital signal and the clock signal CLK_TX are converted into light signals by the corresponding light transmitter 120 X in the light transmitter array 120 Y and the light signals are then output.

The light signal output from the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 is input to the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A, and is then converted into an electrical signal by the corresponding light receiver 300 A. The pixel data DATA_TX and the clock signal CLK_TX are then output.

(2) Serial Transmission with Data Serialized

FIGS. 35A-35C are functional block diagrams of the optical communication units 12 A and 30 A that perform optical communications with the pixel data serialized. FIGS. 36A and 36B are side views of a signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A that communicates the pixel data in a serial format in optical communications. The optical communication unit 12 A for serial transmission and the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A are described below.

In the arrangement in which the digital pixel data provided by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is parallel-transmitted, the number of channels is determined by the number of bit count of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and the bit count of the pixel data defined by a pixel count. If the bit count of the pixel data increases in response to the number of pixels, the number of optical communication units can also increase. An increase in the number of optical communication units leads to a cost increase. In the arrangement in which the optical communication unit includes the light transmitter array supporting multi-bit pixel data, an amount of heat generated in the optical communication unit increases. If the optical communication unit having one light transmitter is arranged on the peripheral region of the substrate in a distributed fashion, the effect of heat and electromagnetic noise generated by the optical communication unit is reduced. On the other hand, however, a distributed source of heat and electromagnetic noise can mean a difficulty in the management of head and electromagnetic noise.

Data is serialized taking into consideration the degree of parallel of the signal transmission and the number of optical communication units mountable, and the wiring to the optical communication unit and the layout and structure of the optical communication unit are determined. The number of the optical communication units is reduced to control the generation of heat and electromagnetic noise.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 illustrated in FIGS. 35A and 36A includes a serial interface 121 A that converts the digital pixel data provided by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A into serial data.

The serial interface 121 A includes an encoder 124 that superimposes the pixel data DATA analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A onto the synchronization signals generated by the timing generator 13 A. The encoder 124 receives a clock signal CLK generated by the timing generator 13 A. The encoder 124 also receives a vertical synchronization signal φV driving the vertical scanning unit 102 , a horizontal synchronization signal φH driving the horizontal scanning unit 103 , and a field signal F selecting a field, each of these signal generated by the timing generator 13 A. The encoder 124 supports the 8 B/10 B encoding method, and superimposes the clock signal and the synchronization signals on a data line, and then transmits the resulting signal via a single signal line.

The serial interface 121 A includes a scrambler 125 that scrambles the synchronization signal superimposed pixel data, and a parallel/serial converter 126 that converts the scrambled pixel data into serial data. The optical communication unit 12 A further includes a light transmitter 120 that converts serialized pixel data and synchronization data into a light signal and outputs the light signal.

Referring to FIG. 35B , the optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A includes a light receiver 302 . The light receiver 302 receives the light signal of the serialized pixel data and synchronization data and converts the input light signal into an electrical signal. The optical communication unit 30 A includes a clock reproducer and serial/parallel converter 303 . The clock reproducer and serial/parallel converter 303 reproduces a clock from the serialized pixel data and synchronization signal, and detects the pixel data. The optical communication unit 30 A further includes a descrambler 304 descrambling the pixel data with the synchronization signal superimposed thereon and a decoder 305 detecting the synchronization signal.

In the solid-state imager 1 including the optical communication unit 12 A performing optical communications with the pixel data serialized, the serial interface 121 A superimposes the clock signal and the synchronization signals on the data line into a serial signal, and then supplies the serial signal to the light transmitter 120 .

The solid-state imager 1 of the present embodiment includes the pixel unit 10 A and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 and the light transmitter 120 on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The serial interface 121 A is formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . A single signal line 181 conducting the serial signal is routed from the serial interface 121 A to the light transmitter 120 through the substrate 18 . Referring to FIGS. 35C and 36B , optionally, the serial interface 121 A may be arranged as a functional block separate from the optical communication unit 12 A.

(3) Plurality of Transmissions by Plurality of Light Transmitters with Pixel Data Serialized

FIGS. 37A and 37B are functional block diagrams of the optical communication unit 12 A including a plurality of light transmitters that perform optical communications with the pixel data serialized. FIGS. 38A and 38B are side views diagrammatically illustrating the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit including a plurality of light transmitters that perform optical communications with the pixel data serialized. The mounting of the optical communication unit 12 A supporting multiple transmissions of the clock signal with the pixel data serialized, and the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A are described below.

The optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 illustrated in FIGS. 37A and 38A includes a parallel/serial converter 121 B that converts the pixel data DATA_TX analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A into serial data. The parallel/serial converter 121 B receives the pixel data DATA_TX analog-to-digital converted by the analog-to-digital converter 11 A and the clock signal CLK_TX generated by the timing generator 13 A.

The optical communication unit 12 A includes a light transmitter 120 S that converts serial pixel data SDATA_TX into a light signal and outputs the light signal, and a light transmitter 120 CL that converts a clock signal φSCLK_TX into a light signal and outputs the light signal.

The optical communication unit 30 A in the signal processing device 3 A includes a light receiver 300 S. The light receiver 300 S receives via a data line LsD the serial pixel data SDATA_TX as the light signal in optical communications, and converts the input light signal into serial pixel data SDATA_RX as an electrical signal. The optical communication unit 30 A also includes a light receiver 300 CL. The light receiver 300 CL receives via a clock signal line LsCL a clock signal φSCLK_TX as a light signal in optical communications, and converts the input light signal into a clock signal φSCLK_RX as an electrical signal.

The optical communication unit 30 A further includes a serial/parallel converter 301 A. In response to the clock signal φSCLK_RX as the electrical signal provided by the light receiver 300 CL, the serial/parallel converter 301 A detects the pixel data DATA_RX from the pixel data SDATA_RX converted by the light receiver 300 S as the electrical signal.

In the solid-state imager 1 including the optical communication unit 12 A that performs optical communications with the pixel data serialized via the data line LsD and the clock line LsCL, the serial signal and the clock signal are transferred from the parallel/serial converter 121 B to the optical communication unit 12 A.

The solid-state imager 1 of the present embodiment includes the pixel unit 10 A and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 and the light transmitter 120 S and the light transmitter 120 C on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The parallel/serial converter 121 B is formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . Two single signal lines 182 conducting the serial signal and the clock signal respectively are routed from the parallel/serial converter 121 B to the light transmitters 120 S and 120 CL through the substrate 18 . Optionally, the electro-absorption light modulator 120 B may be arranged as a functional block separate from the optical communication unit 12 A as illustrated in Figs. FIGS. 37B and 38B .

Layout Examples of the Optical Communication Unit in Accordance with the Pixel Group Arrangement

The pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 may read the pixel data from the pixels on a per pixel group basis via multiple lines. The pixel group here is a group of pixels close to each other in characteristics. When the pixel data read via multiple lines is transmitted from the optical communication unit, a signal line conducting an analog-to-digital converted high-speed parallel signal from the pixel unit 10 A is routed by a long distance to the optical communication unit. Such an electrical wiring generates much electromagnetic noise, thereby degrading the signal along the transmission line.

A shorter transmission line of the electrical signal to the optical communication unit is thus designed. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A is arranged subsequent to a column CDS unit for multi-line reading, and the optical communication unit is arranged at the output of each analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The transmission length to the optical communication unit is shortened in this way.

The optical communication unit may be collected on one terminal side of the solid-state imager 1 . With this arrangement, heat generated at the optical communication unit 12 A is efficiently cooled and radiated. In the discussion that follows, this function is incorporated in the optical communication unit if the serial interface or the parallel/serial converter is included.

(1) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Unit for Multi-Line Reading Matching the Pixel Arrangement

FIG. 39 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate with the optical communication unit mounted for multi-line reading matching the pixel arrangement. FIG. 40 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the bottom surface of the substrate with the optical communication unit mounted for multi-line reading matching the pixel arrangement.

The solid-state imager 1 may include a color filter for each pixel for color presentation. For example, pixels 100 ( 1 ), 100 ( 2 ), 100 ( 3 ) and 100 ( 4 ) includes respective color filters for different wavelengths. The color filters may include RGB filters, an infrared filter, an ultraviolet filter, etc. Referring to FIGS. 39 and 40 , an optical communication unit is arranged for each pixel filter on a per color basis.

The pixel unit 10 A corresponds to pixels 100 ( 1 )- 100 ( 4 ) having pixel filters of different colors, and four column CDS units 104 ( 1 ), 104 ( 2 ), 104 ( 3 ), and 104 ( 4 ) are employed. Subsequent to the four column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ), analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are employed, respectively. Optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are respectively arranged for the outputs of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ).

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) are respectively connected to the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) via signal lines 183 as electrical wirings.

The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are arranged respectively right below the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ). The analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are respectively connected to the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) via signal lines as electric wirings penetrating through the substrate 18 . The transmission length from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) to the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) is minimized. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are arranged on one edge side of the substrate 18 for the column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ). In this way, the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are also arranged on one edge side of the substrate 18 .

Referring to FIGS. 39 and 40 , the pixels are arranged in accordance with the type of the color filters. Alternatively, the pixels may be arranged in accordance with the characteristics of the photodiodes forming the respective pixels. More specifically, the pixels may be arranged in accordance with the material, receiving gain, or intensity-wavelength profile of the photodiode forming the pixel. The pixels may be also arranged in accordance with the structure of the photodiode, such as a pixel-embedded photodiode, or a lamination-type photodiode.

(2) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Unit for Multi-Line Reading Responsive to Electronic Shutter Timing

FIG. 41 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate with the optical communication unit 12 A performing multi-line reading in response to an electronic shutter timing. The wiring on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 remains unchanged from that in FIG. 40 with the optical communication unit 12 A performing multi-line reading in response to the electronic shutter timing. FIG. 42 is a timing diagram illustrating the timing of an electronic shutter and exposure time.

Referring to FIG. 42 , the pixels 100 ( 1 )- 100 ( 4 ) in the solid-state imager 1 are different in electronic shutter timing so that the exposure time in each pixel is individually adjusted. The optical communication unit 12 A is arranged in accordance with the exposure time in FIG. 41 .

The pixel unit 10 A includes four column CDS unit 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) for the pixels 100 ( 1 )- 100 ( 4 ) having the pixel filters different in exposure time. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are arranged subsequent to the column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ), respectively. The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are also arranged for the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ), respectively.

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) are formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) are connected to the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) via signal lines 183 as electronic wirings.

As previously described with reference to FIG. 40 , the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are formed on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are arranged right below the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) so that the transmission length between the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) and the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) is minimized. The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) are also arranged close to one edge side of the solid-state imager 1 .

The layout of the optical communication units 12 A may be determined taking into consideration the read speed of each pixel, an amplifier (FD amplifier) of each pixel, a capacitance and shape of each pixel, a lens of each pixel, a waveguide structure, etc.

FIG. 43 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A that is arranged in accordance with the pixel arrangement. The signal transmission routing is discussed with reference to the layout of the optical communication unit 12 A that performs multi-line reading in accordance with the pixel arrangement discussed with reference to FIGS. 39 and 40 .

The outputs of the read lines of the column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ) arranged in accordance with the pixel arrangement are analog-to-digital converted into parallel signals by the respective analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ). Each of the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) has an array of light transmitters 120 . A plurality of signal lines 180 conducting the parallel digital signals are routed from the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) to the optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) through the substrate 18 .

A plurality of optical communication units 12 A, each including a plurality of light transmitters 120 , are mounted in a plurality of locations, four locations in this example, and the four locations are close to one edge side of the solid-state imager 1 . This mounting is referred to a collectively distributed mounting.

Layout of the Optical Communication Unit in Accordance with Pixel Reading Method

The pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 may be partitioned into a plurality of areas, and a reading operation may be performed on a per area basis. In such a case, multi-line reading is performed to read the pixel data. If the pixel data read via multiple lines is transmitted by a single analog-to-digital converter 11 A and a single optical communication unit 12 A, analog transmission along a long length or high-speed parallel digital transmission along a long length is to be performed. An electric wiring, if arranged for such an application, suffers from electromagnetic noise, thereby causing signal degradation.

The transmission length is optimized by mounting the optical communication units 12 A around the pixel unit 10 A. More specifically, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A is arranged subsequent the column CDS unit 104 supporting multi-line reading, and the optical communication unit 12 A is arranged for the output of each the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The transmission length to the optical communication unit 12 A is thus minimized.

The optical communication units 12 A are distributed on the peripheral area of the solid-state imager 1 , and the effect of heat and electromagnetic noise, generated by the optical communication units 12 A, is dispersed.

(1) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Units that Perform Multi-Line Reading in an Area Reading Mode

FIG. 44 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform a multi-line reading operation in an area reading mode. FIG. 45 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the bottom surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform the multi-line reading operation in the area reading mode.

The solid-state imager 1 performs the reading operation with the pixel unit 10 A partitioned into four areas ( 1 )-( 4 ). The pixel unit 10 A includes four vertical scanning units 102 ( 1 )- 102 ( 4 ) and four horizontal scanning unit 103 ( 1 )- 103 ( 4 ) for the four areas ( 1 )-( 4 ).

The solid-state imager 1 further includes four column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ). The solid-state imager 1 further includes analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ) arranged subsequent to the column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ), respectively. Serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) respectively forming the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ). Light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) forming the respective optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ).

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 )- 104 ( 4 ), the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 )- 11 A( 4 ), and the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) are arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) forming the respective optical communication units 12 A are arranged right below the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ), respectively.

The serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) are connected to the light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) by signal lines of electric wirings penetrating through the substrate 18 . The transmission length between the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) and the light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) is thus minimized. In the area reading mode, the reading operation is performed from the four areas in the pixel unit 10 A. If the optical communication units 12 A are collected at one location, wiring thereof becomes difficult. For this reason, the optical communication units 12 A are arranged subsequent to the analog-to-digital converters 11 A. Since an amount of pixel data to be read is one quarter, serialization design is implemented instead of an array design. If one optical communication unit 12 A having one light transmitter 120 is arranged for one area, cost reduction is achieved.

If the column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 4 ) are arranged on the right hand edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the analog-to-digital converters 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 4 ) and the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) are also arranged at the opposed ends of the right hand edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 . If the column CDS units 104 ( 2 ) and 104 ( 3 ) are arranged on the left hand edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the analog-to-digital converters 11 A( 2 ) and 11 A( 3 ) and the serial interfaces 121 A( 2 )- 121 A( 3 ) are arranged at the opposed ends of the right hand edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 . The optical communication units 12 A( 1 )- 12 A( 4 ) respectively include the light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) arranged right below the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) and are thus mounted on the peripheral area of the solid-state imager 1 , i.e., distributed at the four corners of the solid-state imager 1 .

(2) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Units that Perform the Multi-Line Reading Operation in a Double-Door Reading Mode

FIG. 46 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform a multi-line reading operation in a double-door reading mode. FIG. 47 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the bottom surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform the multi-line reading operation in the double-door reading mode.

The solid-state imager 1 performs the reading operation with the pixel unit 10 A partitioned into two areas, namely, left and right areas ( 1 ) and ( 2 ). This mode is referred to as the double-door reading mode. The solid-state imager 1 includes two horizontal scanning units 103 ( 1 ) and 103 ( 2 ) for the two reading areas ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of the pixel unit 10 A.

The solid-state imager 1 further includes two column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ). The solid-state imager 1 further includes analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ) arranged subsequent to the column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ), respectively. Serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ) respectively forming the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ). Light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) forming the respective optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ).

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ), the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ), and the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ) are arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 .

The light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 so that the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) come right below the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ). The serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ) are respectively connected to the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) via signal lines of electric wirings penetrating through the substrate 18 . The transmission length between the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ) and the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) is minimized.

If the column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ) is arranged on the left portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and the serial interface 121 A( 1 ) are arranged at the end of the left portion of the solid-state imager 1 . If the column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ) is arranged on the right portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 2 ) and the serial interface 121 A( 2 ) are arranged at the end of the right portion of the solid-state imager 1 . The optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 ( 2 ) respectively including the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) arranged right below the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 ) and 121 A( 2 ) are thus distributed on the peripheral area of the solid-state imager 1 , for example, both edge portions of the solid-state imager 1 .

(3) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Units that Perform the Multi-Line Reading Operation in a Field Reading Mode

FIG. 48 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform a multi-line reading operation in a field reading mode. FIG. 49 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the bottom surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform the multi-line reading operation in the field reading mode.

The solid-state imager 1 performs the reading operation with an even line 2n and an odd line 2n−1 of the pixel unit 10 A read independently. This mode is referred to as a field reading mode. The solid-state imager 1 includes two vertical scanning units 102 ( 1 ) and 102 ( 2 ) and two horizontal scanning units 103 ( 1 ) and 103 ( 2 ), respectively corresponding to an even field and an odd field.

The solid-state imager 1 also includes two column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ). The solid-state imager 1 further includes analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ) arranged subsequent to the column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ), respectively. Optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ), each including an array of light transmitters 120 , are arranged at the output stage of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ), respectively.

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ) and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ) are arranged on the surface side of the substrate 18 .

The optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 so that the optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ) come right below the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ), respectively. The analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ) are connected to the optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ), respectively, via signal lines penetrating as s electric wirings through the substrate 18 . The transmission length between the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ) and the optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ) is thus minimized.

The column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ) is arranged below the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 while the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) is arranged on the right side of the column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ) as illustrated in FIG. 48 . The column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ) is arranged above the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 while the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 2 ) is arranged on the right side of the column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ) as illustrated in FIG. 48 . In this way, the optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ) are distributed on the peripheral area of the solid-state imager 1 , for example, on the right edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 .

(4) Layout Example of the Optical Communication Units that Perform the Multi-Line Reading Operation in a Four-Pixel Addition Reading Mode

FIG. 50 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the top surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform a multi-line reading operation in a four-pixel addition reading mode. FIG. 51 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the bottom surface of the substrate 18 bearing the optical communication units 12 A that perform the multi-line reading operation in the four-pixel addition reading mode.

The solid-state imager 1 includes the pixel unit 10 A having R, Gb, Gr, and B color filters for color presentation. The solid-state imager 1 reads the pixel data with pixel signals of pixels of a particular wavelength (color) added. During the four-pixel addition reading mode, the number of pixels actually to be read is reduced by performing an averaging operation through decimating pixels and adding the pixel signals of surrounding pixels. As for pixels 100 R, 100 G, and 100 B, pixel signals read from 100 B pixels at positions (n,k), (n,k+2), (n+2,k), and (n+2,k+2) are summed and then output. Similarly, the pixel signals from pixels 100 R and 100 G at the positions (n,k), (n,k+2), (n+2,k), and (n+2,k+2) are summed and output. The horizontal scanning units 103 ( 1 ) and 103 ( 2 ) are arranged for the pixels 100 R and 100 B, and the pixel 100 G(Gb,Gr).

The solid-state imager 1 also includes column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ). An adder 190 and an analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) are arranged subsequent to the column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ). An adder 190 and an analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 2 ) are arranged subsequent to the column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ). Parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) forming the respective optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ). Two light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) respectively forming the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the output stages of the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ). The light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) are arranged as the light transmitter 120 S and the light transmitter 120 C discussed with reference to FIGS. 37 and 38 .

The column CDS units 104 ( 1 ) and 104 ( 2 ), the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and 11 A( 2 ), and the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 .

The light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) are arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 so that the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) comes right below the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ), respectively. The parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) are connected to the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ), respectively, via signal lines penetrating as electric wirings through the substrate 18 . The transmission length between the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) and the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) is thus minimized.

The column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ) is arranged below the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 while the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 1 ) and the parallel/serial converter 121 B( 1 ) are arranged on the right side of the column CDS unit 104 ( 1 ) as illustrated in FIG. 50 . The column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ) is arranged above the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 while the analog-to-digital converter 11 A( 2 ) and the parallel/serial converter 121 B( 2 ) is arranged on the right side of the column CDS unit 104 ( 2 ) as illustrated in FIG. 50 . In this way, the optical communication units 12 A( 1 ) and 12 A( 2 ) including the light transmitters 120 ( 1 ) and 120 ( 2 ) are arranged on the peripheral area of the solid-state imager 1 , for example, distributed on the right edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 .

FIG. 52 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A that is arranged in accordance with the pixel reading mode. The signal transmission routing is described also with reference to the layout example of the optical communication unit 12 A that performs the multi-line reading in the area reading mode described with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45 .

The serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) of the optical communication units 12 A arranged in a distributed fashion generate serial signals by superimposing the clock signal and the synchronization signals on the data line. The serial signals are then supplied to the light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ). A single signal line 181 conducting the serial signal is routed from each of the serial interfaces 121 A( 1 )- 121 A( 4 ) to each of the light transmitters 120 ( 1 )- 120 ( 4 ) via the substrate 18 .

FIG. 53 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating another signal transmission routing to the optical communication unit 12 A that is arranged in accordance with the pixel reading mode. The signal transmission routing is described also with reference to the layout example of the optical communication unit 12 A that performs the multi-line reading in the four-pixel addition reading mode described with reference to FIGS. 50 and 51 .

The digital signal, into which the analog-to-digital converter 11 A analog-to-digital converts the signal read from the pixel unit 10 A, is serialized by the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) in the optical communication units 12 A. The serial signal provided by the parallel/serial converters 121 B( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) and the clock signal are transmitted via two signal lines, namely, the data line and the clock line. The two signal lines 182 conducting the serial signal and the clock signal are routed from the parallel/serial converters 1218 ( 1 ) and 121 B( 2 ) to the light transmitters 120 S( 1 ) and 120 CL( 1 ), and 120 S( 2 ) and 120 CL( 2 ) via the substrate 18 .

Layout Examples of Cooler in Accordance with the Layout of the Optical Communication Unit

Heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 can affect image capturing units including the pixel unit 10 A, analog processing circuits such as scanning units, and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A. The optical communication unit 12 A is cooled in a localized fashion. A heat radiator for radiating the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A in a direction opposite a direction of the pixel unit 10 A is arranged to reduce the effect of the generated heat. The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is reduced and heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, etc. is also radiated. As previously discussed, the optical communication unit 12 A includes the light transmitter 120 on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The optical communication unit 12 A may include the serial interface on the top surface of the substrate 18 . In the discussion that follows, the light transmitter 120 arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 is cooled, and the light transmitter 120 having no elements on the top surface of the substrate 18 is referred to as the optical communication unit 12 A.

(1) First Layout Example of the Cooler

FIG. 54 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having a cooler arranged in a first layout. FIG. 55 is a plan view of the solid-state imager 1 of the solid-state imager 1 having the cooler arranged in the first layout. The solid-state imager 1 supports serialization of the pixel data. A single optical communication unit 12 A having a single light transmitter 120 is arranged on one corner of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 includes a cooler 210 A surrounding the optical communication unit 12 A. The cooler 210 A is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material forming the substrate 18 . The cooler 210 A has the function of not transferring heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A to the substrate 18 but radiating the generated heat.

If the surface emitting semiconductor laser is used as a light emitting element, the cooler 210 A is a planar member covering the top and side face of the optical communication unit 12 A except the bottom surface of the optical communication unit 12 A that serves a light emitting surface.

The solid-state imager 1 includes a heat radiator 211 A surrounding the cooler 210 A. The heat radiator 211 A is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material forming the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 A has a function of radiating heat, transferred to the cooler 210 A from the optical communication unit 12 A, instead of transferring the heat to the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 A partly projects outside the outline of the solid-state imager 1 , forming an external heat radiation portion 212 .

If the optical communication unit 12 A is arranged on the peripheral portion of the solid-state imager 1 , such as on one corner of the substrate 18 as illustrated in FIG. 55 , the heat radiator 211 A is formed so that the heat radiator 211 A surrounds the two inner side of the cooler 210 A on the substrate 18 . This layout prevents the heat from being transferred inwardly into the substrate 18 bearing the pixel unit 10 A and the like on the top surface thereof.

The solid-state imager 1 also includes a heat conductive member 213 between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 A. As the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 A, the heat conductive member 213 is manufactured of a high heat-conductivity material. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 A. The heat conductive member 213 may also fill the region between the cooler 210 A and the surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. The heat conductive member 213 is manufactured of a material high in both heat conductivity and heat resistance, and further high in light blocking capability so that the leaked light from the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked. For example, the heat conductive member 213 may be manufactured of high heat-conductivity epoxy resin or the like.

The cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 A are arranged in this way in the solid-state imager 1 having the optical communication unit 12 A mounted at one location on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A is transferred to the cooler 210 A rather than to the substrate 18 . The heat transferred to the cooler 210 A is transferred to the heat radiator 211 A and mainly radiated outwardly via the external heat radiation portion 212 as denoted by arrow-headed broken lines.

The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is thus transferred in a direction opposite a direction looking, on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , toward the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A, and is then radiated outwardly outside the solid-state imager 1 . The effect of the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A on the pixel unit 10 A is substantially reduced. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 A, and the gap between the optical communication unit 12 A and the cooler 210 A. Heat radiation efficiency is high in comparison with a structure in which heat is convected by air.

(2) Second Layout Example of the Cooler

FIG. 56 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in a second layout. FIG. 57 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in the second layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes the optical communication units 12 A respectively including the light transmitters 120 , arranged at four corners on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 thus supports the area reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 44 . In the solid-state imager 1 , the cooler 210 A is arranged surrounding the optical communication unit 12 A. The cooler 210 A is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material forming the substrate 18 . The cooler 210 A has the function of radiating the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 .

If the edge emitting semiconductor laser is used as a light emitting element, the cooler 210 A is a planar member covering the top surface and three side faces of the optical communication unit 12 A except one side face of the optical communication unit 12 A that serves a light emitting surface.

The solid-state imager 1 includes a heat radiator 211 B covering the entire bottom surface of the substrate 18 , between the coolers 210 A. The heat radiator 211 B is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 2119 has the function of radiating the heat transferred from the optical communication unit 12 A to the cooler 210 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 B is large enough in size to cover the area between the coolers 210 A and right below the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 B partly projects outside the outline of the substrate 18 of the solid-state imager 1 , thereby forming external heat radiation portions 212 . The heat radiator 211 B is connected to the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 via heat conductive members 214 . The heat conductive members 214 are produced by metalizing through-holes opened in the substrate 18 with a high heat-conductivity material.

The solid-state imager 1 also includes a heat conductive member 213 between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 B. As the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 B, the heat conductive member 213 is manufactured of a high heat-conductivity material. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 B. The heat conductive member 213 may also fill the region between the cooler 210 A and the surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. For example, the heat conductive member 213 may be manufactured of high heat-conductivity epoxy resin or the like.

The coolers 210 A and the heat radiator 211 B are arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at a plurality of locations on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A is transferred to the cooler 210 A rather than to the substrate 18 . The heat transferred to the cooler 210 A is transferred to the heat radiator 211 B and mainly radiated outwardly via the external heat radiation portions 212 as denoted by arrow-headed broken lines. The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the heat radiator 211 B via the heat conductive members 214 and then radiated outwardly mainly via the external heat radiation portion 212 .

The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is thus transferred in a direction opposite a direction looking, on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , toward the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A, and is then radiated outwardly outside the solid-state imager 1 . The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 and then radiated outwardly. The effect of the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A on the pixel unit 10 A is substantially reduced. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 B, and the gap between the optical communication unit 12 A and the cooler 210 A. Heat radiation efficiency is high in comparison with a structure in which heat is convected by air. Since the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the four corners of the solid-state imager 1 , the heat radiator 211 B covers the entire bottom surface of the substrate 18 . This arrangement efficiently radiates not only the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A but also the heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like.

(3) Third Layout Example of the Cooler

FIG. 58 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in a third layout. FIG. 59 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in the third layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes the optical communication units 12 A respectively including the light transmitters 120 , arranged at two corners at the opposed ends of the side edge portion of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 thus supports the four-pixel addition reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 50 . In the example discussed with reference to FIGS. 50 and 51 , the optical communication units 12 A, each including two light transmitters 120 , output the serial signal and the clock signal. The solid-state imager 1 includes the cooler 210 A surrounding the optical communication unit 12 A. The cooler 210 A is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material forming the substrate 18 . The cooler 210 A has the function of radiating the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 . In the structure of the solid-state imager 1 in which a plurality of optical communication units 12 A are arranged at one location, the coolers 210 A cover the top surface and the side faces of the optical communication units 12 A. The coolers 210 A thus covers the two optical communication units 12 A.

The solid-state imager 1 includes a heat radiator 211 C covering the area alongside and between the coolers 210 A on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 C is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 C has the function of radiating the heat transferred from the optical communication unit 12 A to the cooler 210 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 C is large enough in size to cover the area along and between the coolers 210 A and right below part of the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 C partly projects outside the outline of the substrate 18 of the solid-state imager 1 , thereby forming external heat radiation portions 212 . The heat radiator 211 C is connected to the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 via heat conductive members 214 .

The solid-state imager 1 also includes a heat conductive member 213 between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 C. As the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 C, the heat conductive member 213 is manufactured of a high heat-conductivity material. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 C. The heat conductive member 213 may also fill the region between the cooler 210 A and the surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. For example, the heat conductive member 213 may be manufactured of high heat-conductivity epoxy resin or the like.

The coolers 210 A and the heat radiator 211 C are arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication units 12 A are arranged collectively at a plurality of locations on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A is transferred to the cooler 210 A rather than to the substrate 18 . The heat transferred to the cooler 210 A is transferred to the heat radiator 211 C and mainly radiated outwardly via the external heat radiation portions 212 as denoted by arrow-headed broken lines. The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the analog-to-digital converter 11 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the heat radiator 211 C via the heat conductive members 214 and then radiated outwardly mainly via the external heat radiation portions 212 .

The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is thus transferred in a direction opposite a direction looking, on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , toward the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A, and is then radiated outwardly outside the solid-state imager 1 . The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 and then radiated outwardly. The effect of the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A on the pixel unit 10 A is substantially reduced. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 C, and the gap between the optical communication unit 12 A and the cooler 210 A. Heat radiation efficiency is high in comparison with a structure in which heat is convected by air. Since the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the locations at the opposed ends of the one edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the heat radiator 211 C is arranged along the optical communication units 12 A. The heat radiator 211 C having a large area efficiently radiates not only the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A but also the heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like.

(4) Fourth Layout Example of the Cooler

FIG. 60 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in a fourth layout. FIG. 61 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the coolers in the fourth layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes the optical communication units 12 A arranged at two corners at the top edge portion or the bottom edge portion on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 as illustrated in FIG. 61 . The solid-state imager 1 thus supports the double-door reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 46 . In the example discussed with reference to FIGS. 46 and 47 , the optical communication units 12 A, each including one light transmitter 120 , output the serial signal with the synchronization signal superimposed thereon. The solid-state imager 1 includes the cooler 210 A surrounding the optical communication unit 12 A. The cooler 210 A is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material forming the substrate 18 . The cooler 210 A has the function of radiating the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 .

The solid-state imager 1 includes a heat radiator 211 D covering the area along and between the coolers 210 A on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 D is manufactured of a material higher in heat conductivity than the material of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 D has the function of radiating the heat transferred from the optical communication unit 12 A to the cooler 210 A rather than transferring the heat to the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 D is large enough in size to cover the area along and between the coolers 210 A and right below part of the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 . The heat radiator 211 D partly projects outside the outline of the substrate 18 of the solid-state imager 1 , thereby forming external heat radiation portions 212 . The heat radiator 211 D is connected to the pixel unit 10 A formed on the top surface of the substrate 18 via heat conductive members 214 .

The solid-state imager 1 also includes a heat conductive member 213 between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 D. As the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 D, the heat conductive member 213 is manufactured of a high heat-conductivity material. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 D. The heat conductive member 213 may also fill the region between the cooler 210 A and the surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the light emitting surface of the optical communication unit 12 A. For example, the heat conductive member 213 may be manufactured of high heat-conductivity epoxy resin or the like.

The coolers 210 A and the heat radiator 211 D are arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the opposed ends of the lower edge portion or the upper edge portion of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The heat generated by the operating optical communication unit 12 A is transferred to the cooler 210 A rather than to the substrate 18 . The heat transferred to the cooler 210 A is transferred to the heat radiator 211 D and mainly radiated outwardly via the external heat radiation portions 212 as denoted by arrow-headed broken lines. The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A, the analog-to-digital converter 11 A, and the like on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the heat radiator 211 D via the heat conductive members 214 and then radiated outwardly mainly via the external heat radiation portions 212 .

The heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A is thus transferred in a direction opposite a direction looking, on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 , toward the formation region of the pixel unit 10 A, and is then radiated outwardly outside the solid-state imager 1 . The heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like on the top surface of the substrate 18 is transferred to the bottom surface of the substrate 18 and then radiated outwardly. The effect of the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A on the pixel unit 10 A is substantially reduced. The heat conductive member 213 fills the gap between the cooler 210 A and the heat radiator 211 D, and the gap between the optical communication unit 12 A and the cooler 210 A. Heat radiation efficiency is high in comparison with a structure in which heat is convected by air. Since the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the opposed ends of the upper edge portion or the lower edge portion of the solid-state imager 1 , the heat radiator 211 D is arranged along the optical communication units 12 A. The heat radiator 211 D having a large area efficiently radiates not only the heat generated by the optical communication unit 12 A but also the heat generated by the pixel unit 10 A and the like.

Layout Examples of Light Blocker in Accordance with the Layout of Optical Communication Unit

The signal light output from the optical communication unit 12 A or the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A can stray around the substrate 18 or travel within the substrate 18 , thereby being incident on the pixel unit 10 A in the solid-state imager 1 . Image capturing can be adversely affected by such stray light. A light block is arranged to prevent the light from the optical communication unit 12 A from traveling within the substrate 18 and being incident on the pixel unit 10 A. Moreover, a light blocker is also arranged to prevent the light from the optical communication unit 12 A from being reflected from a mirror or the like and straying into the pixel unit 10 A. With this arrangement, the light from the optical communication unit 12 A is prevented from mixing into the light to input to the pixel unit 10 A. In the discussion that follows, the light transmitter 120 including no elements arranged on the top surface of the substrate 18 is referred to as the optical communication unit 12 A in the same way as in the discussion of the cooler.

(1) First Layout Example of the Light Blocker

FIG. 62 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having a light blocker in a first layout. FIG. 63 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in the first layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes one optical communication unit 12 A including one light transmitter 120 arranged at one corner of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 handles serialized pixel data. The solid-state imager 1 also includes a light blocker 250 A surrounding the optical communication unit 12 A. The light blocker 250 A is manufactured of a material that does not permit light having at least the wavelength of oscillated light to be transmitted therethrough in the structure in which the optical communication unit 12 A includes a self-luminous light emitting element.

If the previously described surface emitting semiconductor laser is used as a light emitting element, the light blocker 250 A is a planar member covering the top side and the end faces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding the bottom surface of the optical communication unit 12 A serving as a light emitting surface. If the edge emitting semiconductor laser is used as a light emitting element, the light blocker 250 A is a planar member covering the top surface and three sides faces of the optical communication unit 12 A excluding one side face serving as a light emitting surface.

The light blocker 250 A is arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication unit 12 A is arranged at one location on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A blocks the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A and prevents the light from passing through the substrate 18 . If the surface emitting semiconductor laser is used as the optical communication unit 12 A, the stray light Ln from the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A is reflected from the light blocker 250 A and is thus prevented from traveling through the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A is not arranged on the bottom surface of the optical communication unit 12 A and the signal light Ls is output in a direction perpendicular to the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the leaked light Ln from the optical communication unit 12 A from being incident on the pixel unit 10 A as stray light. Similarly, the light leaked from the area of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked. The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A from reflecting from the lens or the like, and straying into the pixel unit 10 A.

(2) Second Layout Example of the Light Blocker

FIG. 64 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in a second layout. FIG. 65 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in the second layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes four optical communication units 12 A, each including one light transmitter 120 , arranged at the four corners of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 supports the area reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 44 . The solid-state imager 1 also includes a light blocker 250 A surrounding each optical communication unit 12 A.

The light blockers 250 A are arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication units 12 A are distributed at a plurality of locations on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A blocks the light leaked from the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A and prevents the light from passing through the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the leaked light Ln from the optical communication unit 12 A from being incident on the pixel unit 10 A as stray light. Similarly, the light leaked from the area of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the top side of the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked. The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A from reflecting from the lens or the like, and straying into the pixel unit 10 A.

(3) Third Layout Example of the Light Blocker

FIG. 66 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in a third layout. FIG. 65 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in the third layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes two optical communication units 12 A, each including two light transmitter 120 , arranged at the two opposed end of one edge portion of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The solid-state imager 1 supports the four-pixel addition reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 50 . The solid-state imager 1 also includes a light blocker 250 A surrounding each optical communication unit 12 A. The light blockers 250 A cover the top surface and the sides faces of the optical communication units 12 A, thus surrounding the two optical communication units 12 A.

The light blockers 250 A are arranged in the solid-state imager 1 in which the optical communication units 12 A are distributed at a plurality of locations on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A blocks the light leaked from the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A and prevents the light from passing through the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the leaked light from the optical communication unit 12 A from being incident on the pixel unit 10 A as stray light. Similarly, the light leaked from the area of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the top surfaces of the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked. The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A from reflecting from the lens or the like, and straying into the pixel unit 10 A.

(4) Fourth Layout Example of the Light Blocker

FIG. 68 is a side view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in a fourth layout. FIG. 69 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating the solid-state imager 1 having the light blocker in the fourth layout. The solid-state imager 1 includes two optical communication units 12 A, each including one light transmitter 120 , arranged at the two opposed ends of the upper edge portion or the lower edge portion of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 as illustrated in FIG. 69 . The solid-state imager 1 supports the double-door reading mode discussed with reference to FIG. 46 . The solid-state imager 1 also includes a light blocker 250 A surrounding each optical communication unit 12 A

The light blockers 250 A are arranged in the optical communication units 12 A in which the optical communication units 12 A are arranged at the two opposed ends of the upper edge portion or the lower edge portion of the bottom surface of the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A blocks the light leaked from the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A and prevents the light from passing through the substrate 18 . The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the leaked light from the optical communication unit 12 A from being incident on the pixel unit 10 A as stray light. Similarly, the light leaked from the area of the optical communication unit 12 A other than the top surface of the optical communication unit 12 A is blocked. The light blocker 250 A thus prevents the light leaked from the optical communication unit 12 A from reflecting from the lens or the like, and straying into the pixel unit 10 A.

Control of the Signal Processing System

FIG. 70 is a perspective view diagrammatically illustrating a camera system 401 as an application of the signal processing system 4 A. FIG. 71 is a front view diagrammatically illustrating a lens unit 402 A forming the camera system 401 A. The camera system 401 A is an example of the signal processing system 4 A discussed with reference to FIG. 19 .

The camera system 401 A includes the lens unit 402 A discussed as the optical device 2 A with reference to FIG. 19 , and a camera main unit 403 A as the signal processing device 3 A. The lens unit 402 A includes a lens section 20 , and a lens barrel 22 in addition to the above-described solid-state imager 1 . The solid-state imager 1 includes the pixel unit 10 A, the size of which is defined by the lens section 20 of the lens unit 402 A as illustrated in FIG. 71 .

The camera main unit 403 A has the lens unit 402 A detachably mounted thereon and includes a signal processing board 350 . The signal processing board 350 forms the signal processing device 3 A discussed with reference to FIG. 19 and other drawings. With the lens unit 402 A is mounted on the camera main unit 403 A, the optical communication unit 12 A in the solid-state imager 1 is optically coupled with the optical communication unit 30 A. The control input/output unit 14 A in the solid-state imager 1 is also connected to the control input/output unit 31 A.

As previously discussed, the optical communication unit 12 A is arranged on the bottom surface of the substrate 18 bearing the pixel unit 10 A on the top surface of the substrate 18 . When the lens unit 402 A is mounted on the camera main unit 403 A, the signal processing board 350 faces the bottom side of the solid-state imager 1 .

Advantages of the Solid-State Imager Including the Optical Communication Unit on the Bottom Surface of the Substrate

The solid-state imager of each embodiment includes the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate with respect to the pixel unit on the top surface of the substrate. The freedom of layout of the optical communication unit is thus increased. Since the substrate is interposed between the pixel unit and the optical communication unit, the effect of the heat generated by the optical communication unit on the pixel unit is reduced. Similarly, the effect of the electromagnetic noise generated by the optical communication unit on the optical communication unit is also reduced. The effect of the heat and the electromagnetic noise is even further reduced if the optical communication unit is arranged on the peripheral area of the bottom surface of the substrate with respect to the formation region of the pixel unit on the top surface of the substrate.

If the freedom of the layout of the optical communication unit is increased, the freedom of the layout of the cooler of the optical communication unit is also increased. For example, the optical communication units, if mounted collectively, are cooled together. If the optical communication units as the heat sources are mounted in a distributed fashion, a cooling operation is also performed in a distributed fashion. A cooler for cooling the entire solid-state imager including the pixel unit and the optical communication unit may be mounted on an available space having no particular elements thereon on the bottom surface of the substrate.

It is sufficient if only the bottom surface of the substrate is taken into consideration as a source of a false signal incident on the pixel unit. The freedom of the layout of the light blocker is increased. A preventive step controlling light leak becomes easy.

The signal read from the pixel unit is transferred via the signal wiring routed to the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate. The freedom of the signal transmission method to the optical communication unit on the bottom surface of the substrate is increased. A signal transmission method may be selected from a variety of signal transmission methods including a superimposition serial transmission with the synchronization signal and the clock signal superimposed on the data line, a multiple clock signal transmission with serial data line, etc.

The optical communication unit is produced in a process step independent of a process step of the pixel unit. The optical communication unit is easily integrated, leading to an increased freedom of the internal structure of the optical communication unit.

The present application contains subject matter related to that disclosed in Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2008-264576 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Oct. 10, 2008, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.