Method for coupling light into a thin planar waveguide

This application was originally filed as and claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/FI2006/050476 which was filed on Nov. 2, 2006.

The present invention relates to coupling light into planar waveguides.

Planar waveguides are cost-effective devices to provide lighting for e.g. liquid crystal displays or keysets. Light which is initially provided e.g. by an external light emitting diode (LED) may be distributed to a larger area by means of a planar waveguide. The use of thin planar waveguides may facilitate reducing size, weight and manufacturing costs of a portable device.

Referring to FIG. 1 , optical power may be lost when a broad light beam B 1 emitted by a light source 200 impinges on the edge of a thin planar waveguide 10 , as the beam B 1 overlaps only partially with the edge.

Referring to FIG. 2 , optical power may be also lost when the light source is misaligned with respect to the edge of a thin planar waveguide 10 . The coupling efficiency may be degraded due to misalignment also in a case when the vertical dimension of the light beam is equal to or smaller than the thickness of the planar waveguide. As the thickness of the planar waveguide may be e.g. 0.2 mm, and the manufacturing tolerances may be e.g. 0.5 mm, the alignment problem may be significant in mass production.

The arrangements of FIGS. 1 and 2 are herein called “directly edge coupled” arrangements.

FIG. 3 of a patent publication US2005/0259939 discloses a further directly edge coupled arrangement wherein a planar waveguide has a tapered edge portion to facilitate coupling of light into the planar waveguide.

The object of the invention is to provide a device and a method for coupling light emitted by a light source into a planar waveguide. A further object of the invention is to provide lighting for a display. A further object of the invention is also to provide lighting for a keyset.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a device comprising:

a ridge, and a substantially planar waveguide comprising at least one out-coupling portion, wherein said ridge has an end for coupling light into said ridge in order to form a light beam waveguided longitudinally within said ridge, said ridge and said planar waveguide having a common portion to couple light out of said ridge sideways into said planar waveguide, and said out-coupling portion being adapted to couple light out of the plane of said planar waveguide.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of distributing light by using a ridge and a substantially planar waveguide, said method comprising:

coupling light into said ridge to form a light beam waveguided longitudinally in said ridge, and coupling light out of said ridge sideways into said planar waveguide through a common portion of said ridge and said planar waveguide.

The light distributing device comprises a substantially planar waveguide and a waveguiding ridge. A light beam emitted by a light source is coupled into the end of the ridge to form a second light beam which is waveguided longitudinally in the ridge. The side of the ridge overlaps with the planar waveguide such that the ridge and the planar waveguide have a common portion. Light is coupled sideways from the ridge into the planar waveguide through said common portion. In other words, the light confined in the waveguiding ridge leaks in a transverse manner through the overlapping portion to the planar waveguide.

The height of the ridge is greater than the thickness of the planar waveguide.

In an embodiment, a good efficiency of coupling the optical power of a light beam into a thin planar waveguide may be attained, although the thickness of the planar waveguide may be substantially smaller than the vertical dimension of the in-coupled light beam. The coupling efficiency may be improved especially when compared with the directly edge coupled arrangement of FIG. 1 .

In an embodiment, the ridge of the light distributing device facilitates alignment of the light source when the vertical dimension of the in-coupled light beam is smaller than the height of the ridge. Thus, sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances may be reduced especially when compared with the directly edge coupled arrangement of FIG. 2 .

In an embodiment, the ridge of the light distributing device may facilitate providing a more uniform distribution of optical intensity inside the planar waveguide than what can be attained by the directly edge-coupled arrangements, when using the same number of light sources.

In an embodiment, a relatively uniform distribution of light may be provided by using only one light source.

In an embodiment, the improvement in the coupling efficiency, tolerance to misalignment, and a more uniform distribution of intensity in the planar waveguide may be attained simultaneously.

In an embodiment, a thin keypad and/or a thin display may be implemented.

The embodiments of the invention and their benefits will become more apparent to a person skilled in the art through the description and examples given herein below, and also through the appended claims.

In the following examples, the embodiments of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the appended drawings in which

FIG. 1 shows a side view of prior art coupling of a broad light beam into a planar waveguide,

FIG. 2 shows a side view of misalignment of a light source with respect to a planar waveguide,

FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional view of a light distributing device comprising a planar waveguide and a ridge for coupling light into said planar waveguide,

FIG. 4 shows an end view of a device according to FIG. 3 ,

FIG. 5 shows a top view of a device according to FIG. 3 ,

FIG. 6 shows, in an end view, dimensions of an illuminating light beam with respect to the end of the ridge,

FIG. 7 a shows, in an end view, alternative positioning of an illuminating light beam with respect to the end of the ridge,

FIG. 7 b shows, in an end view, alternative positioning of an illuminating light beam with respect to the end of the ridge,

FIG. 8 a is a three-dimensional view of light distributing device, wherein a common portion between a ridge and a planar waveguide has been indicated by a hatch pattern,

FIG. 8 b shows, in a three dimensional view, dimensions of the device according to FIG. 8 a,

FIG. 8 c shows a side view of the device according to FIG. 8 a,

FIG. 8 d shows a top view of the device according to FIG. 8 a,

FIG. 9 a shows the ratio of the optical power remaining in the ridge to the optical power coupled into the ridge, as a function of the distance from the end of the common portion,

FIG. 9 b shows the ratio of the optical power coupled into the planar waveguide to the optical power coupled into the ridge, as a function of the distance from the end of the common portion,

FIG. 10 a shows a three dimensional view of a light distributing device comprising a bifurcated tapered ridge waveguide,

FIG. 10 b shows a plot of light rays coupled into the planar waveguide according to FIG. 10 a,

FIG. 10 c is a comparative example showing a plot of light rays coupled into a corner of a planar waveguide plate without using a ridge,

FIG. 11 shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising a bent ridge,

FIG. 12 shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising a ridge which is shorter than the planar waveguide,

FIG. 13 shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising a ridge which is located on the edge of the light distributing device,

FIG. 14 shows, in a top view, various elements for re-directing light which propagates in the planar waveguide,

FIG. 15 shows, in an end view, a ridge having a substantially rectangular cross section,

FIG. 16 shows, in an end view, a ridge having a rounded cross section,

FIG. 17 shows, in an end view, a light distributing device comprising a plurality of ridges,

FIG. 18 shows, in an end view, a ridge protruding from the upper and the lower side of the light distributing device,

FIG. 19 shows, in an end view, a ridge located on the edge of the light distributing device,

FIG. 20 shows, in an end view, a ridge attached to a planar waveguide,

FIG. 21 is a three-dimensional view of a portable device comprising light distributing devices to illuminate a keypad and a display,

FIG. 22 a shows an end view of a light distributing device comprising an opening to locally prevent coupling of light from the ridge into the planar waveguide,

FIG. 22 b shows top view of a light distributing device according to FIG. 22 a,

FIG. 23 a shows, in an end view, depressions to locally reduce coupling of light from the ridge into the planar waveguide,

FIG. 23 b shows, in an end view, a plurality of dimensions associated with FIG. 23 a,

FIG. 24 shows, in a top view, the directions between light rays and the longitudinal direction of the ridge,

FIG. 25 a shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising light redistributing features on the ridge,

FIG. 25 b shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising a curved ridge,

FIG. 25 c shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising a tapered ridge,

FIG. 26 shows, in a top view, a light distributing device comprising two ridges to provide different propagation directions of light inside the planar waveguide,

FIG. 27 shows, in a top view, coupling of light into the opposite ends of the ridge in order to provide different propagation directions of light inside the planar waveguide, and

FIG. 28 shows, in an end view, the direction of a beam provided by an out-coupling element.

FIG. 3 shows a light distributing device 100 comprising planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b , and a ridge 20 to couple light into the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b . A light beam B 1 provided by a light source 200 is coupled into an end 22 of the ridge 20 in order to form a light beam B 2 which propagates in the longitudinal direction SX of ridge 20 .

The lower sides of the ridge 20 are optically coupled to the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b . Thus, a fraction of the light B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 is transversely coupled from the sides of the ridge 20 into the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b , in order to form light B 3 which propagates in the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b.

The light is confined to the ridge 20 and to the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b by total internal reflections, i.e. the light is waveguided in the ridge 20 and the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b.

The light distributing device 100 may further comprise one or more out-coupling portions 30 to couple light out of the plane of the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b in order to form an out-coupled light beam B 4 . The out-coupling portion 30 may be e.g. a diffraction grating. The out-coupled light beam B 4 may be viewed e.g. by a human viewer (not shown).

The incoming beam B 1 may be provided by a light source which may be e.g. a light emitting diode (LED), a resonant cavity LED, or a laser. The light source 200 may be in contact with the end 22 of the ridge or at some distance from it.

The horizontal direction SY is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction SX of ridge 20 , and the vertical direction SZ is perpendicular to the directions SX and SY.

FIG. 4 shows an end view of the light distributing device 100 according to FIG. 3 . In-coupled light rays which fulfill the criterion for total internal reflection may be reflected once or many times on the walls of the ridge 20 , and contribute to the light beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 . When the light rays of the beam B 2 impinge on the lower side of the ridge, they may be coupled into the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b , subsequently forming light beams B 3 .

FIG. 5 shows a top view of the light distributing device 100 according to FIG. 3 . The rays of the incoming light beam B 1 may be refracted at the end 22 of the ridge 20 . In-coupled light rays fulfilling the criterion for total internal reflection constitute the light beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 . A fraction of the light rays is coupled into the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b to form the light B 3 .

FIG. 6 shows the dimensions of the incoming light beam B 1 with respect to the dimensions of the ridge 20 . The incoming beam B 1 has a height h 9 and a width w 9 . The end 22 of the ridge 20 has a height h 2 and a width w 2 . In order to minimize coupling losses, the width w 2 may be greater than or equal to the width of the beam B 1 and the height h 2 may be greater than or equal to the height h 9 . The thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 a may be smaller than the height h 9 of the incoming beam B 1 .

w 9 and h 9 refer to the dimensions of the incoming beam B 1 at the end 22 of the ridge 20 . The dimensions of the incoming light beam B 1 may be defined e.g. by an elliptical perimeter which encloses 70% of the optical output power of a light source 200 , and which perimeter encloses the minimum area.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b show how the tolerance to the misalignment of the incoming light beam B 1 may be substantially increased, thanks to the ridge 20 of the light distributing device 100 , when the width w 2 of the ridge is greater than the width of the beam B 1 and when the height h 2 of the ridge 20 is greater than the height of the beam B 1 .

Referring to FIG. 8 a , the light distributing device 100 may comprise a substantially planar waveguide 10 and a ridge 20 , wherein said ridge 20 has an end 22 for coupling light B 1 into said ridge 20 in order to form a light beam B 2 waveguided in said ridge 20 in the longitudinal direction SX of said ridge 20 , and wherein said ridge 20 and said planar waveguide 10 have a common portion 23 to couple light of said light beam B 2 out of said ridge 20 into said planar waveguide 10 sideways with respect to the longitudinal direction SX of said ridge 20 .

The ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 overlap at least partially.

The longitudinal direction means the direction of the centerline 21 of the ridge 20 . In case of a curved ridge 20 ( FIGS. 11 and 25 b ), the longitudinal direction may locally deviate from the longitudinal direction SX near the end 22 of the ridge 20 .

The common portion 23 is defined to be at a location of minimum common interfacial area between the ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 . The common portion 23 is indicated in FIG. 8 a by a hatch pattern.

FIG. 8 b shows a plurality of dimensions associated with the light distributing device 100 according to FIG. 8 a . The ridge 20 has a length L 2 , and the planar waveguide 10 has a length L 1 . The common portion 23 has a length L 3 and a height h 5 . The length L 3 of the common portion 23 may be shorter than or equal to the length L 2 of the ridge 20 . The length L 3 of the common portion 23 may be shorter than or equal to the length L 1 of the planar waveguide 10 . The height h 5 of the common portion may be smaller than, greater than, or equal to the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 (see FIGS. 23 a , 23 b ). The height h 5 may be different at different points CP of the common portion 23 , i.e. at different distances X from the end of the common portion 23 . w 1 denotes a width of the planar waveguide 10 , as measured from the wall of the ridge 20 to the edge of the planar waveguide 10 .

The dimensions of a light distributing device 100 may be e.g. as follows: The height h 2 of the ridge 20 may be greater than or equal to two times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 . The width w 2 of the ridge 20 may be greater than or equal to two times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 . The width w 1 of the planar waveguide 10 may be greater than or equal to ten times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 . The length L 3 of the common portion 23 may be greater than or equal to ten times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 .

A significant improvement in the coupling efficiency may be gained even though the height h 2 of the ridge 20 is only 1 . 5 to 2 times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 .

The absolute thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide may be e.g. in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mm. In order to implement light and/or flexible structures, the thickness h 1 may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In order to implement very light and/or flexible structures, the thickness h 1 may be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 mm. In order to implement extremely light and/or flexible structures, the thickness h 1 may be smaller than 0.05 mm. The lowest limit of the thickness h 1 is defined by the requirement to allow at least single mode waveguiding. The smallest thickness h 1 may be e.g. 10 μm.

In order to implement e.g. light distributing device 100 to illuminate a keyset and/or display ( FIG. 21 ), the width w 1 and/or the length L 1 of the planar waveguide may be e.g. in the range of 5 to 100 mm. If the device 100 comprises out-coupling portions 30 , the sum of the areas of the out-coupling elements 30 may be e.g. greater than 5% of the one-sided area of the planar waveguide 10 .

FIG. 8 c shows a side view of the light distributing device 100 according to FIG. 8 a . FIG. 8 d shows a top view of the light distributing device 100 according to FIG. 8 a , when coupled to a light source 200 .

In order to reduce the coupling losses, the height h 9 of the beam B 1 emitted by the light source 200 may be smaller than or equal to the height of the ridge 20 . The width w 9 of the beam B 1 may be smaller than or equal to the width of the ridge W 2 . The vertical divergence φ 9 and the horizontal divergence γ 9 of the beam B 1 , the orientation of the beam B 1 with respect to the end 22 of the ridge 20 , and the index of refraction of the ridge 20 may be selected such that substantially all light coupled into the ridge 20 fulfils the criterion of total internal reflection.

The beam B 1 may be substantially collimated in the vertical and/or horizontal directions. Thus, the vertical divergence φ 9 and/or the horizontal divergence γ 9 may be smaller than 2 degrees. The beam B 1 may be diverging in the vertical and/or horizontal directions, i.e. the vertical divergence φ 9 and/or the horizontal divergence γ 9 may be in the range of 2 to 5 degrees, in the range or 5 to 20 degrees, or even in the range of 20 to 60 degrees. The beam B 1 may be highly diverging, and the vertical divergence φ 9 and/or the horizontal divergence γ 9 may even be in the range of 60 to 180 degrees.

FIG. 9 a shows, by way of example, the ratio P 2 /P 1 of optical power P 2 propagating in the ridge 20 to the optical power P 1 initially coupled into the end 22 of the ridge 20 , as a function of the distance x from the end of the common portion 23 . The ratio P 2 /P 1 decreases with the increasing distance x as more and more light has leaked from the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 .

FIG. 9 b shows, corresponding to the situation of FIG. 9 a , the ratio P 3 /P 1 of optical power P 3 coupled to the planar waveguide 10 to the optical power P 1 initially coupled into the end of the ridge 20 , as a function of the distance x from the end of the common portion 23 . The ratio P 3 /P 1 increases with the increasing distance x as more and more light has leaked from the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 .

The situation of FIGS. 9 a and 9 b corresponds to the following set of parameters: Straight rectangular ridge 20 having a height of 0.4 mm and a width w 2 of 1.0 mm. The ridge 20 has planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b on both sides of the ridge 20 , the thickness of the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b and the height of the common portion 23 is 0.2 mm. The incoming light is provided by a LED which is located near the end 22 of the ridge 20 , The width W 9 of the beam B 1 is 1 mm and the height h 9 of the beam B 1 is 0.4 mm. The divergence of the beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 is 39.2 degrees. The index of refraction of the ridge 20 and the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b is 1.58. The medium surrounding the ridge 20 and the planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b is air having the refractive index of one.

The coupling efficiency near the first end of the common portion 23 , i.e. at low values of x may be increased e.g. by maximizing the ratio of the height h 5 of the common portion to the height h 2 of the ridge 20 . On the other hand, a more uniform coupling efficiency at different values of x may be attained when the ratio of the height h 5 of the common portion to the height h 2 of the ridge 20 is smaller.

The length L 3 and the height h 5 of the common portion 23 may be selected for example such that at least 20%, at least 50%, or even at least 90% of the optical power propagating in the ridge 20 can be coupled to the planar waveguide 10 .

FIG. 10 a shows a light distributing device 100 comprising a bifurcated tapered ridge having branches 20 a , 20 b , and a single input end 22 . The arrangement of FIG. 10 a may be used for coupling light emitted from a single light source 200 into a wide planar waveguide 10 in a substantially uniform manner.

FIG. 10 b shows a plot of light rays coupled into the planar waveguide 10 of FIG. 10 a . The light input end is at the upper left corner.

FIG. 10 c shows a plot of light rays coupled into the planar waveguide of FIG. 10 a , but without using the ridge. It can be noticed that the distribution of light is substantially less uniform than in the case of FIG. 10 b.

FIG. 11 shows a light distributing device 100 which has a bent ridge 20 . The ridge 20 may have a curved portion 20 d to distribute light into a wide area and/or to enhance coupling of light out of the ridge 20 . The curved portion 20 d may couple a first portion 20 c of the ridge to a second portion 20 e of the ridge 20 . The curved portion 20 c and the second portion 20 e of the ridge may be used e.g. to reduce a difference between the intensities provided by a first out-coupling element 30 a and a second out-coupling element 30 b , especially when the first out-coupling element 30 a is located between the first portion 20 c of the ridge and the second out-coupling element 30 b.

FIG. 12 shows a light distributing device 100 having a ridge which is shorter than the planar waveguide. The light distributing device 100 may comprise a plurality of out-coupling elements 30 a , 30 b , 30 c.

FIG. 13 shows that the ridge 20 may also be at the edge of the light distributing device 100 .

FIG. 14 shows various ways to re-direct and/or control light which propagates in the planar waveguide 10 . For example, a diffractive grating 56 may be used to change the direction of light. A reflective surface, e.g. an embedded mirror may be used to change the direction of light. An opening 52 may be used block the propagation of light if the opening comprises light absorbing material or if the edges of the opening are cut such that light is diverted away from the plane of the waveguide 10 . The opening may also be adapted to act as a reflector, by total internal reflection.

FIG. 15 shows a ridge 20 having a substantially rectangular cross section.

FIG. 16 shows a ridge 20 having a substantially rounded cross section.

A ridge 20 having a rectangular cross section may be used e.g. to keep the horizontal divergence γ 9 and the vertical divergence φ 9 substantially independent. For example, the use of the rectangular ridge 20 may maintain the vertical divergence of the beam B 2 below 2 degrees inside the ridge 20 , although the horizontal divergence of the beam B 2 may simultaneously be as high as 30 degrees. In case of a rounded cross section, a high horizontal divergence typically increases an initially small vertical divergence.

FIG. 17 shows a light distributing device 100 comprising several ridges 20 and several planar waveguides 10 a , 10 b , 10 c.

FIG. 18 shows a light distributing device 100 having a ridge which protrudes from the upper side and the lower side of the device 100 .

FIG. 19 shows that an out-coupling portion 30 b , 30 c may direct light out of the plane of the planar waveguide 10 such that an out-coupled light beam B 4 is transmitted through the planar waveguide 10 . An out-coupling portion 30 a , 30 d may also direct light out of the plane of the planar waveguide 10 such that an out-coupled light beam B 4 is not transmitted through the planar waveguide 10 . The out-coupling portions may be on the upper or lower, i.e. on opposite sides of the planar waveguide 10 . The out-coupling portions 30 a , 30 b , 30 c , 30 d may be arranged such that the beams B 4 emitted by them do not overlap, as shown in FIG. 19 . The out-coupling portions 30 a , 30 b , 30 c , 30 d may also be arranged such that the beams B 4 emitted by them overlap partially or completely.

FIG. 20 shows that the ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 may also be initially separate components which are attached together by e.g. glue or welding. The one or more ridges 20 may be positioned on a planar waveguide 10 , as shown in FIG. 20 . The one or two planar waveguides 10 may also be butt-joined to the side or sides of the ridge 20 .

One or more ridges 20 and one or more planar waveguides 10 may also be formed substantially simultaneously by e.g. embossing or molding techniques.

The ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 are of substantially transparent material, e.g. polycarbonate or acrylic. The index of refraction and the dimensions of the ridge 20 are selected to allow multimode waveguiding. The planar waveguide may be substantially planar waveguides, in other words, their upper and lower surfaces are substantially parallel and substantially planar. The planar waveguides 10 may be perfectly planar or slightly bent, e.g. cylindrically or spherically bent. The planar waveguides 10 may be of stiff material or of flexible material.

The ridge 20 may be straight. The ridge 20 may also be curved, but losses increase with the decrease of the curvature radius. The radius of curvature may be greater than 100 times the width of the ridge 20 in order to keep the losses at a low level. The ridge 20 may be slightly tapered ( FIG. 10 a ) to increase the divergence of the beam B 2 travelling inside the ridge 20 and/or to reduce the amount of transparent material needed to implement the ridge 20 .

As the ridge 20 and the planar waveguide are waveguiding, their surfaces should remain substantially smooth, clean and intact. The light distributing device 100 may be used such that it is protected from dirt and contamination. The ridge 20 and/or the waveguide 10 may be partially or completely covered with a protective layer having a lower refractive index than the ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 .

One or more optical absorbers (not shown) may be attached to the planar waveguide 10 and/or to the ridge 20 in order to prevent unwanted reflections.

The dimensions h 1 , W 1 , H 2 , W 2 , L 1 , L 2 refer to the dimensions of the waveguiding core of the ridge 20 and the planar waveguide 10 , i.e., a possible cladding layer is not taken into consideration.

FIG. 21 shows a device 900 comprising a keyset 30 and/or a display 400 . The keyset 30 may be a keypad or a keyboard. One or more light distributing devices 100 may be used to provide front and/or back lighting to e.g. a liquid crystal (LCD) display 400 or a MEMS display (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System). One or more light distributing devices 100 may be used to provide lighting to a keyset 30 . Touch-sensitive elements or switches 300 may be positioned under the back side of light distributing device 100 , as shown in FIG. 21 , if the device 100 is at least partially flexible. A set of proximity sensors 300 may be positioned under the light distributing device 100 . Alternatively, at least partially transparent touch-sensitive elements, switches and or proximity sensors may be positioned on the top of the light distributing device 100 (not shown in FIG. 21 ).

The ridges 20 may also allow positioning of the relatively thick light sources 200 to such that the outer dimensions of the device 900 may be optimized and/or minimized. The ridges 20 may be positioned with respect to the other components of the device 900 such that the outer dimensions of the device 900 may be optimized and/or minimized.

The device 900 may further comprise a battery, data processing and/or telecommunications module 600 . The device 900 may be portable. The device 900 may comprise telecommunications capabilities. The device 900 may be e.g. a mobile phone, and/or a computer.

Yet, the device 900 may be a personal digital assistant (PDA), a communicator, a navigation instrument, a digital camera, a video recording/playback device, an electronic wallet, an electronic ticket, an audio recording/playback device, a game device, a measuring instrument, and/or a controller for a machine.

Referring to FIGS. 22 a and 22 b , the light distributing device 100 may comprise one or more openings 52 to locally prevent coupling of light from the ridge 22 to a portion 54 of the planar waveguide 10 a . The ridge side wall of the opening 52 may be located to the side of the ridge and arranged to reflect light back into the ridge 20 by total internal reflection. The width w 6 of the opening 52 may be greater than the wavelength of the light, e.g. greater than or equal to 1 μm. To facilitate manufacturing, the width w 6 of the opening 52 may be greater than or equal to the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 a . The opening 52 may be implemented e.g. by die-cutting.

Referring to FIGS. 23 a and 23 b , the light distributing device 100 may comprise one or more depressions 50 a , 50 b to locally reduce coupling of light from the ridge to the planar waveguide 10 a , 10 b . To the first approximation, the optical power coupled through the depression 50 a , 50 b per unit length of the ridge 20 is proportional to the height h 5 of the depression 50 a , 50 b . The height h 5 may be selected to be different at different distances x from the end of the common portion 23 ( FIG. 8 b ). The height h 5 may be smaller than or equal to the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 a . The height h 5 may be e.g. greater than or equal to 0.1 times the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 a . The width w 5 of the depression 50 a , 50 b may be greater than the wavelength of the light, e.g. greater than or equal to 1 μm. To facilitate manufacturing, the width w 6 of the depression 50 a , 50 b may be greater than or equal to the thickness h 1 of the planar waveguide 10 a.

Referring to FIG. 24 , the direction of the incoming light beam B 1 may be at a non-zero horizontal angle γ 8 with respect to the longitudinal direction SX of the ridge 20 such that also the majority of the light rays propagate at an non-zero angle β 1 with respect to the longitudinal direction inside the ridge 20 , i.e. with respect to the centerline 21 of the ridge 20 . The light rays coupled from the ridge 20 to the planar waveguide 10 may be considered to constitute at least locally a light beam B 3 . The light beam B 3 has a non-zero angle α 1 with respect to the longitudinal direction.

The light distributing device 100 may comprise one or more diffractive out-coupling portions 30 . An out-coupling portion 30 may have diffractive features which are at an angle γ 1 with respect to the longitudinal direction SX. The angle β 1 and/or the angle γ 1 may be selected to optimize the direction and/or the intensity of an out-coupled beam B 4 diffracted by the portion 30 ( FIG. 3 ). For example, the angle β 1 and/or the angle γ 1 may be selected to substantially maximize the intensity of the beam B 4 .

The local coupling efficiency near the first end of the common portion 23 may be maximized by maximizing the angle γ 8 of the incoming beam B 1 such that at least 70% of the light coupled through the end 22 of the ridge 20 fulfills the criterion for total internal reflection. The local coupling efficiency is herein defined to be the ratio of coupled optical intensity in the planar waveguide to the intensity in the ridge, at a distance x from the end of the common portion 23 .

On the other hand, a more uniform intensity distribution in the planar waveguide 10 may be attained by selecting a small angle γ 8 of the incoming beam B 1 .

In order to facilitate coupling between the ridge 20 and the waveguide 10 , the angle γ 8 between the average direction of the beam B 1 and the longitudinal direction SX may be greater than three times arctan(w 2 /L 3 ) and/or greater than three times arctan (h 2 /L 3 ).

In order to facilitate coupling between the ridge 20 and the waveguide 10 , the horizontal divergence γ 9 of the beam B 1 may be greater than three times arctan(w 2 /L 3 ) and/or vertical divergence φ 9 of the beam B 1 may be greater than three times arctan (h 2 /L 3 ).

In order to facilitate coupling between the ridge 20 and the waveguide 10 , the angle β 1 between the average direction of the beam B 2 and the longitudinal direction may be greater than three times arctan(w 2 /L 3 ) and/or greater than three times arctan (h 2 /L 3 ).

In order to facilitate coupling between the ridge 20 and the waveguide 10 , the horizontal divergence of the beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 may be greater than three times arctan(w 2 /L 3 ) and/or the vertical divergence of the beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 may be greater than three times arctan (h 2 /L 3 ).

The end 22 of the ridge 20 may be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction SX. Alternatively, the end 22 may be substantially inclined with respect to longitudinal direction SX in order to change the direction of the beam B 2 in the ridge 20 . The end 22 may be substantially planar. Alternatively, the end 22 may have a convex or a concave form to affect the divergence of the beam B 2 coupled into the ridge 20 .

FIG. 25 a shows light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b adapted to enhance coupling of light from the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 . One or more light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b may be implemented on the walls of the ridge 20 . The light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b may be e.g. diffraction gratings and/or prisms adapted to direct the light of the beam B 2 towards the common portion 23 .

In general, the light distributing features 40 a , 40 b may be adapted to increase the angle β 1 or angles between the light rays LR of the beam B 2 and the centerline 21 of the ridge 20 . The increase of said angle β 1 enhances coupling of light from the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 .

Also the walls of the ridge 20 may be inclined such that coupling of light from the ridge 20 to the planar waveguide 10 is enhanced.

Light may be coupled from the ridge 20 to the waveguide 10 if the incoming beam has a substantial divergence φ 9 , γ 9 , if the angle β 1 is substantially different from zero, and/or if the ridge 20 comprises light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b.

The light redistributing feature 40 a or 40 b may also be a curved portion of the ridge 20 . Referring to FIG. 25 b , the ridge 20 may comprise one or more curved portions 20 d to increase an angle between light rays LR waveguided inside the ridge 20 and the centerline 21 of the ridge 20 . Thus, the curved portion 20 d enhances coupling of light out of the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 . The centerline 21 is drawn only partially in FIG. 25 b to preserve the clarity of the FIG. 25 b.

The light redistributing feature 40 a or 40 b may also be a tapered portion of the ridge 20 . Referring to FIG. 25 c , the ridge 20 may have a tapered portion 20 f to increase an angle between light rays waveguided inside the ridge 20 and the centerline 21 of the ridge 20 . Thus, the tapered portion 20 f enhances coupling of light out of the ridge 20 into the planar waveguide 10 . In particular, the tapered portion 20 f may increase the divergence of the beam B 2 propagating in the ridge 20 . The tapered portion 20 f may be vertically, horizontally and/or conically tapered. The whole ridge 20 may be tapered.

Referring to FIG. 26 , the light distributing device 100 may comprise a first ridge 20 a to provide a first beam B 3 a propagating in the planar waveguide, and a second ridge 20 b to provide a second beam B 3 b propagating in the planar waveguide such that the first and the second beams have different directions a 1 , a 2 with respect to the longitudinal direction SX of the first ridge 20 a . The light distributing device 100 may comprise two or more separately controlled light sources 200 a , 200 b . Light provided by a first light source 200 a , may be coupled to the first ridge 20 a , and light provided by a second light source 200 b , may be coupled to the second ridge 20 b.

The light distributing device 100 may further comprise at least two diffractive out-coupling portions 30 a , 30 b . The direction of the diffractive features of a first portion 30 a may be defined by an angle γ 1 l and the direction of the diffractive features of a second portion 30 b may be defined by an angle γ 2 .

The angles α 1 , α 2 , γ 1 , γ 2 may be selected such that light provided by the first light source 200 a and coupled out by the first out-coupling portion 30 a has substantially greater intensity than light provided by the first light source 200 a and coupled out by the second out-coupling portion 30 b . Respectively, light provided by the second light source 200 b and coupled out by the second out-coupling portion 30 b may have substantially greater intensity than light provided by the second light source 200 b and coupled out by the first out-coupling portion 30 a.

Referring to FIG. 27 , a first light source 200 a may be coupled to a first end 22 a of a ridge 20 , and a second light source 200 b may be coupled to a second end 22 b of a ridge 20 such that a first beam B 3 a provided by the first light source 200 a propagates in a first directional and a second beam B 3 b provided by a second light source 200 b propagates in a second direction α 2 .

The light distributing device 100 may further comprise at least two diffractive out-coupling portions 30 a , 30 b . The direction of the diffractive features of a first portion 30 a may be defined by an angle γ 1 and the direction of the diffractive features of a second portion 30 b may be defined by an angle γ 2 .

The angles α 1 , α 2 , γ 1 , γ 2 may be selected such that light provided by the first light source 200 a and coupled out by the first out-coupling portion 30 a has substantially greater intensity than light provided by the first light source 200 a and coupled out by the second out-coupling portion 30 b . Respectively, light provided by the second light source 200 b and coupled out by the second out-coupling portion 30 b may have substantially greater intensity than light provided by the second light source 200 b and coupled out by the first out-coupling portion 30 a.

The first 30 a and the second out-coupling portion 30 b may be adjacent to or near each other. The first 30 a and the second out-coupling portion 30 b may be divided into sub-portions, and the sub-portions of the first out-coupling portion 30 a may be interlaced with the sub-portions of the second out-coupling portion 30 b . The sub-portions may be e.g. pixels or stripes which together constitute a pattern or a character. The first 30 a and the second out-coupling portion 30 b may also be partially or completely overlapping.

Thus, for example, the device 900 of FIG. 21 may have at least two modes of operation. In a first mode light is coupled out by a first group of out-coupling portions 30 a associated with a first visual appearance of the keyset ( 300 ), and in a second mode light is coupled out by a second group of out-coupling portions 30 b associated with a second visual appearance of the keyset ( 300 ). The different visual appearances may e.g. correspond to a vertical and a horizontal orientation of a handheld device 900 with respect to a viewer.

The light distributing device 100 may be optimized to operate at a predetermined wavelength λ selected from the range of visible wavelengths 400-760 nm. The light distributing device 100 may be optimized to operate at the whole range of visible wavelengths 400-760 nm.

The substantially planar surface of the planar waveguide 10 , 10 a , 10 b may have one or more out-coupling portions 30 , 30 a , 30 b.

The out-coupling portion 30 and/or light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b may be e.g. a diffractive grating, prism or mirror embossed, molded or attached on, or embedded in the planar waveguide 10 , 10 a , 10 b or in the ridge 20 . The out-coupling element 30 may also be a rough portion of the surface. The out-coupling element 30 may also be a substantially transparent object which is in contact with surface of the planar waveguide 10 causing local frustration of total internal reflection.

The diffraction gratings of out-coupling portions 30 and/or light redistributing features 40 a , 40 b may have a grating constant selected e.g. from the range of 0.4-4 μm.

Referring to FIG. 28 , the planar waveguide 10 of the light-distributing device 100 may comprise one or more out-coupling elements 30 to couple light out of the plane of the planar waveguide 10 . An angle γ 3 between average direction of the out-coupled beam B 4 and the vertical direction SZ, may be in the range of 0 to 70 degrees, in particular in the range of 0 to 40 degrees. Respectively, an angle γ 4 between the average direction of a beam B 4 and the plane of the planar waveguide 10 may be in the range of 20 to 90 degrees, in particular in the range of 50 to 90 degrees.

The light distributing device 100 may also be used e.g. to distribute light into a plurality of further waveguides, devices or optical components, which may be positioned near or in contact with the edges of the planar waveguide 10 , in contact with the surface of the planar waveguide 10 , and/or near the out-coupling elements 30 .

The light distributing device 100 may also be used to provide light-emitting signs. The signs may be e.g. extremely lightweight “fasten seatbelt” signs for airplanes, or luminous highway traffic signs. In other words, a light-emitting sign may comprise a light distributing device 100 , wherein the visual appearance of a light emitting portion or portions may be defined by the perimeter of one or more out-coupling elements 30 , or by a mask superposed over one or more out-coupling elements 30 . The signs may have two or more light-emitting modes and different visual appearances, as described above with reference to FIGS. 26 and 27 .

For the person skilled in the art, it will be clear that modifications and variations of the devices and method according to the present invention are perceivable. All drawings are schematic. The particular embodiments described above with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only and not meant to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.