Method of imaging an extremity of a patient

The present disclosure relates to medical imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and, more particularly, relates to a method for imaging a limb of a patient to determine characteristics of a bone or joint.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

Anatomical imaging is often performed prior to surgical procedures. MRI, CT or x-ray is often performed, for instance, before implantation of a prosthetic joint, such as a knee joint. The MRI, CT or x-ray image illustrates the joint, allowing doctors to study the joint prior to surgery. Furthermore, cut guides and/or anatomically matching instrumentation can be generated according to the images. As such, the components of the prosthetic device are more likely to be properly aligned, thereby improving comfort and performance for the patient, decreasing wear of the prosthetic components, and increasing longevity of the components.

In the case of a knee joint, it can be preferable for the reconstructed knee to fulfill a number of anatomical relationships. For instance, the mechanical axis of the leg, which extends from the center of the femoral head (i.e., the acetabulum head of the femur) to the center of the ankle, should pass through the middle of the knee joint. The axis of the femur should be inclined at a predetermined “valgus” angle (e.g., 7 degrees) with the mechanical axis of the leg. Furthermore, the axis of the tibia should be collinear with the mechanical axis of the leg. In addition, the mechanical axis of the leg, the axis of the femur, and the axis of the tibia should lie in a common plane when the leg is straightened. MRI, CT, x-ray or fluoroscopic imaging helps in analyzing the knee joint and to plan for surgery to repair the knee joint in order that the prosthesis achieves these and other relationships. More specifically, the MRI, CT, x-ray or fluoroscopic image can help in designing cut guides and planning other surgical procedures such that forces in the leg are transferred through the prosthetic components along the mechanical axis of the leg, from the center of the femoral head, through the middle of the knee joint, and to the ankle.

In the case of a knee joint prosthesis, an MRI, CT, x-ray or fluoroscopic image is often taken of multiple areas of the leg. More specifically, an MRI, CT or fluoroscopic image is taken of the knee joint where the prosthetic components will be implanted. Separate images may be generated for areas spaced away from the knee joint as well. For instance, images are generated for the hip and/or the ankle in order to obtain a more complete analysis of the leg and to locate the centers of the hip joint and ankle joint.

However, this type of imaging can take a long time and can be a complex process. Specifically, in the case of MRI, the patient is positioned in an MRI system, an MRI imaging coil is placed over the target area of the body, and the MRI image is taken of that target area. Then, the body is moved to align the next target area of the body with the MRI imaging coil, and another MRI image is taken. Thus, in the above examples, the knee, hip and ankle are imaged separately. Several MRIs may be necessary, and if the patient moves, the images may be degraded.

A method of imaging a body part of a patient can include, locating a first anatomical reference area of the body part. A second anatomical reference area of the body part can then be located. A third anatomical reference area of the body part can be located, the second anatomical reference area being generally between the first and third anatomical reference areas. A first, second and third set of image data from the first, second and third anatomical reference areas can be acquired. The first, second and third sets of image data can then be compiled to produce a legend or map of the body part. The map can have positional information of the first, second and third anatomical reference areas relative to each other. Fourth, fifth and sixth sets of image data of the first, second and third body parts, respectively can be acquired. The fourth, fifth and sixth sets of image data can have increased image information relative to the first, second and third sets of image data, respectively. The locations of the fourth, fifth and sixth set of image data relative to the first, second and third sets of image data can be correlated using the map. A characteristic of the body part can then be determined based on the correlation.

According to other features, acquiring the first, second and third sets of image data can include acquiring only ten or less images for each of the first, second and third sets of image data. In other features, a localizer scan is performed on each of the first, second and third anatomical reference areas prior to acquiring the first, second and third sets of image data. According to other features, the fifth set of image data is a bulk image scan of the second anatomical reference area comprising a greater quantity of image scans as compared to corresponding image scans acquired with the second set of image data. The fourth and sixth set of image scans each comprise a greater quantity of image scans as compared to the image scans acquired with the first and third sets of image data, respectively. The first, second and third anatomical reference areas can include an ankle, knee and hip respectively.

According to other features, the patient can be secured to a table, such that the patient's first, second and third anatomical reference areas are immobilized relative to the table during the acquiring of the first, second and third sets of image data. According to the present teachings, the patient can move relative to the table between the acquiring of the third and fourth sets of image data. Similarly, the patient is free to move relative to the table between the acquiring of the fourth and fifth sets of image data and the patient is free to move relative to the table between the acquiring of the fifth and sixth sets of image data.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the described method is not limited to solely the knee joint.

The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of a patient and an exemplary MRI system;

FIG. 2 is a lateral view of the patient's ankle joint, knee joint and hip joint;

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of an exemplary work station used during acquisition of image data by the MRI system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 4 is a perspective pictorial representation of image data sets taken at the ankle joint, knee joint and hip joint of the patient of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 5 is a perspective pictorial representation of detailed scans taken of the ankle joint, knee joint and hip joint of the patient of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 6 is a pictorial representation of the detailed data sets taken in FIG. 5 and being correlated with the legend generated from the scans taken in FIG. 4 ; and

FIG. 7 is an exemplary method of imaging a body part according to the present teachings.

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. It will be appreciated that while specific reference is made to first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth scans, these terms do not necessarily refer to a predetermined sequence or number of events and that these scans may be performed in various sequential orders. Furthermore, while the following discussion is directed to MRI imaging, other imaging such as, but not limited to, CT or X-ray imaging may be used.

As will be discussed, the method according to the present teachings can be used for indicating features of a body part, such as a knee joint of a leg. With initial reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the present method will be described in the context of a leg 10 of a patient 12 . It is appreciated that the following teachings are applicable to other body parts or joint axis, such as, but not limited to, an elbow joint of an arm. At the outset, a medical technician identifies a first anatomical reference area 14 , a second anatomical reference area 16 and a third anatomical reference area 18 . In the present example, the first, second and third anatomical reference areas 14 , 16 and 18 , correspond to an ankle joint 20 , a knee joint 22 and a hip joint 24 , respectively.

Referring now to FIGS. 1-4 , a method of imaging the knee joint 22 according to the present teachings will be described. In some embodiments of the present method, an initial localizer scan is performed for each of the first, second and third anatomical reference areas 14 , 16 and 18 , respectively. As is known in the art, a localizer scan can be used to determine structural information about the scanned reference area. Spatial locations of the respective ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 relative to each other can be determined, such that subsequent scans (as will be described) will be taken at the correct location. In one example, prior to performing the localizer scans, a center point 30 , 32 and 34 of each of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 can be determined. It will be understood that the center point 32 of the knee joint 22 will coincide with the joint line of the knee, and thus by locating the center point 32 of the knee joint 22 , the joint line of the knee can be located. The center points 30 and 32 can also be marked on the patient's skin for future reference.

Next, localizer scans can be performed at the first, second and third anatomical reference areas 14 , 16 and 18 , such as at the center points 30 , 32 and 34 of the respective ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 . The localizer scans can be performed using an MRI system 40 ( FIG. 1 ). In one example, the ankle joint 20 can be positioned relative to the imaging coil 42 . An MRI emitter 44 can then be energized to acquire a localizer image or images of the ankle joint 20 . Next, the knee joint 22 can be positioned relative to the imaging coil 42 , the MRI emitter 44 energized, and a localizer image or images of the knee joint 22 can be acquired. Next, the hip joint 24 can be positioned relative to the imaging coil 42 , the MRI emitter 44 energized, and a localizer image or images of the hip joint 24 can be acquired. It will be understood that while the patient 12 has been illustrated in FIG. 1 resting on a table 48 and the MRI system 40 is shown as three distinct illustrations, it is appreciated that the MRI system 40 can comprise a single unit and the table 48 can be configured to move horizontally through the imaging coil 42 , such that sequential images of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 can be acquired from one MRI system 40 .

It will also be understood that the leg of the patient 12 should remain still relative to the table 48 during the entire sequence of conducting localizer scans of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 .

As illustrated in FIG. 3 , the respective localizer scans can be sent to a work station 50 . The work station 50 can facilitate the display of localizer scan information 52 onto a display device 54 . In some examples, a user interface 56 can be provided that allows a physician or medical technician to provide inputs to control the MRI system 40 . Once the localizer scans have been performed, the localizer scan information 52 can be used to determine the spatial relationship between the respective ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 . This information can be used to determine, for example, how far horizontally the table 48 must translate between the following scans that are performed of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 .

With specific reference now to FIGS. 1 , 2 and 4 , creation of a legend or map of the leg 10 according to the present teachings will be described. The ankle joint 20 is positioned relative to the imaging coil 42 , and the MRI emitter 44 energized while the patient 12 remains immobile relative to the table 48 to produce a first image data set 60 ( FIG. 4 ) of the ankle joint 20 (i.e., at the first anatomical reference area 14 ). According to the present teachings, the first image data set 60 can be a series of planar images or slices 62 A, 62 B each taken through an identified plane of the ankle joint 20 . While the image slices 62 A and 62 B are shown in the axial plane, image slices through other planes such as the sagittal plane or coronal plane may be acquired. In other examples, the first image data set 60 can be a series of planar images taken through non-parallel planes (i.e., any combination of images through the axial, sagittal or coronal planes) of the ankle joint 20 . According to the present teachings, the first series of slices 62 A, 62 B can be a minimal amount of slices, such as less than ten slices for example. While only two slices are shown in FIG. 4 associated with the ankle joint 20 , it is appreciated that additional or fewer slices may be acquired.

Next, the knee joint 22 of the patient 12 is aligned with the imaging coil 42 and MRI emitter 44 while the patient 12 remains immobile relative to the table 48 . The MRI emitter 44 is energized to produce a second image data set 64 of the knee joint 22 (i.e., the second anatomical reference area 16 ). According to the present teachings, the second image data set 64 can be a series of planar images or slices 66 A, 66 B, 66 C and 66 D. In one example, the slices 66 A and 66 B can be taken through the tibia and the slices 66 C and 66 D can be taken through the femur. Again, as described above, the image slices 66 A, 66 B, 66 C and 66 D can comprise any combination of image slices taken through the axial, sagittal or coronal planes. In this way, the second image data set 64 can be a series of planar images taken through non-parallel planes of the knee joint 22 . According to the present teachings, the second series of slices 66 A, 66 B, 66 C and 66 D can be a minimal amount of slices, such as less than ten slices for example. While only four slices are shown in FIG. 4 , it is appreciated that additional or fewer slices may be acquired.

Next, the hip joint 24 of the patient 12 is within the field of view of the imaging coil 42 and the MRI emitter 44 . Again, the patient 12 is immobilized relative to the table 44 . The MRI emitter 44 is then energized to produce a third image data set 70 of the hip joint 24 (i.e., the third anatomical reference area 18 ). According to the present teachings, the third image data set 70 can be a series of planar images or slices 72 A and 72 B, each taken through the axial plane of the hip joint 22 or any combination of the axial, sagittal or coronal planes. In this way, the third image data set can be a series of planar images taken through non-parallel planes of the hip joint 24 . According to the present teachings, the third series of slices 72 A and 72 B can be a minimal amount of slices, such as less than ten slices for example. While only two slices are shown in FIG. 4 at the hip joint 24 , it is appreciated that additional or fewer slices may be acquired. Again, it will be understood that the patient 12 is immobilized through the entire sequence of acquisition of all the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 . Because only a minimal amount of image slices are taken to acquire the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 , the patient 12 is only required to remain still for a relatively short period of time. Once the scans have been completed, the patient 12 is now free to move from the table 48 if desired.

With the respective first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 , a medical technician can use the work station 50 to determine the location of the respective ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 relative to each other. This information (i.e., the first, second and third data sets 60 , 64 and 70 ) can be utilized collectively to create a legend or map 73 for a medical technician to correlate more detailed image scans that can be acquired subsequently as will be described.

Once the legend 73 has been created, the patient 12 returns to the table 48 for acquisition of a detail scan for one of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 or hip joint 24 . In one example, to acquire a detail scan, the imaging coil 42 of the MRI system 40 is aligned with the ankle joint 20 and a detail scan 74 ( FIG. 5 ) is performed to create a fourth image data set 76 of the ankle joint 20 . The ankle detail scan 74 can comprise acquisition of a series of image slices ( 74 A, 74 B . . . 74 X). As can be appreciated, the fourth image data set 76 has more image slices and therefore increased image information relative to the first image data set 60 . Once the fourth image data set 76 has been acquired, the patient 12 is able to move relative to the table 48 if desired. Once it is time for the next image data acquisition, the patient 12 is immobilized relative to the table 48 . Next, the knee joint 22 is aligned with the imaging coil 42 and MRI emitter 44 . The MRI emitter 44 is then energized to produce a high resolution knee detail scan 78 and a fifth image data set 80 of the knee joint 24 . The high resolution knee scan 78 can comprise acquisition of a series of image slices 78 A, 78 B . . . 78 X. According to one example of the present teachings, instead of using the imaging coil 42 and MRI emitter 44 , a send/receive coil can be used to acquire the detail scan of the knee joint 22 (and/or the ankle joint 20 , and/or the hip joint 24 ).

Once the high resolution knee detail scan 78 has been acquired, the patient 12 is again free to move relative to the table 48 . Once it is time to acquire the next image data set, the patient 12 is immobilized relative to the table 48 . The hip joint 24 of the patient 12 is then aligned with the imaging coil 42 of the MRI emitter 44 and a hip detail scan 82 is performed to create a sixth image data set 84 . The hip detail scan 82 can comprise acquisition of a series of image slices 82 A, 82 B . . . 82 X. Once acquisition of the hip detail scan 82 has been completed, the image scanning is completed and the patient 12 is then free to move away from the table 48 .

Turning now to FIG. 6 , using the work station 50 , a medical technician will be able to correlate the locations of the fourth, fifth and sixth set of image data 76 , 80 and 84 of the respective ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 , and hip joint 24 relative to the first image data set 60 , second image data set 64 and third image data set 70 , respectively. Explained further, since the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 are acquired when the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 are all fixed relative to each other, the position of each of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 relative to each other is known. Because of this relationship between the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 , the fourth, fifth and sixth image data sets 76 , 80 and 84 can be related to the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 independently. For example, the fourth image data set 76 can be compared to the first image data set 60 and since the second and third image data sets 60 and 64 were acquired while the knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 were fixed relative to the ankle joint 20 , the positional relationship of the fourth image data set 76 relative to the second and third image data sets 64 and 70 is also known.

Thus, by first creating the legend or map 73 of the patient's leg 10 , subsequent scans (the fourth, fifth and sixth image data sets 76 , 80 and 84 ) can be overlaid ( FIG. 6 ) and placed in the proper location/orientation. This can allow movement of the patient 12 relative to the table 48 between scans (i.e., the fourth and fifth scans 74 and 78 and the fifth and sixth scans 78 and 82 ) and while only requiring the patient 12 to remain still for shorter separate periods of time (the time required during the entire sequence of acquisition of the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 and the individual time needed for acquisition of the fourth, fifth and sixth image data sets 76 , 80 and 84 ).

With reference now to FIG. 7 , one exemplary method of imaging a body part of a patient 12 is shown and generally identified at reference numeral 100 . In block 102 , the legend or map 73 is created using the first, second and third image data sets 60 , 64 and 70 to create a map of the patient's leg, including relative locations of the ankle joint 20 , knee joint 22 and hip joint 24 . Once the legend 73 has been created in block 102 , the patient 12 is allowed to move relative to the table 48 as much or as little as they need in block 104 . In block 106 , the ankle detail scan 74 is conducted. It is appreciated that the patient 12 is immobilized relative to the table 48 during acquisition of the ankle detail scan 74 in block 106 . Once the ankle detail scan 74 has concluded, if desired, the patient 12 again is free to move relative to the table 48 in block 108 . Next, the knee detail scan 78 is performed in block 110 . It is appreciated that the patient 12 remain immobilized relative to the table 48 during acquisition of the knee detail scan 78 . Once the knee detail scan 78 has concluded in block 110 , the patient 12 , if desired, is again free to move in block 112 . Next, a hip detail scan 82 is performed in block 114 . Again, it is appreciated that the patient 12 remain immobilized relative to the table 48 during acquisition of the hip detail scan 82 . In block 116 , the respective ankle, knee and hip detail scans 74 , 78 and 82 are compared to the legend 73 to determine the orientation of the ankle, knee and hip detail scans 74 , 78 and 82 with respect to the legend 73 . The ankle, knee and hip detail scans 74 , 78 and 82 are then compiled in block 118 . In block 120 , a characteristic of the limb is determined based on the compilation. Again, the characteristic can be any combination of joint or bone characteristics such as a mechanical axis of the leg, the axis of the femur, the axis of the tibia and others.

Moreover, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined in the following claims. For instance, the sequence of the blocks of the method described herein can be changed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.