MIMO/transmit diversity channel estimation

The present invention relates generally to determining channel estimates for a MIMO communication system, and more particularly to determining such channel estimates in slow and fast fading conditions.

Release 7 of the UMTS standard uses a common 256-chip spreading sequence to generate an extended 512-chip spreading sequence for pilot signals generated by respective transmitters in a Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication system. To distinguish between the transmitters, the polarity of the common spreading sequence in the extended spreading sequence is alternated every 256 chips for one transmitter relative to the other transmitter. This produces two mutually orthogonal 512-chip spreading sequences for the pilot signals.

The receiver may despread the received signal using the extended 512-chip spreading sequences to determine the channel estimates for each pilot signal. This process provides one channel estimate for every 512 chips of each pilot signal. For a pilot signal having ten symbol periods per slot, where each symbol period contains 256 chips, this process provides five channel estimates per slot for each pilot signal. Conventional systems average the five channel estimates over the slot to gain a slot-specific channel estimate with reduced noise and/or interference.

The slot-specific channel estimates resulting from the above-described process typically have sufficient accuracy for slow fading conditions, but not for fast fading conditions. Thus, there remains a need for determining accurate channel estimates under fast fading conditions in MIMO communication systems.

The present invention despreads a received signal over both long and short despreading periods to determine channel estimates for multiple pilot signals that are sufficient for both slow and fast fading conditions. More particularly, a wireless receive station according to the present invention receives a signal comprising multiple pilot signals from multiple different transmit antennas of a transmit station in a MIMO communication system. A despreader determines an average channel estimate for each of the pilot signals over an extended period comprising multiple symbol periods by despreading the received signal over the extended period using mutually orthogonal extended spreading sequences. The despreader further determines a combined channel estimate for each symbol period of the extended period by despreading the received signal over each symbol period using a common spreading sequence. Based on the average and combined channel estimates, a signal processor determines individual channel estimates for each pilot signal over each symbol period of the extended period. For example, the signal processor may solve a system of linear equations based on the average and combined channel estimates to determine the individual channel estimates.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary MIMO communication system.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show exemplary extended spreading sequences for two pilot signals transmitted by two antennas.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a receive station according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a process according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows exemplary extended spreading sequences for four pilot signals transmitted by four antennas.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a MIMO communication system 10 . Communication system 10 comprises a transmit station 20 and a receive station 30 . The transmit station 20 may comprise a base station and the receive station 30 may comprise a wireless communication device, or vice versa. The transmit station 20 transmits wireless signals from multiple transmit antennas 22 to multiple receive antennas 32 of the receive station 30 . It will be appreciated that while FIG. 1 only shows transmitting wireless signals from two transmit antennas 22 a , 22 b to two receive antennas 32 a , 32 b , MIMO communication system 10 may transmit wireless signals from any number of transmit antennas 22 to any number of receive antennas 32 . It will also be appreciated that the present invention applies to Multiple-Input, Single-Output (MISO) communication systems that implement transmit diversity.

The transmit station 20 may transmit pilot signals from each antenna 22 to provide a receive station 30 with known data. The receive station 30 may use the received pilot signals to determine channel estimates for the wireless communication channels between each transmit and receive antenna 22 , 32 . The receive station 30 may use the determined channel estimates, for example, to improve signal quality and suppress interference. To enable the receive station 30 to distinguish channel estimates associated with different pilot signals, the transmit station 20 transmits mutually orthogonal pilot signals from different transmit antennas 22 . For simplicity, the following discussion focuses on two pilot signals s 1 , s 2 generated by the transmit station 20 using two mutually orthogonal spreading sequences, transmitted by respective transmit antennas 22 a , 22 b , and received by one receive antenna 32 a.

For UMTS, the transmit station 20 generates the orthogonal pilot signals using an extended 512-chip spreading sequence derived from a common 256-chip spreading sequence SS comm . The polarity of the common spreading sequence may be alternated every 256 chips of an extended 512-chip period for one transmit antenna 22 a relative to the other transmit antenna 22 b . This produces two mutually orthogonal extended spreading sequences. The transmit station 20 uses the extended spreading sequences to generate the pilot signals s 1 and s 2 .

FIGS. 2A and 2B show exemplary extended spreading sequences 40 , 42 used to generate pilot signals for transmission from different transmit antennas 22 . For this example, SS comm spans one symbol period 44 , and the extended spreading sequences span an extended period 46 comprising two symbol periods 44 . To ensure mutual orthogonality between the transmitted pilot signals, one extended spreading sequence alternates the polarity of the common spreading sequence SS comm over the extended period 46 relative to the other spreading sequence. For example, the extended spreading sequence 40 for the first transmit antenna 22 a ( FIG. 2A ) may comprise two aggregated copies of SS comm having a common polarity, while the extended spreading sequence 42 for the second transmit antenna 22 b ( FIG. 2B ) may comprise two aggregated copies of SS comm having opposite polarity. The resulting spreading sequences 40 , 42 are mutually orthogonal over the extended period 46 . Using these mutually orthogonal spreading sequences, the transmit station 20 may generate mutually orthogonal pilot signals s 1 , s 2 for transmission by different transmit antennas 22 a , 22 b to the receive station 30 .

The receive station 30 receives the pilot signals as a combined signal at one receive antenna 32 a , and determines channel estimates based on the received signal. For example, receive station 30 may determine channel estimates for the channel corresponding to s 1 and for the channel corresponding to s 2 by despreading the received signal using the extended 512-chip spreading sequences. This process provides one channel estimate for every 512 chips of each pilot signal. For a pilot signal having ten symbol periods per slot, where each symbol period contains 256 chips, this process provides five channel estimates per slot for each pilot signal. Such channel estimates are typically sufficient under slow fading conditions. However, under fast fading conditions, such channel estimates do not have sufficient accuracy. For fast fading conditions, it is desirable to have individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of each pilot signal. However, because the pilot signals are not mutually orthogonal over the symbol period 44 , despreading the received signal over the symbol period 44 does not provide the desired individual channel estimates.

The present invention addresses this problem by despreading the received signal over both the extended and symbol periods to determine individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 for each pilot signal. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary receive station 30 for implementing the present invention, while FIG. 4 shows an exemplary process 100 implemented by the receive station 30 . Receive station 30 comprises a receiver front end 34 and a channel estimation unit comprising a despreader 36 and a signal processor 38 . The receiver front end 34 receives a wireless signal comprising the pilot signals s 1 and s 2 (block 110 ), and filters, downconverts, and amplifies the received signal. The despreader 36 despreads the received signal output by the receiver front end 34 using the extended spreading sequences (block 120 ) to determine a first set of despread pilot signals over the extended period 46 . Further, the despreader 36 despreads the received signal using the common spreading sequence to determine a second set of despread pilot signals over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 (block 130 ). The signal processor 38 processes the first set of despread pilot signals to determine average channel estimates over the extended period 46 for each pilot signal, and processes the second set of despread pilot signals to determine combined channel estimates over each symbol period 44 . The signal processor 38 subsequently processes the average and combined channel estimates to determine individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 for each pilot signal (block 140 ). This process may be repeated for the remaining extended periods of the received signal.

More particularly, despreader 36 despreads the received signal over the extended period 46 using the mutually orthogonal spreading sequences discussed above, and the signal processor 38 processes the resulting despread pilot signals to determine average channel estimates over the extended period 46 for the pilot signals. For example, the received signal may be despread over an extended period 46 using the extended spreading sequence associated with the first transmit antenna 22 a (see FIG. 2A ) to determine an average channel estimate c 1 for s 1 over the extended period 46 . The received signal may also be despread over the extended period 46 using the extended spreading sequence associated with the second transmit antenna 22 b (see FIG. 2B ) to determined an average channel estimate c 2 for s 2 over the extended period 46 . Equation (1) shows the resulting average channel estimates c 1 , c 2 .

c _ 1 = c 1 + Δ 1 2 ⁢

⁢ c _ 2 = c 2 + Δ 2 2 ( 1 )

In Equation (1), Δ 1 and Δ 2 represent the dynamic change in the channel estimates between the symbol periods 44 for respective pilot signals s 1 , s 2 . The channel estimates in Equation (1) represent average channel estimates for the extended period 46 . As discussed above, the average channel estimates do not provide the actual channel estimate (c 1 or c 2 ) for a first symbol period 44 a of the extended period 46 . Further, neither estimate provides the actual channel estimate (c 1 +Δ 1 or c 2 +Δ 2 ) for a subsequent symbol period 44 b of the extended period 46 .

To address this problem, the despreader 36 also despreads the received signal over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 using the common spreading sequence SS comm , and the signal processor 38 processes the resulting despread pilot signals to generate the combined channel estimates c 1,comb and c 2,comb given by Equation (2).

c 1,comb =c 1 +c 2

c 2,comb =c 1 +Δ 1 −c 2 −Δ 2   (2)

More particularly, the received signal is despread over a first symbol period 44 a of the extended period 46 using SS comm to generate c 1,comb , and is despread over a subsequent symbol period 44 b of the extended period 46 using SS comm to generate c 2,comb . The signal processor 38 processes the average and combined channel estimates c 1 , c 2 , c 1,comb , and c 2,comb to solve for the four unknowns: c 1 , c 2 , Δ 1 , and Δ 2 . In so doing, the signal processor 38 determines individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 for both s 1 and s 2 .

Signal processor 38 may process the average and combined channel estimates c 1 , c 2 , c 1,comb , and c 2,comb using a system of linear equations to solve for the four unknowns c 1 , c 2 , Δ 1 , and Δ 2 . Equations (1) and (2) may be collectively written in matrix form as:

[ 1 1 0 0 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 ] ⁡ [ c 1 c 2 Δ 1 Δ 2 ] = [ c 1 , comb c 2 , comb c _ 1 c _ 2 ] . ( 3 )

Equation (3) may be rewritten as:

[ c 1 c 2 Δ 1 Δ 2 ] = [ 1 2 - 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 1 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 0 2 - 1 - 1 2 0 ] ⁡ [ c 1 , comb c 2 , comb c _ 1 c _ 2 ] . ( 4 )

Signal processor 38 may determine the individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 by solving Equation (4) using the average and combined channel estimates. More particularly, signal processor 38 solves Equation (4) to determine c 1 and c 1 +Δ 1 for consecutive symbol periods 44 a , 44 b of the extended period 46 of the pilot signal associated with the first transmit antenna 22 a , and to determine c 2 and c 2 +Δ 2 for consecutive symbol periods 44 a , 44 b of the extended period 46 of the pilot signal associated with the second transmit antenna 22 b . It will be appreciated that in solving Equation (4), signal processor 38 may also determine the dynamic change (Δ 1 and Δ 2 ) in the channel estimates from one symbol period 42 to the next for the respective pilot signals. The signal processor 38 may further process and/or evaluate Δ 1 and Δ 2 to determine a fading rate for the pilot signals. For example, larger Δ 1 values with respect to c 1 indicate a faster fading channel for s 1 than smaller values.

The present invention provides a despreader 36 and signal processor 38 that determine individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of an extended period 46 for multiple pilot signals when mutually orthogonal extended spreading sequences are used to generate the pilot signals. This enables the receive station 30 to determine a symbol-to-symbol sliding average of the channel estimates for each pilot signal. Such symbol-to-symbol sliding averages are more accurate, and therefore, more appropriate for fast fading conditions than the above-discussed slot-specific channel estimates.

The above describes the invention in terms of an extended period 46 spanning two 256-chip symbol periods 44 . However, it will be appreciated that the present invention may be used with any extended period that spans any number of multiple symbol periods 44 where mutually orthogonal spreading sequences are used over the extended period. For example, when four transmit antennas 22 transmit to one receive antenna 32 , the extended period 46 may span four 256-chip symbol periods 44 , as shown by FIG. 5 . For this example, despreader 36 despreads the received signal output by the receiver front end 34 using the extended spreading sequences to determine a first set of despread pilot signals over the extended period 46 . Further, the despreader 36 despreads the received signal using the common spreading sequence to determine a second set of despread pilot signals over each symbol period 44 a , 44 b , 44 c , 44 d of the extended period 46 . The signal processor 38 processes the first set of despread pilot signals to determine average channel estimates ( c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 ) over the extended period 46 for each pilot signal, and processes the second set of despread pilot signals to determine combined channel estimates (c 1,comb , c 2,comb , c 3,comb , c 4,comb ) over each symbol period 44 a , 44 b , 44 c , 44 d . The signal processor 38 subsequently processes the average and combined channel estimates to determine c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , and c 4 , and Δ 1 , Δ 2 , Δ 3 , and Δ 4 that are used to determine the individual channel estimates over each symbol period 44 of the extended period 46 .

The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other ways than those specifically set forth herein without departing from essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein.