DC/DC converter including a Zener diode having a substantially zero temperature coefficient

This application claims priority to prior Japanese patent application JP 2004-16575, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This invention relates to a DC/DC converter and, in particular, to a step-down DC/DC converter.

In the manner which is well known in the art, the DC/DC converter is a power converter for converting a DC voltage (an input DC voltage) having a voltage level into another DC voltage (an output DC voltage) having anther voltage level. The DC/DC converter is also called a switching regulator, a switching power source, or a ringing choke converter. The DC/DC converter where the output DC voltage has the voltage level higher than that of the input DC voltage is called a step-up DC/DC converter. The DC/DC converter where the output DC voltage has the voltage level lower than that of the input DC voltage is called a step-down DC/DC converter. This invention relates to the step-down DC/DC converter.

The step-down DC/DC converter uses a transistor as a switch, switches the transistor, converts an input DC voltage into an AC voltage, steps the AC voltage down by using a transformer, and rectifiers it to convert an output DC voltage.

In general, the DC/DC converter of the type described comprises a transformer having a primary winding, a secondary winding, and an auxiliary winding. The auxiliary winding is called a feedback winding, a positive feedback winding, a feedback coil, or a base winding. A switching transistor is connected in series to the primary winding of the transformer. By making the switching transistor self-oscillation, energy is transmitted to the secondary winding. The DC/DC converter further comprises a control transistor for turning the switching transistor on or off. A feedback control circuit including a Zener diode is connected between the control transistor and the auxiliary winding.

Various DC/DC converters of the type are already known. By way of example, a switching power source for controlling current characteristics on a primary side is described in Japanese Published Patent Application (A) No. H11-98838 or JP 11-98838 A. The switching power source disclosed in JP 11-98838 A realizes stable performance which is independent of an input voltage and external factors such as environmental temperature. The switching power source uses, as the above-mentioned Zener diode, a diode having a positive temperature coefficient (e.g. a “positive temperature characteristic” where its Zener voltage becomes high when the temperature becomes high). In addition, the switching power source comprises a temperature detecting resistor for correcting variations of the current characteristics due to variations of the environmental temperature. That is, in JP 11-98838 A, the switching power source needs the temperature detecting resistor because of use of the diode having the positive temperature coefficient as the Zener diode.

On the other hand, a ringing choke converter is disclosed in Japanese Published Patent Application (A) No. H8-275523 or JP 8-275523 A. The ringing choke converter disclosed in JP 8-275523 A comprises, as the Zener diode, a diode having a negative temperature coefficient (e.g. a “negative temperature characteristic” where its Zener voltage becomes low when the temperature becomes high). In JP 8-275523 A, the ringing choke converter needs any temperature compensation because of use of the diode having the negative temperature coefficient as the Zener diode.

In addition, a DC/DC converter is disclosed in Japanese Examined Utility Model Application Publication (Y) No. S56-5507 or JP 56-5507 Y. The DC/DC converter disclosed in JP 56-5507 Y comprises a Zener diode for controlling an output voltage without the above-mentioned control transistor. The above-mentioned JP 56-5507 Y merely discloses the DC/DC converter which carries out an output voltage control on the primary side of the transformer but which does not carry out an output current control on the primary side of the transformer.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a DC/DC converter which dose not need a particular part for temperature compensation.

Other objects of this invention will become clear as the description proceeds.

On describing the gist of an aspect of this invention, it is possible to be understood that a DC/DC converter comprises a transformer having a primary winding, a secondary winding, and an auxiliary winding, a switching transistor connected in series to the primary winding of the transformer, a control transistor for turning the switching transistor on or off, and a feedback control circuit connected between the control transistor and the auxiliary winding of the transformer. The feedback control circuit includes a Zener diode.

According to the aspect of this invention, in the above-mentioned DC/DC converter, the Zener diode has a substantially zero temperature coefficient. Preferably, the Zener diode may have a Zener voltage which lies in a range between 5 volts and 6 volts. Desirably, the temperature coefficient of said Zener diode may be selected so as to cancel a temperature characteristic of the control transistor.

In addition, each of the switching transistor and the control transistor may be composed of, for example, an npn-type bipolar transistor. In this event, the switching transistor has a collector connected to an end of the primary winding while the switching transistor has an emitter which is grounded. The control transistor has a collector connected to a base of the switching transistor, while the control transistor has an emitter which is grounded. The auxiliary winding has an end which is grounded. The feedback control circuit is inserted between another end of the auxiliary winding and a base of the control transistor. The feedback control circuit may comprise, for example, the Zener diode which has an anode connected to a base of the control transistor and a cathode connected to the other end of the auxiliary winding, and a resistor connected in parallel to the Zener diode.

Alternatively, the feedback control circuit may comprise the Zener diode having an anode connected to a base of the control transistor, a first resistor having an end connected to a cathode of the Zener diode, a second resistor which has an end connected to the base of the control transistor and another end connected to another end of the first transistor, and a third resistor connected between the other end of the second resistor and the other end of the auxiliary winding. The above-mentioned DC/DC converter further may comprise a capacitor having an end which is grounded, and a second Zener diode which has an anode connected to another end of the capacitor and a cathode connected to the base of the switching transistor.

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a DC/DC converter according to a first embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a view showing a temperature characteristic of the DC/DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1 ; and

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a DC/DC converter according a second embodiment of this invention.

In the manner which is described above, the conventional DC/DC converters use, as a Zener diode, a diode having a positive or a negative temperature coefficient. Therefore, it is understood that various temperature compensations are necessary to the conventional DC/DC converters.

Accordingly, the present co-inventors reached an idea that uses, as the Zener diode, a diode having a substantially zero temperature coefficient.

Now, attention will be directed to a Zener diode. There are two causes why current flows abruptly when a voltage is applied to the Zener diode in a reverse direction. One cause is a Zener breakdown due to a tunnel effect. Another cause is an avalanche breakdown due to an avalanche effect. The Zener diode is a diode where both effects are mixed little by little. The Zener breakdown dominates in the Zener diode having a relatively low Zener voltage while the avalanche breakdown dominates in the Zener diode having a relatively high Zener voltage. Both of the Zener breakdown and the avalanche breakdown are mixed at a proper rate in the Zener diode having the Zener voltage of about 5 volts.

The description will proceed to a temperature characteristic of the Zener diode. The tunnel effect has a negative temperature coefficient. The avalanche effect has a positive temperature coefficient. As a result, the temperature characteristic of the Zener diode largely changes dependent on the Zener voltage. Inasmuch as the tunnel effect and the avalanche effect are effective at the similar rate when the Zener voltage is equal to about 5 volts, the both temperature coefficients are cancelled to each other, whereby the Zener voltage hardly changes even if the temperature changes.

On the other hand, the above-mentioned control transistor has a temperature characteristic. In general, a transistor has a negative temperature characteristic of −2 mV/° C. which is generally used. As a result, it is necessary to take account of the temperature characteristic of the control transistor.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the description will proceed to a DC/DC converter according to a first embodiment of shit invention. The illustrated DC/DC converter comprises a transformer T 1 having a primary winding N P , a secondary winding N S , and an auxiliary winding N B .

The DC/DC converter includes, on a primary side of the transformer T 1 , a rectifying circuit D 1 , a first input capacitor C 1 , an input inductor L 1 , a second input capacitor C 2 , a switching transistor Q 1 , a control transistor Q 2 , a control feedback circuit (which will later be described), and so on. The first input capacitor C 1 , the input inductor L 1 , and the second input capacitor C 2 constitute a smoothing circuit.

An AC power source is connected to the rectifying circuit D 1 through a resistor R 1 . The illustrated AC power source generates, as an input AC voltage, a voltage between 100 volts and 240 volts. The input AC voltage is rectified by the rectifying circuit D 1 , is smoothed by the above-mentioned smoothing circuit, and is stored in the second input capacitor C 2 as an input DC voltage.

The switching transistor Q 1 is connected in series to the primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 . Specifically, the second input capacitor C 2 has an end connected to an end of the primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 . The illustrated switching transistor Q 1 consists of an npn-type bipolar transistor. The primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 has another end connected to a collector of the switching transistor Q 1 . The switching transistor Q 1 has an emitter which is grounded. Resistors R 2 and R 3 are connected in series between a base of the switching transistor Q 1 and the end of the second input capacitor C 2 .

The input DC voltage is applied to the primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 to turn the input DC voltage on or off by the switching transistor Q 1 . The control transistor Q 2 is for turning the switching transistor Q 1 on or off. Between the control transistor Q 2 and the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 , the feedback control circuit, which will be presently described, is connected.

The control transistor Q 2 consists of an npn-type bipolar transistor. The feedback control circuit comprises resistors R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and a Zener diode D 5 . The resistors R 5 and R 6 are connected in series between a base of the control transistor Q 2 and one end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 . The resistor R 7 and the Zener diode D 5 are connected in series between both ends of the resistor R 5 .

The control transistor Q 2 has an emitter which is grounded. Between the base and the emitter of the control transistor Q 2 , a capacitor C 5 is connected. Between the end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 and an collector of the control transistor Q 2 , a resistor R 8 and a capacitor C 6 are connected in series. The collector of the control transistor Q 2 is connected to the base of the switching transistor Q 1 .

A capacitor C 3 has an end which is grounded. The capacitor C 3 has another end which is connected to the base of the switching transistor Q 1 through a Zener diode D 2 and which is connected to the end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 through a diode D 3 . In other words, between both ends of the diode D 3 , the Zener diode D 2 , the capacitor C 6 , and the resistor R 8 are connected in series.

As one part in the feedback control circuit, the Zener diode D 5 has a diode having a substantially zero temperature coefficient. More specifically, the Zener diode D 5 has a Zener voltage which lies in a range between 5 volts and 6 volts. As a result, the illustrated DC/DC converter does not need a particular part for temperature compensation.

In addition, the feedback control circuit serves as an output current control circuit while the Zener diode D 2 serves as an output voltage control circuit.

The DC/DC converter comprises, on a secondary side of the transformer T 1 , a diode D 6 , a resistor R 10 , an output capacitor C 7 , and a Zener diode D 7 . The secondary winding N S of the transformer T 1 has an end connected to a grounding terminal GND of the DC/DC converter and another end connected to a power source terminal +B of the DC/DC converter through the diode D 6 . The resistor R 10 , the capacitor C 7 , and the Zener diode D 7 are connected in parallel between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND.

Induced in the secondary winding N S of the transformer T 1 , an AC voltage is rectified by the diode D 6 and is smoothed by the output capacitor C 7 to produce a secondary output voltage between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND.

In the example being illustrated, the DC/DC converter produces the secondary output voltage of 6 volts and can flow an output current of 650 milliamperes from the power source terminal +B.

According to the DC/DC converter having the above-mentioned structure, it is possible to control the output constant voltage and the constant current on the primary side of the transformer T 1 in the manner which will later be described and to stabilize the output concerning input fluctuations of the AC input voltage (100 volts to 240 volts).

First, the description will be made as regards a constant voltage control. A minus voltage of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 is controlled by the Zener diode D 2 to control the secondary output voltage at a constant. By making coupling between the secondary winding N S and the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 good, the input fluctuations of the AC input voltage is improved.

Subsequently, the description will be made as regards a constant current control. By adjusting a base current of the control transistor Q 2 by the feedback control circuit (the output current control circuit), a collector current of control transistor Q 2 is controlled so as to control the output current. By adding the Zener diode D 5 having the substantially zero temperature coefficient, the input fluctuations of the AC input voltage is improved.

In the manner which is described above, the control transistor Q 2 has the temperature characteristic. Accordingly, the temperature coefficient of the Zener diode D 5 is selected so as to cancel the temperature characteristic of the control transistor Q 2 . As a result, as a whole of the DC/DC converter, a stable current characteristic is realized.

FIG. 2 shows a temperature characteristic of the output voltage in the DC/DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1 . In FIG. 2 , the abscissa represents temperature [° C.] and the ordinate represents current [mA]. FIG. 2 shows results measured at three temperatures of −20° C., 25° C., and 60° C. It may be understood that results change linearly at intermediate temperatures.

A temperature characteristic illustrated in FIG. 2 is obtained as follows. The DC/DC converter (product) used to measure has a rated output voltage/output current of 5.3 volts/600 milliamperes. When the output current flows 600 milliamperers or more, the output voltage reduces gradually. Date shown in FIG. 2 represent current values measured on a time when the output voltage is equal to 3.6 volts. That is, by changing the environmental temperature of the produce and by measuring the current value when the output voltage becomes 3.6 volts, the temperature characteristic shown in FIG. 2 is obtained.

In the manner which is apparent from FIG. 2 , the measured results are settled in a dispersion range within about 10% at a temperature range between −20° C. and 60° C. From such a fact, it is understood that the temperature characteristic is adjusted in a range where can sufficiently use as actual products.

Although both controls of the output current control and the output voltage control are carried out on the primary side of the transformer in the DC/DC converter according to the first embodiment of this invention illustrated in FIG. 1 , only the output current control may be carried out on the primary side of the transformer in a DC/DC converter according to a second embodiment of this invention which will later be described.

Referring to FIG. 3 , the description will proceed to the DC/DC converter according to the second embodiment of this invention. The same reference symbols are attached to those having similar functions to those illustrated in FIG. 1 .

The AC power source is connected to the rectifying circuit D 1 through a fuse F 2 . The illustrated AC power source generates an input AC voltage of AC 100 volts. The output terminals of the rectifying circuit D 1 are connected to a smoothing circuit which consists of the first input capacitor C 1 , a first inductor L 1 , the second input capacitor C 2 , and a second inductor L 2 .

The smoothing circuit has an end connected to an end of the primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 . The primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 has another end connected to the collector of the switching transistor Q 1 . The switching transistor Q 1 has a base connected to the end of the primary winding N P of the transformer T 1 through the resistors R 3 and R 2 which are connected in series to each other. Between the base and the emitter of the switching transistor Q 1 , a diode D 10 is connected. The emitter of the switching transistor Q 1 is grounded through a fuse F 1 .

The emitter of the switching transistor Q 1 is connected to an end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 . Another end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 is connected to the base of the control transistor Q 2 through a feedback control circuit (an output current control circuit). The feedback control circuit comprises a parallel circuit which consists of the resistor R 5 and a series circuit consisting of the Zener diode D 5 and the resistor R 7 . Both ends of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 , a capacitor C 9 and a diode D 11 are connected in series. Between a connecting point of the capacitor C 9 and the diode D 11 and the base of the control transistor Q 2 , a Zener diode D 9 and a resistor R 15 are connected in series. Between the other end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 and the collector of the control transistor Q 2 , the resistor R 8 and the capacitor C 6 are connected in series. The collector of the control transistor Q 2 is connected to the base of the switching transistor Q 1 . The emitter of the control transistor Q 2 is connected to the base of the switching transistor Q 1 through the diode D 10 .

On the other hand, the secondary winding N S of the transformer T 1 has an end connected to the power source terminal +B through a parallel circuit consisting of the diode D 6 and a capacitor C 9 and an inductor L 2 . The secondary winding N S of the transformer T 1 has another end which is connected to the grounding terminal GND. Between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND, the capacitor C 7 and the Zener diode D 7 are connected in parallel. In addition, between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND, a capacitor C 18 is connected.

The DC/DC converter produces the secondary output voltage between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND. In the example being illustrated, the DC/DC converter produces the secondary output voltage of 5.6 volts and can flows an output current of 700 milliamperes from the power source terminal +B.

The DC/DC converter according to the second embodiment of this invention comprises a photocoupler IC 1 for feeding the output voltage on the secondary side back to the primary side. The photocoupler IC 1 comprises a photodiode and a phototransistor. The description will be made as regards a circuit for feeding back the output voltage.

Between the power source terminal +B and the grounding terminal GND, a resistor R 17 and a Zener diode D 8 are connected in series. A connecting point between the resistor R 17 and the Zener diode D 8 is connected to a cathode of the photodiode of the photocoupler IC 1 . The photodiode of the photocoupler IC 1 has an anode which is connected to the grounding terminal GND through a capacitor C 8 and which is connected to the power source terminal +B through a resistor R 12 and the inductor L 2 .

On the other hand, the phototransistor of the photocoupler IC 1 has a collector which is connected to the other end of the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 through the diode D 11 and which is connected to the base of the control transistor Q 2 through a series circuit consisting of the diode D 9 and the resistor R 15 . The phototransistor of the photocoupler IC 1 has an emitter connected to the base of the control transistor Q 2 through a resistor R 12 .

At any rate, the DC/DC converter according to the second embodiment of this invention carries out the output voltage control by feeding the output voltage on the secondary side of the transformer T 1 back to the primary side of the transformer T 1 by using the photocoupler IC 1 .

In the DC/DC converter according to the second embodiment of this invention, the Zener diode D 5 as one part in the feedback control circuit has a diode having a substantially zero temperature coefficient. More specifically, the Zener diode D 5 has a Zener voltage which lies in a range between 5 volts and 6 volts. As a result, the illustrated DC/DC converter does not need a particular part for temperature compensation.

In addition, in the manner which is described above, the control transistor Q 2 has the temperature characteristic. Accordingly, the temperature coefficient of the Zener diode D 5 is selected so as to cancel the temperature characteristic of the control transistor Q 2 . As a result, as a whole of the DC/DC converter, a stable current characteristic is realized.

Now, the description will be made as regards an output current control in the DC/DC converter having such a structure. It will be assumed that the output current of the DC/DC converter increases. In proportion to the output current, a voltage is induced in the auxiliary winding N B of the transformer T 1 . By the induced voltage, a current flowing through the resistor R 5 in the feedback control circuit turns the control transistor Q 2 on or off. By controlling the switching transistor Q 1 by turning the control transistor Q 2 on/off, the output current control is carried out.

While this invention has thus far been described in conjunction with a few preferred embodiments thereof, it will now readily possible for those skilled in the art to put this invention into various manners. For example, the feedback control circuit may be not restricted to those in the above-mentioned embodiments.